text:
Talk:Late termination of pregnancy

Archive 1

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 July 2019 and 23 August 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mparagas18.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:15, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

"Reasons"
I renamed the reasons section, because it is mistakenly portraying itself as being "reasons why a late-term abortion is sought", rather than "reasons why an abortion is sought later on".

I also object to the use of "late-term abortion" in a technical, medical sense in that passage, as doctors have routinely criticized that term as nonsensical and non-medical. Not even Mr. Lister's Koromon survived intact. 22:34, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

What was wrong with this?
"Due to the risk of viability—and the corresponding legal implications that can come with a live birth"

Ref says "The role of inducing demise before dilation and evacuation (D&E) remains unclear, except for legal considerations in the United States when an intact delivery is intended."

https://www.societyfp.org/_documents/resources/InductionofFetalDemise.pdf

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 03:48, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

 * What is wrong is it completely misrepresents the article. Here is the relevant quote from the article "Patients and members of the medical care team prefer to avoid delivery of a nonviable fetus with signs of life when the original intent was pregnancy termination" V5REDwiki (talk) 02:13, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

 * It is very clear that the risk is not that a nonviable fetus becomes viable. The risk is of a nonviable fetus giving the false appearance of viability. V5REDwiki (talk) 02:18, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

 * "Risk of viability" is not found in any of the sources

 * Here is the relevant quote from one of the cited sources "Patients and members of the medical care team prefer to avoid delivery of a nonviable fetus with signs of life when the original intent was pregnancy termination" It is very clear that the risk is NOT of a nonviable fetus becoming viable. The risk is of a nonviable fetus giving the false appearance of viability. V5REDwiki (talk) 02:15, 28 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes good point User:V5REDwiki. Have adjusted to "Due to the potential of signs of life in a non-viable fetus—and the corresponding legal implications" as mentioning the legal issue in the US is important aswell. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:41, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Thank you. I guess the internet has jaded me because I expected a much different response. Your rewording is much better than my version. V5REDwiki (talk) 16:46, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Updating legal section

 * Here is an article about cut offs in Europe.

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 19:43, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

This article has no "Criticism" section
For something as contentious as late-term abortions, many people have criticisms. For example, some think that late-term abortions are murder, especially if the fetus could be extracted from the womb and live outside of the mother. But this article has no sentences at all stating that many people criticize late-term abortions for basically being murder, since they consider the fetus to be a child. I've spoken with people who have this opinion, as well as people who are pro-choice, and the pro-life people sometimes give the example "If you removed the fetus from the womb, especially late in pregnancy (25+ weeks) when the fetus could almost certainly survive by itself, and then shot it in the head, why is that any different from aborting the fetus in the womb?" I'll find some sources discussing this, but there are major problems with this article not including any criticisms at all. I'm not saying who is right and who is wrong, just that both opinions needs to be listed. BobRoberts14 (talk) 06:16, 12 June 2019 (UTC)BobRoberts14

 * Wikipedia talk pages are not a forum for general discussion of the topic. You can suggest a specific edit, which we will discuss.
 * I suggest that you use reputable sources, not things that you heard a pro-life person say one time. Remember that if you have a conclusion, and search for sources in support of it, that's cherry-picking and will lead you down the wrong path.
 * There's, I feel, adequate coverage of these issues at Abortion Debate. Triacylglyceride (talk) 13:42, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

Updates
This page has been dormant for quite a while and needs significant updating to reflect advances in research. I updated the first two paragraphs to include more recent citations and made it more specific and accurate (for example, saying that a later abortion may occur in the second or third trimester). I updated the "reasons" section to reflect the various reasons documented in the literature for why people seek later abortions, and included updated information on safety. DataNerdMPH (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:01, 6 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I reverted these changes, mainly because I'm concerned about trying to WP:PROMOte "later abortion" as a term to use. This seems to be advocated by a single organization.  Also, looking at the history for this article, I don't think it's fair to say it's been dormant.  Also, the changes you made were all the the WP:LEAD of the article.  This can be appropriate, but not always – the lead should be a summary of information in the rest of the article, not really a place to add new information.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 01:16, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I was a big fan of the spirit of the changes made by User:DataNerdMPH. I think that "late-term" should be avoided, since "late term" is obstetrically defined as 41w0d to 41w6d.  At the same time, I agree that WP:PROMO has points.  What organization do you have in mind as advocating for "later abortion"?  I know some people who advocate for it.
 * I imagine the best thing is to avoid the issue; persistently call it "late termination of pregnancy" in the article, and have a section on "nomenclature" in which we address the cluster. Triacylglyceride (talk) 04:52, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, discussing various terms that get thrown around in a separate section seems like a good approach. The PROMO was referring to was where "later abortion" was sourced to: link.  See especially their note on terminology at the very bottom.  If it's used elsewhere, it could be mentioned along with other terms that get used.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 17:09, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why you reverted the changes. Now the article is inaccurate, again. There is no such thing as "postviability abortion." Saying "later stage of pregnancy" instead of "second or third trimester" is less specific and less accurate. Calling the person a "mother" when they may not be is inaccurate. Using the phrase "late term" is also vague. As I documented in my earlier changes, the most common reasons for second and third trimester abortions are not, as the second paragraph states, "when the mother's health is at serious risk," but because of delays in discovering pregnancy, barriers to care, etc, as I cited. DataNerdMPH (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:37, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You appeared to be responding to me, but you indented your reply under Tri's message, so I've un-indented your post by one level (see WP:THREAD for more info). Also, please sign your posts with exactly four tildes ( ~ ) instead of three or five, as those don't leave complete signatures. Thanks.  For some of this, I like Tri's suggestion for a nomenclature section above, and will respond there with more detail after I do here.  Using "mother" to refer to the pregnant woman is pretty standard, regardless of one's views on abortion – the main article at Abortion does so fairly frequently.  Trying to scrub "mother" from the article in this sense is a subtle form of WP:POV-pushing.  As for the reasons, I agree that could probably be updated some.  If you look in the body of the article, it already does give a more nuanced picture than the statement in the lead; this could be remedied fairly simply by updating the lead to reflect this (by the way, see MOS:LEADCITE for some relevant style here), but also by expanding what's in the body if appropriate (I haven't looked in tons of detail yet).  One question remaining: what's your objection to "postviability"?  By this article's nature, its coverage is going to be at least slightly vague, which it directly addresses.  If we go with some sort of "nomenclature" section as suggested above, I think moving this term down there would be appropriate.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 16:45, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, discussing various terms that get thrown around in a separate section seems like a good approach. The PROMO was referring to was where "later abortion" was sourced to: link.  See especially their note on terminology at the very bottom.  If it's used elsewhere, it could be mentioned along with other terms that get used.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 17:09, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why you reverted the changes. Now the article is inaccurate, again. There is no such thing as "postviability abortion." Saying "later stage of pregnancy" instead of "second or third trimester" is less specific and less accurate. Calling the person a "mother" when they may not be is inaccurate. Using the phrase "late term" is also vague. As I documented in my earlier changes, the most common reasons for second and third trimester abortions are not, as the second paragraph states, "when the mother's health is at serious risk," but because of delays in discovering pregnancy, barriers to care, etc, as I cited. DataNerdMPH (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:37, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You appeared to be responding to me, but you indented your reply under Tri's message, so I've un-indented your post by one level (see WP:THREAD for more info). Also, please sign your posts with exactly four tildes ( ~ ) instead of three or five, as those don't leave complete signatures. Thanks.  For some of this, I like Tri's suggestion for a nomenclature section above, and will respond there with more detail after I do here.  Using "mother" to refer to the pregnant woman is pretty standard, regardless of one's views on abortion – the main article at Abortion does so fairly frequently.  Trying to scrub "mother" from the article in this sense is a subtle form of WP:POV-pushing.  As for the reasons, I agree that could probably be updated some.  If you look in the body of the article, it already does give a more nuanced picture than the statement in the lead; this could be remedied fairly simply by updating the lead to reflect this (by the way, see MOS:LEADCITE for some relevant style here), but also by expanding what's in the body if appropriate (I haven't looked in tons of detail yet).  One question remaining: what's your objection to "postviability"?  By this article's nature, its coverage is going to be at least slightly vague, which it directly addresses.  If we go with some sort of "nomenclature" section as suggested above, I think moving this term down there would be appropriate.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 16:45, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why you reverted the changes. Now the article is inaccurate, again. There is no such thing as "postviability abortion." Saying "later stage of pregnancy" instead of "second or third trimester" is less specific and less accurate. Calling the person a "mother" when they may not be is inaccurate. Using the phrase "late term" is also vague. As I documented in my earlier changes, the most common reasons for second and third trimester abortions are not, as the second paragraph states, "when the mother's health is at serious risk," but because of delays in discovering pregnancy, barriers to care, etc, as I cited. DataNerdMPH (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:37, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You appeared to be responding to me, but you indented your reply under Tri's message, so I've un-indented your post by one level (see WP:THREAD for more info). Also, please sign your posts with exactly four tildes ( ~ ) instead of three or five, as those don't leave complete signatures. Thanks.  For some of this, I like Tri's suggestion for a nomenclature section above, and will respond there with more detail after I do here.  Using "mother" to refer to the pregnant woman is pretty standard, regardless of one's views on abortion – the main article at Abortion does so fairly frequently.  Trying to scrub "mother" from the article in this sense is a subtle form of WP:POV-pushing.  As for the reasons, I agree that could probably be updated some.  If you look in the body of the article, it already does give a more nuanced picture than the statement in the lead; this could be remedied fairly simply by updating the lead to reflect this (by the way, see MOS:LEADCITE for some relevant style here), but also by expanding what's in the body if appropriate (I haven't looked in tons of detail yet).  One question remaining: what's your objection to "postviability"?  By this article's nature, its coverage is going to be at least slightly vague, which it directly addresses.  If we go with some sort of "nomenclature" section as suggested above, I think moving this term down there would be appropriate.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 16:45, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You appeared to be responding to me, but you indented your reply under Tri's message, so I've un-indented your post by one level (see WP:THREAD for more info). Also, please sign your posts with exactly four tildes ( ~ ) instead of three or five, as those don't leave complete signatures. Thanks.  For some of this, I like Tri's suggestion for a nomenclature section above, and will respond there with more detail after I do here.  Using "mother" to refer to the pregnant woman is pretty standard, regardless of one's views on abortion – the main article at Abortion does so fairly frequently.  Trying to scrub "mother" from the article in this sense is a subtle form of WP:POV-pushing.  As for the reasons, I agree that could probably be updated some.  If you look in the body of the article, it already does give a more nuanced picture than the statement in the lead; this could be remedied fairly simply by updating the lead to reflect this (by the way, see MOS:LEADCITE for some relevant style here), but also by expanding what's in the body if appropriate (I haven't looked in tons of detail yet).  One question remaining: what's your objection to "postviability"?  By this article's nature, its coverage is going to be at least slightly vague, which it directly addresses.  If we go with some sort of "nomenclature" section as suggested above, I think moving this term down there would be appropriate.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 16:45, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

User:DataNerdMPH we do not change refs like this

to

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 17:37, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks User:Doc James. New editor here and I'm still getting my bearings. It sounds like my best course of action would be to integrate some of my prior edits into the body of the article so that it make sense to reference them at the top. Is that right? DataNerdMPH (talk) 22:48, 7 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Best to start by suggestion what content you want to add based on what reference. Do this small bits at a time. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 04:34, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I think there was some good material in the original edit by DataNerdMPH, including the brief paragraph about the reasons why women have second- or third-trimester abortions. That's relevant, and properly sourced, and belongs in the article and probably in the lead. It's true that the lead needs to reflect material in the body, but policy doesn't specify that the body must be improved before the lead. I don't think it's legit to remove good material from the lead because it's not mentioned in the body. If that's the only reason for removing the material, then the better approach is to improve the body to match the lead. DataNerdMPH also properly pointed out the potentially incorrect use of the term "mother". If other articles use the term incorrectly as well, that's an argument for fixing those articles, not an argument for using the incorrect term here. I'll take a shot at integrating some of the material. MastCell Talk 00:40, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you, MastCell. DataNerdMPH (talk) 13:15, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Have trimmed the primary sources. Looking for high quality secondary ones. This is a review but not a very good one. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 22:18, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Mental health
Here are my proposed revisions to the Mental Health section. Would love your thoughts,.

Research finds that having a wanted abortion in any trimester is not associated with mental health harms. Overall, abortion does not increase the risk of experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety or stress in the short term or over five years. Having a later abortion is not associated with more negative mental health outcomes than obtaining a first trimester abortion. A previous history of mental health conditions, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence were strongly associated with experiencing negative mental health outcomes after the abortion.

DataNerdMPH (talk) 14:08, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Best to just stick with review articles. Have added a 2019 review. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 02:44, 19 July 2019 (UTC)

Clarifying meaning
Hey can you clarify what you mean here? no infants born at least than 22 weeks survived, at 23 weeks survival without severe impairment is less than 2%, and at 25 weeks, up to 30% might survive without severe impairment Elysia (Wiki Ed) (talk) 22:19, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

Thanks. This refers to a study where infants were born prematurely. Do you think I should delete it since it's not specifically about abortion, but instead about viability in general? DataNerdMPH (talk) 12:33, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not understanding the phrasing, really. "At least than"? I'm guessing it should either be "at less than" or "born at at least 22 weeks". They have two different meanings, though. Elysia (Wiki Ed) (talk) 16:07, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Typo! Should be "at less than." I'll fix. Thanks for catching it. DataNerdMPH (talk) 18:32, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Foundations 2 2019, Group 3b goals
Expand on mental health section to further explore long-term mental health effects of late termination of pregnancy (if any). Potentially update legal restrictions of late termination of pregnancy in the United States (and globally) Maybe look into more methods/medical procedures associated with late-term abortions

--Dannymrowr (talk) 21:35, 29 July 2019 (UTC)

List of countries where abortion is legal
The section where the number of countries that have legal abortion is from 1998,why? I know at least one country (ireland) that has made it legal since then Himynameisslimshadyspuppy (talk) 17:07, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

Adult abortion survivors
I have twice added mentions of people who have survived to adulthood following attempted abortions, in contrast to the present article's incomplete claim that "Although it is very uncommon, women undergoing surgical abortion after this gestational age sometimes give birth to a fetus that may survive briefly."

In my first attempt, I mentioned individuals by name and included news articles about the adults in question. It was reverted for the reason that "these sources aren't the kind we need to make a biomedical claim". I was not making a biomedical claim; I was making a historical claim: saying that named individuals have survived to adulthood following an abortion attempt. News sources are typically a reliable source of history, aren't they?

In my second attempt, I summarized congressional testimony by adult abortion survivors, and linked to the website of the US House of Representatives. One of the linked files included medical records, specifically a photograph of the person who testified from when she was a newborn (covered in chemical burns) and a birth record with her name and size, indicating how she survived. The revision was removed because "sources need to be reliable for the claims you're making". Are medical records and congressional testimony not reliable?

Does Wikipedia hold the opinion that the individuals who claim to have been born alive following an abortion attempt and survived to adulthood are lying? How much more proof can you need than medical records with the person's name, followed by the person with the same name giving testimony to Congress? How does that not prove that she survived to adulthood following a failed abortion?

Again, this is not merely a biomedical claim; it is a historical claim that can be verified.

What type of source would be accepted? Gavialisto (talk) 16:01, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Late termination of pregnancy


text:
Denys Arcand

Georges-Henri Denys Arcand (born June 25, 1941) is a Canadian filmmaker. During his four decades career, he became one of the most internationally-recognized director from Quebec, earning widespread acclaim and numerous accolades for his "intensely personal, challenging, and intellectual films."

His film The Barbarian Invasions won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film in 2004. His films have also been nominated three further times, including two nominations in the same category for The Decline of the American Empire in 1986 and Jesus of Montreal in 1989, becoming the only French-Canadian director in history whose films have received this number of nominations and, subsequently, to have a film win the award. For The Barbarian Invasions, he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay, losing to Sofia Coppola for Lost in Translation.

Arcand has also won several awards from the Cannes Film Festival, including the Best Screenplay Award, the Jury Prize, and many other prestigious awards worldwide. He won three César Awards in 2004 for The Barbarian Invasions: Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and Best Film, the only Canadian director to have done so. He is a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, and a Commander of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Early life and education
Arcand was born in Deschambault, Quebec, Canada. He grew up in a devoutly Roman Catholic home in a village about 40 km southwest of Quebec City. He attended Jesuit school for nine years. Entering his teen years, the family moved to Montreal and although he dreamed about being a professional tennis player, while studying for a master's degree in history at the Université de Montréal he became involved in film making, which gave him a new sense of direction.

Career
In 1963, he joined the National Film Board of Canada where he produced several award-winning documentaries in his native French language. A social activist, he made a feature-length documentary in 1970 titled Cotton Mill, Treadmill (On est au coton) that showed the exploitation of textile workers. The film caused an uproar that resulted in it not being distributed publicly for several years. Arcand received such publicity that it gave his fledgling career a great boost. He also worked on some television series, notably Duplessis, a historical work he wrote (but did not direct) about Premier Maurice Duplessis.

During the early part of the 1970s, Arcand produced a number of feature films that received critical acclaim. Arcand returned to directing documentaries and did no work for television. In 1982, his documentary, Comfort and Indifference (Le confort et l'indifférence) won the Prix Luc-Perreault from the Quebec Film Critics' Association. In 1986 he wrote and directed what was until then the highest-grossing film in Quebec (and Canadian) history, The Decline of the American Empire (Le Déclin de l'empire américain).

At the Canadian Genie Awards, it captured best film, best director, and best writer of an original screenplay. It also won the "International Critics Prize" at the Cannes Film Festival and became the first Canadian feature film nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Three years later Arcand repeated this award-garnering performance with his widely acclaimed 1989 film Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal) winning the same three Genie awards, plus the Jury Prize at Cannes. The movie earned him a second Academy Award nomination, becoming the first Canadian director to accomplish this achievement.

Arcand produced and directed his first English language film in 1993, titled Love and Human Remains, and did so again in 2000, with the film Stardom, which opened the Toronto International Film Festival. He then spent two years writing the script for what many claim is his finest piece of cinematic writing to date, The Barbarian Invasions (Les invasions barbares). Released in 2003, the film won Arcand the Best Screenplay Award at the Cannes Film Festival, was nominated for a Golden Globe Award as Best Foreign Language Film and won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In addition, Denys Arcand was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay. The Barbarian Invasions won France's 2004 César Award for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay.

Arcand's film Days of Darkness (L'Âge des ténèbres) was chosen to close the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. The press opening was subdued and the subsequent reviews were mixed. Following this, he took a seven-year hiatus from feature film directing; he returned in 2014 with the film Le règne de la beauté.

Awards and honours
In 1988, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 2005. In 1990 the Government of France awarded him the Legion of Honour. He finally earned from his home province one of its highest distinctions, the title of Knight of the National Order of Quebec, in 1990.

In 1995, Arcand received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement. In February 2004, the government of France named Denys Arcand a Commander of L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, that nation's highest cultural honour. In 2004, Arcand was also inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.

He is a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

In 2023, he was named the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of Canada.

Personal life
Arcand is a lapsed Catholic. Married a second time, neither Arcand nor Denise Robert, his producer/wife, has had children. He was 55 years old when they adopted an orphaned baby boy from China named Carter. His brother Bernard Arcand (1945–2009) was a professor of anthropology, and his youngest brother Gabriel Arcand (b. 1949) is a noted Canadian actor. His great-uncle, Adrien Arcand (1899-1967), was a notorious far-right politician.

Director

 * À l'est d'Eaton - 1959, short film co-directed with Stéphane Venne
 * Alone or With Others (Seul ou avec d'autres) - 1962, co-directed with Denis Héroux and Stéphane Venne
 * Dirty Money (La maudite galette) - 1972
 * Réjeanne Padovani - 1973
 * Gina - 1975
 * Empire, Inc. - 1983, TV miniseries codirected with Douglas Jackson
 * The Crime of Ovide Plouffe (Le Crime d'Ovide Plouffe) - 1984
 * The Decline of the American Empire (Le Déclin de l'empire américain) - 1986
 * Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal) - 1989
 * Les lettres de la religieuse portugaise - 1991, TV movie
 * Montreal Stories - 1992, segment "Vue d'ailleurs"
 * Love and Human Remains - 1993
 * Poverty and Other Delights (Joyeux Calvaire) - 1996
 * Stardom - 2000
 * The Barbarian Invasions (Les invasions barbares) - 2003
 * Days of Darkness (L'Âge des ténèbres) - 2007
 * An Eye for Beauty (Le règne de la beauté) - 2014
 * The Fall of the American Empire (La chute de l'empire américain) - 2018
 * Testament - 2023

Documentaries

 * Champlain - 1964, short film
 * Québec 1603 - Samuel de Champlain - 1964, short film
 * Les Montréalistes - 1965, short film
 * Montréal, un jour d'été - 1965, short film
 * La route de l'Ouest - 1965, short film
 * Volleyball - 1966, short film
 * Parcs atlantiques - 1967, short film
 * Quebec: Duplessis and After (Québec : Duplessis et après...) - 1972
 * La lutte des travailleurs d'hôpitaux - 1976, short film
 * Cotton Mill, Treadmill (On est au coton) - 1976 (made 1970 but withheld from release)
 * Comfort and Indifference (Le confort et l'indifférence) - 1982

Acting

 * It Isn't Jacques Cartier's Fault (C'est pas la faute à Jacques Cartier) - 1968
 * Nominingue... depuis qu'il existe - 1968
 * My Eye (Mon oeil) - 1971
 * Dirty Money (La maudite galette) - 1972
 * Réjeanne Padovani - 1973
 * Pigs Are Seldom Clean (On n'engraisse pas les cochons à l'eau claire) - 1973
 * Normande (La Tête de Normande St-Onge) - 1975
 * Night Zoo (Un zoo la nuit) - 1987
 * Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal) - 1989
 * Montreal Stories (Montréal vu par...) - 1991
 * Léolo - 1992
 * Un gars, une fille - 2000
 * The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares) - 2003
 * Tideline - 2004
 * Idole instantanée - 2005
 * Les Bougon - 2004-06
 * Days of Darkness (L'Âge des ténèbres) - 2007
 * Barney's Version - 2010
 * Adam & Ève - 2012
 * Kiss Me Like a Lover (Embrasse-moi comme tu m'aimes) - 2016
 * Les pêcheurs - 2016, TV series

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Denys Arcand


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User:Adek336

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title: User:Adek336


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User talk:Adek336

Please put newest messages on top.
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Nomination of Paradoxical intention for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Paradoxical intention is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Paradoxical intention until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. rsjaffe talk  21:35, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adek336


text:
Talk:Two wrongs don't make a right (adage)

See also logical fallacies.

The assertion that any particular philosophiacl conclusion is fallacious, is a POV and should be attributed -- not labelled a fallacy! --Uncle Ed 21:29, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I don't think the Sep11-example does help anyone in this particular article. I therefore would like to see it removed.

 * The title "Two wrongs don't make a right" is not ambiguous with any other Wikipedia article, so this article does not require disambiguation. I have moved the article accordingly.

 * Er, nevermind. Nohat 04:09, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

I concur in the 9/11 example not being useful, because a policy of trying to negotiate with hijackers/for aircrew: to accede to their demands is typically grounded in trying for the best outcome for the hijackees, 'not' in a "two wrongs do not make a right" ethical objection against excessive self defence Tschild 20:16, 14 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Chocolate brownie

A chocolate brownie, or simply a brownie, is a chocolate baked confection. Brownies come in a variety of forms and may be either fudgy or cakey, depending on their density. Brownies often, but not always, have a glossy "skin" on their upper crust. They may also include nuts, frosting, chocolate chips, or other ingredients. A variation made with brown sugar and vanilla rather than chocolate in the batter is called a blond brownie or blondie. The brownie was developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century and popularized there during the first half of the 20th century.

Brownies are typically eaten by hand or with utensils, and may be accompanied by a glass of milk, served warm with ice cream (à la mode), topped with whipped cream, or sprinkled with powdered sugar. In North America, they are common homemade treats and they are also popular in restaurants, ice cream parlors, and coffeehouses.

History
One legend about the creation of brownies is that of Bertha Palmer, a prominent Chicago socialite whose husband owned the Palmer House Hotel. In 1893, Palmer asked a pastry chef for a dessert suitable for ladies attending the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. She requested a dessert that would be smaller than a piece of cake, and easily eaten from boxed lunches. The result was the Palmer House Brownie, made of chocolate with walnuts and an apricot glaze. The Palmer House in Chicago still serves this dessert to patrons made from the same recipe. The name was given to the dessert some time after 1893, but was not used by cook books or journals at the time.

The first-known printed use of the word brownie to describe a dessert appeared in the 1896 version of the Boston Cooking-School Cook Book by Fannie Farmer, in reference to molasses cakes baked individually in tin molds. However, Farmer's brownies did not contain chocolate.

In 1899, the first-known recipe was published in Machias Cookbook. They were called "Brownie's Food". The recipe appears on page 23 in the cake section of the book. Marie Kelley from Whitewater, Wisconsin, created the recipe.

The earliest-known published recipes for a modern-style chocolate brownie appeared in Home Cookery (1904, Laconia, New Hampshire), the Service Club Cook Book (1904, Chicago, Illinois), The Boston Globe (April 2, 1905 p. 34), and the 1906 edition of Fannie Farmer's cookbook. These recipes produced a relatively mild and cake-like brownie.

By 1907, the brownie was well established in a recognizable form, appearing in Lowney's Cook Book by Maria Willet Howard (published by Walter M. Lowney Company, Boston) as an adaptation of the Boston Cooking School recipe for a "Bangor Brownie". It added an extra egg and an additional square of chocolate, creating a richer, fudgier dessert. The name "Bangor Brownie" appears to have been derived from the town of Bangor, Maine, which an apocryphal story states was the hometown of a housewife who created the original brownie recipe. Maine food educator and columnist Mildred Brown Schrumpf was the main proponent of the theory that brownies were invented in Bangor. While The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink (2007) refuted Schrumpf's premise that "Bangor housewives" had created the brownie, citing the publication of a brownie recipe in a 1905 Fannie Farmer cookbook, in its second edition, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2013) said it had discovered evidence to support Schrumpf's claim, in the form of several 1904 cookbooks that included a recipe for "Bangor Brownies".

In 2021, the food science journalist and home cookery YouTuber Adam Ragusea conducted a series of experiments to discover why modern brownies tend to form a desirably glossy "skin" on their upper crust. In a video reporting his findings, Ragusea asserted that the "skin" was the result of making a batter of high viscosity, with low levels of moisture and sugar well-dissolved into the mixture.

title: Chocolate brownie


text:
CIÉ

, or CIÉ, is a statutory corporation of the Republic of Ireland, answerable to the Irish Government and responsible for most public transport within the Republic and jointly with its Northern Ireland counterpart, the Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company (which trades as Translink), for the railway service between Dublin and Belfast, via Drogheda, Dundalk, Newry and Portadown. The company is headquartered at Heuston Station, Dublin. It is a statutory corporation whose members are appointed by the Minister for Transport.

Services
Since the enactment of the Transport (Re-organisation of Córas Iompair Éireann) Act, 1986, CIÉ has been the holding company for Bus Éireann, Dublin Bus and Iarnród Éireann/Irish Rail, the three largest internal transport companies in the Republic of Ireland. It was originally to have operated the Luas tram system in Dublin, but that project was transferred to the newly created Railway Procurement Agency (RPA).

CIÉ's services are provided through three operating companies:
 * Dublin Bus, which provides bus services in the Greater Dublin Area, including most bus services within Dublin city and the County Dublin;
 * Bus Éireann, which provides intercity and regional bus services outside Dublin city and county and from Dublin to the rest of the Republic of Ireland, as well as operating the city buses in Cork, Limerick, Waterford, and Galway and a number of other small urban bus systems;
 * Iarnród Éireann, which operates InterCity, Commuter and DART trains, and – together with NI Railways – the Dublin–Belfast Enterprise train service. Iarnród Éireann also operates Rosslare Europort.

CIÉ is responsible for the overall strategy of the group. It owns all fixed assets used by the three companies, such as railway lines and stations, the latter being dealt with through the Group Property division. It also operates an international tour division, CIÉ Tours International. CIÉ's vast number of advertising sites are organised through Commuter Advertising Network (CAN), since the mid-1990s employing an external company (currently Exterion Media Ireland) to manage them. There are also a number of shared services provided by CIÉ to its three operating companies.

Other than in the railway sector, CIÉ is not a monopoly provider of public transport services: a number of other operators exist; however, under the Transport Act, 1932, these may not compete directly on any route for which CIÉ has been granted a licence. However, legislation was enacted in 2013 to provide for the tendering of 10% of routes operated by Dublin Bus and Bus Éireann. This public competition includes these two operators, along with private operators such as Go-Ahead Ireland, and was completed in January 2019.

History
Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ) was formed as a private company by the Transport Act 1944 and incorporated the Great Southern Railways Company and Dublin United Transport Company, adopting the logo of the latter company, the so-called "flying snail". Great Southern Railways(GSR) was incorporated in 1925, having been Great Southern Railway since 1924. Essentially the GSR became – especially as it started to broaden its business interests into road transport – a monopoly transport operator. The Transport Act 1950 amalgamated CIÉ and the Grand Canal Company and formally nationalised CIÉ, changing its structure from that of a private limited company to a corporation under a board appointed by the Minister for Transport. The Great Northern Railway Act 1958 and the Transport Act (Northern Ireland) 1958 (c. 15 (N.I.)), passed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, transferred the lines of the Great Northern Railway Board in the Republic of Ireland (including County Donegal) to CIÉ.

Until 1986, CIÉ operated as a single legal entity, although it was internally organised into rail services and two bus divisions – Dublin City Services and Provincial Services. The vast majority of services were branded CIÉ, although long-distance provincial buses were branded "Expressway" and Dublin electric trains DART. In 1987, CIÉ was reorganised into a holding company and three operating companies. In 1990, it sold its nine Great Southern Hotels, including its hotel in Derry, to Aer Rianta, the airports authority. The company does not run any services on Christmas Day.

Financial losses and the future
CIÉ was established to provide road and railway transport, and later took on some of the canals and ports. It was empowered as both a provider and a licensor of other providers.

For most of its existence, CIÉ, in particular its railways division, made large losses and was subsidised by the taxpayer. This provoked demands from the public and politicians to "make CIÉ pay". In a similar pattern to that seen in many other states, the Republic of Ireland's railways were accordingly rationalised, and suffered severe cutbacks while at the same time the road division was expanded.

The Baker Tilly report found an amount of corporate malpractice in 2004–08. CIÉ did not pass on the report to the Minister for Transport until it was mentioned in the media.

Losses in 2009:
 * Iarnród Éireann/Irish Rail — €4.0m
 * Bus Éireann — €54.1m

The biggest change to CIÉ's operational structure since 1987 came with the establishment of the National Transport Authority in December 2009, which has powers over CIÉ's operations in the Greater Dublin Area. The Dublin Transport Authority Act 2008 also gives the Minister for Transport instead of the chairman of CIÉ the power to appoint the directors of the subsidiary companies. CIÉ receives public service obligation payments to support the provision of services on most of its routes.

In 2013, Dublin Bus and Bus Éireann made a profit of €500,000 and €400,000 respectively, for the first time in a number of years.

title: CIÉ


text:
Hypercapnia

Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper = "above" or "too much" and kapnos = "smoke"), also known as hypercarbia and CO2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs. Carbon dioxide may accumulate in any condition that causes hypoventilation, a reduction of alveolar ventilation (the clearance of air from the small sacs of the lung where gas exchange takes place) as well as resulting from inhalation of CO2. Inability of the lungs to clear carbon dioxide, or inhalation of elevated levels of CO2, leads to respiratory acidosis. Eventually the body compensates for the raised acidity by retaining alkali in the kidneys, a process known as "metabolic compensation".

Acute hypercapnia is called acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF) and is a medical emergency as it generally occurs in the context of acute illness. Chronic hypercapnia, where metabolic compensation is usually present, may cause symptoms but is not generally an emergency. Depending on the scenario both forms of hypercapnia may be treated with medication, with mask-based non-invasive ventilation or with mechanical ventilation.

Hypercapnia is a hazard of underwater diving associated with breath-hold diving, scuba diving, particularly on rebreathers, and deep diving where it is associated with increased breathing gas density due to the high ambient pressure.

Signs and symptoms
Hypercapnia may happen in the context of an underlying health condition, and symptoms may relate to this condition or directly to the hypercapnia. Specific symptoms attributable to early hypercapnia are dyspnea (breathlessness), headache, confusion and lethargy. Clinical signs include flushed skin, full pulse (bounding pulse), rapid breathing, premature heart beats, muscle twitches, and hand flaps (asterixis). The risk of dangerous irregularities of the heart beat is increased. Hypercapnia also occurs when the breathing gas is contaminated with carbon dioxide, or respiratory gas exchange cannot keep up with the metabolic production of carbon dioxide, which can occur when gas density limits ventilation at high ambient pressures.

In severe hypercapnia (generally $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$ greater than 10 kPa or 75 mmHg), symptomatology progresses to disorientation, panic, hyperventilation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and eventually death.

Causes
Carbon dioxide is a normal metabolic product but it accumulates in the body if it is produced faster than it is cleared. During strenuous exercise the production rate of carbon dioxide can increase more than tenfold over the production rate during rest. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood and elimination is by gas exchange in the lungs during breathing. Hypercapnia is generally caused by hypoventilation, lung disease, or diminished consciousness. It may also be caused by exposure to environments containing abnormally high concentrations of carbon dioxide, such as from volcanic or geothermal activity, or by rebreathing exhaled carbon dioxide. In this situation the hypercapnia can also be accompanied by respiratory acidosis.

Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure may occur in acute illness caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chest wall deformity, some forms of neuromuscular disease (such as myasthenia gravis), and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. AHRF may also develop in any form of respiratory failure where the breathing muscles become exhausted, such as severe pneumonia and acute severe asthma. It can also be a consequence of profound suppression of consciousness such as opioid overdose.

During diving
Normal respiration in divers results in alveolar hypoventilation resulting in inadequate CO2 elimination or hypercapnia. Lanphier's work at the US Navy Experimental Diving Unit answered the question, "Why don't divers breathe enough?":
 * Higher inspired oxygen ($${P_{i_{O_2}}}$$) at 4 atm accounted for not more than 25% of the elevation in end tidal CO2 (ETCO 2 ) above values found at the same work rate when breathing air just below the surface.
 * Increased work of breathing accounted for most of the elevation of $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$ (alveolar gas equation) in exposures above 1 atm, as indicated by the results when helium was substituted for nitrogen at 4 atm.
 * Inadequate ventilatory response to exertion was indicated by the fact that, despite resting values in the normal range, $${P_{et_{CO_2}}}$$ rose markedly with exertion even when the divers breathed air at a depth of only a few feet.

A variety of reasons exist for carbon dioxide not being expelled completely when the diver exhales:
 * The diver is exhaling into an enclosed space that does not allow all the CO2 to escape to the environment, such as a long snorkel, full-face diving mask, or diving helmet, and the diver then re-inhales from that dead space.
 * The carbon dioxide scrubber in the diver's rebreather is failing to remove sufficient carbon dioxide from the loop (higher inspired CO2), the breathing gas is contaminated with CO2, or the non-return valves in the breathing circuit are malfunctioning.
 * The diver is overexercising, producing excess carbon dioxide due to elevated metabolic activity and respiratory gas exchange cannot keep up with the metabolic production of carbon dioxide.
 * Gas density limits ventilation at high ambient pressures. The density of the breathing gas is higher at depth, so the effort required to fully inhale and exhale increases, making breathing more difficult and less efficient (high work of breathing).  Higher gas density also causes gas mixing within the lung to be less efficient, thus increasing the effective dead space.
 * The diver is deliberately hypoventilating, known as "skip breathing".

Skip breathing
Skip breathing is a controversial technique to conserve breathing gas when using open-circuit scuba, which consists of briefly holding one's breath between inhalation and exhalation (i.e., "skipping" a breath). It can lead to CO2 not being exhaled efficiently. The risk of burst lung (pulmonary barotrauma of ascent) is increased if the breath is held while ascending. It is particularly counterproductive with a rebreather, where the act of breathing pumps the gas around the "loop", pushing carbon dioxide through the scrubber and mixing freshly injected oxygen.

In closed-circuit rebreather diving, exhaled carbon dioxide must be removed from the breathing system, usually by a scrubber containing a solid chemical compound with a high affinity for CO2, such as soda lime. If not removed from the system, it may be reinhaled, causing an increase in the inhaled concentration.

Under hyperbaric conditions, hypercapnia contributes to nitrogen narcosis and oxygen toxicity by causing cerebral vasodilation which increases the dosage of oxygen to the brain.

Mechanism
Hypercapnia normally triggers a reflex which increases breathing and access to oxygen (O2), such as arousal and turning the head during sleep. A failure of this reflex can be fatal, for example as a contributory factor in sudden infant death syndrome.

Hypercapnia can induce increased cardiac output, an elevation in arterial blood pressure (higher levels of carbon dioxide stimulate aortic and carotid chemoreceptors with afferents -CN IX and X- to medulla oblongata with following chrono- and ino-tropic effects), and a propensity toward cardiac arrhythmias. Hypercapnia may increase pulmonary capillary resistance.

Physiological effects
A high arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$) causes changes in brain activity that adversely affect both fine muscular control and reasoning. EEG changes denoting minor narcotic effects can be detected for expired gas end tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($${P_{ET_{CO_2}}}$$) increase from 40 Torr to approximately 50 Torr. The diver does not necessarily notice these effects.

Higher levels of $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$ have a stronger narcotic effect: Confusion and irrational behaviour may occur around 72 Torr, and loss of consciousness around 90 Torr. High $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$triggers the fight or flight response, affects hormone levels and can cause anxiety, irritability and inappropriate or panic responses, which can be beyond the control of the subject, sometimes with little or no warning. Vasodilation is another effect, notably in the skin, where feelings of unpleasant heat are reported, and in the brain, where blood flow can increase by 50% at a $${P_{ET_{CO_2}}}$$ of 50 Torr, Intracranial pressure may rise, with a throbbing headache. If associated with a high $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$ the high delivery of oxygen to the brain may increase the risk of CNS oxygen toxicity at partial pressures usually considered acceptable.

In many people a high $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$ causes a feeling of shortness of breath, but the lack of this symptom is no guarantee that the other effects are not occurring. A significant percentage of rebreather deaths have been associated with CO2 retention. The effects of high $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$ can take several minutes to hours to resolve once the cause has been removed.

Diagnosis
Blood gas tests may be performed, typically by radial artery puncture, in the setting of acute breathing problems or other acute medical illness. Hypercapnia is generally defined as an arterial blood carbon dioxide level over 45 mmHg (6 kPa). Since carbon dioxide is in equilibrium with carbonic acid in the blood, hypercapnia drives serum pH down, resulting in respiratory acidosis. Clinically, the effect of hypercapnia on pH is estimated using the ratio of the arterial pressure of carbon dioxide to the concentration of bicarbonate ion, $${P_{a_{CO_2/HCO_3^-}}}$$.

CO2 toxicity in animal models
Tests performed on mongrel dogs showed the physiological effect of carbon dioxide on the body of the animal: after inhalation of a 50% CO2 and 50% air mixture, respiratory movement increased for about 2 minutes, and then, it decreased for 30 to 90 minutes. Hill and Flack showed that CO2 concentrations up to 35% have an exciting effect upon both circulation and respiration, but those beyond 35% are depressant upon them. The blood pressure (BP) decreased transiently during the increased respiratory movement and then rose again and maintained the original level for a while. The heart rate slowed slightly just after the gas mixture inhalation. It is believed that the initial BP depression with the decreased heart rate is due to the direct depressant effect of CO2 upon the heart and that the return of blood pressure to its original level was due to the rapid rise of $${P_{a_{CO_2}}}$$. After 30–90 min, the respiratory center was depressed, and hypotension occurred gradually or suddenly from reduced cardiac output, leading to an apnea and eventually to circulatory arrest.

At higher concentrations of CO2, unconsciousness occurred almost instantaneously and respiratory movement ceased in 1 minute. After a few minutes of apnea, circulatory arrest was seen. These findings imply that the cause of death in breathing high concentrations of CO2 is not the hypoxia but the intoxication of carbon dioxide.

Treatment
The treatment for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications and mechanical respiratory support. In those without contraindications, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is often used in preference to invasive mechanical ventilation. In the past, the drug doxapram (a respiratory stimulant), was used for hypercapnia in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but there is little evidence to support its use compared to NIV, and it does not feature in recent professional guidelines.

Very severe respiratory failure, in which hypercapnia may also be present, is often treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), in which oxygen is added to and carbon dioxide removed directly from the blood.

A relatively novel modality is extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R). This technique removes CO2 from the bloodstream and may reduce the time mechanical ventilation is required for those with AHRF; it requires smaller volumes of blood flow compared to ECMO.

Terminology
Hypercapnia is the opposite of hypocapnia, the state of having abnormally reduced levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

title: Hypercapnia


text:
William Henry Fitton

William Henry Fitton (24 January 1780 – 13 May 1861) was an Irish physician and amateur geologist.

Biography
Fitton was born in Dublin and educated at Trinity College in that city. He gained the senior scholarship in 1798, and graduated in the following year. At this time he began to take an interest in geology and to form a collection of fossils. Having adopted the medical profession, he proceeded in 1808 to Edinburgh, where he attended the lectures of Robert Jameson, and thenceforth his interest in natural history and especially in geology steadily increased. He moved to London in 1809, where he studied medicine and chemistry. In 1811 he presented to the Geological Society of London a description of the geological structure of the vicinity of Dublin, with an account of some rare minerals found in Ireland. He took a medical practice at Northampton in 1812, and for some years the duties of his profession engrossed his time. He was admitted M.D. at Cambridge in 1816.

In 1820, having married a lady of means, Fitton settled in London, and devoted himself to geology. His Observations on some of the Strata between the Chalk and the Oxford Oolite, in the South-east of England (Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv.) embodied a series of researches extending from 1824 to 1836, and form the memoir known as Fitton's Strata below the Chalk. In this work he established the true succession and relations of the Upper and Lower Greensand, and of the Wealden and Purbeck formations, and elaborated their detailed structure. He had been elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1815, and he was president of the Geological Society of London in 1827–1829, and to which he contributed a number of research publications. His house then became a meeting place for scientific workers, and during his presidency he held a conversazione open on Sunday evenings to all fellows of the Geological Society. From 1817 to 1841 he contributed to the Edinburgh Review many essays on the progress of geological science, and reviews of the groundbreaking books of William Smith (geologist), Charles Lyell, and Roderick Murchison; he also wrote Notes on the Progress of Geology in England for the Philosophical Magazine (1832–1833). Another publication of note was A Geological Sketch of the Vicinity of Hastings (1833). He was awarded the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society in 1852. This medal is now in the collection of the Geological Museum, Trinity College, Dublin. Around 1825, according to Charles Babbage's autobiography, he invented the thaumatrope, which was later commercially publicised by Dr. John Ayrton Paris (to whom the invention is more usually attributed). He died in London.

Family
Fitton had three sisters, Sarah Mary, Elizabeth (fl. 1817–1834) and Susanna. Sarah and Elizabeth wrote Conversations on Botany, which influenced the popularity of botany as a field of scientific study for women.

title: William Henry Fitton


text:
Dáin

Dáin or Dain can refer to:

 * In Norse mythology:
 * Dáinn (Norse dwarf) or Dáin, a dwarf
 * Dáinn, one of the four stags of Yggdrasill
 * Dáinn, an elf who introduced the runes to his race according to Hávamál
 * Dáin II Ironfoot, dwarf-king from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium
 * Dain (unit), an obsolete unit of measurement in Myanmar equalling ca 3.9 kilometres; see also Bamboo (unit)
 * Dain or Dayan (witch), a type of witch in Indian folklore

title: Dáin


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Film awards task force

89th Academy Awards
I need your help, editors are continuously adding to this page, adding different facts regarding nominations and all, I don't know how to structured that or what to leave or remove. Many things are new in this year nominations, and obviously we cannot add all distinctions. Please visit the page and check. There are lots of new facts related to this ceremony, and editors are continuously adding such facts, where there are no questions about their authenticity at the same time we cannot state every fact into it. Either we have to create a separate section for them or have to reach a mutual consensus to remove it or at least trim to it the most important ones. Nauriya (Rendezvous) 11:38, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

The format of all BAFTA occurences
On every article about the film awards, the information about nods and noms (e.g. The trio of Barbie, Killers of the Flower Moon, and Oppenheimer led the longlists ...) is in the "Ceremony information" section. Shouldn't they be in the "Winners and nominees" section instead? Shouldn't the "Ceremony information" section be named "Ceremony" instead? Is there something I'm missing here? Aaron Liu (talk) 03:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

Discussion at Articles for deletion/Chidananda S Naik
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chidananda S Naik, which is within the scope of this WikiProject. Jeraxmoira🐉 (talk) 14:49, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Hong Kong Film Award
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Hong Kong Film Award that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. – robertsky (talk) 08:11, 30 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
Department of Peace

The Department of Peace is a proposed cabinet-level department of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States.

History
The peace movement in the United States has a proposed legislative history that dates to the first years of the republic:

1. Let a Secretary of Peace be appointed to preside in this office;. . . let him be a genuine republican and a sincere Christian. . ..
 * 1793: Benjamin Rush, Founding Father (signer of the Declaration of Independence), wrote an essay titled "A plan of a Peace-Office for the United States". Rush called for equal footing with the Department of War and pointed out the effect of doing so for the welfare of the United States in promoting and preserving perpetual peace in the United States. First published in a 1793 almanac that Benjamin Banneker authored, the plan stated:

2. Let a power be given to the Secretary to establish and maintain free schools in every city, village and township in the United States;. . . Let the youth of our country be instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and in the doctrines of a religion of some kind; the Christian religion should be preferred to all others; for it belongs to this religion exclusively to teach us not only to cultivate peace with all men, but to forgive—nay more, to love our very enemies. . ..

3. Let every family be furnished at public expense, by the Secretary of this office, with an American edition of the Bible. . ..

4. Let the following sentence be inscribed in letters of gold over the door of every home in the United States: The Son of Man Came into the World, Not To Destroy Men's Lives, But To Save Them.

5. To inspire a veneration for human life, and a horror at the shedding of human blood, let all those laws be repealed which authorize juries, judges, sheriffs, or hangmen to assume the resentments of individuals, and to commit murder in cold blood in any case whatever. . ..

6. To subdue that passion for war. . . militia laws should everywhere be repealed, and military dresses and military titles should be laid aside. . ..

 * 1925: Carrie Chapman Catt, founder of the League of Women Voters, at the Cause and Cure for War Conference, publicly suggested a cabinet-level Department of Peace and secretary of peace be established.
 * 1926/1927: Kirby Page, author of A National Peace Department, wrote, published and distributed a proposal for a cabinet-level Department of Peace and secretary of peace.
 * 1935: Senator Matthew M. Neely (D-West Virginia) wrote and introduced the first bill calling for the creation of a United States Department of Peace. Reintroduced in 1937 and 1939.
 * 1943: Senator Alexander Wiley (R-Wisconsin) spoke on the Senate floor calling for the United States of America to become the first government in the world to have a secretary of peace.
 * 1945: Representative Louis Ludlow (D-Indiana) re-introduced a bill, S. 1237, to create a United States Department of Peace.
 * 1946: Senator Jennings Randolph (D-West Virginia) re-introduced a bill to create a United States Department of Peace.
 * 1947: Representative Everett Dirksen (R-Illinois) introduced a bill for “A Peace Division in the State Department”.
 * 1955 to 1968: Eighty-five Senate and House of Representative bills were introduced calling for a United States Department of Peace.
 * 1969: Senator Vance Hartke (D-Indiana) and Representative Seymour Halpern (R-New York) re-introduced bills to create a U.S. Department of Peace in the House of Representatives and the Senate. The 14 Senate cosponsors of S. 953, the "Peace Act", included Birch Bayh (D-IN), Robert Byrd (D-WV), Alan Cranston (D-CA), Daniel Inouye (D-HI) and Edmund Muskie (D-ME). The 67 House cosponsors included Ed Koch of New York, Donald Fraser of Minnesota, and Abner Mikva of Illinois, as well as Republican Pete McCloskey of California. The bill would have established a cabinet-level called for the new department to develop "plans, policies and programs designed to foster peace," coordinate all U.S. government activities affecting "the preservation or promotion of peace," to cooperate with other governments in planning for peaceful conflict resolution, and promote the exchange of ideas between private parties in the U.S. and other countries. The bill further provided for establishment of an International Peace Institute that would train citizens for service, a Peace by Investment Corporation, and the transfer of agencies such as the Peace Corps, Agency for International Development, and the International Agricultural Development Service, to the new department. The bill received popular support from anti-war groups, Catholic and Baptist publications, author Norman Cousins, and others.
 * 1979: Senator Spark Matsunaga (D-Hawaii) re-introduced a bill, S. 2103, "Department of Peace Organization Act of 1979" to create a U.S. Department of Peace.
 * 2001: Representative Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) introduced a bill to create a U.S. Department of Peace. A version of this bill was introduced in each session of Congress from 2001 to 2011. The bill was cosponsored by 76 members of Congress in 2007. In July 2008, the first Republican cosponsor, Rep. Wayne Gilchrest (R-MD) signed on.
 * 2005: Senator Mark Dayton (D-Minnesota) introduced legislation in the Senate to create a cabinet-level Department of Peace a week after Dennis Kucinich introduced a similar bill in the House.
 * 2013: Representative Barbara Lee (D-California) introduced a substantially similar bill to the Kucinich bill.  She has introduced updated versions in each session of Congress since then.

Support
The Peace Alliance and the Student Peace Alliance organizations support the creation of a U.S. Department of Peace. Both are national nonprofit organizations and independent grassroots political movements that operate autonomously. The ongoing movement is supported by several members of Congress, the late former CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite and author Marianne Williamson. Also joining the increasing list of national endorsements are Yoko Ono, Joaquin Phoenix, Frances Fisher and Willie Nelson. This movement actively lobbies for the endorsements of congressional leaders and is active in soliciting and receiving a growing list of bipartisan endorsements from city councils in California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, New Mexico and Ohio. Local grassroots chapters have been formed in all 50 states.

Fiction
The novel 1988 (a fictional work about the upcoming 1988 presidential election published in 1985) by then-Governor of Colorado Richard Lamm, includes a very similar proposal where the third-party presidential candidate in the novel proposes a cabinet-level Agency for U.S. Peace and Conflict Resolution with a secretary of peace who could challenge the secretary of defense when necessary.

title: Department of Peace


text:
Talk:Central African Armed Forces

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title: Talk:Central African Armed Forces


text:
Adolphe d'Archiac

Étienne Jules Adolphe Desmier de Saint-Simon, Vicomte d'Archiac (24 September 1802 – 24 December 1868) was a French geologist and paleontologist.

Early life
He was born at Reims and educated at the Military School of St. Cyr. He served for nine years as a cavalry officer until 1830, when he retired from the service. Prior to this he had published an historical romance (Zizim, ou les Chevaliers de Rhodes, roman historique du XVe siècle); but now geology became his primary focus. In his earlier scientific works, which date from 1835, he described the Tertiary and Cretaceous formations of France, Belgium and England, and dealt especially with the distribution of fossils geographically and in sequence. Later on he investigated the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian formations.

Magnum opus
His best work was "Histoire des progrès de la géologie de 1834 à 1859", published in eight volumes (1847–1860). In 1853 the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London was awarded to him. In the same year, with Jules Haime (1824–1856), he published a monograph on the Nummulitic formation of India. In 1857 he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1861 he was appointed professor of paleontology in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. His better known later works include "Paléontologie stratigraphique", in three volumes (1864–1865); "Géologie et paléontologie" (1866); and his paleontological contributions to de Tchihatcheff's "Asie mineure" (1866).

Death
While suffering from severe depression he committed suicide by throwing himself into the River Seine on Christmas Eve, 1868.

title: Adolphe d'Archiac


text:
Gustavs Zemgals

Gustavs Zemgals (12 August 1871 – 6 January 1939) was a Latvian politician and the second President of Latvia. He also was twice the mayor of Riga.

Zemgals was born in Džūkste, Latvia. He attended elementary school in a small parish of Saka, and later continued education in Riga Nikolai Gymnasium. He graduated from Moscow University in 1899 with a degree in law. He then returned to Latvia and was a lawyer, a newspaper editor and a political activist.

In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Zemgals was mobilised and sent to the front, where he spent a year and a half and was promoted to the rank of captain.

After his return to Latvia in 1905, Zemgals became one of the creators of a new liberal newspaper "Jaunā Dienas Lapa" (New Day's Page) and proceeded to become an editor of this paper. He was also an editor in the newspaper that succeeded "Jaunā Dienas Lapa" -"Mūsu Laiki" (Our Times). In July 1907, the Riga district court sentenced Zemgals to a three months long arrest for his work at "Mūsu Laiki". Soon after that, Zemgals created the Latvian democratic party together with some other political activities. In the time period between 1912 and 1914 Zemgals also worked on a magazine "Domas" (Thoughts).

When World War I began, Zemgals was once again mobilised and initially assigned to an infantry division in the middle part of Latvia, but later he was sent to Finland. After his return to Riga, Zemgals was elected as the chairman of the city on 23 April 1917. In autumn 1917 the Riga Temporary Council repeatedly elected Zemgals as the chairman of the city. At this time, he was active in the Latvian radical-democratic party.

From 1918, Zemgals became active in the Latvian Provisional National Council, where he worked on matters related to occupied Latvian territories. As a member of the Latvian radical-democratic party, he became the second deputy of the chairman of Tautas Padome (People's Council), a representative body (council) of Latvian political parties and organizations. Holding this office, he chaired the 18 November 1918 meeting of Tautas Padome, which declared the independence of Latvia. On 3 December 1918 he was elected as the chair of Riga City Council.

When the bolsheviks were gaining power and approaching Latvia, the Tautas Padome sent Jānis Čakste and Zemgals abroad to represent Latvian interests. Cakste, Zemgals and several other people from the government went to Copenhagen on a British warship, but Zemgals returned to Latvia just two months later, where he tried to restore the Tautas Padome, but Zemgals along with a group of loyal politicians was arrested by the German army.

Later, he was a member of Latvian parliament (Saeima) from the Democratic Centre and a minister in several governments. In 1927, after the death of Jānis Čakste he was elected the president of Latvia. As the president, he interfered very little with the Saeima's work on laws, only returning a law for review to the Saeima once; Zemgals, however, frequently used his rights to grant amnesty. During his time as president, Zemgals granted amnesty to 648 persons, 172 of which received complete amnesty. He served as president until 1930, when his term expired, and he refused to run for a second term, despite having been asked by many to do so.

After his presidency ended, Zemgals continued his political activities and was elected in the fourth Saeima where he was a member of the foreign and finance, trade and industry commissions. From 1931 to 1932 he was also the Minister of Finance.

In 1924, the French government awarded Zemgals the Legion of Honour (the highest French order of merit), Commander cross (Commandeur). In 1926, he was awarded the Three Star Order (the highest Latvian national award), Third or "Commander" class (Fifth class being the lowest and First class the highest). In 1929, he was awarded the Three Star Order, First class with chain or "Commander Grand Cross with chain", a distinction only awarded 14 people in the pre-World War II era.

During the thirties, Zemgals published articles in the newspaper "Jaunākās Ziņas" (Latest News).

On 6 January 1939 Zemgals died and was buried in Riga. In 1990, a monument to Zemgals was constructed in Džūkste, place of his birth.

title: Gustavs Zemgals


text: User talk:216.62.101.4

title: User talk:216.62.101.4


text:
Filipino English

Filipino English may refer to:

 * Philippine English, the English language as it is spoken in the Philippines
 * Taglish, Tagalog language heavily mixed with American English words
 * Bislish, any of the Visayan languages infused with English terms

title: Filipino English


text:
Closed graph theorem

In mathematics, the closed graph theorem may refer to one of several basic results characterizing continuous functions in terms of their graphs. Each gives conditions when functions with closed graphs are necessarily continuous.

A T. Tao’s blog post lists several closed graph theorems throughout mathematics.

Graphs and maps with closed graphs
If $$f : X \to Y$$ is a map between topological spaces then the graph of $$f$$ is the set $$\Gamma_f := \{ (x, f(x)) : x \in X \}$$ or equivalently, $$\Gamma_f := \{ (x, y) \in X \times Y : y = f(x) \}$$ It is said that the graph of $$f$$ is closed if $$\Gamma_f$$ is a closed subset of $$X \times Y$$ (with the product topology).

Any continuous function into a Hausdorff space has a closed graph (see )

Any linear map, $$L : X \to Y,$$ between two topological vector spaces whose topologies are (Cauchy) complete with respect to translation invariant metrics, and if in addition (1a) $$L$$ is sequentially continuous in the sense of the product topology, then the map $$L$$ is continuous and its graph, $Gr L$, is necessarily closed. Conversely, if $$L$$ is such a linear map with, in place of (1a), the graph of $$L$$ is (1b) known to be closed in the Cartesian product space $$X \times Y$$, then $$L$$ is continuous and therefore necessarily sequentially continuous.

Examples of continuous maps that do not have a closed graph
If $$X$$ is any space then the identity map $$\operatorname{Id} : X \to X$$ is continuous but its graph, which is the diagonal $$\Gamma_{\operatorname{Id}} := \{ (x, x) : x \in X \},$$, is closed in $$X \times X$$ if and only if $$X$$ is Hausdorff. In particular, if $$X$$ is not Hausdorff then $$\operatorname{Id} : X \to X$$ is continuous but does have a closed graph.

Let $$X$$ denote the real numbers $$\R$$ with the usual Euclidean topology and let $$Y$$ denote $$\R$$ with the indiscrete topology (where note that $$Y$$ is Hausdorff and that every function valued in $$Y$$ is continuous). Let $$f : X \to Y$$ be defined by $$f(0) = 1$$ and $$f(x) = 0$$ for all $$x \neq 0$$. Then $$f : X \to Y$$ is continuous but its graph is closed in $$X \times Y$$.

Closed graph theorem in point-set topology
In point-set topology, the closed graph theorem states the following:

$$

If X, Y are compact Hausdorff spaces, then the theorem can also be deduced from the open mapping theorem for such spaces; see.

Non-Hausdorff spaces are rarely seen, but non-compact spaces are common. An example of non-compact $$Y$$ is the real line, which allows the discontinuous function with closed graph $$f(x) = \begin{cases} \frac 1 x \text{ if }x\neq 0,\\ 0\text{ else} \end{cases}$$.

Also, closed linear operators in functional analysis (linear operators with closed graphs) are typically not continuous.

In functional analysis
If $$T : X \to Y$$ is a linear operator between topological vector spaces (TVSs) then we say that $$T$$ is a closed operator if the graph of $$T$$ is closed in $$X \times Y$$ when $$X \times Y$$ is endowed with the product topology.

The closed graph theorem is an important result in functional analysis that guarantees that a closed linear operator is continuous under certain conditions. The original result has been generalized many times. A well known version of the closed graph theorems is the following.

$$

The theorem is a consequence of the open mapping theorem; see below (conversely, the open mapping theorem in turn can be deduced from the closed graph theorem).

Relation to the open mapping theorem
Often, the closed graph theorems are obtained as corollaries of the open mapping theorems in the following way. Let $$f : X \to Y$$ be any map. Then it factors as
 * $$f: X \overset{i}\to \Gamma_f \overset{q}\to Y$$.

Now, $$i$$ is the inverse of the projection $$p: \Gamma_f \to X$$. So, if the open mapping theorem holds for $$p$$; i.e., $$p$$ is an open mapping, then $$i$$ is continuous and then $$f$$ is continuous (as the composition of continuous maps).

For example, the above argument applies if $$f$$ is a linear operator between Banach spaces with closed graph, or if $$f$$ is a map with closed graph between compact Hausdorff spaces.

title: Closed graph theorem