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John C. B. Ehringhaus

John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus (February 5, 1882 – July 31, 1949) was an American politician who served as the 58th governor of North Carolina, serving from 1933 to 1937.

Biography
He was born on February 5, 1882, in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. He was a descendent of German immigrant Johann Christoph Ehringhaus, who arrived in North Carolina in the early nineteenth-century and opened a bank in Elizabeth City. The Ehringhaus family remained involved in banking and law in Elizabeth City for generations.

Ehringhaus attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he was a member of the Philanthropic society of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies from 1898 to 1902.

Ehringhaus was a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE), Elizabeth City Lodge #856. He served as District Deputy Grand Exalted Ruler for the North Carolina East District of the BPOE, 1909-1910.

Governor O. Max Gardner coaxed Ehringhaus, a former state legislator and attorney, out of political retirement as his hand-picked successor. He narrowly defeated Lieutenant Governor Richard T. Fountain in a Democratic primary runoff. Fountain claimed Ehringhaus was the tool of business interests.

Serving the state during the Great Depression, Ehringhaus encouraged the North Carolina General Assembly to create a state agency that would help rural areas of the state receive electricity services in order to revive the lagging economy. He also cut state spending, successfully pushed for a three-cent sales tax, extended the school year and kept the schools open and solvent.

He appointed former North Carolinian first lady Cora Lily Woodard Aycock as the President of the North Carolina Railroad.

He died on July 31, 1949.

Legacy
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "My name is pronounced as if spelled ear'en-house."

A dormitory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Ehringhaus' alma mater (class of 1902) is named in his honor, and the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, of which Ehringhaus was a member, maintains a portrait in his honor.

The second longest bridge in the state of North Carolina, a 3.5-mile stretch over the Albemarle Sound, is named in honor of this former governor.

Ehringhaus' grave is located in the historic Episcopal Cemetery in his hometown of Elizabeth City in Northeastern North Carolina, and the city's main thoroughfare, Ehringhaus Street, is named in his honor.

title: John C. B. Ehringhaus


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Chungbuk Line

The Chungbuk Line is a railway line serving North Chungcheong Province in South Korea. The line connects Jochiwon on the Gyeongbu Line to Bongyang on the Jungang Line, serving the major cities of Cheongju and Chungju en route. Cheongju International Airport is located near the rail line.

Prewar
The first section of the line was opened by the privately owned Chōsen Central Railway in 1921, which became part of the Chōsen Railway (Chōtetsu) in 1923. Chōtetsu then continued to extend the line until 1928 to Chungju as follows:

Plans existed to continue the line from Chungju to Yeongwol, but after the end of Japanese rule this plan was abandoned until 1949, after which the extension was built as the Korean National Railroad's Taebaek Line.

In the November 1942 timetable, the last issued prior to the start of the Pacific War, Chōtetsu operated the following schedule of local passenger services ("R" indicates that train was operated by railcar):

Postwar
Like the other private railways this line was also nationalized after the independence of Korea. The rest section of the line was opened on January 10, 1959.

Upgrade
Until the 1980s the section Osong–Baongyang (110.6 km) was reconstructed with the double track and the part of the railway was moved. The entire line was electrified on 30 March 2005.

On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Chungbuk Line is to be upgraded for 230 km/h and may see KTX service.

The movie Peppermint Candy was shot near Gongjeon station.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chungbuk Line


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Talk:Boris Yeltsin

New Inbox Image
I am starting this section to propose that the present infobox image be replaced with the following picture. As noted in WP:Image Use Policy,"images should be uploaded at high resolution whether or not this seems 'necessary' for the use immediately contemplate." Here, the current image's resolution is significantly compromised due to how exceedingly tiny it is. By comparison, the proposed image is larger and thereby provides a more detailed view of the subject. Any thoughts? Emiya1980 (talk) 21:44, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Query: I'm a bit confused, because the argument advanced above seems inconsistent with what I am seeing in the files themselves: the image used in the article's infobox (as of the moment of this post) is actually several times larger in terms of image resolution than the one attached to this thread. Was a mistake made with regard to the image posted for discussion here? In any event, the photos are more or less of identical encyclopedic utility aside from that factor, for what that is worth in further discussion. Snow let's rap 23:23, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * You may be case with regards to the images’ resolution . However, when used in the article’s infobox, Yeltsin appears significantly smaller in the current image than the one being proposed. Since an image’s utility to viewed is only as good as how visible it is to most viewers. An image providing a close-up view of the matter being discussed is more useful than an image which features the article‘s subject in a significantly less prominent position but otherwise has slightly higher resolution. Here, the new image provides a close-up view of Yeltsin with little to no loss in resolution. Consequently, for the purposes of the article, it offers the best of both worlds in terms of finding an appropriate balance between resolution and visibility.Emiya1980 (talk) 19:18, 29 August 2020 (UTC)u

 * Emiya, I'm afraid your argument still does not track, at least if I am understanding it correctly: you are aware that any image of any resolution can be set to any size relative to the full page--at least as a technical matter? Therefore I am confused as to why you are suggesting that the lower resolution image should be employed for the purposes of "better resolution". I do notice that the image you are recommending here is ever-so-slightly closer-cropped (and I really do mean slight)--is this what you are talking about?  If so, this is a different matter from image size and image resolution, which, contrary to your RfC prompt, are larger in the image presently used in the article than the one which you are proposing. I really do think the difference between the two images in marginal, but it's worth noting two things about the argument you have advanced in favour of your preferred image: 1) the portion of the image use policy you site concerns preferences with regard to uploading images of higher resolution, and says nothing about which images should be employed within articles in terms of how close-cropped an image is, and 2) to the extent that a higher resolution is preferable, that would argue for the image presently in the article, not the one you propose.

 * So, if what you are actually arguing for is a closer-cropped image, I think you should strike through your original prompt and replace it with a new one saying something to the effect of "I am proposing we use the image shown to the right, because it is a little more cropped on Yelstin and I believe this makes for a better use in this circumstance." before anyone else responds and the matter gets more complicated by the inaccurate wording and policy reference. Although, again, I'm seeing very little difference between the two and I think you and the editor who reverted you should have been able to resolve this short of RfC: a little discussion may have gone a long way here. Snow let's rap 07:08, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I apologize for inaccurately framing my argument, . Yes, you are correct. What I am proposing is the use of a more closely cropped image of Boris Yeltsin. Since the present image is of higher resolution than my earlier suggestion, would you or any other editors be opposed to using a more closely cropped version of it such as the image below?Emiya1980 (talk) 20:31, 30 August 2020 (UTC)Борис Николаевич Ельцин-1 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
 * Ok.  'Doomer1557'   ( talk) 20:41, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Awesome--works for me. :) Since the original two editors disputing the edit in question are now on the same page, and since the only respondent so far (yours truly) has no objections to that resolution, I think this matter is resolved. I'll wait half an hour to make sure neither of you have objections and then I will remove the RfC tag: the difference between the edits is so slight and the result so uncontroversial that I do not think we need a formal close here. Snow let's rap 21:16, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

"Vladimir Yeltsin" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Vladimir Yeltsin. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 17:05, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

This POV needs clean up
This article has POV in it. Here is an example of a heavily biased paragraph, "Yelstin succeeded in the unconstitutional, illegal, and contested dissolution of the USSR. The breakup of the Soviet Union could happened earlier in 1991 when, Soviet citizenry voted on this issue. In the only independent referendum in Soviet history, a super majority of people across the nation voted overwhelmingly to remain in the union and preserve its government. This should have stopped the nationalistic and treacherous parties in the union but the victory was only temporary."

Can someone please clean this up? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.10.100.224 (talk) 17:51, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

"Conservatism"
Where in that source is Yeltsin described as being aligned with conservatism? The only mention of conservatism it seems is this paragraph: Yeltsin says he never really fit into the pampered and collegial fraternity of the Politburo. His colleagues mocked as cheap ambition his predilection for unannounced forays into the understocked grocery stores and his rides on the overcrowded subways. He clashed repeatedly with the Politburo's archconservative, Yegor K. Ligachev. Yeltsin speculates that Gorbachev kept him around for political balance. With the prickly, impetuous Yeltsin to his left, the conservative Ligachev to his right, Gorbachev himself seemed the omniscient centrist. If anything, it seems to contradict this. Mellk (talk) 23:12, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

Not to mention that Yeltsin is often associated with liberalism or neo-liberalism, so removing this does not seem correct. Mellk (talk) 23:14, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

I believe you and I are trying to say the same thing but in different ways. Yeltsin's position is conservative in the context of Soviet Russia. Liberalism not only has many definitions in the dictionary form but also in the connotative meaning. Liberalism can mean classical liberalism which in the year 2021 we could call conservative since it argues for free markets, etc. The reason I say Yeltsin is conservative is because he was a traditionalist not to mention a man who became fond of the U.S. way of life. Since 1980 the United States has largely become a conservative nation, one that champions traditional family values, faith, and small government. This ideology is reflected upon in Ronald Reagan and I would never use the word liberal to describe Reagan. Ronald Reagan was a pitchman of traditional values (nuclear family, faith based life, and anti-socialist.) Socialism and Leninist values are considered left and radical since they are such a departure of small government. Yeltsin deviated from Leninist and socialist doctrines by imploding the union and more importantly he began to support the Russian Orthodox Church. The church is a deeply conservative entity that has always been focused on traditionalism. The church and conservatism even go back to 1917 during the Revolution. Bolshevik ideology such as public ownership of land and decriminalization of homosexuality disgusted the church. Yeltsin and his successor Putin share this view on social issues. Both are social conservatives and believe the government has no business in economic affairs (pun intended). In America the word liberal in any sense reflects some left leaning position. Yeltsin was not on the political left, nor a centrist. He was firmly conservative. That is why he sought and received aid from U.S. President Bill Clinton. Clinton was a Democrat but he was hardly a friend to the left. Clinton abhorred social welfare, and tight regulations on financial enterprises. He also preached the sanctity of marriage between a man and a woman. Yeltsin was the same. Liberalism is a term that could refer to both the left and the right. Conservative on the other hand is a term that is only used to refer to the political right. I classify Yeltsin as a conservative and an anti-socialist and Leninist. Caustic3 (talk) 00:30, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

 * We have a Reliable Source in the article which explicitly describes Yeltsin as an adherent of "liberal Russian nationalism". Yeltsin favoured free enterprise, a privatised economy, and a move towards something resembling liberal democratic governance. These are all liberal positions, as the term liberalism is understood in an international sense. Confusion arises over the fact that in the U.S. specifically, a country fundamentally built on liberal principles, the word liberal has in recent decades come to be used generically for what otherwise might be better labelled "left-wing", as you note. (Ironically, of course, many self-described U.S. "liberals" now espouse views that, in an international context, are pretty non-liberal, like emphasising state ownership and identity politics over individual liberty). We must not only follow the Reliable Sources, but also avoid imposing very U.S.-centric uses of the word on other parts of the world. Midnightblueowl (talk) 09:52, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

"President Yeltsin's" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect President Yeltsin& and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. feminist (talk) 13:16, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

Download size is ENORMOUS! 850MB! Please fix!
Hi,

I just tried to save this page to my flash drive so I could read it in full later and also refer back to it, and the download was going to be 850 MB, according to my download manager. I skimmed the page, found there is at least one video (Boris and Bill Clinton 'share a laugh') and looking at the source code for the page I saw that there are various webm files listed in that section. When I then ran a count of how many times webm appeared in the source code, it was 61.

Presumably the page's code is written such that it's attempting to supply me with all or a good number of those videos - I don't want them! (Especially not when I have around 500 MB left before I run out of data allowance.)

Could someone sort out the code or editing (it's beyond me, currently) so that the videos aren't part of the download for the page? I'm fairly sure OGGs don't download automatically, do they? Anyway, this is excessive, at 850 MB - I can just imagine school kids running into trouble, too, with their teachers and the admin, if the security settings on their school intranet even allow them to download the page, considering what comes with it.

TIA heaps to the 'rescuer'!

Mathsgirl (talk) 23:27, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello, to download a page, I would recommend to click the built-in Download as PDF option on the sidebar (H:PDFD for more details). There is only one video on this page. Regards. Mellk (talk) 22:14, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:37, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Boris Yeltsin 4 April 1996.jpg

Diversity of sources needed in Reception and Legacy section.
At this point in time, every single one of the contributions to this section, are from american / NY sources, including one ex-russian american immigrant.

diverse as usual, WikiP.

How about someone commenting on which money influxed-in, or what kinds of impacts of rapid investment had in both immediate new business terms, as-well-as political self-conceptualization / how successful & unsuccessful it was on ex-USSR citizens' concepts of self, or something else psychological / psycho-political?

or pff... i dunno,.. other stuff, confidence in Moscow, uncertainty out in the country, etc? 120.19.133.148 (talk) 22:46, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

New photo for infobox
There is a new photo with high resolution here File:Boris Yeltsin Kremlin.ru.jpg. I propose to set it as a main image in infobox. FlorianH76 (talk) 01:15, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boris Yeltsin


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Gabor sisters

The Gabor sisters were three Hungarian-American actresses/socialites: Magda (June 11, 1915 – June 6, 1997), Zsa Zsa (February 6, 1917 – December 18, 2016), and Eva (February 11, 1919 – July 4, 1995). Born in Budapest, Hungary, the trio relocated to the United States in hopes of starting film careers.

Outside of their careers, they were each well known for their serial matrimony: Magda was married six times; Zsa Zsa nine times; and Eva five times. British actor George Sanders was first married to Zsa Zsa and later to Magda, though the latter marriage only lasted one month.

History
The Gabor sisters were born into a family of Hungarian-Jewish background, in Budapest, Hungary to parents Vilmos and Jolie Gabor. The family moved to New York in the wake of World War II. Magda had played a small role in a Hungarian film before the war, so Jolie and her three daughters moved to Hollywood to break into the film business. Eva was the first of the sisters to immigrate to the US, shortly after her first marriage, to a Swedish osteopath, Dr. Eric Drimmer, whom she married in 1937 when she was 18 years old.

In 1953, Eva was given her own television talk show, The Eva Gabor Show, which ran for one season (1953–54). Both of her sisters appeared on the show in guest spots. From September 1965 through April 1971, Eva starred in the CBS sitcom Green Acres, which proved to be a ratings success.

Zsa Zsa's only child, Francesca Hilton, was born on March 10, 1947, by then-husband Conrad Hilton. Zsa Zsa was the only Gabor sister to have a child. Francesca Hilton died on January 5, 2015, at the age of 67, from an apparent stroke or heart attack. She had no children.

Widespread fame
The sisters were well-known socialites, with Eva and Zsa Zsa becoming notable for their acting and personality work. Both sisters had recurring roles on hit series such as Climax!, The Love Boat, and The Matinee Theater, at separate times, and appeared as themselves regularly on Hollywood Squares, The Dean Martin Show, and The Merv Griffin Show. In his autobiography, television host Merv Griffin, who was known to spend time with Eva socially, wrote of the Gabor sisters' initial presence in New York and Los Angeles: All these years later, it's hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother. They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly, and with such force, it was as if they'd been dropped out of the sky.

Deaths
The youngest sister, Eva predeceased her elder sisters and her mother. Eva died in Los Angeles on July 4, 1995, from respiratory failure and pneumonia, following a fall in a bathtub in Mexico, where she had been on vacation. Her funeral was held on July 11, 1995, at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills.

Their mother, Jolie, was apparently never told of Eva's death and died less than two years later, in Palm Springs, California, of natural causes on April 1, 1997, at age 100. The cause of death was declared as kidney failure. Two months after Jolie's death, Magda died on June 6, 1997, five days before her 82nd birthday.

Francesca Hilton, Zsa Zsa's daughter, died in 2015. Zsa Zsa was reportedly never told of her daughter's death. Zsa Zsa died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18, 2016, 50 days shy of becoming a centenarian. The causes of death were given as "Cardiopulmonary arrest, Coronary Artery Disease, and Cerebral Vascular Disease". She had been on life support for the previous five years.

title: Gabor sisters


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Oliver Max Gardner

Oliver Max Gardner (March 22, 1882 – February 6, 1947) was an American politician who served as the 57th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933. A member of the Democratic Party, Gardner worked in the administrations of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman.

Early years and education
Gardner was born on March 22, 1882, in Shelby, North Carolina, orphaned at a young age. He attended North Carolina State University (then known as North Carolina A & M) on a scholarship, where he majored in chemical engineering, was involved in ROTC, played on the football team, managed the baseball team, served as the senior class president, and maintained active membership in Sigma Nu Fraternity. Gardner was selected by John Heisman, then coach at Clemson for his All-Southern team in 1903. As a player, he weighed 212 pounds. He later taught organic chemistry on campus after graduating in 1903. He then enrolled at the University of North Carolina School of Law, where he also played football. Gardner distinguished himself off the football field as well, becoming one of the most respected members of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Gardner was the only person ever to captain the football teams of both the North Carolina Tar Heels and the NC State Wolfpack.

Political career
Gardner returned to Shelby to practice law and married Fay Webb, daughter of prominent politician James L. Webb and niece of Congressman Edwin Y. Webb.

Gardner was elected as a state senator from Cleveland County, North Carolina and served one term as President Pro Tempore of the North Carolina Senate. He served a term as the 13th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (1917–1921). In 1920, he lost the Democratic nomination for governor to Cameron Morrison. The election was likely stolen by the political machine of U.S. Sen. Furnifold Simmons, who, through his lieutenant, A. D. Watts, used racial demagoguery and electoral fraud to favor their candidate, Morrison. Gardner led in the initial vote count, but after several days of counting, more votes for Morrison were "found" in western North Carolina, and Morrison won the June primary by 87 votes. Gardner lost the runoff to Morrison by a wider margin.

Gardner made peace with Sen. Simmons. He agreed to support Simmons's favored candidate for governor in 1924, Angus Wilton McLean, in exchange for Simmons supporting Gardner when he ran for governor again in 1928. While Gardner was out of politics, he pursued business interests, including a textile mill.

Governor
Easily elected governor in 1928, Gardner assumed control over a state that was in debt and soon had to deal with the effects of the Great Depression. Gardner commissioned a report by the Brookings Institution on how to cut costs in government and cut local property taxes. Gardner pushed many of the Brookings recommendations through the legislature, including taking over financial responsibility for roads and schools from counties and the creation of what would become the consolidated University of North Carolina system. He reorganized and reformed the state government.

Meanwhile, Gardner took a pro-business, anti-union stance in a period of labor unrest, including the Loray Mill Strike. He did, however, push through the legislature a workman's compensation law and successfully mediated a massive 1932 strike of mill workers in the Greensboro–High Point area.

Later years
After leaving the governor's mansion (governors of the state were then barred from seeking re-election), Gardner practiced law and lobbied in Washington, D.C. He was an informal advisor and speech-writer for President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed him chairman of the advisory board to the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion, and later a member of the Joint Anglo-American Commission on Palestine.

President Harry S. Truman appointed him Under Secretary of the Treasury (1946–47). In 1947, Gardner was appointed by Truman to be ambassador to the United Kingdom. Though, prior to ever arriving in London, Gardner died of Coronary thrombosis at The St. Regis Hotel in New York City on February 6, 1947.

Legacy
Gardner founded the influential "Shelby Dynasty" or "Cleveland Dynasty" of politicians, which included Governor Clyde Hoey, the husband of his sister, Margaret Gardner Hoey. The pro-business organization controlled the North Carolina Democratic Party, and therefore, state politics, until 1948.

Gardner–Webb University is named for Gardner and his wife, Fay Webb-Gardner. The Fine Arts building at Gardner–Webb University is named for him as well. Gardner Hall, a dormitory at Appalachian State University, is also named for him, as is the economics building at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, as is one of the biology buildings at North Carolina State University. The O. Max Gardner Award was established in his will to recognize University of North Carolina system faculty who have "made the greatest contributions to the welfare of the human race." It is the only award for which all faculty members of the 16 UNC campuses are eligible and is considered the UNC system's highest faculty honor.

His home at Shelby, Webbley, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

title: Oliver Max Gardner


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Talk:Decoder pen

Untitled
See also: Talk:Yes-no pen

Should this article really be in the past tense? It hasn't been that long since I used one (though in my case I used the bundled pen to make a drawing, not with the book). --Daniel C. Boyer 19:51, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Yes-know pen®" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Yes-know pen® and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 15 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. BD2412 T 04:45, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Decoder pen


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Familial Mediterranean fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary inflammatory disorder. FMF is an autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in Mediterranean fever gene, which encodes a 781–amino acid protein called pyrin. While all ethnic groups are susceptible to FMF, it usually occurs in people of Mediterranean origin—including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Assyrians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Druze, Levantines, Kurds, Greeks, Turks and Italians.

The disorder has been given various names, including familial paroxysmal polyserositis, periodic peritonitis, recurrent polyserositis, benign paroxysmal peritonitis, periodic disease or periodic fever, Reimann periodic disease or Reimann syndrome, Siegal-Cattan-Mamou disease, and Wolff periodic disease. Note that "periodic fever" can also refer to any of the periodic fever syndromes.

Attacks
There are seven types of attacks. Ninety percent of all patients have their first attack before they are eighteen years old. All develop over two to four hours and last anywhere from six hours to five days. Most attacks involve fever.

 * 1) Abdominal attacks, featuring abdominal pain, affect the whole abdomen with all signs of peritonitis (inflammation of abdominal lining), and acute abdominal pain like appendicitis. They occur in 95 percent of all patients and may lead to unnecessary laparotomy. Incomplete attacks, with local tenderness and normal blood tests, have been reported.
 * 2) Joint attacks mainly occur in large joints, especially in the legs. Usually, only one joint is affected. Seventy-five percent of all FMF patients experience joint attacks.
 * 3) Chest attacks include pleuritis (inflammation of the pleura) and pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium). Pleuritis occurs in 40 percent of patients and makes it difficult to breathe or lie flat, but pericarditis is rare.
 * 4) Scrotal attacks due to inflammation of the tunica vaginalis are somewhat rare but may be mistaken for testicular torsion.
 * 5) Myalgia (rare in isolation)
 * 6) Erysipeloid rashes (a skin reaction on the legs that can mimic cellulitis, rare in isolation)Erysipeloid skin rashes in Familial Mediterranean Fever.jpg

Diagnostic criteria
Various diagnostic criteria have been set, but the Tel-Hashomer clinical criteria are widely recognized. It has more than 95 percent and 97 percent sensitivity and specificity, respectively.

For the criteria, typical attacks consist of all the following: recurrent (three or more episodes), febrile (rectal temperature of at least 38 °C), painful inflammation, and a short duration of 12 to 72 hours.

Incomplete attacks (must be recurrent) are differing from typical attacks in at least one feature as follows: temperature less than 38 °C, attack duration longer or shorter than specified (but no less than six hours and no more than seven days), localized abdominal attacks, no signs of peritonitis during the attacks, and arthritis in a location other than the hip, knee or ankle.

Complications
AA-amyloidosis with kidney failure may develop without overt crises. AA amyloid protein is produced in very large quantities during attacks and at a low rate between them, accumulating mainly in the kidney, heart, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and thyroid.

There appears to be an increased risk of certain vasculitis-related diseases (e.g., Henoch–Schönlein purpura, polyarteritis nodosa, and Behçet's disease), spondylarthropathy, prolonged arthritis of certain joints, and protracted myalgia.

Genetics
The MEFV gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13). Many different mutations of the MEFV gene can cause the disorder. Having one mutation is unlikely to cause the condition. Having two mutations (either a copy from both parents, or two different mutations with one from each parent) is the threshold for a genetic diagnosis of FMF. However, most individuals who comply with the genetic diagnosis of FMF remain asymptomatic or undiagnosed. Whether this is due to modifier genes or environmental factors remains to be established.

Pathophysiology
Virtually all cases are due to a mutation in the Mediterranean Fever (MEFV) gene on the chromosome 16, which codes for a protein called pyrin or marenostrin. Various mutations of this gene lead to FMF, although some mutations cause a more severe picture than others. Mutations occur mainly in exons 2, 3, 5 and 10.

The function of pyrin is not fully known, but in short, it is a protein that binds to the adaptor ASC and the proform of the enzyme caspase-1 to generate multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes in response to certain infections. In healthy individuals, pyrin-mediated inflammasome assembly (which leads to the caspase 1) dependent processing and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1β) is a response to enterotoxins from certain bacteria. The gain-of-function mutations in the MEFV gene cause pyrin more active in the body, which results in an increase in inflammasome formation.

In its basal state, pyrin is kept inactive by a chaperone protein (belonging to the family of 14.3.3 proteins) linked to pyrin through phosphorylated serine residues. The dephosphorylation of pyrin is an essential prerequisite for the activation of the pyrin inflammasome. Inactivation of RhoA GTPases (by bacterial toxins, for example) leads to the inactivation of PKN1 / PKN2 kinases and dephosphorylation of pyrin. In healthy subjects, the dephosphorylation step alone does not cause activation of the pyrin inflammasome. In contrast, in FMF patients, the dephosphorylation of serines is sufficient to trigger the activation of the pyrin inflammasome. This suggests that there is a two-level regulation and that the second regulatory mechanism (independent of (de)phosphorylation) is deficient in FMF patients. This deficient mechanism is probably located at the level of the B30.2 domain (exon 10) where most of the pathogenic mutations associated with FMF are located. It is probably the interaction of this domain with the cytoskeleton (microtubules) that is failing, as suggested by the efficacy of colchicine.

It is not conclusively known what exactly sets off the attacks or why overproduction of IL-1 would lead to particular symptoms in particular organs, such as joints or the peritoneal cavity. However, steroid hormone catabolites (pregnanolone and etiocholanolone) have been shown to activate the pyrin inflammasome in vitro by interacting with the B30.2 domain (coded by exon 10).

Diagnosis
The diagnosis is clinically made on the basis of the history of typical attacks, especially in patients from the ethnic groups in which FMF is more highly prevalent. An acute phase response is present during attacks, with high C-reactive protein levels, an elevated white blood cell count and other markers of inflammation. In patients with a long history of attacks, monitoring the kidney function is of importance in predicting chronic kidney failure.

A genetic test is also available to detect mutations in the MEFV gene. Sequencing of exons 2, 3, 5, and 10 of this gene detects an estimated 97% of all known mutations.

A specific and highly sensitive test for FMF is the "metaraminol provocative test (MPT)", whereby a single 10 mg infusion of metaraminol is administered to the patient. A positive diagnosis is made if the patient presents with a typical, albeit milder, FMF attack within 48 hours. As MPT is more specific than sensitive, it does not identify all cases of FMF, although a positive MPT can be very useful.

Treatment
Attacks are self-limiting, and require analgesia and NSAIDs (such as diclofenac). Colchicine, a drug otherwise mainly used in gout, decreases attack frequency in FMF patients. The exact way in which colchicine suppresses attacks is unclear. While this agent is not without side effects (such as abdominal pain and muscle pains), it may markedly improve quality of life in patients. The dosage is typically 1–2 mg a day. Development of amyloidosis is delayed with colchicine treatment. Interferon is being studied as a therapeutic modality. Some advise discontinuation of colchicine before and during pregnancy, but the data are inconsistent, and others feel it is safe to take colchicine during pregnancy.

Approximately 5–10% of FMF cases are resistant to colchicine therapy alone. In these cases, adding anakinra to the daily colchicine regimen has been successful. Canakinumab, an anti-interleukin-1-beta monoclonal antibody, has likewise been shown to be effective in controlling and preventing flare-ups in patients with colchicine-resistant FMF and in two additional autoinflammatory recurrent fever syndromes: mevolonate kinase deficiency (hyper-immunoglobulin D syndrome, or HIDS) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS).

Epidemiology
FMF affects groups of people originating from around the Levant or Eastern Mediterranean (hence its name); it is thus most prominent among those from or with ancestry from the regions including Arabs, Armenians, Jews (particularly Sephardi, Mizrahi, and to a lesser degree Ashkenazi Jews), and Turks.

History
A New York City allergist, Sheppard Siegal, first described the attacks of peritonitis in 1945; he termed this "benign paroxysmal peritonitis", as the disease course was essentially benign. Dr Hobart Reimann, working in the American University in Beirut, described a more complete picture which he termed "periodic disease". French physicians Henry Mamou and Roger Cattan described the complete disease with renal complications in 1952.

title: Familial Mediterranean fever


text:
Angus Wilton McLean

Angus Wilton McLean (April 20, 1870 – June 21, 1935) was an American lawyer and banker who was the 56th governor of North Carolina, serving from 1925 to 1929. McLean also served as Assistant Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury from 1920 to 1921.

Biography
He was born in Maxton, North Carolina and educated at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he earned a law degree in 1892. McLean first entered politics in 1892, serving as the chairman of the Robeson County Democratic Executive Committee. A supporter of Woodrow Wilson, he was a delegate to Democratic National Conventions and sat on the Democratic National Committee. From 1918 to 1922 he served on the War Finance Corporation board, and from 1920 to 1921 he was the assistant secretary of the Treasury.

McLean secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1924 by defeating Josiah W. Bailey. During his tenure, an executive budget system was initiated; a department of conservation and development was established; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was formed. Governor McLean also helped streamlined North Carolina's economy, which led to a $2.5 million state budget surplus that his successor Oliver Gardner claimed later helped the state survive the Great Depression. After completing his term, McLean retired from political life.

He died on June 21, 1935, in Washington, D.C. Death was attributed to a blood clot in his right lung. He had been ill for several weeks.

Legacy
His son, Hector (1920–2012), became a bank president and state senator.

The McLean family of Robeson county, origins are well documented and integrated in the larger narrative of the region. Through marriage and direct relations Angus Wilton McLean is related to the following individuals:

 * Malcom McLean, Trucking Tycoon and "Father of the Intermodal Shipping container"
 * Flora MacDonald, "Scottish Heroine"
 * "Devil John" Bethea, "South Carolina Revolutionary War Hero"
 * Virgil Goode, Member of US House of Representatives from Virginia's 5th District

title: Angus Wilton McLean


text:
Crawl

Crawl, The Crawl, or crawling may refer to:

Biology

 * Crawling (human), any of several types of human quadrupedal gait
 * Limbless locomotion, the movement of limbless animals over the ground
 * Undulatory locomotion, a type of motion characterized by wave-like movement patterns that act to propel an animal forward

Gaming

 * Crawl (video game), a 2014 roguelike indie video game
 * Dungeon crawl, a type of scenario in fantasy role-playing games
 * Linley's Dungeon Crawl or Crawl, a 1997 roguelike computer game
 * Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup, an ongoing open source fork of Linley's Dungeon Crawl

Music

 * The Crawl, backing band for Mike Morgan

Albums

 * Crawl (album), by Deen, 2010
 * Crawl, by Coffin Break, or the title song, 1991
 * Crawl (Entombed EP), 1991
 * Crawl (Laughing Hyenas EP), 1992
 * The Crawl (Louis Hayes album), 1990
 * The Crawl (Mickey Tucker album) or the title song, 1980

Songs

 * "Crawl" (Atlas song), 2007
 * "Crawl" (Childish Gambino song), 2014
 * "Crawl" (Chris Brown song), 2009
 * "Crawl" (Kings of Leon song), 2009
 * "Crawling" (song), by Linkin Park, 2001
 * "Crawl", by Alkaline Trio from From Here to Infirmary, 2001
 * "Crawl", by Anthrax from Worship Music, 2011
 * "Crawl", by Breaking Benjamin from Dear Agony, 2009
 * "Crawl", by Damageplan from New Found Power, 2004
 * "Crawl", by Miss May I from Shadows Inside, 2017
 * "Crawl", by Norman Iceberg from Person(a), 1987
 * "Crawl", by Soul Asylum from Let Your Dim Light Shine, 1995
 * "Crawl", by Stabbing Westward from Dead and Gone, 2020
 * "Crawl", by Staind from Dysfunction, 1999
 * "Crawl", by Thisway, 1999
 * "Crawlin, by Alice Cooper from Constrictor, 1986
 * "Crawling", by Bullet for My Valentine from Gravity, 2018
 * "Crawling", by Riot from Immortal Soul, 2011
 * "The Crawl", by Placebo from Without You I'm Nothing, 1998
 * "The Crawl", by Smash Mouth from Summer Girl, 2006

Television and film

 * Crawl (2011 film), an Australian horror film
 * Crawl (2019 film), an American horror film
 * "Crawling" (Teletubbies), a television episode
 * "The Crawl" (New Girl), a television episode
 * News crawl or news ticker, a moving line of text on a TV screen

Other uses

 * Crawl of websites for indexing or archiving purposes, using a web crawler
 * Front crawl, a swimming stroke
 * Pub crawl, an evening devoted to drinking at a series of pubs
 * Rock crawling, an off-road truck sport

title: Crawl


text:
Itano District, Tokushima

Itano (板野郡) is a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 97,263 and a population density of 884 PD/km2. The total area is 110.05 km2.

Matsushige is home to Tokushima Airport.

Towns and villages

 * Aizumi
 * Itano
 * Kamiita
 * Kitajima
 * Matsushige

Municipal timeline

 * April 1, 2005 - The towns of Donari and Yoshino merged to form the new city of Awa.

title: Itano District, Tokushima


text:
Ichiba, Tokushima

Ichiba (市場町) was a town located in Awa District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,556 and a density of 159.48 persons per km2. The total area was 72.46 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Ichiba, along with the towns of Awa (former) (also from Awa District), and the towns of Donari and Yoshino (both from Itano District), was merged to create the city of Awa.

title: Ichiba, Tokushima


text:
Beckett on Film

Beckett on Film was a project aimed at making film versions of all nineteen of Samuel Beckett's stage plays, with the exception of the early and unperformed Eleutheria. This endeavour was successfully completed, with the first films being shown in 2001.

The project was conceived by Michael Colgan, artistic director of Dublin's Gate Theatre. The films were produced by Colgan and Alan Moloney for the Irish broadcaster RTÉ, the British broadcaster Channel 4 and the Irish Film Board. Each had a different cast and director, drawn from theatre, film and other fields.

Ten of the films were screened at the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival and some shown on Channel 4 television. On Wednesday, 6 February 2002, the series won the Best TV Drama award at the 6th The South Bank Show Award at the Savoy Theatre in London. The films never enjoyed a general cinematic release, but, in September 2001, all nineteen were screened at the Barbican Centre in London. They were also released in a number of videos and as a four-DVD box set, comprising a souvenir programme and numerous additional features.

A documentary video, titled Check the Gate: Putting Beckett on Film and directed by Pearse Lehane, was released on 5 February 2003. It followed closely the project's work.

Waiting for Godot
The play was originally published in 1952. Of directing the film version, Michael Lindsay-Hogg said, "Beckett creates an amazing blend of comedy, high wit and an almost unbearable poignancy in a funny yet heartbreaking image of man's fate. With the camera, you can pick those moments and emphasise them, making Beckett's rare and extraordinary words all the more intimate [...]. The play is about what it is about. Samuel Beckett would have said it's about two men waiting on the side of the road for someone to turn up. But you can invest in the importance of who is going to turn up. Is it a local farmer? Is it God?  Is it salvation?  Or is it simply someone who just doesn't show up?

"The important thing is the ambiguity, the fact that it doesn't really state what it is. That's why it's so great for the audience to be part of it: they fill in a lot of the blanks; it works in their imaginations.

"For me, Beckett's view of the world is quite sadly accurate. We are all really just bugs in the carpet."

The cast was composed of the following:

 * Vladimir: Barry McGovern
 * Estragon: Johnny Murphy
 * Pozzo: Alan Stanford
 * Lucky: Stephen Brennan
 * The Boy: Sam McGovern
 * Director: Michael Lindsay-Hogg
 * Running Time: 2 hours

Endgame
Original play published 1957.

 * Hamm – Michael Gambon
 * Clov – David Thewlis
 * Nagg – Charles Simon
 * Nell – Jean Anderson
 * Directed by Conor McPherson
 * Running Time – 1 hour 24 minutes

Happy Days
Original play published 1960.

 * Winnie – Rosaleen Linehan
 * Willie – Richard Johnson
 * Directed by Patricia Rozema
 * Running Time – 1 hour 19 minutes

Act Without Words I
Original play written 1956.

 * Mime – Sean Foley
 * Directed by Karel Reisz
 * Running Time – 16 minutes

Act Without Words II
Original play written 1956.

 * A – Pat Kinevane
 * B – Marcello Magni
 * Directed by Enda Hughes
 * Running Time – 11 minutes

Krapp's Last Tape
Original play written 1958.

 * Krapp – John Hurt
 * Directed by Atom Egoyan
 * Running Time – 58 minutes

Rough for Theatre I
Original play written late 1950s.

 * A – David Kelly
 * B – Milo O'Shea
 * Directed by Kieron J. Walsh
 * Running Time – 20 minutes

Rough for Theatre II
Original play written late 1950s.

 * A – Jim Norton
 * B – Timothy Spall
 * C – Hugh B. O'Brien
 * Directed by Katie Mitchell
 * Running Time – 30 minutes

Play
Original play written 1963.

 * M – Alan Rickman
 * W1 – Kristin Scott Thomas
 * W2 – Juliet Stevenson
 * Directed by Anthony Minghella
 * Running Time – 16 minutes

Come and Go
Original play written 1965.

 * Vi – Anna Massey
 * Ru – Siân Phillips
 * Flo – Paola Dionisotti
 * Directed by John Crow
 * Running Time – 8 minutes

Breath
Original play written 1969.

 * Voice – Keith Allen
 * Directed by Damien Hirst
 * Running Time – 45 seconds

Not I
Original play written 1972.

 * Auditor/Mouth – Julianne Moore
 * Directed by Neil Jordan
 * Running Time – 14 minutes

That Time
Original play written 1975.

 * Listener and Voices – Niall Buggy
 * Directed by Charles Garrad
 * Running Time – 20 minutes

Footfalls
Original play written 1975.

 * May – Susan Fitzgerald
 * Voice – Joan O'Hara
 * Directed by Walter Asmus
 * Running Time – 28 minutes

A Piece of Monologue
Original play written 1980.

 * Speaker – Stephen Brennan
 * Directed by Robin Lefevre
 * Running Time – 20 minutes

Rockaby
Original play written 1981.

 * Woman – Penelope Wilton
 * Directed by Richard Eyre
 * Running Time – 14 minutes

Ohio Impromptu
Original play written 1981.

 * Reader and Listener – Jeremy Irons
 * Directed by Charles Sturridge
 * Running Time – 12 minutes

Catastrophe
Original play written 1982.

 * P – John Gielgud
 * A – Rebecca Pidgeon
 * D – Harold Pinter
 * L – ?
 * Directed by David Mamet
 * Running Time – 7 minutes

What Where
Original play written 1983.

 * Bam – Sean McGinley
 * Bem, Bim and Bom – Gary Lewis
 * Directed by Damien O'Donnell
 * Running Time – 12 minutes

Criticism
Reviews were generally laudatory. Michael Dwyer, film correspondent of The Irish Times, called it "commendably ambitious and remarkably successful, a truly unique collection".

title: Beckett on Film


text:
Awa, Tokushima

Awa (阿波市) is a city located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 35,631 in 15432 households and a population density of 190 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 191.11 sqkm.

Geography
Awa is located in the northeastern part of Tokushima Prefecture, between the northern bank of the Yoshino River and Kagawa Prefecture. Parts of the city are within the borders of the Okumiyagawa-Uchidani Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture Kagawa Prefecture
 * Mima
 * Yoshinogawa
 * Kamiita
 * Sanuki
 * Higashikagawa

Climate
Awa has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Awa is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,335 mm with September as the wettest month.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Awa has slowly declined over the past 60 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Awa was part of ancient Awa Province. The Yoshino River valley was settled since at least the Kofun period, and archaeologists have found many kofun burial mounds. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. Following the Meiji restoration, it was organized into villages within Awa District and Itano District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. The villages of Hisakatsu, Isawa and Hayashi were founded within Awa District on October 1, 1889. Hayashi was raised to town status on November 1, 1928, and Hisakatsu on November 3, 1951. Hayashi, Hisakatsu and Isawa merged to form the town of Awa on March 31, 1955. The city of Awa was established on April 1, 2005, from the merger of the former town of Awa, absorbing the town of Ichiba from Awa District, and the towns of Donari and Yoshino (from Itano District).

Government
Awa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 20 members. Awa contributes two members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Tokushima 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Awa is primarily agricultural.

Education
Awa has ten public elementary schools and four public middle schools operated by the city government and two public middle school and four public high schools operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education.

Railway
Awa has no passenger railway service. Awa-Kawashima Station is closest to the city hall, Awa-Yamakawa Station is close to center of former Awa town, and Kamojima Station is closest to the center of both former Donari and Yoshino towns.

Highways

 * JP Expressway E11.svg Tokushima Expressway

Local attractions

 * Jūraku-ji, 7th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
 * Kumadani-ji, 8th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
 * Hōrin-ji, 9th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
 * Kirihata-ji, 10th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
 * Awa-no-dochū. Natural Monument
 * Okumiyagawa-Uchidani Prefectural Natural Park

Noted people from Awa

 * Takeo Miki, Prime Minister of Japan
 * Kazuo Sakamaki, Imperial Japanese Navy officer

title: Awa, Tokushima


text:
IACHR

The abbreviation IACHR is commonly used to refer to either of the two bodies of the inter-American human rights protection system:

 * Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
 * Inter-American Court of Human Rights

title: IACHR


text:
Awa District, Tokushima

Awa (阿波郡) was a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 24,959 and a density of 206.20 persons per km2. The total area is 121.04 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Awa
 * Ichiba

Merger

 * On April 1, 2005, the former town of Awa absorbed the town of Ichiba, along with the towns of Donari and Yoshino (both from Itano District) to create the city of Awa. Therefore, Awa District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Awa District, Tokushima


text:
Kamojima, Tokushima

Kamojima (鴨島町) was a town located in Oe District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 24,981 and a population density of 739.96 persons per km2. The total area was 33.76 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Kamojima, along with the towns of Kawashima and Yamakawa, and the village of Misato (all from Oe District), was merged to create the new city of Yoshinogawa.

title: Kamojima, Tokushima


text:
Kawashima, Tokushima

Kawashima (川島町, ) was a town located in Oe District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,484 and a population density of 479.59 persons per km2. The total area was 17.69 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Kawashima, along with the towns of Kamojima and Yamakawa, and the village of Misato (all from Oe District), was merged to create the new city of Yoshinogawa.

title: Kawashima, Tokushima


text:
Yamakawa, Tokushima

Yamakawa (山川町) was a town located in Oe District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,456 and a population density of 271.02 persons per km2. The total area was 42.27 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Yamakawa, along with the towns of Kamojima and Kawashima, and the village of Misato (all from Oe District), was merged to create the new city of Yoshinogawa.

title: Yamakawa, Tokushima


text:
Thomas Walter Bickett

Thomas Walter Bickett (February 28, 1869 – December 28, 1921) was the 54th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1917 to 1921. He was born in Monroe, North Carolina.

Bickett was a graduate of Wake Forest College. Prior to being elected Governor, Bickett practiced law in Louisburg, represented Franklin County in the North Carolina General Assembly and then served as North Carolina Attorney General for two terms (1909–1917).

On November 29, 1898, he married Fanny Neal Yarborough of Rose Hill Plantation.

In 1916, Bickett became the first state governor who was nominated by means of a Democratic Party primary election (in which he defeated Lt. Gov. Elijah L. Daughtridge). Under Bickett's leadership, the state saw improvements in child welfare, public health, electricity, and running water. He persuaded the legislature to establish the state's first income tax. He also had to lead the state through World War I.

Walter Bickett Elementary in Monroe, North Carolina (where he was born) is named for him. Two school locations have his name. The original Walter Bickett School opened in March 1922 on Lancaster Avenue as Monroe High School, the city's first high school, and was named "sometime later" for Bickett. It remained a high school until the present Monroe High School was built in 1960, and was replaced in 2003 with a new Walter Bickett Elementary. The older building became Walter Bickett Pre-K Education Center.

title: Thomas Walter Bickett


text:
Misato, Tokushima

Misato (美郷村) was a village located in Oe District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,310 and a density of 25.96 persons per km2. The total area was 50.47 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Misato, along with the towns of Kamojima, Kawashima and Yamakawa (all from Oe District), was merged to create the new city of Yoshinogawa.

title: Misato, Tokushima


text:
Oe District, Tokushima

Oe (麻植郡) was a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 46,231 and a density of 320.63 persons per km2. The total area was 144.19 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kamojima
 * Kawashima
 * Misato
 * Yamakawa

Merger

 * On October 1, 2004 - the towns of Kamojima, Kawashima and Yamakawa, and the village of Misato were merged to create the city of Yoshinogawa. Therefore, Oe District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Oe District, Tokushima


text:
Demographics of Ireland

Demographics of Ireland may refer to:

 * Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
 * Demographics of Northern Ireland
 * Irish population analysis (island)

title: Demographics of Ireland


text:
Waki, Tokushima

Wakimachi (脇町) was a town located in Mima District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 18,160 and a density of 163.47 persons per km2. The total area was 111.09 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Wakimachi, along with the towns of Mima (former), Anabuki, and the village of Koyadaira (all from Mima District), were merged to create the city of Mima.

title: Waki, Tokushima


text:
John Armstrong Sr.

John Armstrong (October 13, 1717 – March 9, 1795) was an American civil engineer and soldier who served as a brigadier general in the Continental Army and as a major general in the Pennsylvania Militia during the Revolutionary War. He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress for Pennsylvania. Armstrong County, Pennsylvania is named in his honor.

Early life
Armstrong was born on October 13, 1717, in Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Ireland, parents not determined, who married in 1704. He was one of approximately 15 children born to his parents that included: Margaret Armstrong (1737–1817), who married Rev. George Duffield (1732–1790), and Rebecca Armstrong (1738–1828), who married James Turner (1737–1803).

John was educated in Ireland and became a civil engineer before emigrating to Pennsylvania, with his brother-in-law, John Lyon, around 1740.

Career
Armstrong came to Pennsylvania as a surveyor for the Penn family, the proprietary owners of the colony. In 1750, he laid out the first plat or plan for the town of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and was one of its first settlers. He was later appointed surveyor for the newly established Cumberland County.

Seven Years' War
In 1756, he led the Kittanning Expedition. In 1758, Colonel Armstrong led 2,700 Pennsylvania provincial troops on the Forbes expedition, the approach of which compelled the French to vacate and blow up Fort Duquesne. Armstrong became a good friend to the other militia commander in this expedition, Colonel George Washington.

James Smith wrote that in the fall of 1763, "I went on the Susquehannah campaign, against the Indians, under the command of General Armstrong. In this route we burnt the Delaware and Monsey towns, on the West Branch of the Susquehannah, and destroyed all their corn."

American Revolution
In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Armstrong was a brigadier general in the Pennsylvania militia. On March 1, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed him to that same rank in the Continental Army. He was sent south to begin preparations for the defense of Charleston, South Carolina. He contributed his engineering talents to the construction of defenses that enabled them to withstand the Battle of Sullivan's Island later that year. When General Charles Lee arrived to take command, he returned to his duties with the main army and with the Pennsylvania militia. Pennsylvania named him major general in charge of the state militia. This ended his service in the Continental Army, but not the war or his cooperation with General George Washington.

At the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, Armstrong's militia held the far left of the American line. They were also to guard the army's supplies. After a hard day's fighting the Americans were forced to withdraw or face being surrounded. Armstrong brought the supplies and his militia out from Pyle's Ford after dark.

In the Battle of Germantown on October 4, General Armstrong led the American right. His mission was to skirt the British left flank and attack there and in their rear. Despite delays and the troubles some units had in moving, the overall attack was going well, until the center was held up at the Benjamin Chew House. The attack then collapsed after a friendly fire incident in the fog in which General Adam Stephen's men fired on Anthony Wayne's troops causing their withdrawal. Armstrong, whose men had advanced nearly to the center of Germantown, but were not greatly involved in the fight later complained that it was "....a glorious victory fought for and eight tenths won, ....mysteriously lost, for to this moment no one man can ....give any good reason for the flight."

After Germantown, Armstrong was granted permission to give up active command. At aged sixty, his health was declining, and old wounds were troubling him. He served until April 4, 1778.

Later life
After his service in the War ended, Armstrong returned home to Carlisle, where he was elected to the Continental Congress by the Pennsylvania Assembly. As a delegate from 1779 to 1780, he was a strong supporter of Washington and the army. Armstrong was firm in his support for a new United States Constitution, and was returned to the Congress of the Confederation during its final days in 1787 and 1788.

Throughout his life Armstrong served in a number of local or civic offices. One of these, the Carlisle school board, led him to originally oppose Dr. Benjamin Rush's proposal to start a college in the town. He later relented, and became a member of the first Board of Trustees for Dickinson College from 1783 to 1794.

Personal life
In 1747, Armstrong was married to Rebecca Lyon Armstrong (1719–1797), daughter of Archibald Lyon and Ann Lyon. Together, they were the parents of:

 * James Armstrong (1748–1828), who married Mary Stevenson (1766–1813), daughter of George Stevenson, Esq.
 * John Armstrong Jr. (1758–1843), who married Alida Livingston (1761–1822), the sister of Robert R. Livingston and Edward Livingston.

John died at home in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on March 9, 1795, and is buried in the Old Carlisle Cemetery. In 1800, when Pennsylvania created a new county with its seat at Kittanning, it was named Armstrong County in his honor.

title: John Armstrong Sr.


text:
Locke Craig

Locke Craig (August 16, 1860 – June 9, 1924), an American lawyer and Democratic politician, was the 53rd governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina, serving from 1913 until 1917.

Early and family life
Craig was born near Windsor, North Carolina, on August 16, 1860, to Baptist minister and farmer Andrew Murdock Craig and his second wife Clarissa Rebecca Gilliam. He was named for the Scottish philosopher John Locke. His paternal ancestors had emigrated from Scotland before the American Revolutionary War. By 1870, his elder half-brothers William Craig (b. 1835), Clenzman Craig (b.1841) and Andrew Craig Jr. (b.1848) had left home, and he and his youngest brother Braxton Craig were away at school. Craig attended the Horner Military Academy in Granville County run by former Confederate officer James Horner. Following his father's death in 1874, his mother sold the family farm and moved with the 15 year old Locke to Chapel Hill. He graduated from the University of North Carolina (also his late father's alma mater in 1822) in 1880. Locke Craig taught chemistry at the university for one year, then studied law.

Craig married Annie Burgin (1873–1955) on November 18, 1892, in McDowell County, North Carolina. The couple had four sons: Capt. Carlyle Craig (1892–1971), George Winston Craig (1894–1985), Arthur Burgin Craig (1896– ) and Locke Craig (1914–1993). Two of the boys graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and George Craig would become a lawyer and member of the North Carolina General Assembly.

Career
After admission to the North Carolina bar, Craig settled in Asheville in the state's mountainous western region. He served as Buncombe County attorney and the Asheville city corporation counsel.

In the 1890s, Craig became active in the local Democratic Party and served as a Democratic elector in 1892 and 1896, canvassing the state for Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. He became known as an orator, despite his small physical stature, and was nicknamed "The Little Giant of the West" in tribute to former Democratic presidential candidate Stephen A. Douglas.

At the time, the other major political party in the state was known as the "Fusionists", a coalition of Populists and Republicans. The Fusionists won many offices in North Carolina in 1894, and controlled the state legislature in 1895 and 1897, as well as elected Republican Daniel L. Russell as the state's Governor in 1896. The other major Democratic orator in North Carolina at the time was fellow lawyer Charles Brantley Aycock of Goldsboro, son of Confederate state senator and slaveowner Benjamin Aycock and U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina during the presidency of Democrat Grover Cleveland in 1893–1897. Although a strong supporter of education for blacks as well as whites, Aycock had refused to become the Fusionists' gubernatorial candidate in 1896. By 1898, Aycock and Craig were stressing white supremacy, enraged by the enlarged political role of African Americans in the Russell administration.

In 1899 Craig won election to the North Carolina House of Representatives and was re-elected in 1901. While a member of the North Carolina State House, Craig worked with Aycock on the state constitutional amendment that would effectively disfranchise African American voters. Aycock won election as North Carolina's governor in 1900. Meanwhile, Craig twice failed in attempts at higher office, losing in a bid for his party's nomination for the U.S. Senate in 1903 and in 1908 withdrew from his first run for the North Carolina governorship after three days of deadlock in the state's Democratic convention between his supporters and those of William Walton Kitchin (the eventual winner) and Ashley Horne. Finally winning the Democratic nomination in 1912 (by acclimation), Craig also won the general election in another three-way race and became North Carolina's governor, although his ally, former governor Aycock had died in April 1912 (suffering a heart attack while campaigning for the U.S. Senate seat).

During his time as governor, Craig continued Aycock's educational reforms. He also formed the state's first highway commission (5,000 miles of state-built roads in 1913 grew to 15,000 miles in 1917 and national recognition as the "Good Roads State") as well as established many forestry and fishery conservation policies. Gratifying North Carolinians enraged at the clearcutting of the state's forests by logging companies, Governor Craig and the legislature established Mount Mitchell State Park in 1915 (the state's first state park). He also served on the Appalachian Parks Commission, which promoted creation of the Pisgah National Forest. He also acted decisively when floods ravaged western North Carolina in 1916. Implementing a campaign promise to reduce freight rates to the level of the rest of the South, and harnessing electric power by building dams on the Yadkin, Catawba, French Broad and Cape Fear Rivers spurred the state's economic development. Craig also oversaw other improvements in western North Carolina. He also encouraged private contracts for prisoners to perform road and railroad labor, using a model which in 1880 had led to completion of the Western North Carolina Railroad to Swannanoa Gap (on the Buncombe/McDowell county line and the division between the Atlantic and Mississippi watersheds). After completing his term, Craig retired from public service and resumed his legal career.

Death and legacy
The former governor built a new house on the Swannanoa River in Asheville, but suffered a debilitating illness in 1917 and lived as an invalid during his final seven years. Locke Craig died at the age of 63 on June 9, 1924, survived by his wife Annie, sons and grandchildren. He was buried in the Riverside Cemetery in the Montford Area Historic District, in Asheville, North Carolina, where Annie joined him 30 years later. His eldest son Carlyle had a military career, including service in World War II, and his second son George followed his father's path in law and politics through the mid-1950s. His youngest son, Locke Craig Jr., became a forester.

In 1944, a portrait of Governor Craig by Asheville artist Cuthbert Lee was unveiled in the state senate chamber in Raleigh. North Carolina named Mount Craig, the second highest peak in Pisgah National Forest, in his honor in 1947, and erected a historical marker near his Asheville home in 1949. Another marker notes his childhood home in Bertie County. Duke University's library holds his papers.

title: Locke Craig


text:
Mima, Tokushima

Mima (美馬市) is a city located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 27,713 in 12,547 households and a population density of 75 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 367.14 sqkm.

Name
The name Mima (美馬) is derived from two characters meaning "Beautiful Horse". Mima was once home to many horse breeders. Although breeders and keepers are not so common in present-day Mima, the history lives on today in art, local products, and such.

Ikezuki
There is also the story of a famous horse named Ikezuki. He is a famous horse born from a captive Mima Town mother and a wild father from Mount Tsurugi. He later belonged to Shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo and often makes appearances throughout history, such as in Tale of Heike, Genpei War, and The Battle of Uji (1184) (crossing the Uji River). Ikezuki's mother was buried at what is now Ikezuki Park. It is unsure whether Ikezuki is a factual or fictional character.

Geography
Mima is located in north-central Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. Almost the entire area of Tokushima Prefecture and the mainland of Kagawa Prefecture is within a 50 kilometer radius of the city. The city is located in the lower reaches of the Yoshino River. The plains (northern part) have a Seto Inland Sea climate with less rain, and the mountainous areas (southern part) have a more rainy Pacific Ocean climate. Especially in mountainous areas, it is not uncommon for roads to freeze and snow in winter. There are many steep slopes in the mountainous areas, and traditional steep slope farming to prevent soil erosion is used. The Yoshino River flows west–east through Mima. It is the second longest river in Shikoku, boasting a length of 194 km. It is a popular spot for fishing, kayaking, and rafting. Mount Tsurugi, the second highest mountain in Shikoku, is on the border of Mima, Naka District and Miyoshi District. The Nakoyama Highlands just east of Mt. Tsurugi, had wide slopes with many bungalows, cottages, and RV parks open from April through the end of November. One face of the mountain has a famous grass ski area, hosting the Annual World Championships with the longest run stretching 500 meters and descending 62 meters. Flowing from south to north through the town of Anabuki and the village of Koyadaira is the Anabuki River. Its sources are a collection of many streams from around the Mt. Tsurugi area, and is popular for its cleanliness. As of 2005, the Anabuki River has held its position as the cleanest river in Shikoku for 11 years. There is a thriving population of the Japanese fishes ayu, amego, and iwana. The upstream town of Koyadaira hosts the Amego Fishing Competition every year in April.

 * Rivers: Yoshino River, Anabuki River, Sadamitsu River
 * Mountains: Mount Tsurugi, Mount Nako

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture Kagawa Prefecture
 * Mima
 * Yoshinogawa
 * Kamiita
 * Sanuki
 * Higashikagawa

Climate
Mima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is high, but there is a pronounced difference between the wetter summers and drier winters. The average annual temperature in Mima is 15.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 1539.0 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.5 C, and lowest in January, at around 4.3 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Mima was 38.4 C on 17 August 2020; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -6.3 C on 9 January 2021.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Mima in 2020 is 28,055 people. Mima has been conducting censuses since 1950.

About 20.1% is inhabitable land.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Mima was part of ancient Awa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. Following the Meiji restoration, it was organized into villages within Mima District with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889, including the town of Waki and the villages of Anabuki, Kozato and Shigekiyo. The city of Anabuki was raised to town status on January 26, 1924, and Kozato on December 10, 1940. Kozato and Shgekiyo merged to form the town of Mima on March 31, 1957. The city of Mima was established on March 1, 2005, from the merger of the former towns of Mima, Anabuki and Waki (all from Mima District) and the village of Koyadaira from Oe District.

Government
Mima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members. Mima contributes two members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Tokushima 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Mima is primarily agricultural.

Education
Mima has nine public elementary schools and seven public middle schools operated by the city government and three public high schools operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education.

High schools

 * Anabuki High School
 * Wakimachi High School
 * Mima Commercial High School

Junior high schools

 * Ehara Junior High School
 * Wakimachi Junior High School
 * Iwakura Junior High School
 * Mima Junior High School
 * Mishima Junior High School
 * Anabuki Junior High School
 * Koyadaira Junior High School

Elementary schools

 * South Ehara Elementary School
 * North Ehara Elementary School
 * Shimizu Elementary School
 * East Ehara Elementary School (Closed from April 2011)
 * Wakimachi Elementary School
 * Iwakura Elementary School
 * Shibasaka Elementary School
 * Kozato Elementary School
 * Kirai Elementary School
 * North Shigekiyo Elementary School
 * East Shigekiyo Elementary School
 * West Shigekiyo Elementary School
 * Mishima Elementary School
 * Anabuki Elementary School
 * Hatsukusa Elementary School (Closed from April 2011)
 * Miyauchi Elementary School
 * Koyadaira Elementary School

Airports
Mima is serviced by Takamatsu Airport and Tokushima Airport. There are no airports in Mima.
 * Takamatsu Airport is located 35–40 km north of Mima, in Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture. It can be accessed by Route 193. From the City Hall, it takes approximately 40 minutes by car.
 * Tokushima Airport is located 52 km east of Mima, in Tokushima. By highway, it takes approximately 50 minutes by car.

Railways
Three train stations serve Mima (in east–west order): Shikoku Railway Company – Tokushima Line
 * Anabuki - Oshima - Sadamitsu

Highways

 * JP Expressway E11.svg Tokushima Expressway. Two interchanges allow access, Wakimachi I.C. and Mima I.C.
 * , running east–west from Tokushima to Saijō, Ehime.
 * , running north–south from Takamatsu, Kagawa through Mima, eventually making its way to Tokushima.

Local attractions

 * Kōzato temple ruins, National Historic Site

Udatsu Townscape

Straight from the Edo and Meiji eras, Udatsu Townscape is a symbol of Wakimachi's old days. Characteristic of the buildings are the presence of “Udatsu,” extensions of the roof that served as protection from the spread of fires. Udatsu were also symbols of fortune, and continue to proclaim the prosperity of the merchants even today. The charm of the old town continues to excite nostalgia, as the broadcast industry often features it in television dramas and commercials. The national government recognized Udatsu Street as an “Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings” in December 1988.

Wakimachi and Odeon theaters

Originally constructed in 1934, Wakimachi Theater was a playhouse for kabuki, rōkyoku (storytelling accompanied with shamisen music), and other such entertainment. In the post-WWII era, it became a movie theater, and was then closed in 1995. It was scheduled for demolition, but after Shōchiku Films decided to use it as a location in their famous film, “The Man Who Catches Rainbows,” it was brought back into the limelight. The theater underwent restoration in 1999.

Teramachi
Teramachi, which means "Temple Town," has many Buddhist temples in a small area, including Ganshō-ji (願勝寺), which was probably built during the Nara period, featuring a traditional landscaped garden complete with a pond and stream. Anraku-ji (安楽寺) which is the oldest Jōdo Shinshū temple in Shikoku. Anraku-ji features a Noh stage, hosting Noh and other such plays from the local Noh Appreciation Group. There is also Saikyō-ji (西教寺) of the same movement, and Rinshō-ji.

Dannozukaana Kofun Cluster
Built approximately 1400 years ago, these tombs are large dome-shaped rooms at the end of a short tunnel. Having been designated as a National Historical Site in 1942, its unique structure continues to be studied today. Relics from the tombs are kept in nearby Tera-machi. The large tomb, to the east, is called the “Drum Tomb”. The mound itself measures 13 meters while the height and width inside measures 4.3 m and 3.4 m, respectively. Including the tunnel, the length of the mound is measured at 37 m. The second tomb, to the west, is called the “Shelf Tomb”. Length is 20 m, height is 8.7 m, while height and width inside is 2.8 m and 2.0 m, respectively.

Aoki Residence

The late Mr. Aoki returned from Nagasaki to his hometown, Mima. He built a large Taisho-era mansion as a retirement home for himself and his wife. His wife worked in the large herb garden and made bamboo spatulas from morning to evening. The house stood vacant for 30 years, before the Aokis, now living in Osaka, donated the house to its hometown, Mima. The Aoki Residence is located on 3,590 m2 of land, with a 2 meter high wall surrounding it. The main building includes several old fashioned rooms, featuring both tatami and clay floors. There is also a two-story warehouse and other small buildings. Today, the Aoki Residence holds many events, including but not limited to gatherings of local residents and enthusiasts interested in pottery, indigo dye, flower arranging, dancing, shamisen, etc. It may also be used for wedding receptions.

Miki Residence

The Miki Family Residence was built during the Edo Period. The Miki family was famous for preserving many historic Kamakura period¥Kamakura and Muromachi period documents from the surrounding Koyadaira and Yamakawa area. The house was recognized as an important cultural heritage site and remains today as one of the oldest houses in Tokushima. The grounds feature the main house, as well as several small buildings, mostly for storage. There is also a museum and garden, featuring many cherry blossom trees. The museum and residence is closed from December to March. The garden is best seen in April, when the cherry blossoms are blooming.

Former Nagaoka residence
The former Nagaoka residence(旧長岡家住宅 Kyū Nagaoka-ke Jūtaku) was originally located at the foot of the southern slopes of the Sanuki Mountains. In 1976 the residence was designated a National Important Cultural Property. In 1979 it was disassembled and reassabled in the Wakimachi area. The house is 12 meters long and 6,6 meters wide. It has a Yosemune-tsukuri (寄棟造り) thatched roof. The outside walls are made from mud and earth. This is characteristic for houses on the foot of the southern slopes of the Sanuki mountains (due to the lack of rainfall).

Ikezuki Park
Created as a tribute to Mima's pride, Ikezuki, this park also serves as the resting place for Ikezuki's mother (horse). It features a rock garden, picnic area, and restroom facilities.

Indigo dye
During the Edo and Meiji eras, Wakimachi prospered as an important distribution center of indigo dye (藍染め). The aizome season lasts from April to July and again from September to October.

Cymbidium
Cymbidium is a variety of Western-style orchid. The orchid is one of the most advanced plants in evolutionary history. Of these, the Cymbidium is one of the world's most cultivated. The orchid blooms from late November to March.

Paper umbrellas
Around 1955, there were about 200 stores lined up that were dedicated to the art of making paper umbrella in Mima. Today, two of the shops still exist. The masters of this traditional art construct the frame from bamboo, apply Japanese paper dyed with indigo, then oil it and apply various decorations, finishing it with a coat of lacquer.

Yuzu
Yuzu is first harvested in late fall. It is a yellow fruit that is common around the Mt. Tsurugi area as the weather breaks into winter. In recent years, the local farmers in the Koyadaira area have been producing yuzu using organic compost, with little or no agricultural chemicals. Lately, the product has been diversified with products such as organic yuzu ponzu and so on.

Hassaku oranges
Hassaku oranges are harvested just as the frost begins to strengthen, at the end of December. They are then immediately put into storage until they ripen in February, after which they are shipped. In the Anabuki area, eco-farming efforts are being introduced as chemicals and fertilizers are being reduced and cut.

Grapes
In Mima, Delaware and Berry-A varieties of grapes are produced. They are harvested in two waves, one in mid-July and the other in mid-August. In Wakimachi, eco-farming efforts are being introduced as chemicals and fertilizers are being reduced and cut.

Blueberries
Blueberries are a healthy food well known for their power to keep the eyes active, refresh the capillaries, and fight oxidation and the effects of aging. In Mima, “The Association for the Research of Blueberries” was established whose aim is to find new products and uses for blueberries.

Homemade raft competition

Each year, Anabuki hosts the Ikada Kudari, a homemade raft competition. Several teams prepare for the event by building rafts of various shapes and sizes. On the day of the event, the teams ride, pull, and push their rafts down a stretch of the Anabuki River. Awards are given, including the fastest and the most unusual rafts.

Noted people from Mima

 * Yasutaka Hattori, former professional Baseball pitcher
 * Kuishinbo Kamen, Professional wrestler (Real Name: Akinori Tsukioka, Nihongo: 月岡 明則, Tsukioka Akinori)

title: Mima, Tokushima


text:
Handa, Tokushima

Handa (半田町) was a town located in Mima District, Tokushima, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,372 and a density of 104.27 persons per km2. The total area was 51.52 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Handa, along with the town of Sadamitsu, and the village of Ichiu (all from Mima District), was merged to create the town of Tsurugi.

Geography
Handa was situated in the valley created by the Handa River. Most of the population was concentrated near the mouth of the valley, near the Yoshino River. Yachiyo, the southern part of Handa, was mountainous and contains a number of peaks over 1000 meters.

Education
Handa was served by Handa Junior High School, and Handa and Yachiyo elementary schools.

Transportation

 * National Route 192 runs along Handa's northern edge.
 * Awa-Handa Station is on the JR Shikoku Tokushima Line.

Sightseeing

 * Handa is famous for its sōmen noodles. "Handa Sōmen" has been a special product of the area for over 250 years, and several sōmen makers still operate today.
 * Dodoro falls is a 30m waterfall in Yachiyo.
 * Oyasu Park is a popular spot for viewing cherry blossoms, and provides good views of the main part of town.
 * Ishido-yama (1636m) and Yahazu-yama (1848m), although located in Ichiu, are easily accessed via a trailhead at Oso Ishido Jinja, in Handa. Yahazu-yama provides panoramic views of the Iya Valley and prominent mountains such as Mount Tsurugi, Jirogyu, and Miune.

title: Handa, Tokushima


text:
William Walton Kitchin

William Walton Kitchin (October 9, 1866 – November 9, 1924) was an American attorney and the 52nd governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1909 to 1913.

Early life and family
W.W. Kitchin was the son of William H. Kitchin and Maria Figures Arrington. He was born in Scotland Neck, NC. He was the brother of Claude Kitchin and the uncle of Alvin Paul Kitchin, each of whom served in the U.S. Congress. He graduated from Wake Forest College in 1884, studied law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and passed the North Carolina Bar examination in 1887. He practiced law in Roxboro, NC.

On 22 December 1892, W.W. Kitchin married Sue Musette Satterfield of Roxboro, NC. They had six children: Sue Arrington (22 October 1893 – 5 August 1954), William Walton (16 August 1895 – 30 September 1905), Anne Maria (23 October 1897 – 16 January 1995), Elizabeth Gertrude (19 December 1899 – 9 September 1979), Clement Satterfield (19 June 1902 – 21 December 1930), and Musette Satterfield (10 August 1906 – 17 October 1996). The children related stories of how kind he was to the hired help at the Governor's Mansion, going so far as to offer them time off one Christmas. This greatly disappointed the employees as they looked forward to the annual event. The children also enjoyed roller skating through the Governor's Mansion.

Political career
In 1892, he ran unsuccessfully for the North Carolina Senate but was later elected for six terms in the United States House of Representatives, from 1897 to 1909. In 1898, he helped lead the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, a violent coup d'état by a group of white supremacists. They expelled opposition black and white political leaders from the city, destroyed the property and businesses of black citizens built up since the Civil War, including the only black newspaper in the city, and killed an estimated 60 to more than 300 people. With other members of his family, he was an active participant in leading to the approval of a state constitutional amendment in 1900 placing numerous limitations on the right of black Tar Heels to vote. In January, 1901, George Henry White, an African-American, included Kitchin in his Congressional farewell address. He said that no politician had done more to bring the African-American into disrepute. White also said that Kitchin attempted to disprove African-Americans were worthy of the Fourteenth Amendment.

In 1906 Kitchin proposed an amendment to the Post Office Department's appropriations bill to end the $167,000 subsidy paid to Southern Railway funding the Fast Mail service, which served his constituency directly and was the last fast mail train in the United States that received such a subsidy. The train was discontinued on January 1, 1907, as a result, and Kitchin's amendment was later used as a campaign issue against him.

Limited to one term as governor by the state constitution of the time, Kitchin ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 1912. His tenure as governor was highly productive: he increased expenditures for public education and public health services, oversaw expansion of railroads and increased stability of the state's banks.

After completing his term, Governor Kitchin practiced law in Raleigh, NC until 1919, when his declining health led him to retire to his home in Scotland Neck, NC. He died in 1924 and is buried in the Scotland Neck Baptist Cemetery.

title: William Walton Kitchin