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Another Democracy is Possible

Another Democracy is Possible (Otra Democracia es Posible) was a Spanish activist group (2003~2006), claiming for more democracy (fair electoral systems, participative and direct democracy, popular initiatives, and so on).

It carried out several Trojan activities; for instance, it took part of national, regional and local polls as an extraparliamentary Spanish political party. It never asked for votes; rather, it promoted its activist message by including its shocking logo into the electoral ballots and getting media visibility.

title: Another Democracy is Possible


text:
Lamar High School

Lamar High School may refer to:
 * Lamar High School (Arkansas) in Lamar, Arkansas
 * Lamar High School (Colorado) in Lamar, Colorado
 * Lamar High School (Missouri) in Lamar, Missouri
 * Lamar High School (South Carolina) in Lamar, South Carolina
 * Lamar High School (Arlington, Texas) in Arlington, Texas
 * Lamar High School (Houston, Texas) in Houston, Texas

Lamar High School might also reference:
 * Lamar Consolidated High School in Rosenberg, Texas
 * Lamar School, Meridian, Mississippi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lamar High School


text:
Tetrahedral number

A tetrahedral number, or triangular pyramidal number, is a figurate number that represents a pyramid with a triangular base and three sides, called a tetrahedron. The $n$th tetrahedral number, $Te_{n}$, is the sum of the first $n$ triangular numbers, that is,

 * $$ Te_n = \sum_{k=1}^n T_k = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{k(k+1)}{2} = \sum_{k=1}^n \left(\sum_{i=1}^k i\right)$$

The tetrahedral numbers are:

 * 1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56, 84, 120, 165, 220, ...

Formula
The formula for the $n$th tetrahedral number is represented by the 3rd rising factorial of $n$ divided by the factorial of 3:
 * $$Te_n= \sum_{k=1}^n T_k = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{k(k+1)}{2} = \sum_{k=1}^n \left(\sum_{i=1}^k i\right)=\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{6} = \frac{n^{\overline 3}}{3!}$$

The tetrahedral numbers can also be represented as binomial coefficients:
 * $$Te_n=\binom{n+2}{3}.$$

Tetrahedral numbers can therefore be found in the fourth position either from left or right in Pascal's triangle.

Proofs of formula
This proof uses the fact that the $n$th triangular number is given by
 * $$T_n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}.$$

It proceeds by induction.

 * Base case
 * $$Te_1 = 1 = \frac{1\cdot 2\cdot 3}{6}.$$

 * Inductive step
 * $$\begin{align}

Te_{n+1} \quad &= Te_n + T_{n+1} \\ &= \frac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{6} + \frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{2} \\ &= (n+1)(n+2)\left(\frac{n}{6}+\frac{1}{2}\right) \\ &= \frac{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{6}. \end{align}$$

The formula can also be proved by Gosper's algorithm.

Recursive relation
Tetrahedral and triangular numbers are related through the recursive formulas

 * $$\begin{align}

& Te_n = Te_{n-1} + T_n &(1)\\ & T_n = T_{n-1} + n &(2) \end{align}$$

The equation $$(1)$$ becomes

 * $$\begin{align}

& Te_n = Te_{n-1} + T_{n-1} + n \end{align}$$

Substituting $$n-1$$ for $$n$$ in equation $$(1)$$

 * $$\begin{align}

& Te_{n-1} = Te_{n-2} + T_{n-1} \end{align}$$

Thus, the $$n$$th tetrahedral number satisfies the following recursive equation

 * $$\begin{align}

& Te_{n} = 2Te_{n-1} - Te_{n-2} + n \end{align}$$

Generalization
The pattern found for triangular numbers $$ \sum_{n_1=1}^{n_2}n_1=\binom{n_2+1}{2}$$ and for tetrahedral numbers $$ \sum_{n_2=1}^{n_3}\sum_{n_1=1}^{n_2}n_1=\binom{n_3+2}{3}$$ can be generalized. This leads to the formula: $$ \sum_{n_{k-1}=1}^{n_k}\sum_{n_{k-2}=1}^{n_{k-1}}\ldots\sum_{n_2=1}^{n_3}\sum_{n_1=1}^{n_2}n_1=\binom{n_k+k-1}{k}$$

Geometric interpretation
Tetrahedral numbers can be modelled by stacking spheres. For example, the fifth tetrahedral number ($k$) can be modelled with 35 billiard balls and the standard triangular billiards ball frame that holds 15 balls in place. Then 10 more balls are stacked on top of those, then another 6, then another three and one ball at the top completes the tetrahedron.

When order-$n$ tetrahedra built from $Te_{5} = 35$ spheres are used as a unit, it can be shown that a space tiling with such units can achieve a densest sphere packing as long as $Te_{n}$.

Tetrahedral roots and tests for tetrahedral numbers
By analogy with the cube root of $x$, one can define the (real) tetrahedral root of $x$ as the number $n ≤ 4$ such that $n$: $$n = \sqrt[3]{3x+\sqrt{9{x^2}-\frac{1}{27}}} +\sqrt[3]{3x-\sqrt{9{x^2}-\frac{1}{27}}} -1$$

which follows from Cardano's formula. Equivalently, if the real tetrahedral root $n$ of $x$ is an integer, $x$ is the $n$th tetrahedral number.

Properties

 * $Te_{n} = x$, the square pyramidal numbers.
 * $Te_{n} + Te_{n−1} = 1^{2} + 2^{2} + 3^{2} ... + n^{2}$, sum of odd squares.
 * $Te_{2n+1} = 1^{2} + 3^{2} ... + (2n+1)^{2}$, sum of even squares.
 * A. J. Meyl proved in 1878 that only three tetrahedral numbers are also perfect squares, namely:
 * Sir Frederick Pollock conjectured that every positive integer is the sum of at most 5 tetrahedral numbers: see Pollock tetrahedral numbers conjecture.
 * The only tetrahedral number that is also a square pyramidal number is 1 (Beukers, 1988), and the only tetrahedral number that is also a perfect cube is 1.
 * The infinite sum of tetrahedral numbers' reciprocals is $3⁄2$, which can be derived using telescoping series:
 * $$ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{6}{n(n+1)(n+2)} = \frac{3}{2}.$$
 * The parity of tetrahedral numbers follows the repeating pattern odd-even-even-even.
 * An observation of tetrahedral numbers:
 * Numbers that are both triangular and tetrahedral must satisfy the binomial coefficient equation:
 * $$T_n=\binom{n+1}{2}=\binom{m+2}{3}=Te_m.$$
 * An observation of tetrahedral numbers:
 * Numbers that are both triangular and tetrahedral must satisfy the binomial coefficient equation:
 * $$T_n=\binom{n+1}{2}=\binom{m+2}{3}=Te_m.$$
 * $$T_n=\binom{n+1}{2}=\binom{m+2}{3}=Te_m.$$
 * The only numbers that are both tetrahedral and triangular numbers are :

 * $Te_{2n } = 2^{2} + 4^{2} ... + (2n)^{2}$ is the sum of all products p × q where (p, q) are ordered pairs and p + q = n + 1
 * $Te_{1 } = 1^{2} =     1$ is the number of (n + 2)-bit numbers that contain two runs of 1's in their binary expansion.
 * The largest tetrahedral number of the form $$2^a+3^b+1$$ for some integers $$a$$ and $$b$$ is 8436.

Popular culture
$Te_{2 } = 2^{2} =     4$ is the total number of gifts "my true love sent to me" during the course of all 12 verses of the carol, "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The cumulative total number of gifts after each verse is also $Te_{48} = 140^{2} = 19600$ for verse n.

The number of possible KeyForge three-house combinations is also a tetrahedral number, $Te_{5} = Te_{4} + Te_{3} + Te_{2} + Te_{1}$ where $n$ is the number of houses.

title: Tetrahedral number


text:
William Purcell

William Purcell may refer to:
 * William Purcell (d. 1834), last known survivor of HMS Bounty
 * William E. Purcell (1856–1928), state senator from North Dakota
 * William Frederick Purcell (1866–1919), arachnologist and biologist
 * William Gray Purcell (1880–1965), architect
 * William R. Purcell (born 1931), state senator from North Carolina
 * William Purcell (priest) (1912–1994), Archdeacon of Dorking

title: William Purcell


text:
Greg Gilmore

Greg Gilmore (born January 3, 1962) is a French born-American drummer in Seattle, Washington, and co-founder of the recording label First World Music.

Biography
Although born in France, Gilmore grew up in the Seattle area. After playing in 10 Minute Warning with Duff McKagan (The Fartz, Guns N' Roses), Steve Verwolf, Paul Dana, Bob Groves, and David Garrigues, Gilmore decided to join his friend Duff McKagan when he announced he was leaving Seattle for a new life in L.A, and accompanied him in his early auditions. Shortly after the success of Guns N' Roses, he moved back to Seattle and in the late 1980s Gilmore was a member of the critically acclaimed, seminal Seattle band Mother Love Bone along with bandmates Andrew Wood (vocals), Bruce Fairweather (guitar), Jeff Ament (bass), and Stone Gossard (guitar). After Wood's death from a heroin overdose, Ament and Gossard went on to play key roles in Pearl Jam.

Gilmore went on to collaborate with Seattle engineer and producer Jack Endino, with whom he would release Angle of Attack (1990) and Endino's Earthworm (1992). In the ensuing years, Gilmore would collaborate with a wide variety of musicians on releases such as: Land's Archipelago (1997) and Doghead's eponymous 1996 release. In the liner notes of Down on the Upside (1996), Soundgarden guitarist Kim Thayil credits Gilmore with "inspiration" for the song "Never the Machine Forever".

1999 saw the release of the eponymous debut album by Radio Chongqing, which Gilmore recorded with bandmates Lesli Dalaba (trumpet) and George Soler (stick).

As of 2007 he has been playing with Steve Fisk and working on several other recording projects.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Apple by Mother Love Bone (1990)
 * Archipelago by Land (1997)
 * 10 Minute Warning by 10 Minute Warning (1998)

title: Greg Gilmore


text:
Richard Stevens

Richard Stevens may refer to:
 * Richard Stevens (MP) (1702–1776), English politician, MP for Calling 1761–68
 * Richard Stevens (tennis), American tennis player
 * Richard Stevens (lawyer) (1868–1919), American lawyer and real estate developer
 * Richard Y. Stevens, North Carolina politician
 * W. Richard Stevens (1951–1999), author of Unix and networking books
 * Richard Stevens (cartoonist), author of the web comic Diesel Sweeties
 * Richard Henry Stevens (1893–1967), British intelligence officer captured during the Venlo incident
 * R. J. S. Stevens (1757–1837), London composer-organist; Gresham Professor of Music from 1801
 * Richard Stevens (Falkland Islands politician) (born 1955), Falkland Islands politician
 * Richard L. Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers officer
 * Rick Stevens (Donald Stevenson, born 1940), first lead vocalist of Tower of Power

title: Richard Stevens


text:
Aaron Beck

Aaron Temkin Beck (July 18, 1921 – November 1, 2021) was an American psychiatrist who was a professor in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is regarded as the father of cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). His pioneering methods are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression and various anxiety disorders. Beck also developed self-report measures for depression and anxiety, notably the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which became one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. In 1994 he and his daughter, psychologist Judith S. Beck, founded the nonprofit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, which provides CBT treatment and training, as well as research. Beck served as President Emeritus of the organization up until his death.

Beck was noted for his writings on psychotherapy, psychopathology, suicide, and psychometrics. He published more than 600 professional journal articles, and authored or co-authored 25 books. He was named one of the "Americans in history who shaped the face of American psychiatry", and one of the "five most influential psychotherapists of all time" by The American Psychologist in July 1989. His work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Martin Seligman to refine his own cognitive techniques and later work on learned helplessness.

Early life and education
Aaron Temkin Beck was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on July 18, 1921. He was the youngest of four children born to Elizabeth Temkin and Harry Beck, Jewish immigrants from Ukraine. Harry worked as a printer and Elizabeth's family found financial success in tobacco wholesaling; the family belonged to the upwardly-mobile vanguard of Providence's Eastern European-Jewish immigrant community. At the time of Aaron's birth, the Temkin-Becks lived a "comfortable, lower-middle class lifestyle" and were in the process of putting down roots on Providence's East Side. In 1923, when Aaron was two years old, the family purchased a house at 43/41 Sessions Street in the city's Blackstone neighborhood. Beck attended John Howland Grammar School, Nathan Bishop Junior High, and Hope Street High School, where he graduated as valedictorian in 1938. As an adolescent, Beck dreamed of becoming a journalist. Beck matriculated at Brown University, where he graduated magna cum laude in 1942. At Brown, he was elected a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, was an associate editor of The Brown Daily Herald, and received the Francis Wayland Scholarship, William Gaston Prize for Excellence in Oratory, and Philo Sherman Bennett Essay Award. Beck attended Yale Medical School, planning to become an internist and work in private practice in Providence. He graduated from Yale with a Doctor of Medicine in 1946.

Career
After receiving his M.D., Beck completed a six-month junior residency in pathology at Rhode Island Hospital and a three-year residency in neurology at Cushing Veterans Administration Hospital in Framingham, Massachusetts. During this time, Beck began to specialize in neurology, reportedly liking the precision of its procedures. However, due to a shortage of psychiatry residents, he was instructed to do a six-month rotation in that field, and he became absorbed in psychoanalysis, despite initial wariness.

After completing his medical internships and residencies from 1946 to 1950, Beck became a fellow in psychiatry at the Austen Riggs Center, a private mental hospital in the mountains of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, until 1952. At that time, it was a center of ego psychology with an unusual degree of collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists, including David Rapaport.

Beck then completed military service as assistant chief of neuropsychiatry at Valley Forge Army Hospital in the United States Military.

Penn psychiatry
Beck then joined the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania in 1954. The department chair was Kenneth Ellmaker Appel, a psychoanalyst who was president of the American Psychiatric Association, whose efforts to expand the presence and relatedness of psychiatry had a big influence on Beck's career. At the same time, Beck began formal training in psychoanalysis at the Philadelphia Institute of the American Psychoanalytic Association.

Beck's closest colleague was Marvin Stein, a friend since their army hospital days to whom Beck looked up to for his scientific rigor in psychoneuroimmunology. Beck's first research was with Leon J. Saul, a psychoanalyst known for unusual methods such as therapy by telephone or setting homework, who had developed inventory questionnaires to quantify ego processes in the manifest content of dreams (that which can be directly reported by the dreamer). Beck and a graduate student developed a new inventory they used to assess "masochistic" hostility in manifest dreams, published in 1959. This study found themes of loss and rejection related to depression, rather than inverted hostility as predicted by psychoanalysis. Developing the work with funding from the National Institute of Mental Health, Beck came up with what he would call the Beck Depression Inventory, which he published in 1961 and soon started to market, unsupported by Appel. In another experiment, he found that depressed patients sought encouragement or improvement following disapproval, rather than seeking out suffering and failure as predicted by the Freudian anger-turned-inwards theory.

Through the 1950s, Beck adhered to the department's psychoanalytic theories while pursuing experimentation and harboring private doubts. In 1961, however, controversy over whom to appoint the new chair of psychiatry—specifically, fierce psychoanalytic opposition to the favored choice of biomedical researcher Eli Robins—brought matters to a head, an early skirmish in a power shift away from psychoanalysis nationally. Beck tried to remain neutral and, with Albert J. Stunkard, opposed a petition to block Robins. Stunkard, a behaviorist who specialized in obesity and who had dropped out of psychoanalytic training, was eventually appointed department head in the face of sustained opposition which again Beck would not engage in, putting him at bitter odds with his friend Stein.

On top of this, despite having graduated from his Philadelphia training, the American Psychoanalytic Institute rejected Beck's membership application in 1960, skeptical of his claims of success from relatively brief therapy and advising he conduct further supervised therapy on the more advanced or termination phases of a case, and again in 1961 when he had not done so but outlined his clinical and research work. Such deferments were a tactic used by the institute to maintain the orthodoxy in teaching, but Beck did not know this at the time and has described the decision as stupid and dumb.

Beck usually explained his increasing belief in his cognitive model by reference to a patient he had been listening to for a year at the Penn clinic. When he suggested she was anxious due to her ego being confronted by her sexual impulses, and asked her whether she believed this when she did not seem convinced, she said she was actually worried that she was being boring, and that she thought this often and with everyone.

Private practice
In 1962, Beck requested a sabbatical and would go into private practice for five years. In that same year, he was already making notes about patterns of thoughts in depression, emphasizing what can be observed and tested by anyone and treated in the present. He was engaged by George Kelly's personal construct theory and Jean Piaget's schemas. Beck's first articles on the cognitive theory of depression, in 1963 and 1964 in the Archives of General Psychiatry, maintained the psychiatric context of ego psychology but then turned to concepts of realistic and scientific thinking in the terms of the new cognitive psychology, extended to become a therapeutic need.

Beck's notebooks were also filled with self-analysis, where at least twice a day for several years he wrote out his own "negative" (later "automatic") thoughts, rated with a percentile belief score, classified and restructured.

The psychologist who would become most important for Beck was Albert Ellis, whose own faith in psychoanalysis had crumbled by the 1950s. He had begun presenting his "rational therapy" by the mid-1950s. Beck recalled that Ellis contacted him in the mid-1960s after his two articles in the Archives of General Psychiatry, and therefore he discovered Ellis had developed a rich theory and pragmatic therapy that he was able to use to some extent as a framework blended with his own, though he disliked Ellis's technique of telling patients what he thought was going on rather than helping the client to learn for themselves empirically. Psychoanalyst Gerald E. Kochansky remarked in 1975 in a review of one of Beck's books that he could no longer tell if Beck was a psychoanalyst or a devotee of Ellis. Beck highlighted the classical philosophical Socratic method as an inspiration, while Ellis highlighted disputation which he stated was not anti-empirical and taught people how to dispute internally. Both Beck and Ellis cited aspects of the ancient philosophical system of Stoicism as a forerunner of their ideas. Beck cited Epictetus as an influence from Stoicism.

In 1967, becoming active again at University of Pennsylvania, Beck still described himself and his new therapy (as he always would quietly) as neo-Freudian in the ego psychology school, albeit focused on interactions with the environment rather than internal drives. He offered cognitive therapy work as a relatively "neutral" space and a bridge to psychology. With a monograph on depression that Beck published in 1967, according to historian Rachael Rosner: "Cognitive Therapy entered the marketplace as a corrective experimentalist psychological framework both for himself and his patients and for his fellow psychiatrists."

Cognitive therapy
Working with depressed patients, Beck found that they experienced streams of negative thoughts that seemed to arise spontaneously. He termed these cognitions "automatic thoughts", and discovered that their content fell into three categories: negative ideas about oneself, the world, and the future. He stated that such cognitions were interrelated as the cognitive triad. Limited time spent reflecting on automatic thoughts would lead patients to treat them as valid.

Beck began helping patients identify and evaluate these thoughts and found that by doing so, patients were able to think more realistically, which led them to feel better emotionally and behave more functionally. He developed key ideas in CBT, explaining that different disorders were associated with different types of distorted thinking. Distorted thinking has a negative effect on a person's behavior no matter what type of disorder they had, he found. Beck explained that successful interventions will educate a person to understand and become aware of their distorted thinking, and how to challenge its effects. He discovered that frequent negative automatic thoughts reveal a person's core beliefs. He explained that core beliefs are formed over lifelong experiences; we "feel" these beliefs to be true.

Since that time, Beck and his colleagues worldwide have researched the efficacy of this form of psychotherapy in treating a wide variety of disorders including depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, drug abuse, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and many other medical conditions with psychological components. Cognitive therapy has also been applied with success to individuals with schizophrenia. He also focused on cognitive therapy for schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and for patients who have had recurrent suicide attempts.

Beck's recent research on the treatment of schizophrenia has suggested that patients once believed to be non-responsive to treatment are amenable to positive change. Even the most severe presentations of the illness, such as those involving long periods of hospitalization, bizarre behavior, poor personal hygiene, self-injury, and aggressiveness, can respond positively to a modified version of cognitive behavioral treatment.

Although Beck's approach has sometimes been criticized as too mechanistic, modern CBT stresses the importance of a warm and encouraging therapeutic relationship and tailoring treatment to the specific challenges of each individual. Beck's work was presented as a far more scientific and experimentally-based development than psychoanalysis (while being less reductive than behaviorism), Beck's key principles were not necessarily based on the general findings and models of cognitive psychology or neuroscience developing at that time but were derived from personal clinical observations and interpretations in his therapy office. And although there have been many cognitive models developed for different mental disorders and hundreds of outcome studies on the effectiveness of CBT—relatively easy because of the narrow, time-limited and manual-based nature of the treatment—there has been much less focus on experimentally proving the supposedly active mechanisms; in some cases the predicted causal relationships have not been found, such as between dysfunctional attitudes and outcomes.

Organizations
Beck was involved in research studies at the University of Pennsylvania, and conducted biweekly Case Conferences at Beck Institute for area psychiatric residents, graduate students, and mental health professionals. He met every two weeks with conference participants and generally did two to three role plays. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007.

Beck was the founder and President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and the director of the Aaron T. Beck Psychopathology Research Center, which was the parent organization of the Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Suicide, which is now known as the Penn Center for the Prevention of Suicide. In 1986, he was a visiting scientist at Oxford University.

He was a professor emeritus at Penn since 1992, and an adjunct professor at both Temple University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. During his time at Penn, he pioneered the development of Recovery-Oriented Cognitive Therapy. While the Center for CT-R was created at Penn, it was later absorbed by Beck Institute.

Personal life and death
Beck was married in 1950 to Honorable Phyllis W. Beck (ret.), and they had four children together: Roy, Judy, Dan, and Alice. Phyllis was the first woman judge on the appellate court of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Her youngest daughter, Alice Beck Dubow, is a judge on the same court, while the older daughter Judith is a prominent CBT educator and clinician, who wrote the basic text in the field and is a co-founder of the non-profit Beck Institute. He turned 100 on July 18, 2021, and died later in the year on November 1 in his sleep at his home in Philadelphia.

Questionnaires
Along with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck developed the Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Youth Inventories, Clark-Beck Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (CBOCI), Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), Suicide Intent Scale (SIS), Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS), Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale (CTRS), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), Satisfaction with Therapy Questionnaire (STQ) and BDI–Fast Screen for Medical Patients.

Beck collaborated with psychologist Maria Kovacs in the development of the Children's Depression Inventory, which used the BDI as a template.

Selected awards and honors

 * The 7th Annual Heinz Award in the Human Condition
 * The 1992 James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award
 * The 1999 Joseph Zubin Award
 * The 2004 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Psychology
 * The 2006 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
 * The 2010 Bell of Hope Award
 * The 2010 Sigmund Freud Award
 * The 2010 Scholarship and Research Award
 * The 2011 Edward J. Sachar Award
 * The 2011 Prince Mahidol Award in Medicine
 * The 2013 Kennedy Community Mental Health Award

Beck received honorary degrees from Yale University, University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Assumption College, and Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.

In 2017, Medscape named Beck the fourth most influential physician in the past century.

Selected books

 * Beck, A.T. (1967). The diagnosis and management of depression. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-7674-9
 * Beck, A.T. (1972). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-7652-7
 * Beck, A.T. (1975). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8236-0990-1
 * Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-0-89862-000-9
 * Beck, A.T., Wright, F.D., Newman, C.F., & Liese, B.S. (1993). "Cognitive therapy of substance abuse." New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-659-2
 * Beck, A.T. (1999). Prisoners of hate: The cognitive basis of anger, hostility, and violence. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-019377-5
 * Newman, C., Leahy, R. L., Beck, A. T., Reilly-Harringon, N. A., Gyulai, L. (2002). Bipolar disorder: A cognitive therapy approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-55798-789-1
 * Beck, A.T., Freeman, A., & Davis, D.D. (2003).  Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-856-5
 * Beck, A.T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R.L. (2005). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00587-1
 * Beck, A.T., Rector, N.A., Stolar, N., & Grant, P. (2008). Schizophrenia: Cognitive theory, research, and therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60623-018-3
 * Beck, A. T. & Alford, B. A. (2009). Depression: Causes and Treatments (2nd ed). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1964-7

Selected articles

 * Beck, A.T., & Haigh, E. A.-P. (2014). "Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1–24.
 * Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016). "A Unified Model of Depression Integrating Clinical, Cognitive, Biological, and Evolutionary Perspectives". Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 596–619.
 * Beck, A. T. (2019). "A 60-Year Evolution of Cognitive Theory and Therapy". Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(1), 16–20.

title: Aaron Beck


text:
Eric Reeves

Eric Reeves (born 1950) is an American academic who is professor emeritus of English language and literature at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Reeves has carried out research into the politics and human rights situation in Sudan.

Education
Before being employed at Smith College, Reeves received degrees in English Literature from Williams College and the University of Pennsylvania.

Sudan research
Reeves started studying politics and human rights in Sudan in 1999. He testified several times before the United States Congress, has lectured widely in academic settings, and has served as a consultant to a number of human rights and humanitarian organizations operating in Sudan. Working independently, he has written on several aspects of Sudan's recent history, in particular the Darfur genocide, and the role of the Sudanese and Chinese governments in perpetuating it. He was described as "a fierce critic" of former American President Barack Obama's policy of reconciliation with Sudan.

Reeves received a grant from Humanity United (Redwood City, CA) to support his research and travel. A collection of his essays on ongoing war and human destruction in Darfur appeared as A Long Day's Dying (Key Publishing, 2007). He later published an eBook about five crucial years in the history of Sudan: Compromising with Evil: An archival history of greater Sudan, 2007 - 2012 (www.CompromisingWithEvil.org).

He presently oversees a project in Zamzam IDP camp in North Darfur, with a primary emphasis on assisting girls and women traumatized by genocidal sexual violence. The project also distributes food and medicine to the neediest; it has also begun an effort to rehabilitate that water wells that have fallen into disrepair, making life for the more than 400,000 people in Zamzam extremely difficult.

Publications and awards
His work has appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, as well as numerous academic journals. This work has led to Reeves receiving a number of honorary degrees, and many other forms of national and international recognition.

title: Eric Reeves


text:
John Carrington

John Carrington may refer to:
 * John Carrington (judge) (1847–1913), British jurist, Solicitor General of Barbados, Chief Justice of St Lucia and Tobago, Attorney General of British Guiana and Chief Justice of Hong Kong
 * John F. Carrington (1914–1985), English missionary and expert on drum language
 * John H. Carrington (1934–2017), Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * John P. Carrington (1941–2022), Journalist and financier

title: John Carrington


text:
David Weinstein (musician)

David Weinstein (born 1954 in Chicago) is an American musician and composer. He has been cited as avant garde and postmodern by The New York Times. He has performed his compositions in musical groups such as Impossible Music (with Nicolas Collins), and in collaboration with visual artists.

In 1978, with Jim Staley and Dan Senn, Weinstein founded the avant-garde music institution Roulette Intermedium, which presented concerts and performances in a loft in Tribeca.

In 1992, along with Shelley Hirsch, he won the international Prix Futura award for excellence in the radio "docu-musical" O Little Town of East New York.

title: David Weinstein (musician)


text:
John H. Kerr

John Hosea Kerr (December 31, 1873 – June 21, 1958) was an American jurist and politician who served 15 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1923 to 1953.

Early life and education
Kerr was born in Yanceyville, Caswell County, North Carolina but lived most of his life in Warrenton, North Carolina. Kerr received his bachelor's degree from Wake Forest University and his law degree from Wake Forest University School of Law.

Career
In 1895, Kerr started his law practice in Warrenton, North Carolina. He served as town attorney and then as mayor of Warrenton in 1897 and 1898.

In 1905, Kerr served as solicitor and then from 1916 to 1923, Kerr served as superior court judge.

Congress
Kerr was originally elected to the United States House of Representatives in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Claude Kitchin in 1923. He lost a bid for re-election in the 1952 Democratic Party primary to Lawrence H. Fountain.

Death
Kerr died on June 21, 1958 in Warrenton, North Carolina.

Legacy
Constructed between 1947 and 1953, Kerr Lake, Kerr Lake State Recreation Area, and John H. Kerr Dam is named after him deriving from his instrumental efforts towards the project.

Kerr's son, John H. Kerr, Jr., and grandson, John H. Kerr, III, both served in the North Carolina General Assembly. His great uncle John Kerr also served in the United States House of Representatives.

title: John H. Kerr


text:
Newtonian telescope

The Newtonian telescope, also called the Newtonian reflector or just a Newtonian, is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton, using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror. Newton's first reflecting telescope was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope. The Newtonian telescope's simple design has made it very popular with amateur telescope makers.

Description

A Newtonian telescope is composed of a primary mirror or objective, usually parabolic in shape, and a smaller flat secondary mirror. The primary mirror makes it possible to collect light from the pointed region of the sky, while the secondary mirror redirects the light out of the optical axis at a right angle so it can be viewed with an eyepiece.

Advantages of the Newtonian design

 * They are free of chromatic aberration found in refracting telescopes.
 * Newtonian telescopes are usually less expensive for any given objective diameter (or aperture) than comparable quality telescopes of other types.
 * Since there is only one surface that needs to be ground and polished into a complex shape, overall fabrication is much simpler than other telescope designs (Gregorians, cassegrains, and early refractors had two surfaces that need figuring. Later achromatic refractor objectives had four surfaces that have to be figured).
 * A short focal ratio can be more easily obtained, leading to a wider field of view.
 * The eyepiece is located at the top end of the telescope. Combined with short f-ratios this can allow for a much more compact mounting system, reducing cost and adding to portability.

Disadvantages of the Newtonian design

 * Newtonians, like other reflecting telescope designs using parabolic mirrors, suffer from coma, an off-axis aberration which causes imagery to flare inward and towards the optical axis (stars towards edge of the field of view take on a comet-like shape). This flare is zero on-axis, and is linear with increasing field angle and inversely proportional to the square of the mirror focal ratio (the mirror focal length divided by the mirror diameter). The formula for third order tangential coma is 3θ / 16F², where θ is the angle off axis to the image in radians and F is the focal ratio. Newtonians with a focal ratio of f/6 or lower (f/5 for example) are considered to have increasingly serious coma for visual or photographic use. Low focal ratio primary mirrors can be combined with lenses that correct for coma to increase image sharpness over the field.
 * Newtonians have a central obstruction due to the secondary mirror in the light path. This obstruction and also the diffraction spikes caused by the support structure (called the "spider") of the secondary mirror reduce contrast. Visually, these effects can be reduced by using a two or three-legged curved spider. This reduces the diffraction sidelobe intensities by a factor of about four and helps to improve image contrast, with the potential penalty that circular spiders are more prone to wind-induced vibration.
 * For portable Newtonians collimation can be a problem. The primary and secondary can get out of alignment from the shocks associated with transport and handling. This means the telescope may need to be re-aligned (collimated) every time it is set up. Other designs such as refractors and catadioptrics (specifically Maksutov cassegrains) have fixed collimation.
 * The focal plane is at an asymmetrical point and at the top of the optical tube assembly. For visual observing, most notably on equatorial mounts, tube orientation can put the eyepiece in a very poor viewing position, and larger telescopes require ladders or support structures to access it. Some designs provide mechanisms for rotating the eyepiece mount or the entire tube assembly to a better position. For research telescopes, counterbalancing very heavy instruments mounted at this focus has to be taken into consideration.

Variations
There are several variations on the Newtonian design that add a lens to the system creating a catadioptric telescope. This is done to correct spherical aberration or reduce cost.

Schmidt–Newtonian
A Schmidt–Newtonian telescope combines the Newtonian optical design with a full-aperture Schmidt corrector plate in front of the primary mirror that not only corrects spherical aberration but can also support the secondary mirror. The resulting system has less coma and secondary mirror support induced diffraction effects.

Maksutov–Newtonian
Similar to a Schmidt–Newtonian, a Maksutov telescope's meniscus shaped corrector can be added to the Newtonian configuration, which gives it minimal aberration over a wide field of view, with one-fourth the coma of a similar standard Newtonian and one-half the coma of a Schmidt-Newtonian. Diffraction can also be minimized by using a high focal ratio with a proportionally small diagonal mirror mounted on the corrector.

Jones–Bird
A Jones–Bird Newtonian (sometimes called a Bird–Jones) uses a spherical primary mirror in place of a parabolic one, with spherical aberrations corrected by sub-aperture corrector lens usually mounted inside the focusser tube or in front of the secondary mirror. This design reduces the size and cost of the telescope with a shorter overall telescope tube length (with the corrector extending the focal length in a "telephoto" type layout) combined with a less costly spherical mirror. Commercially produced versions of this design have been noted to be optically compromised, due to the difficulty of producing a correctly shaped sub-aperture corrector, and are targeted at the inexpensive end of the telescope market.

History
Newton's idea for a reflecting telescope was not new. Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo had discussed using a mirror as the image forming objective soon after the invention of the refracting telescope, and others, such as Niccolò Zucchi, claimed to have experimented with the idea as far back as 1616. Newton may even have read James Gregory's 1663 book Optica Promota which described reflecting telescope designs using parabolic mirrors (a telescope Gregory had been trying unsuccessfully to build).

Newton built his reflecting telescope because he suspected it could prove his theory that white light is composed of a spectrum of colours. Colour distortion (chromatic aberration) was the primary fault of refracting telescopes of Newton's day, and there were many theories as to what caused it. During the mid-1660s with his work on the theory of colour, Newton concluded this defect was caused by the lens of the refracting telescope behaving the same as prisms he was experimenting with, breaking white light into a rainbow of colours around bright astronomical objects. If this were true, then chromatic aberration could be eliminated by building a telescope which did not use a lens – a reflecting telescope.

In late 1668 Isaac Newton built his first reflecting telescope. He chose an alloy (speculum metal) of tin and copper as the most suitable material for his objective mirror. He later devised means for shaping and grinding the mirror and may have been the first to use a pitch lap to polish the optical surface. He chose a spherical shape for his mirror instead of a parabola to simplify construction; even though it would introduce spherical aberration, it would still correct chromatic aberration. He added to his reflector what is the hallmark of the design of a Newtonian telescope, a secondary diagonally mounted mirror near the primary mirror's focus to reflect the image at a 90° angle to an eyepiece mounted on the side of the telescope. This unique addition allowed the image to be viewed with minimal obstruction of the objective mirror. He also made the tube, mount, and fittings. Newton's first version had a primary mirror diameter of 1.3 in and a focal ratio of f/5. He found that the telescope worked without colour distortion and that he could see the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and the crescent phase of the planet Venus with it. Newton's friend Isaac Barrow showed a second telescope to a small group from the Royal Society of London at the end of 1671. They were so impressed with it that they demonstrated it to Charles II in January 1672. Newton was admitted as a fellow of the society in the same year.

Like Gregory before him, Newton found it hard to construct an effective reflector. It was difficult to grind the speculum metal to a regular curvature. The surface also tarnished rapidly; the consequent low reflectivity of the mirror and also its small size meant that the view through the telescope was very dim compared to contemporary refractors. Because of these difficulties in construction, the Newtonian reflecting telescope was initially not widely adopted. In 1721 John Hadley showed a much-improved model to the Royal Society. Hadley had solved many of the problems of making a parabolic mirror. His Newtonian with a mirror diameter of 6 in compared favourably with the large aerial refracting telescopes of the day.

title: Newtonian telescope


text:
Photino

A photino is a hypothetical subatomic particle, the fermion WIMP superpartner of the photon predicted by supersymmetry. It is an example of a gaugino. Even though no photino has ever been observed so far, it is one of the candidates for the lightest supersymmetric particle in the universe. It is proposed that photinos are produced by sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

Photino numbers
Photinos have a lepton number 0, baryon number 0, and spin 1/2. With an R-parity of −1 it is a possible candidate for dark matter. It mixes with the superpartners of the Z boson (zino) and the neutral higgs (higgsino) to form the neutralino.

title: Photino


text:
Tony Moore

Tony Moore may refer to:

 * Tony Moore (artist) (born 1978), comic book artist on titles such as Fear Agent, The Exterminators, and The Walking Dead
 * Tony Moore (footballer, born 1943), English footballer
 * Tony Moore (footballer, born 1947) (1947–2017), English footballer
 * Tony Moore (musician) (born 1958), member of Cutting Crew and Iron Maiden
 * Tony Moore (singer), lead singer of metal band Riot
 * Tony P. Moore, Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * Tony Moore (athlete), Fijian long jumper

title: Tony Moore


text: Template:Supreme Courts of Germany

title: Template:Supreme Courts of Germany


text:
Eli Yablonovitch

Eli Yablonovitch (born 15 December 1946) is an American physicist and engineer who, along with Sajeev John, founded the field of photonic crystals in 1987. He and his team were the first to create a 3-dimensional structure that exhibited a full photonic bandgap, which has been named Yablonovite. In addition to pioneering photonic crystals, he was the first to recognize that a strained quantum-well laser has a significantly reduced threshold current compared to its unstrained counterpart. This is now employed in the majority of semiconductor lasers fabricated throughout the world. His seminal paper reporting inhibited spontaneous emission in photonic crystals is among the most highly cited papers in physics and engineering.

Career
Yablonovitch received his B.Sc. in physics from McGill University in 1967. He went on to receive his A.M. degree in applied physics from Harvard University in 1969, and his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1972. During his post-graduate studies, Yablonovitch worked on nonlinear optics with carbon dioxide lasers.

After receiving his Ph.D., Yablonovitch worked at Bell Laboratories. He then became a professor of applied physics at Harvard in 1974. In 1979, he joined Exxon research center to work on photovoltaic research for solar energy. While working at Exxon, Yablonovitch derived the 4 (n squared) factor as the theoretical limit for light trapping in photovoltaics. This is now used worldwide in almost all solar panels.

Yablonovitch joined Bell Communications Research in 1984, and became its director of solid-state physics research in 1991. During his time at Bell Communications, Yablonovitch did his pioneering work on photonic crystals.

Yablonovitch became a professor of electrical engineering at UCLA and continued to study and develop photonic crystals and photonic bandgap materials. In July 2007, he joined the Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences department at UC Berkeley. His research topics include silicon photonics, telecommunications, optical antennas, new applications of photovoltaics, and searching for a low-voltage replacement for the transistor. Recently he has investigated analog computing approaches to solving hard problems, such as the traveling salesman problem.

Entrepreneurship
Yablonovitch has co-founded multiple companies related to his research interests. In 2000, he co-founded Ethertronics Inc. Ethertronics is a cell phone antenna manufacturer that has, to date, shipped over 1.7 billion antennas.

In 2001, Yablonovitch co-founded Luxtera Inc., a semiconductor company that makes electro‑optical systems using silicon photonics, manufactured with CMOS processes. Luxtera is the first company to market foundry-based silicon photonics.

Yablonovitch co-founded Luminescent Inc. in 2002. Luminescent provided sophisticated mathematical optimization for use in photolithography masks. Luminescent was acquired by Synopsys in 2012.

In 2008, Yablonovitch founded Alta Devices Inc. Alta Devices produces thin-film gallium arsenide photovoltaic cells for solar energy. Alta Devices currently holds the efficiency world record for single junction solar cells at 29.1% and dual junction solar cells at 31.6%, both at 1 sun illumination.

Fellowships and awards
He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Optical Society of America (OSA), and the American Physical Society (APS).

He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Inventors, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London.

He is a recipient of the:

 * 1978 Adolph Lomb Medal.
 * 1993 W. Streifer Scientific Achievement Award;
 * 1996 R. W. Wood Prize;
 * 2001 Julius Springer Prize;
 * 2010 Mountbatten Medal of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET);
 * 2011 Clarivate Citation laureate in Physics, shared with Sajeev John, "for their invention and development of photonic band gap materials."
 * 2012 IEEE Photonics Award;
 * 2012 Harvey Prize;
 * 2014 Rank Prize for Optoelectronics;
 * 2015 Isaac Newton Medal by Institute of Physics;
 * 2016 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize;
 * 2017 IEEE "William R. Cherry Award"—the IEEE's highest award in solar cells;
 * 2018 IEEE Edison Medal;
 * 2019 Frederic Ives Medal / Jarus W. Quinn Prize—the Optical Society's highest award;
 * 2019 Benjamin Franklin medal;

title: Eli Yablonovitch


text:
Federal Administrative Court (Germany)

The Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht, ) is one of the five federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the court of the last resort for generally all cases of administrative law, mainly disputes between citizens and the state. It hears appeals from the Oberverwaltungsgerichte, or Superior Administrative Courts, which, in turn, are the courts of appeals for decisions of the Verwaltungsgerichte (administrative courts).

However, cases concerning social security law belong to the jurisdiction of the Sozialgerichte (Social Courts) with the Bundessozialgericht as federal court of appeals, and cases of tax and customs law are decided by the Finanzgerichte (Fiscal Courts), and, ultimately, by the Bundesfinanzhof.

The Bundesverwaltungsgericht has its seat at the former Reichsgericht (Imperial Court of Justice) building in Leipzig's district Mitte.

History
The Federal Administrative Court was established on the basis of Article 95 (1) of the Basic Law by Act of 23 September 1952. The seat of the Federal Administrative Court was initially Berlin. Since 8 June 1953, the Federal Administrative Court was housed in the former premises of the Prussian Higher Administrative Court. The decision in favour of Berlin as the seat was controversial among the Allied Powers; the Soviet Union in particular was opposed to it. As a result, with the rearmament of the Federal Republic, the military service senates of the Federal Administrative Court had to move to Munich. Since the Federal Administrative Court moved from Berlin to Leipzig to the Reichsgericht building, they have also resided in Leipzig.

Leipzig was designated as the new seat of the Federal Administrative Court by law of 21 November 1997. The official date of the change of seat was set for 26 August 2002 by the Federal Minister of Justice by legal decree of 24 June 2002. The most recent chapter in the history of the Federal Administrative Court is thus connected with the use of the former Reichsgericht building in Leipzig - it officially began with the ceremonial inauguration of the building as the Federal Administrative Court on 12 September 2002.

Previous judges

 * Everhardt Franßen, 1991–2002

title: Federal Administrative Court (Germany)


text:
Michel Camilo

Michel Camilo (born April 4, 1954) is a Dominican pianist and composer. He specializes in jazz, Latin and classical piano work.

Background and career
Camilo was born into a musical family and as a young child showed aptitude for the accordion that his parents gave him. Although he enjoyed the accordion, it was his grandparents' piano that sparked his interest the most, so at the age of 9 he asked his parents to buy him one. Their response was to first send him to the Elementary Music School, part of the National Conservatory, and then a year later to grant his wish.

The formal system of the music school taught Camilo to play in the classical style, and by age 16 he was playing with the National Symphony Orchestra of the Dominican Republic. Camilo comments on his first encounter with the sounds of jazz, in an interview with the All About Jazz website:

 * "The first time I heard jazz was when I was 14 and a half. I heard the great Art Tatum on the radio playing his solo piano rendition of 'Tea for Two.' That immediately caught my ear. I just wanted to soak it in, to learn to play that style. Then I found out it was jazz."

Camilo studied for 13 years at the National Conservatory, and whilst developing his strong classical abilities was also heavily influenced by the bebop tradition, and by the contemporary jazz of Herbie Hancock, Keith Jarrett, Chick Corea and Amilton Godoy (Zimbo Trio's pianist). His influences at this time also included Horace Silver, Erroll Garner, and the ragtime music of Scott Joplin.

When the Harvard University Jazz Band visited the Dominican Republic and heard Camilo at a jam session, the bandleader encouraged him, 'You should be in the States', and so the idea was planted. In 1979, Camilo moved to New York to study at Mannes College and at The Juilliard School, and broke onto the international stage in 1983 when Tito Puente's pianist was unable to make a concert at the Montreal Jazz Festival. On a recommendation, without hearing him, Puente asked Camilo to play. Cuban reedman Paquito D'Rivera was in the audience and offered him a place in his band. For four years, Camilo toured internationally with D'Rivera and recorded two albums with him.

Camilo's emergence as a star in his own right began around 1985, the year he debuted with his trio at Carnegie Hall. In that same year he toured Europe with Paquito D’Rivera's quintet, and recorded his first album, Why Not?, for Japan's King label. His album Suntan/In Trio had a trio with Anthony Jackson on the bass and Dave Weckl on the drums. In 1988, Camilo debuted on a major record label, Sony, with the release of Michel Camilo, which became a bestseller and held the top jazz album spot for ten consecutive weeks. Special guests joined in with Camilo, such as percussionist Sammy Figueroa and tap dancer Raul. Other bestselling albums followed and so did the accolades, including a Grammy and an Emmy. Camilo's collaborative 2000 album with flamenco guitarist Tomatito Spain won Best Latin Jazz Album in the first Latin Grammy Awards.

As well as being an outstanding performer, Camilo is a talented composer and has written scores for several Spanish language films including Los peores años de nuestra vida and the award-winning Amo tu cama rica.

Camilo tours extensively, and lectures in Europe, the US, and in the Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico. He holds several honorary degrees, a Visiting Professorship and a Doctorate at Berklee College of Music, and has been honored in his home country by being named a Knight of the Heraldic Order of Christopher Columbus, and being awarded the Silver Cross of the Order of Duarte, Sanchez & Mella.

Association with other musicians
Camilo's regular trio lineup for many years had his long-term friends Anthony Jackson on contrabass guitar and Cliff Almond on drums. Charles Flores has occupied the trio's bass seat since their Grammy-winning album Live at the Blue Note. Lately Camilo has drummer Dafnis Prieto as part of his trio. This new trio released the album Spirit of the Moment in April 2007.

Other musicians he has played with include Tito Puente, Paquito D'Rivera, Dizzy Gillespie, Katia Labèque, Toots Thielemans, Airto Moreira, Chuck Mangione, Stanley Turrentine, Claudio Roditi, Nancy Alvarez, Mongo Santamaría, George Benson, Eddie Palmieri, Jon Faddis, Gonzalo Rubalcaba, Lew Soloff, Tania Maria, Jaco Pastorius, Patato, Randy Brecker, Michael Brecker, Chuck Loeb, Giovanni Hidalgo, Guarionex Aquino, Wynton Marsalis, Dave Valentin, Flora Purim, Delfeayo Marsalis, Chucho Valdés, Joe Lovano, Herbie Hancock, Tomatito, John Patitucci, David Sanchez, Hiromi Uehara, Cachao, Marco Rizo, Marcus Roberts, Steve Gadd, Danilo Perez, Gary Burton, Billy Taylor, Dave Weckl, Hilton Ruiz, Roy Hargrove, Romero Lubambo, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Leny Andrade, Bireli Lagrene, Marian McPartland, Leonard Slatkin, Arturo Sandoval, Frank Colón, Aisha Syed Castro, Béla Fleck, Lou Marini, Cliff Almond, Juan Luis Guerra 4.40, Mark Walker.

Camilo is one of the ambassadors to Music Traveler GmbH, together with Billy Joel, Hans Zimmer, John Malkovich, Sean Lennon, Adrien Brody.

title: Michel Camilo


text:
Davidov Stradivarius

The Davidov Stradivarius (also: Davidoff or Davydov; Давыдов), is an antique cello made in 1712 by luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona, Italy. It is very similar in construction and form to the equally famed Duport Stradivarius, built a year earlier and played by Mstislav Rostropovich until his death in 2007. The varnish is of a rich orange-red hue, produced with oil color glazes. Its owners have included Karl Davydov and Jacqueline du Pré, and it is currently used by cellist Yo-Yo Ma.

Etymology
In 1870, the Davidov Stradivarius was given to the eponymous Karl Davydov (1838–1889) by patron Count Matvei Wielhorski (1794–1866) at the court of Tsar Alexander II. Davydov was a Russian cellist of great renown at the time, described as the "czar of cellists" by Tchaikovsky, though far less successful as a composer. The cello body has a few marks and scratches due to mishandling from this period.

History
The cello was sold in Paris in 1888. In 1928 it was purchased by Herbert N. Straus, an American business executive. When he died, his widow asked New York City musical instrument dealer Rembert Wurlitzer to sell the instrument for her. In 1964, the Davydov cello was purchased for US$90,000 by Ismena Holland who in turn presented the instrument to her goddaughter, the English cellist Jacqueline du Pré. Upon receiving the Davydov, Du Pre's instructor, William Pleeth, declared it as "one of the really great instruments of the world". Practically all of du Pré's recordings from 1968 to 1970 were made on this instrument. By 1970, du Pré began using a different cello (made for her by Sergio Peresson and purchased by her husband Daniel Barenboim), as she was bothered by the Davidov's "unpredictability." Yo-Yo Ma later commented, "Jackie's unbridled dark qualities went against the Davydov. You have to coax the instrument. The more you attack it, the less it returns". The Peresson was her primary instrument for the remainder of her career.

Upon her death in 1987, the Davidov, owned by Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, was made available for use by Yo-Yo Ma. He has since performed and recorded with the instrument in Baroque music, specifically, the Simply Baroque and Simply Baroque II recordings. It was modified especially for the task of creating a more authentic sound for that era. The Davidov has subsequently been reconfigured for modern music.

title: Davidov Stradivarius


text:
Richard Wallace (scientist)

Richard S. Wallace is an American author of AIML and Botmaster of A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity). He is also the founder of the A.L.I.C.E Artificial Intelligence Foundation. Dr. Wallace's work has appeared in the New York Times, WIRED, CNN, ZDTV and in numerous foreign language publications across Asia, Latin America and Europe.

Wallace began work on A.L.I.C.E. in 1995, and the project has gained contributions from over 500 developers from around the world. A.L.I.C.E. won the Loebner Prize in 2000, 2001, and 2004. In 2002, Wallace began a collaboration with Franz, Inc. which resulted in Pandorabots, an AIML server and interpreter implemented in Common Lisp. Wallace then became the Chief Science Officer of Pandorabots, Inc.

Richard Wallace was born in Portland, Maine in 1960. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1989.

title: Richard Wallace (scientist)


text:
Wikipedia:In the news

 In the news

view··related changes··suggestions

The "In the news" (ITN) section on the Main Page serves to direct readers to articles that have been substantially updated to reflect recent or current events of wide interest. ITN supports the central purpose of Wikipedia—making a great encyclopedia.

Unlike Wikipedia's sister project Wikinews, Wikipedia is not an online newspaper and does not accept original works of journalism or first-hand reports. Wikipedians are allowed to create and update encyclopedic articles of timely interest based on reliable sources. ITN originated in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, when entries were created and put on the Main Page within minutes of the attacks. The entries led to an infusion of interest by editors in creating a Main Page section that linked to articles providing readers the context behind the news.

Events posted on ITN are listed in approximately reverse chronological order, with the more recent entries appearing first. They are generally not sorted by any degree of importance or significance. Events are added based on a consensus on the ITN candidates page, using two main criteria: a) the quality of the article, including material added or updated to reflect the recent event, and b) the general significance of the developments.

Purpose

 * To help readers find and quickly access content they are likely to be searching for because an item is in the news.
 * To showcase quality Wikipedia content on current events.
 * To point readers to subjects they might not have been looking for but nonetheless may interest them.
 * To emphasize Wikipedia as a dynamic resource.

Criteria
Candidates for ITN are evaluated on two main grounds: a) the quality of the article and its updated content, and b) the significance of the developments described. A successful nomination will normally go through several procedural steps before being added to the ITN template.

Updated content
Each ITN item contains an emboldened link to an article providing a substantial quantity of directly relevant information, attributed to reliable sources. Typically, the article has been updated to include this text or created in response to the recent/current event.

The decision as to when an article is updated enough is subjective, but a five-sentence update (with at minimum three references, not counting duplicates) is generally more than sufficient, while a one-sentence update is highly questionable. Changes in verb tense (e.g. "is" → "was") or updates that convey little or no relevant information beyond what is stated in the ITN blurb are insufficient.

In the case of a new, event-specific article, the traditional cut-off for what is enough has been around three complete, referenced and well-formed paragraphs. An example of the minimum required update for a new article is Fuzhou derailment at the time of its posting.

If the recent/current event relates directly to previous occurrences (e.g. a major award honoring past achievements), the article can be considered sufficiently updated when there is consensus that it contains appropriate, up-to-date coverage of the entire chronology, irrespective of when the text was written or how many sentences pertain specifically to the recent/current event (apart from the requirement that it be mentioned).

Updated content must be thoroughly referenced. As with all Wikipedia articles, citations must be to reliable sources. While articles on topics such as sporting events and economics lend themselves to tables of numbers, updates must be at least in part written in prose to qualify for ITN consideration. References should be correctly formatted and not bare URLs.

Articles that are subject to serious issues, as indicated by 'orange'- or 'red'-level tags at either the article level or within any section, may not be accepted for an emboldened link.

Significance
Whether a topic is significant enough for inclusion in ITN is often contentious, and ultimately, there are no rules or guidance beyond two:

 * The event can be described as "current", that is the event is appearing currently in news sources, and/or the event itself occurred within the time frame of ITN.
 * There is consensus to post the event.

It is highly subjective whether an event is considered significant enough, and ultimately each event should be discussed on its own merits. The consensus among those discussing the event is all that is necessary to decide if an event is significant enough for posting. Generally, proof that an event is being covered, in an in-depth manner, by news sources is required. Caution should be taken when assessing news sources for prominence, because most major news outlets provide individualized experiences for each user, based on geography and browsing history. What one user sees as a top headline may be buried for others, and vice versa. Do not assess whether a story is "prominent" or not based on where you see it reported on major news websites for this reason. Other principles may be helpful:

 * The length and depth of coverage itself (are the articles long and go into great detail, or are the articles short and cursory?);
 * The number of unique articles about the topic (does each major news source dedicate its own reporting staff to covering the story, or are they all simply reposting the same article?);
 * The frequency of updates about the topic (is the article posted once and forgotten about, or is it continuously updated, and are new articles related to the topic appearing all the time?);
 * The types of news sources reporting the story (is the topic being covered by major, national news organizations with a reputation for high-quality journalism?).

These sorts of principles are useful in convincing others to support or oppose posting a story. None are solely sufficient to override consensus. Remember, the people you are attempting to convince is the rest of the community, not the admins, and it is rarely helpful to badger others who may have a different opinion.

Arguments to avoid
Historically, the community has tended to frown upon certain types of arguments related to the significance of a story. Any user may, of course, support or oppose a candidate for any reason, but be aware that the following arguments have historically not garnered much support:

 * Arguments about a story relating to a particular geographic region, country, ethnicity, people group, etc. are generally seen as unhelpful. Almost all news is of greater interest to a particular place and/or group of people than to the world at large, and arguing that something should or should not be posted, solely because of where the event happened, or who might be "interested" in it because of its location, are not usually met with concurrence from the community.
 * Arguments that deal with the appropriateness of topics in general but also ignore the specific story being discussed are also usually not supported by the community. Opposing a specific story merely because one opposes all stories of that type (such as elections, or sports, or disasters) do not often generate agreement from the community.  This also holds true for arguments based on similar stories which have coincidentally appeared recently, such as multiple elections on the same day, etc.  Please assess and comment on the merits of each story on its own accord, not in relation to other similar stories.
 * Arguments based on ethics or morals—for example, refusing to support a story because the topic may be offensive to some, or refusing to support a story because one finds the story itself reprehensible—are usually rejected by other members of the community. Bad things may appear in the news, and what is being assessed is not the moral or ethical "goodness" of the story, but its prominence in the news and significance.
 * Arguments based on personal interest and knowledge are rarely sufficient to generate agreement among the community. Merely because one has not heard of a story, or does not personally care about the story, is insufficient when assessing significance.
 * Arguments addressing how many international newspapers/news channels are or are not covering the story on their front page or main webpage. A story highlighted in many newspapers or news channels has a good chance of being significant for ITN, but we do not base the posting primarily on how many such sites have covered it or consider it important. Similarly, significant stories for ITN, such as those for sports, science, and artistic-based stories, may not be highlighted by front page coverage though still will be reported on by reliable sources around the world.   The lack of coverage in a specific source is usually not sufficient to block an item from posting, nor is the inclusion of a topic in a particular source a guarantee of inclusion.  Consider that many online news sources serve content based on geolocation, so not every person will see the same collection of front-page stories as others, making assessment of "front page significance" highly subjective.  It is important to remember that arguments are based on evidence and no one piece of evidence is taken in isolation as being self-evidently sufficient for either posting, or refusing to post, a story, and editors should build consensus through their analysis of all evidence as presented by themselves and others.

One can get an idea for how certain topics are seen to meet the significance factor by reviewing the archives of ITN candidate discussions, which can be found organized by month at In the news/Candidates/Archives. Editors are cautioned from necessarily relying on consensus from past discussions to bring forward support on a new ITN candidate, since each candidate is reviewed on a case-by-case basis.

Article quality
Articles are held to a minimum standard of quality. Articles should be a minimally comprehensive overview of the subject, not omitting any major items. Stub articles are never appropriate for the main page. Articles should be well written with clear prose. Articles which consist solely or mostly of lists and tables, with little narrative prose, are usually not acceptable for the main page, and prose should be in narrative style, not "proseline"-type writing.

Articles should be well referenced; one or two "citation needed" tags may not hold up an article, but any contentious statements must have a source, and having entire sections without any sources is unacceptable. Biographies of living persons are held to higher standards of referencing because of their sensitive nature, and these rules also apply to those recently deceased. Lists of awards and honors, bibliographies and filmographies and the like should have clear sources. Sources themselves should be checked for reliability. Generally, "orange" and "red" level clean-up tags are signs that article quality is not acceptable for the main page as well.

Procedure for posting
Blurbs are posted to the main page, highlighting one or more quality Wikipedia articles, as follows:

 * 1) There is a sufficiently updated non-stub article of sufficient quality, with credible sources cited.
 * 2) The item has been nominated at In the news/Candidates, with an emboldened link to the updated article(s).  A freely licensed image to accompany the item may be suggested.  Ideally this image should be related to the top news item. If there is no suitable image available for the top item a relevant image for an item further down the list should be used instead.
 * 3) The event is current, and not stale relative to other events. Any event that is older than the oldest entry in the current "In the News" box is considered stale. Recent Deaths are considered separate from standard blurbs for this purpose. For purposes of determining timing and staleness, the date is considered when the event was first reported in reliable sources.  This will often be the same day as the event itself, but sometimes it can be some time later, such as would be the reporting of scientific discoveries, in which the work has been done months in the past, but results are published in a reliable source some months later. In rare cases when main page balance allows it, an additional blurb older than the oldest entry can be added.
 * 4) If there is consensus to do so, the blurb is added to Template:In the news by an administrator.

Blurbs
Most In The News postings come in the form of blurbs. A blurb is a short explanation of the importance of the story in the news, with a specific article we are highlighting to direct readers to learn more information. The highlighted article should always be of sufficient quality to be posted on the main page; this usually means:
 * That the article is adequately referenced (a few cn tags is usually not a barrier to posting, though the article should not lack references in any major section, and biographical information is given special scrutiny.)
 * The article does not have any other major issues. Usually, orange and red level tags are generally considered major enough to block posting to ITN, though editors are cautioned against tagging an article merely to block an article from being posted, especially where the article is of sufficient quality.  Other tags (such as yellow level tags, or notices about merge discussions, etc.) are not themselves sufficient to block an item which otherwise has consensus; articles which are moved or merged may have their links in ITN updated through WP:ERRORS.
 * That the article is long enough to give readers a full picture of the background of the story we are posting (stubs never get posted, even start-class articles will often get opposed if they are lacking enough context to fully understand the subject)
 * That the article is adequately updated to provide a full picture of the facts and relevance of recent developments. While it is impossible to give a minimum word limit, it is generally inadequate if the entirety of the update is only a sentence, such that no more information is in the update than would be in the blurb.

Blurbs are posted in rough chronological order by the date the event occurred. There is usually no effort made to be more specific than the date, and admins will generally not research the exact minute when an event occurred to make sure that multiple events that occurred on the same date are strictly in order. Please do not request that events be re-ordered unless the date is wrong. The number of blurbs varies from time to time, depending on the length of each individual blurb and the relative lengths of other sections on the main page. The goal is to avoid excessive white space, especially between the right and left columns, and older blurbs may be periodically removed or added to achieve this.

Some guidelines for the structuring of blurbs:
 * Blurbs should avoid sensationalism wherever it makes the entry less accurate, clear or concise (such as addition of "...for the first time in history"). Every listed event can practically be described as a first for a specific location and/or situation.
 * Blurbs should describe events in complete sentences in the present tense. They should generally use the indefinite article an or a for events rather than the (which is used by sensationalist news to imply that readers should already know about the event).
 * Blurbs should generally avoid comparison to any previous event, such as "Largest in the region since [year]". Previous events is generally out of scope of the page, and confers a publication bias favoring regions with a low frequency of similar events.

Pictures
The ITN section usually has a captioned picture in the upper right corner. Pictures generally must meet the following criteria:
 * The picture must be free to use, with a proper license and provenance. In almost all cases, this means that the picture is available on Wikimedia Commons.  Pictures locally uploaded to Wikipedia for use in articles under the fair use criteria are NOT eligible for publishing on the main page.
 * The picture must be of a person or event mentioned in a blurb. The person or event is notated with a parenthetical comment (pictured).  Generally, purely decorative elements like flags or logos are not posted; many are ineligible anyway because they are not free-use content. Maps also are rarely posted, because they usually are too difficult to read in such a small format.
 * The picture should be for the uppermost blurb. It may be for a lower blurb if no eligible picture is available for a higher blurb. The picture's caption and the parenthetical (pictured) direct readers to the context for the picture.
 * In rare cases, none of the articles has an eligible picture, so no picture appears. This can be corrected only if a proper picture can be found. If you find a suitable picture, please report it to WP:ERRORS for prompt posting.

Ongoing section
The purpose of the ongoing section is to maintain a link to a continuously updated Wikipedia article about a story which is itself also frequently in the news. The following criteria are usually used to post something to ongoing:
 * Any story may be proposed for an "ongoing" link through the normal use of the nomination page. Generally, these are stories which may lack a blurb-worthy event, but which nonetheless are still getting regular updates to the relevant article.
 * In general, articles are not posted to ongoing merely because they are related to events that are still happening. In order to be posted to ongoing, the article needs to be regularly updated with new, pertinent information. Articles whose most recent update is older than the oldest blurb currently on ITN are usually not being updated frequently enough for ongoing status.
 * An article listed as "ongoing" should not be taken as being considered as a featured article or otherwise maintained on the front page for reasons other than its newsworthiness.

The items are placed in alphabetical order according to the links' displayed text.

Recent deaths section
An individual human, animal or other biological organism that has recently died may have an entry in the recent deaths (RD) section if it has a biographical Wikipedia article that is:
 * 1) Not currently nominated for deletion or speedy deletion.
 * 2) Updated, including reliably sourced confirmation of their death.
 * 3) Of sufficient quality to be posted on the main page, as determined by a consensus of commenters.

Sports and other recurring events
Certain regularly recurring events are considered of sufficient interest to be placed on ITN every time they occur; they are listed at In the news/Recurring items. Items listed there are usually considered exempt from having to prove their notability through discussion on the candidates page. It does NOT preempt the other ITN criteria. The relevant article(s) will still have to be updated and cited appropriately, and proposed on the candidates page before posting.

If an editor has concerns about the overall recurring event, such discussions should generally not take place on WP:ITN/C when one instance of an event is nominated. Instead, discussions on proposed inclusions and removals on the recurring items list should take place on Wikipedia talk:In the news.

Recognition
The templates ITN notice and ITN talk are used to notify interested parties that an article was bold-linked from ITN. Instructions can be found within each template's documentation.

Note: No one possesses special authority to provide recognition. If an editor's contributions have not been recognized, please feel free to do so. A bot, RscprinterBot, will post the article talk page credits.
 * Article talk page:

Barnstar
Significant long-term contributions by a user to the In The News section may be recognised with this Barnstar:

title: Wikipedia:In the news


text:
Franz Cumont

Franz-Valéry-Marie Cumont (3 January 1868 in Aalst, Belgium – 20 August 1947 in Woluwe-Saint-Pierre near Brussels) was a Belgian archaeologist and historian, a philologist and student of epigraphy, who brought these often isolated specialties to bear on the syncretic mystery religions of Late Antiquity, notably Mithraism.

Biography
Cumont was a graduate of the University of Ghent (PhD, 1887). After receiving royal travelling fellowships, he undertook archaeology in Pontus and Armenia (published in 1906) and in Syria, but he is best known for his studies on the impact of Eastern mystery religions, particularly Mithraism, on the Roman Empire. Cumont's international credentials were brilliant, but his public circumspection was not enough. In 1910, Baron Edouard Descamps, the Catholic Minister of Sciences and Arts at the University of Ghent, refused to approve the faculty's unanimous recommendation of Cumont for the chair in Roman History, Cumont having been a professor there since 1906. There was a vigorous press campaign and student agitation in Cumont's favor, because the refusal was seen as blatant religious interference in the university's life. When another candidate was named, in 1912, Cumont resigned his positions at the university and at the Royal Museum in Brussels, left Belgium and henceforth divided his time between Paris and Rome.

He contributed to many standard encyclopedias, published voluminously and in 1922, under stressful political conditions, conducted digs on the shore of the Euphrates at the previously unknown site of Dura-Europos; he published his research there in 1926. He was a member of most of the European academies. In 1936 Franz Cumont was awarded the Francqui Prize on Human Sciences. He was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1940. In 1947, Franz Cumont donated his library and papers to the Academia Belgica in Rome, where they are accessible to researchers.

His works include
 * Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum (1898–1953)
 * Texts and Illustrated Monuments Relating to the Mysteries of Mithra (1894–1900, with an English translation in 1903) is the study that made his international reputation, by its originality and massive documentation.
 * Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (1906, widely translated)
 * After-Life in Roman Paganism, lectures delivered at Yale University, published in 1922, was cautiously expressed, but it corrected many false impressions of pagan rite that Christian apologists had made.
 * Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans, published in 1912 (available in a Dover reprint)

After his death, critics of his interpretation of Mithras as the descendant of the Iranian deity Mithra began to be heard, and surfaced at the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies in Manchester England, 1971. Modern interpretation of Mithras as the astronomical bull-slayer have continued to move away from Cumont's interpretations, though his documentation remains valuable.

In 1997 the Royal Library, Brussels, observed the fiftieth anniversary of Cumont's death appropriately, with a colloquium on syncretism in the Mediterranean world of Antiquity. In 2010 the Belgian publisher Brepols started an edition of Cumont's collected works. The volumes are published in two series as 'major' and 'minor' writings identified by the acronyms BICUMA and BICUMI.

Bibliotheca Cumontiana

 * 2010 Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, BICUMA 1
 * 2010 Lux perpetua, 	BICUMA 2
 * 2013 Les mystères de Mithra, BICUMA 3
 * 2015 Recherches sur le symbolisme funéraire des Romains, BICUMA 4
 * 2017 Comment la Belgique fut romanisée, BICUMA 5
 * 2015 Astrologie, BICUMI 4
 * 2017 Manichéisme, BICUMI 6
 * 2020 Doura-Europos, BICUMI 7
 * F. Cumont, Lux perpetua, B. Rochette, A. Motte (eds.), Turnhout, Brepols Publishers, 2010, ISBN 978-88-8419-423-7
 * F. Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, C. Bonnet, F. Van Haeperen (eds.), Turnhout, Brepols Publishers, 2010, ISBN 978-88-8419-289-9

Works by Cumont online

 * Mysteries of Mithra, by Franz Cumont (English translation) at sacred-texts.com
 * The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, by Franz Cumont (English translation) at sacred-texts.com
 * Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans, by Franz Cumont at sacred-texts.com
 * The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, by Franz Cumont (English translation) at sacred-texts.com
 * Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans, by Franz Cumont at sacred-texts.com

Critiques

 * David Ulansey, "The Cosmic Mysteries of Mithras" David Ulansey's zodiacal interpretation of Mithraism

title: Franz Cumont


text:
Talk:Fort Stanwix

Untitled
Fort Stanwix was not continuously occupied during the Revolutionary War ... it burned to the ground on May 13, 1781 and was not rebuilt. source: Casemates and Cannonballs, Archaeological Investigations at Fort Stanwix, Rome, New York BradMajors 00:05, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1784
On page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix#The_Fort_Stanwix_Treaty_of_1768, the information under heading "The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1784" clearly contradicts the statement on this page under heading "Fort Schuyler" indicating "Fort Stanwix was abandoned in 1768." While the 5th paragraph of this same section is a statement "The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was conducted at the fort between the Americans and the Indians in 1784," it, too, is incorrect in that it doesn't reference the original Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768. Basically, the information in the "Fort Schuyler" section of this page obfuscates information presented in the first section of the page.

Tonydelano 21:34, 16 October 2007 (UTC)Tony DeLano

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 18:40, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Siege split
Far as I see, the siege section is not long enough to call for its own article, and I propose to remove the split notice. Jim.henderson (talk) 12:13, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Concerning local "folklore"
I was the first to mention this fact some years ago when I was researching the historical sites in the area where I live. My grandma worked for the Rome Historical society for many years and printed brochures that stated this to be true. Does it mean the actual flag of the U.S. that we see today no. But was it a flag that represented the unity of the American Colonists??if so it was the American Flag not the one we see today which evolved over two centuries but a flag representing the Army of the United States.This i believe would still count?? If not here then where????? Not reference to any other site this flag first flew. please let me know if anyone find this out. thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JimsB2011 (talk • contribs) 07:19, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

''Yes it was a flag that represented the unity of the American Colonists; however the possible flags that flew were used else ware, and in the case of the Grand Union it was used throughout the Revolutionary War - first used in January 1776. The myth stats that the flag that flew was the FIRST "Betsy Ross", "Stars and Stripes", "Old Glory", and etc. flag to fly in battle. As to where and when the flag first flew welp its hard to say as everyone wants to be the first. Keep in mind that it was on June 14th when the official standard was adopted for the use on Naval Vessels - the congress could care less about the flag on land. So from that point on its all speculation. But the historical documentation does not support Fort Stanwix''

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Markov

Markov (Bulgarian, Марков), Markova, and Markoff are common surnames used in Russia and Bulgaria. Notable people with the name include:

Academics

 * Ivana Markova (born 1938), Czechoslovak-British emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Stirling
 * John Markoff (sociologist) (born 1942), American professor of sociology and history at the University of Pittsburgh
 * Konstantin Markov (1905–1980), Soviet geomorphologist and quaternary geologist

Mathematics, science, and technology

 * Alexander V. Markov (1965-), Russian biologist
 * Andrey Markov (1856–1922), Russian mathematician
 * Vladimir Andreevich Markov (1871–1897), Russian mathematician, brother of Andrey Markov (Sr.)
 * Andrey Markov Jr. (1903–1979), Russian mathematician and son of Andrey Markov
 * Elena Vladimirovna Markova (1923–2023), Soviet and Russian cyberneticist, Doctor of Technical Sciences, gulag convict and memoirist.
 * John Markoff (born 1949), American journalist of computer industry and technology
 * Moisey Markov (1908–1994), Russian physicist

Performing arts

 * Albert Markov, Russian American violinist, composer
 * Alexander Markov, current Russian American violinist
 * Dame Alicia Markova (1910–2004), British prima ballerina
 * Margaret Markov (born 1951), Yugoslav-American actress of film and television
 * Rimma Markova (1925–2015), Soviet and Russian actress
 * Zuzana Marková (soprano) (born 1988), Czech soprano

Politicians

 * Helmuth Markov (born 1952), German politician and Member of the European Parliament
 * Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov (1866–1945), Russian right-wing politician
 * Sergey Alexandrovich Markov (born 1958), Russian political scientist, nationalist politician
 * Vladimir Ivanovich Markov (1859–1919), Russian politician, last Minister-Secretary of State for Finland in Czarist regime

Athletes

 * Alexei Markov (born 1979), Russian road bicycle racer
 * Andrei Markov (ice hockey) (born 1978), Russian ice hockey player in the NHL
 * Danny Markov (born 1976), professional ice hockey player for CSKA Moscow
 * Dmitri Markov (born 1975), Belarusian pole vaulter representing Australia
 * Dragomir Markov (born 1971), Bulgarian swimmer
 * Georgi Markov (footballer) (born 1972), Bulgarian footballer
 * Georgi Markov (weightlifter) (born 1978), Bulgarian weightlifter
 * Georgi Markov (wrestler) (born 1946), Bulgarian wrestler
 * Khristo Markov (born 1965), Bulgarian triple jumper
 * Ilya Markov (born 1972), Russian race walker
 * Marko Markov (born 1981), Bulgarian footballer
 * Miglena Markova (born 1983), Bulgarian rower
 * Nikolay Markov (footballer) (born 1985), Russian footballer
 * Oleg Markov (born 1996), Australian rules footballer
 * Olga Markova (athlete) (born 1968), Russian long-distance runner
 * Olga Markova (figure skater) (born 1974), Russian figure skater

Other fields

 * Georgi Markov (1929–1978), Bulgarian dissident writer assassinated in London
 * Philip Markoff (1986–2010), defendant in a murder case known as the "Craigslist killing"
 * Sergey Markov (1878–1918), Russian army general, anti-Bolshevik during Soviet civil war
 * Walterina Markova (real name Walter Dempster), Philippine drag queen and World War II sex slave

Fictional characters

 * Brion Markov, name of comic book character Geo-Force
 * Tara Markov, name of comic book character Terra
 * Frantisek Markov, Dungeons & Dragons character
 * Sorin Markov, character from Magic: The Gathering storyline
 * Ronan Markov, book character from "The Darkest Temptation"

title: Markov