text:
Guy Philippe

Guy Philippe (born 29 February 1968) is a Haitian former police officer, politician, and convicted money launderer, who led the 2004 Haitian coup d'état against president Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

He originally gained power in Haiti as a paramilitary leader, and had participated in the electoral process to become a political leader. He led the 2000-2004 paramilitary insurgency that culminated in the 2004 Haitian coup d'état ousting Haiti's elected government and President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Philippe was a presidential candidate in the 2006 Haitian general election, receiving nearly 4% of the vote.

Philippe served time in U.S. federal prison from 2017 to 2023: On 21 June 2017, the United States, where he had spent some of the illegal proceeds, sentenced him to nine years in federal prison, in connection with money he received for ensuring police protection of drug trafficking during the late 1990s and early 2000s. The charges did not address any of the numerous deaths that were documented as being carried out by death squads that he led between 2000 and 2004. In 2023, Philippe was repatriated from U.S. federal prison to Haiti.

Early life
Philippe was born in Pestel, in the province of Grand'Anse. He obtained his primary and secondary education at Institution Saint-Louis de Gonzague. Human Rights watch alleges that in his late teens he was a death squad leader during the rebellion against Baby Doc Duvalier and in the turmoil which followed.

According to Philippe, he "has a law degree from Ecuador and studied medicine in Mexico for a year." In 1992, he received a scholarship from the Haitian Armed Forces (FAd'H) to Ecuador's police academy (La Escuela Superior de Policía "Gral. Alberto Enríquez Gallo"), where he graduated in 1995. When he returned to Haiti, the FAd'H had been dismantled. He was assigned to the newly created police force, which is why he was never formally part of the Haitian army.

Career
Philippe accepted a commission as a commander in the Haitian National Police, and then became the police chief of the Port-au-Prince suburb of Delmas from 1997 to 1999. International monitors later "learned that dozens of suspected gang members were summarily executed, mainly by police under the command of Inspector Berthony Bazile, Philippe's deputy." In 1999 he was made police chief of Cap-Haïtien.

2000s: Coup d'etat and political beginnings
On 15 January 2000, Guy Philippe and his wife had a daughter named Aïsha. Following October 2000 accusations of participation in a coup plot and his subsequent removal from his post as police chief of Cap-Haïtien, Philippe fled to the Dominican Republic. While there he recruited ex-military and others forming a paramilitary organization, which was alleged to have received training from the U.S. Government.

The Haitian government accused Philippe of masterminding a deadly attack on the Police Academy in July 2001 and of an attempted coup in December 2001. In July 2003, witnesses place him, together with Voltaire Jean-Batiste, leading a death squad operating in eastern Haiti just across the Dominican border.

In February 2004, he returned from the Dominican Republic with his paramilitary group to join the 2004 Haitian coup d'état against president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Five days after crossing back into Haiti and joining former militia leader Louis-Jodel Chamblain in announcing his support for anti-government forces, Philippe was given command of the rebel army.

On 2 March 2004, Philippe and his paramilitaries retook control of the former Haitian Army headquarters across from the National Palace. Philippe declared to the international press that he was now in control of 90% of Haiti's armed forces. In an address on Haitian Radio, Philippe declared, "The country is in my hands." He summoned twenty police commanders to meet with him the previous day and warned that if they failed to appear he would arrest them.

That same day, Philippe announced he would arrest Haitian Prime Minister Yvon Neptune, who is a top official of Aristide's Lavalas party. As published at the time by Democracy Now!, quoting sources in Haiti: "Neptune's home was burned and looted and that he was being pursued by armed gangs. People close to Neptune reported that he fears for his life. Local radio reported that Neptune was evacuated from his office by helicopter as Guy Philippe led a mob in a march to the office. Meanwhile, there are reports of regular execution-style killings on the Haitian seaside. ".

Early in 2005, Philippe's guerrilla group, the Front for National Reconstruction (FRN) which was involved in the coup of 2004 was officially transformed into a recognized political party. On 11 July 2005, Guy Philippe announced he would run for president for the FRN party. Philippe has been critical of the administration of the interim government, blaming them for the slow process of setting up registration centers throughout Haiti. Early on he was considered a front runner for the 2006 Haitian general election but later fell behind the main contenders simply because he did not have the money required for a campaign. In spite of his international and local rebel backers and appealing to young Haitians to follow him, Philippe won less than 1% of the vote, demonstrating that he had failed to project his persona as a popular hero.

2010s: Drug smuggling and legal trouble
Shortly after dawn on 16 July 2007, five helicopters, two planes and more than a dozen heavily armed DEA and Haitian anti-drug agents surrounded Philippe's home in the hills above Les Cayes, on Haiti's remote southern peninsula, to seize evidence of drug trafficking. Philippe was suspected of ties to illegal drug trafficking in Haiti. Philippe's supporters said the allegations against him were politically motivated, noting he had recently threatened to identify powerful Haitians who provided financial support for the 2004 coup d'état.

Philippe was indicted in the United States on charges of conspiracy to import cocaine and money laundering. Following his indictment, Philippe isolated himself in his hometown of Pestel, protected by his paramilitaries.

In 2015, Philippe began his campaign for Senator in the Haitian parliament, as a member of the National Consortium of Haitian Political Parties (CNPPH). His paramilitary units continued a guerrilla war to "create havoc and overthrow the provisional president, Jocelerme Privert." In the final election, Philippe won the seat for Grand'Anse department, and was due to be sworn in on 9 January.

On the afternoon of 5 January 2017, Guy Philippe was arrested on these charges as he walked out of a popular radio show. He was extradited to the US on the same day as his arrest. His arrest was not without controversy as the newly-elected senator had not yet been sworn in, and thus had not received the immunity from legal charges or arrest that is provided under Haitian law to protect serving lawmakers. There were questions about the legality of the extradition.

On 21 June 2017, after pleading guilty to money laundering, Philippe was given a nine-year sentence by the United States federal government (USFG) for taking bribes from drug smugglers.

2020s
After serving his sentence, he was promptly deported back to Haiti in November 2023, and quickly re-launched his political career, vowing to fix the gang war in Haiti.

By March 2024, with the pending resignation of Ariel Henry, he was considered to be a powerful player, able to bridge all the divides in Haitian society; indeed, by early March, he declared himself a candidate for president.

title: Guy Philippe


text:
Hârn

Hârn is a campaign setting for fantasy role-playing games, designed by N. Robin Crossby, and published by Columbia Games in 1983.

In 1998 Crossby founded Kelestia Productions (KP), an electronic publishing e-company. KP and CGI now independently produce printed and online materials for use with Hârn-based role-playing campaigns and fiction.

The role-playing game, HârnMaster, was developed specifically for use with Hârn. It enables players, gamemasters, and writers to develop character descriptions that exploit the deep level of detail found in Hârn.

History
The campaign world of Hârn was first described in the set Hârn (1983) from Columbia Games, which presented a folio with a general overview, with background, history, and religion of the island of Hârn along with the small Hârndex encyclopaedia, and a map of Hârn drawn by N. Robin Crossby. Shannon Appelcline described that "Hârn was broadly based on Norman England, with some fantasy elements appearing through dwarves, elves and orcs. It was low magic and [...] tried to create a genuinely real setting, based on careful research and consideration."

Setting
Hârn is an island off the western coast of the region of Venârivè (the northwestern part of the continent of Lýthia) on the planet Kèthîra, but as Hârn has traditionally been the focus of the setting, many people refer to the world as Hârn or HârnWorld. Hârn is notable for several reasons:

 * It has no 'evil' versus 'good' aspect that dominates many other FRPGs.
 * It has a high level of detail and internal consistency. A large number of individual cities, fortifications, towns, manors and adventure locations have been described down to the names of the peasant families residing there. In its immense detail it rivals other game worlds known for their depth, such as Tekumel.
 * It is also notable for its high level of realism and a concomitant low level of magic. Its societies are, for the most part, modeled closely on Earth during the Middle Ages (specifically, that of Norman Britain). Nonetheless, it has many of the standard trappings of fantasy, such as elves, dwarves, orcs, wizards, etc. Many of these have a unique Hârnic spin.
 * The written history and events of Hârn are current up to a specific point in time (midnight on the first day of the year 720), and there is no intention of "advancing" the official timeline beyond this point. The individual game masters control the history and events that occur after this point. Thus, all Hârn games are unique but spring from a common starting point.

The island of Hârn has seven human kingdoms and two kingdoms ruled by other species. In alphabetical order, these are:

 * Azadmere is the home of the Khuzdul, the Hârnic dwarves.
 * Chybisa is viewed as a struggling independent monarchy or a breakaway county of Kaldor.
 * Evael is located along the southern coast and is the forest home of the reclusive Sindarian, the Hârnic elves.
 * Kaldor is a feudal kingdom with a weak king. Located at the hub of four trade routes, it is a power in the east. It is perhaps the most detailed of all of the kingdoms.
 * Kanday is a stolid, chivalric kingdom situated in the western part of the island of Hârn.
 * Melderyn is the most ancient kingdom on Hârn, reputedly founded by wizards. It is located in the southeastern part of the island and claims a monopoly on trade with the Lythian continent.
 * The northern land of Orbaal was once a collection of peaceful princedoms inhabited by the Jarin people (analogues of the British Celts) until it was conquered by the Ivinians (analogous to the Vikings). Now the Jarin are brutally suppressed, but some plot rebellion.
 * Rethem is widely viewed as the "evil kingdom" but this is because its rulers value might and merit over birth and privilege (or, possibly, because its largest town was the base for a crusade by the church of the death-god Morgath). It is a kingdom born of war and beset by enemies on all sides.
 * Tharda rose from the ashes of the former Corani Empire (as did Kanday and Rethem) and is the island's only non-monarchist state; its patron-client social structure is superficially similar to that of Roman Republic. Petty corruption and patronage are rife. The Republic is very ambitious in its territorial claims.

The island is also home to over a dozen human "barbarian" tribal nations and many bands of Hârnic orcs, known as gârgún.

The planet Kèthîra, on which Hârn is situated, is one of seven linked parallel worlds collectively known as Keléstia. Among the other worlds in the family are Terra (or Earth); Yàsháin, a high-magic world which is the afterlife of Kèthîra; Midgaad, a parallel of Tolkien's Middle-earth; and the Blessed Realm, a parallel of the land of the same name in Tolkien's works. It is suggested that the ancestors of Kèthîra's elves and dwarves came from Midgaad to Kèthîra; in the case of the elves this is a stopping off point on a longer journey to the Blessed Realm. Kèthîra's Sinái retain the custom of building swan-shaped ships in which they sail to the Blessed Realm when they weary of their time on Hârn (in this case sailing through a periodically appearing interworld portal known as the Nimeliant off Hârn's northeastern coast).

In addition to the island of Hârn itself, products have been released covering the nearby regions of Shôrkýnè (a large feudal kingdom with a weak king) and Ivínia (an analogue of Scandinavia complete with fjords, Vikings, and a religion similar to that of the old Norse).

Other products have been released detailing the island kingdom of Chélemby, a mixed-Ivínian trading state (an analogue of the medieval Scandinavian trading state of Visby). A product detailing the nearby Hârbáaler kingdom of Lédenheim is also available.

Most recently, a product has been released which details the whole sub-continental region of Venârivè (an area roughly equivalent to Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Middle-East). This product provides the basis for adventuring and exploration beyond the island of Hârn, and puts the island and its cultures in their wider context.

Reception
In the September 1983 edition of Dragon (Issue 77), Roger Moore liked the Hârn game system. He admired the map, which he called, "beautiful. If you are a fan of fantasy cartography, the map makes a wonderful addition to one’s collection, having lots of legible detail and a well worked out ecological system and geography." Moore was also quite impressed with the booklet called the Harndex that listed all sorts of interesting information on people and places. He noted some similarities to the work of J.R.R. Tolkien, but pointed out that gamemasters could easily expunge that material if they wished. He concluded by recommending the Hârn game system to "experienced referees who don’t mind using a largely prefabricated universe with a few minor alterations to suit their own campaign tastes... State of the art? It could be better, but it is very good."

Three years later, in the March 1986 edition of Dragon (Issue 107), Eric Pass reviewed some of the supplementary material that had been published, namely the Cities of Hârn supplement, Encyclopedia Harnica #1-#13 and the regional module Ivinia. Pass liked all of them, saying, "All of these products are richly detailed and fully consistent. The only complaint I with this material is the [high] prices." He concluded that "This material is a savior for the hard-pressed GM whose players expect and demand detailed playing environments and backgrounds. All of the supplements contain well-constructed, consistent, interesting information that will take hours to absorb. Keep a notebook by your side as you read, because you’ll get all sorts of ideas for play."

Ten years later, in the May 1996 edition of Dragon (Issue 229), Rick Swan reviewed the rereleased and revised Harn World boxed set. Swan admitted that it "emphasizes culture and economics at the expense of magic and monsters, making it less appealing to hack ’n’slashers than to veterans who take their games seriously." He also conceded that the rules system was very complex: "Unwieldy? Perhaps. To call Harn World ambitious is like calling the Grand Canyon a large hole." But Swan recommended the Harn World system to experienced players, saying, "If you’ve outgrown dungeon crawls, you might be ready to jump in."

In his 2023 book Monsters, Aliens, and Holes in the Ground, RPG historian Stu Horvath noted, "All of this material is methodical and internally consistent. Nothing else in the mid '80s, and a good deal after, right up to now, comes close to providing the amount of detail in Hârn. Depth and breadth. There are like a million Forgotten Realms books, and it is still no contest."

Community
Columbia published most of the canon material about Hârn in the early 1980s; at that point (around the time the first edition of the Harnmaster rules was published) the interval between new products lengthened and some scheduled products were never completed (such as the Trierzon and Azeryan regional modules). The setting was sustained throughout the 1990s and early 2000s by fan-created material, popularly called "fanon." The high quality and consistency of the fanon products, as well as the interactivity of message fora such as HarnList and HârnForum have kept the setting alive.

Hârnic fanon, although independently written, is notable for its goal of staying consistent with the hundreds of pages of canon material spread over more than twenty years of publication. In many instances high quality art was produced and professional grade layout and design was done to make the material look similar to products produced by the publishers. There are points of confusion regarding the sanctioning and format of fanon. Both CGI and Kelestia have different fanon guidelines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hârn


text:
User talk:Joyojeet

Part of group including Philip C. Jacob, Paulose Varughese, and Carlton D'Silva that founded The Misprint.

Technology and regional development
I have added a "" template to the article Technology and regional development, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Alvestrand 17:47, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joyojeet


text:
Thomas Kennedy

Thomas or Tom Kennedy may refer to:

Politics

 * Thomas Kennedy (Scottish judge) (1673–1754), joint Solicitor General for Scotland 1709–14, Lord Advocate 1714, Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1720–21
 * Thomas Kennedy, 9th Earl of Cassilis (bef. 1733–1775), Scottish peer, Marquess of Ailsa
 * Thomas Kennedy (1776–1832), politician in Maryland, United States
 * Thomas Francis Kennedy (1788–1879), Scottish Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs 1818–1834
 * Thomas Daniel Kennedy (1849?–1877), Connecticut state legislator
 * Thomas Kennedy (Australian politician) (1860–1929), Australian politician
 * Tom Kennedy (British politician) (1874–1954), Scottish Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs
 * Thomas Laird Kennedy (1878–1959), politician in Ontario, Canada
 * Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), American miner, president of the UMWA 1960–1963, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania 1935–1939
 * Thomas Kennedy (Irish politician) (died 1947), Irish Labour Party politician and trade union official
 * Thomas P. Kennedy (1951–2015), American politician, Massachusetts state senator
 * Thomas Blake Kennedy (1874–1957), United States federal judge

Entertainment

 * Thomas E. Kennedy (born 1944), American fiction writer, essayist and translator
 * Tom Kennedy (actor) (1885–1965), American actor
 * Tom Kennedy (television host) (1927–2020), American television game show host
 * Tom Kennedy (producer) (c. 1948–2011), American film trailer producer, director and film editor
 * Tom Kennedy (musician) (born 1960), jazz double-bass and electric bass player
 * Tom Kennedy (Neighbours), a character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Bob Hornery
 * Tommy Kennedy, a minor character introduced as a kind of host/narrator for 1988 reruns of The Transformers

Sports

 * Tom Kennedy (Australian footballer) (1906–1968), Australian rules footballer
 * Tom Kennedy (wheelchair rugby) (born 1957), Australian Paralympic wheelchair rugby player
 * Tom Kennedy (English footballer) (born 1985), English footballer
 * Thomas J. Kennedy (1884–1937), American Olympic marathon runner
 * Thomas Kennedy (basketball) (born 1987), American basketball player
 * Tom Kennedy (quarterback) (1939–2006), American football quarterback
 * Tom Kennedy (wide receiver) (born 1996), American football wide receiver
 * Tommy Kennedy, an Australian professional rugby league footballer in the 1920s

Others

 * Tom Kennedy (journalist) (born 1952), Canadian journalist
 * Thomas Kennedy (unionist) (1887–1963), president of the United Mine workers
 * Thomas Fortescue Kennedy (1774–1846), Royal Navy officer
 * Thomas Kennedy (RAF officer) (1928–2013), British pilot
 * Thomas Kennedy (violin maker) (1784–1870), British luthier
 * Thomas A. Kennedy (born 1955), American CEO and chairman, Raytheon Company
 * Thomas Francis Kennedy (bishop) (1858–1917), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States

title: Thomas Kennedy


text:
Talk:Benjamin Mkapa

Untitled
The late third president dr BENJAMIN WILLIUM MKAPA his was the man of piece in African Country especially in country which have politically interest

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Thomas Laird Kennedy

Thomas Laird Kennedy (August 15, 1878 – February 13, 1959) was a politician in Ontario, Canada, and served briefly as the 15th premier of Ontario, from 1948 to 1949. He was first elected as the Conservative member for Peel in the 1919 provincial election. He had been a longtime resident of Streetsville (now part of Mississauga), Ontario, where he was master of River Park Masonic Lodge in 1908 and 1909.

Kennedy was first appointed Minister of Agriculture in 1930 by Premier Howard Ferguson and continued in the position under Premier George S. Henry until the Conservative government's defeat in the 1934 provincial election. Kennedy was a casualty in the election losing his seat to the landslide that elected the government of Liberal Mitchell Hepburn. Kennedy returned to the legislature in the 1937 election and returned to government when the newly renamed Progressive Conservatives won the 1943 election.

The new premier, George Drew, returned Kennedy to the position of Minister of Agriculture he had held a decade previously. Drew moved to federal politics in 1948 after losing his own seat in the 1948 provincial election which, nevertheless, re-elected the Tory government.

Following Drew's departure, Kennedy was named interim leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, and thus also Premier of Ontario. He remained so for seven months until the party could hold its April 27, 1949 leadership convention. The convention elected Leslie Frost as the new party leader, who succeeded Kennedy as Premier on May 4, 1949. Kennedy remained as Agriculture Minister until 1953, when he stepped down from Cabinet at the age of 75. He remained a member of the legislature until his death in 1959.

Legacy
Thomas L. Kennedy Secondary School in Mississauga, which first opened to students in 1953, was named in his honour. It is the oldest school of its kind in the city that is still in operation.

Tomken Road is named after him, in the form of a portmanteau. There is no evidence that Kennedy Road in Mississauga, Brampton, and Caledon is named for him. Rather it is believed to be named for a family that lived on the route. Kennedy is related to the Kennedy settlers in Scarborough Township, for whom (namely James Kennedy) Kennedy Road in eastern Toronto and York Region is named.

title: Thomas Laird Kennedy


text:
USS Santee (1855)

USS Santee was a wooden-hulled, three-masted sailing frigate of the United States Navy. She was the first U.S. Navy ship to be so named and was one of its last sailing frigates in service. She was acquired by the Union Navy at the start of the American Civil War, outfitted with heavy guns and a crew of 480, and was assigned as a gunboat in the Union blockade of the Confederate States. She later became a training ship then a barracks ship for the U.S. Naval Academy.

Service history
Rated at 44 guns, she was laid down in 1820 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard, but due to a shortage of funds, she long remained uncompleted on the stocks. She was finally launched on 16 February 1855, but not commissioned until 9 June 1861, Captain Henry Eagle in command. Santee departed Portsmouth, New Hampshire on 20 June 1861, stopped at Hampton Roads, Virginia to load ammunition, and resumed her voyage to the Gulf of Mexico on 10 July. On 8 August, the frigate captured the schooner C. P. Knapp in the gulf some 350 miles south of Pensacola and escorted the blockade runner to that port. On 27 October, Santee took her second prize, Delta, off Galveston; the hermaphrodite brig had attempted to slip into Galveston with a cargo of salt from Liverpool.

Shortly before midnight on 7 November, boats left the frigate and entered Galveston Bay hoping to capture and burn the Confederate armed steamer, General Rusk. However, in attempting to avoid detection, the boats ran aground. Since he had lost the advantage of surprise, the expedition's commander, Lt. James Edward Jouett, cancelled his plans to attack General Rusk and turned his attention to the chartered Confederate lookout vessel, Royal Yacht. After a desperate hand-to-hand fight, he captured Royal Yacht's crew, set the armed schooner afire, and retired to Santee with about a dozen prisoners. During the action, one man from the frigate was killed and two of her officers and six of her men were wounded, one mortally. A young 15-year-old sailor named James Henry Carpenter was wounded in the thigh and mentioned in dispatches due to his actions. Carpenter would become Santee's acting Master's mate and would serve again on Santee when she served as a school ship for the United States Naval Academy. Another of Santee's sailors, George H. Bell, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his part in the action.

On 30 December, after a five or six-mile chase on boats from Santee, they captured 14-ton Confederate schooner, Garonne. Captain Eagle stripped the prize for use as a lighter. In January 1862, when the Union naval force in the Gulf of Mexico was divided into two squadrons, Santee was assigned to Flag Officer David Farragut's new West Gulf Blockading Squadron. Under the new organization, Santee continued to blockade the Texas coast, primarily off Galveston, until summer. Then, because scurvy had weakened the frigate's crew and the enlistments of many of her sailors had expired, the ship sailed north. She reached Boston, Massachusetts on 22 August and was decommissioned on 4 September.

Refitted at the Boston Navy Yard, the ship was recommissioned there exactly a month later and sailed for Newport, Rhode Island, to serve as a school ship at the Naval Academy, which had been moved there from Annapolis, Maryland, for security during the Civil War. At Newport, midshipmen lived, studied, and attended classes in frigates Santee and USS Constitution as they prepared for positions of leadership in the Union Navy. After the close of the Civil War, the Naval Academy returned to Annapolis, Maryland, and Santee, carrying midshipmen, sailed for that port and moored near Fort Severn on 2 August 1865. There, she continued her duty as school ship which she had performed at Newport.

Post-war career

In 1866, she became a gunnery ship and was used by midshipmen to master the art of naval gunnery. About the same time, the frigate began to be used as a barracks ship for midshipmen being punished and for new fourthclassmen receiving their first taste of Navy life.

Before dawn on 2 April 1912, after a half a century of duty as an educator, Santee sank at her mooring. Efforts to refloat the frigate proved unsuccessful. She was sold to Henry A. Hitner's Sons Company, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 2 August 1912, the anniversary of her arrival at Annapolis. After six months of effort, she was finally raised; and, on 8 May 1913, Santee departed the Severn River under tow and proceeded to Boston, where she was burned for the copper and brass in her hull.

title: USS Santee (1855)


text:
Jean de Montreuil

Jean de Montreuil (1354, Monthureux-le-Sec – 29 May 1418, Paris) was a French scholar of the late 14th and early 15th century and a friend of Laurent de Premierfait.

Life
He was among the first to invoke Salic Law as a reasoning against female succession to the throne. He used its implications to argue against the claims of Henry IV of England, who was also patron of Christine de Pizan, the scholar with whom Montreuil often debated over the proper conduct and role of women in the monarchy and society in general.

title: Jean de Montreuil


text:
Robert Patrick

Robert Hammond Patrick (born November 5, 1958) is an American actor. Known for portraying villains and authority figures, Patrick is a Saturn Award winner with four other nominations.

Patrick dropped out of college when drama class sparked his interest in acting, and entered film in 1986. After playing a supporting role in Die Hard 2 (1990), he came to prominence as the T-1000, the antagonist of Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) - a role he reprised for cameo appearances in Wayne's World (1992) and Last Action Hero (1993). His other film credits include Fire in the Sky (1993), Striptease (1996), Cop Land (1997), The Faculty (1998), Spy Kids (2001), Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), Ladder 49 (2004), Walk the Line (2005), Flags of Our Fathers (2006), We Are Marshall (2006), Bridge to Terabithia (2007), The Men Who Stare at Goats (2009), and Safe House (2012).

In television, Patrick played FBI Special Agent John Doggett in The X-Files, Colonel Tom Ryan in The Unit, DHS agent Cabe Gallo in Scorpion, and Auggie Smith / White Dragon in Peacemaker. He has played ongoing roles in series such as 1923, The Outer Limits, The Sopranos, Elvis, Burn Notice, Last Resort, Sons of Anarchy, its spin-off Mayans M.C., Jamie Hawkins in The Night Agent, and From Dusk till Dawn: The Series.

AllMovie journalist Tracie Cooper wrote that, by the conclusion of The X-Files in 2002, Patrick had developed a "solid reputation within the industry", with critics, fans and co-stars alike praising his "work ethic, personality, and consistent performances." Actor and director Jason Bateman described Patrick as "one of the great heavies."

Early life
Patrick was born in Marietta, Georgia, on November 5, 1958, and raised there, as well as in Boston, Massachusetts, Dayton, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, and Bay Village, Ohio. He is the eldest of five children born to Nadine and Robert M. Patrick.

Patrick did not start to pursue an acting career until his mid-twenties. During his childhood, he did not like to act. In third grade, Patrick refused to wear a pair of green tights required for Peter Pan. He graduated from Farmington High School in Farmington, Michigan in 1977. Patrick was a track and field and football athlete at Bowling Green State University. He dropped out before graduating when he found an interest in drama and acting. After leaving college, Patrick worked as a house painter and continued as such until a boating accident in 1984 in Lake Erie. He swam for three hours in order to save others still stranded on the accident site, and nearly drowned in doing so. After the accident, he moved to Los Angeles at age 26.

Career
Patrick first appeared in several low-budget science-fiction and action films produced by Roger Corman and shot in the Philippines by Cirio H. Santiago. Looking back, he credited his early appearances in films to his "tough-looking exterior". He played leading roles in pictures such as Eye of the Eagle, Equalizer 2000 or Future Hunters. Patrick later commented that his experience with Santiago had been his "film school". The B movies he made in the Philippines helped him get a SAG card. Patrick's first major Hollywood film was Die Hard 2, in a small part as a henchman for Colonel Stuart, before landing the role of the T-1000, the villain of James Cameron's Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Cameron said he chose Patrick because of his physical appearance, which he felt fit the role. Patrick was "broke" at the time, living in a cheap apartment with his girlfriend, Barbara, whom he married during shooting. He has credited the film with starting his career.

After Terminator 2, Patrick landed roles in various feature films such as Last Action Hero, Fire in the Sky (both 1993) and Striptease (1996). Because of his fondness for martial arts, Patrick starred in two martial arts films titled Double Dragon and Hong Kong 97, both released in 1994, and even had a fight scene with taekwondo master Hwang Jang-Lee in Future Hunters (1988).

His performance in Fire in the Sky led The X-Files creator Chris Carter to cast him in that series for the role of John Doggett. Patrick's brother, Richard, had previously worked for the series by adding music for the soundtrack albums Songs in the Key of X: Music from and Inspired by the X-Files in 1996 and The X-Files: The Album in 1998. Patrick was cast as Doggett in 2000. The X-Files was canceled two seasons later, after Duchovny left the show following season 7, which resulted in low ratings for the show. Patrick made several appearances on many genre magazines, with TV Guide going so far as to label him one of the Ten Sexiest Men of Sci-Fi.

In 2000, Patrick appeared in three episodes of The Sopranos ("The Happy Wanderer", "Bust Out" and "Funhouse") as David "Davey" Scatino, a store owner struggling with gambling debts owed to Richie Aprile and Tony Soprano. Four years later, he made a guest appearance in the pilot episodes for Sci-Fi Channel's original series Stargate Atlantis, "Rising", as the military component commander of the Atlantis expedition, Marshall Sumner. He accepted the role, since he had worked with the same crew on The Outer Limits, a series which he appeared in during the early 1990s.

Patrick played Johnny Cash's father, Ray Cash, in the film Walk the Line and Elvis's father, Vernon Presley in the miniseries Elvis. In 2003, he appeared in Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, which reunited him with his Striptease co-star, Demi Moore. He had a regular role on The Unit, and played Elvis Presley in Lonely Street (2009). In October 2006, he starred in the WWE Films production The Marine as Rome. He also appeared in We Are Marshall as Marshall University head coach Rick Tolley, who lost his life when Southern Airways Flight 932 crashed in 1970. His credits also include a guest starring role in the Lost episode "Outlaws", as well as a recurring role as the voice of Master Piandao in season 3 of the Nickelodeon animated series Avatar: The Last Airbender. Patrick played a supporting role in Firewall, a 2006 action film starring Harrison Ford. He has also appeared in Meat Loaf's music video "Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are" with Will Estes.

Director McG, who directed Terminator Salvation, said that he wanted to reintroduce characters from the previous Terminator films: "I like the idea and the perspective for the next picture that you meet Robert Patrick the way he looks today, and he's a scientist that's working on, you know, improving cell replication so we can stay healthier and we can cure diabetes and do all these things that sound like good ideas, and to once again live as idealized expressions as ourselves." Patrick also starred in the psychological thriller The Black Water of Echo's Pond, which was directed by Italian filmmaker Gabriel Bologna. In recent years, he has appeared in such television series as Burn Notice, NCIS and True Blood, among others. From 2012 to 2013, he also starred in Last Resort as Chief of the Boat Joseph Prosser. He played a supporting character in Identity Thief (2013). From 2014 to 2016, he starred in Robert Rodriguez's From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series as Jacob Fuller. He also played Agent Cabe Gallo on the CBS drama series Scorpion from 2014 to 2018.

On March 28, 2017, Patrick was cast in Amazon Video horror anthology series Lore, which is based on the award-winning and critically acclaimed podcast of the same name. Lore recounts true stories of frightening and paranormal occurrences. Lore premiered on October 13, 2017, and ran for two seasons. In 2021, Patrick starred in Rushed, co-produced by Lars von Trier's Zentropa Entertainment, and written by Siobhan Fallon Hogan. Also starring Jake Weary and Peri Gilpin, Vertical Entertainment has acquired the distribution rights. In 2022, Robert Patrick played Auggie Smith / White Dragon, the racist supervillain father of Peacemaker in the HBO Max series Peacemaker, and he voiced Wolverine in the Marvel's Wastelanders: Wolverine podcast.

Personal life
Patrick married actress Barbara Hooper in 1990. They have appeared together in various films and TV shows such as Zero Tolerance and The X-Files. They have two children: a son and a daughter.

Patrick is a devout Episcopalian. He is also a member of the Boozefighters motorcycle club.

In August 2022, Patrick revealed for the first time that he struggled with substance abuse early on in his career and how it affected his momentum of procuring different acting roles after Terminator 2.

title: Robert Patrick


text:
Synthesis Toolkit

The Synthesis Toolkit (STK) is an open source API for real time audio synthesis with an emphasis on classes to facilitate the development of physical modelling synthesizers. It is written in C++ and is written and maintained by Perry Cook at Princeton University and Gary Scavone at McGill University. It contains both low-level synthesis and signal processing classes (oscillators, filters, etc.) and higher-level instrument classes which contain examples of most of the currently available physical modelling algorithms in use today. STK is free software, but a number of its classes, particularly some physical modelling algorithms, are covered by patents held by Stanford University and Yamaha.

The STK is used widely in creating software synthesis applications. Versions of the STK instrument classes have been integrated into ChucK, Csound, Real-Time Cmix, Max/MSP (as part of PeRColate), SuperCollider and FAUST. It has been ported to SymbianOS and iOS as well.

title: Synthesis Toolkit


text:
QB

QB may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Quantum Break, a 2016 video game
 * Quest Beat, a video game label
 * Quratulain Balouch, Pakistani singer
 * Kyubey, antagonist of 2011 anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica

Places

 * Qualicum Beach, Vancouver Island, Canada
 * Quarry Bay, Hong Kong, China
 * Quebec, a Canadian province
 * Queens, a borough of New York City, US
 * Queens Boulevard, a highway
 * Queensbridge, Queens, a public housing project

Science and technology

 * ATCvet code QB for Blood and blood forming organs, a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 * QuickBASIC, a programming language
 * QuickBooks, accounting software

Transport

 * QB (New York City Subway service), a defunct transit service
 * Quiet Birdmen, a secret club for male American aviators
 * Sky Georgia (IATA: )

Other uses

 * Quarterback, a position in American and Canadian football
 * Queen's Bench (disambiguation), a name of some courts in England, Wales and Canada
 * Quiz bowl, an academic quiz game

title: QB


text:
Wikipedia:Conservation status

These conservation status categories are used in Wikipedia articles.

For threatened species and species believed to have become extinct after 1500, the categories are based on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) Red List 1994 or 2001 categories. Such species should be classified using the IUCN criteria directly using the most up-to-date database; the criteria given here are only a summary.

Category systems

 * "global?" in descriptions means "Is the species entire (global) range assessed?"

IUCN Red List Categories & Criteria v3.1 (since 2001)

 * status_system: IUCN3.1
 * global? : Yes (except "stocks and populations")
 * status: EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD NE PE PEW
 * status_ref: Cite iucn
 * Link: (criteria)
 * (search)

 * Notes: PE and PEW (Probably Extinct and Probably Extinct in the Wild) are not official IUCN categories, but PE has been adopted by Birdlife International, and the terms appear within the IUCN Red List entries.
 * EX = Extinct
 * EW = Extinct in the wild
 * CR = Critically Endangered
 * EN = Endangered
 * VU = Vulnerable
 * NT = Near Threatened
 * LC = Least Concern
 * DD = Data deficient
 * NE = Not evaluated
 * PE = Probably extinct (informal) – displays CR status image with caption: Critically endangered, possibly extinct
 * PEW = Probably extinct in the wild (informal) – CR status image with caption: Critically endangered, possibly extinct in the wild
 * NR = outputs "Not recognized"; use of this value is deprecated

IUCN Red List Categories & Criteria v2.3 (1994-2000)

 * status_system: IUCN2.3
 * global? : Yes (except "stocks and populations")
 * status: EX EW CR EN VU LR/cd LR/nt LR/lc DD NE PE PEW
 * status_ref:
 * Link:
 * Notes: LR/cd = Lower Risk (conservation dependent). Other as per IUCN 3.1

CITES
Appendix I contains highly threatened species; most of these are assessed by IUCN or TNC too however.
 * status_system: CITES
 * global? : Yes (except Appendix III)
 * status: CITES_A1 CITES_A2
 * status_ref:
 * Link: CITES appendices valid from September 13, 2007
 * Notes: Only Appendix I and II ("CITES_A1", "CITES_A2") are valid for Wikipedia.

Appendix II includes lesser-threatened and look-alike species; this status may be used for the former if no formal status evaluation by IUCN etc exists. Appendix III does not include globally threatened species; "CITES_A3" is not to be used anymore.

TNC (NatureServe) G-ranks and T-ranks

 * status_system: TNC
 * global? : Yes. The G- and T- ranks are global for species and infraspecific taxa, respectively (link). The non-global N- and S- ranks, for National (N) and Subnational (state/province) assessments, are not supported by the taxobox system.
 * status: GX GH G1 G2 G3 G3 G4 G5 GU GNR TX TH T1 T2 T3 T3 T4 T5 TU
 * status_ref:
 * Link:
 * Notes: Does not cover range ranks, uncertain ranks, C qualifier. This is a technical (non-deliberate) limitation.

Wikipedia specific

 * status_system: none
 * global? : Yes
 * status: DOM Pre Fossil
 * Link: Explanatory notes
 * Notes: Domesticated, Prehistoric, and Fossil. Domesticated animals should still use IUCN categories when available for wild populations. No category assigned for "cultivated" (domesticated plants). Note that "domesticated" is a dubious category, not assigned by conservation groups.

Country-specific
These should only be used if they a) apply to the global population and b) if no global system has assessed the species yet.

Australia: EPBC (national)

 * status_system: EPBC
 * global? : No
 * status: EX EW CR EN VU CD DL
 * status_ref:
 * Link: Act 1999 & Regulations 2000 Page linking to EPBCA species lists
 * Notes: Category abbreviations are not official. DL (Delisted) should only be used on Wikipedia if a species is delisted because it is no longer threatened.

Australia: DECF (Western Australia)
DEC's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List categories. (Western Australia)
 * status_system: DECF
 * global? : No
 * status: X R P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 DL
 * status_ref:
 * Link:
 * Notes: DL is for Delisted

Australia: QLDNCA (Queensland)

 * status_system: QLDNCA
 * global? : No
 * status: EX EW CR EN VU NT R VU LC
 * status_ref:
 * Link:Listing and changing the conservation status of Queensland species
 * Notes:

Australia: NSWBCA (New South Wales)

 * status_system: NSWBCA
 * global? : No
 * status: CR EN VU
 * status_ref:
 * Link:Listing of species and ecological communities
 * Notes:

Canada: COSEWIC Species at Risk Act/SARA

 * status_system: <tt>COSEWIC</tt>
 * global? : No (Canada only)
 * status: X XT E T SC NAR DD
 * status_ref:
 * Link: Species at Risk website
 * Notes: Should only be used for endemic species, as it does not assess global range.

USA: ESA

 * status_system: <tt>ESA</tt>
 * global? : Yes
 * status: EX LE LT DL
 * status_ref:
 * Link: (ESA legal code)  (USFWS ESP species search)
 * Notes:
 * EX = extinct (ESA status D3A - "delisted, apparently extinct")
 * LE = Listed Endangered.
 * LT = Listed Threatened
 * DL = Delisted – should only be used on Wikipedia if a species is delisted because it is no longer threatened (ESA status D3C, DM, and possibly DO and DP)

New Zealand: NZTCS

 * status_system: <tt>NZTCS</tt>
 * global? : No (New Zealand only)
 * status: EX NC NE NV D R REL NU
 * status_ref:
 * Link: New Zealand Threat Classification System Manual (2008), New Zealand Department of Conservation
 * Notes: Should only be used for endemic New Zealand species, as it does not assess global range.
 * EX = Extinct

 * NC = Nationally Critical

 * NE = Nationally Endangered

 * NV = Nationally Vulnerable

 * D = Declining

 * R = Recovering

 * Rel = Relict

 * NU = Naturally Uncommon

Detailed IUCN categories

 * Lower Risk (LR) was a catch-all category which includes common species as well as those for which there may be conservation concern, but which do not warrant a higher category. This category was removed in the IUCN 3.x criteria, promoting its subcategories to full categories.
 * LR/cd (Conservation Dependent, now part of NT), stable and sizable populations depend on sustained conservation activity. (this category was absorbed by NT in 3.x)
 * NT (Near Threatened, formerly LR/nt), close to qualifying for listing as Vulnerable but not fully meeting those criteria; slowly declining or fairly small populations but probably no danger of going extinct even without conservation activity in the foreseeable future, or threats suspected to affect taxon in the near future but still avoidable.
 * LC (Least Concern, formally LR/lc), species that have been evaluated and found to be so common that no conservation concern is projected in the foreseeable future.
 * Examples: LR/cd: Coast Redwood; LR/nt: Bigcone Douglas-fir; LR/lc: Leopard (the species as a whole), Orca, House Sparrow.

 * Vulnerable (VU): faces a considerable risk of extinction in the medium term.
 * Examples: Ring-tailed Lemur, Great White Shark, Royal Poinciana.

 * Endangered (EN): faces a high risk of extinction in the near future.
 * Examples: Blue Whale, Desert Bighorn Sheep, Giant Panda, Black-footed ferret (still "EW" on the IUCN Red List because last reviewed in 1996; currently EN according to ESA or G1 according to the more precise TNC G-ranks).

 * Critically Endangered (CR): faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future.
 * Examples: Slender-billed Curlew, Spanish Lynx, Red Wolf.

 * Extinct in the Wild (EW): captive individuals survive, and/or the species has been reintroduced outside its former natural range, but the species otherwise matches the criteria for "Extinct", such that no free-living, natural population is believed to exist. "Extirpated" is a term used for localized extinctions of extant species; it always refers to a specific area where the species no longer exists.
 * Examples: Hawaiian Crow, Scimitar Oryx.

 * Extinct (EX): extensive and appropriate surveys have failed to record any living members. The last remaining member is known or strongly suspected to have died later than 1500.
 * Examples: Thylacine, Dodo, Huia.

 * Data Deficient (DD): a taxon is listed as Data deficient when there is inadequate information to make an assessment of its risk category, either through lack of knowledge of population size, threats to it, or to taxonomic uncertainty of the validity of the taxon, but where indications of a major threat or decline do not exist either.
 * Examples: Scottish Crossbill (taxonomic uncertainty with respect to Parrot Crossbill), Yunnan Cypress (lack of knowledge of wild population size but widespread as ornamental tree). Both taxa would likely be classified as NT or VU if sufficient data were available.

 * Not evaluated (NE): taxa whose conservation status has not been assessed to date. Many species have not been evaluated. This may be due to them being too recently described to be included in the latest IUCN red book. Any extant taxa that cannot be found with the IUCN Red List can be considered NE within IUCN, and the status field should be left blank, unless they are found within another system (e.g. TNC, EPBC, ESA, UNEP-WCMC ).

 * Examples: Common species of insects often fall into this category.

Special Wikipedia categories
The following additional categories cover species that fall outside the scope of the IUCN Red List. The IUCN criteria are authoritative and should be used directly if applicable.

 * Domesticated: no immediate threat to the survival of the species. This category overlaps Least Concern but has been applied to domesticated animals, for which the IUCN criteria are not valid. Examples: Cat, Dog, Llama. However many species will use the IUCN category for the wild population. E.g. Golden Hamster.

 * Critical (Possibly Extinct) CR (PE), a semi-official category introduced by BirdLife International and likely to be adopted by other authorities including the IUCN in the near future. The weight of evidence points against the continuing existence of the taxon, but final surveys are still pending. Examples: Eskimo Curlew, Turquoise-throated Puffleg.

 * Prehistoric: somewhere between Extinct and Fossil: the species went extinct before 1500. A major part of the species' remains exist in a subfossil state. This is of particular use in human evolution, as molecular analysis of the specimens can be compared against that of other modern and prehistoric specimens. Examples: Mammuthus exilis, Cave lion, the Neanderthal human, most moa and Hawaiian honeycreeper extinctions. Generally speaking, this encompasses pre-Western contact Late Quaternary extinctions. In other words, it has evolved.

 * Fossil: The species is only known from completely fossilized material records; there may be a few chance finds of preserved tissue, but organic matter of these species is generally nonexistent and has been replaced by minerals. Examples: Tyrannosaurus rex, Australopithecus, Ammonites.

It should be noted that scientific literature does not usually distinguish between fossil and subfossil specimens. Generally, if molecular analysis or radiocarbon dating can be routinely carried out on specimens of a taxon, the taxon is classified as "Prehistoric". The recent discoveries of what seems to be minute amounts of preserved soft tissue in some dinosaur specimens, on the other hand, would not alter their "Fossil" status. As a rule of thumb, taxa extinct in the recent 50-30.000 years would possibly qualify as "Prehistoric".

 * Taxobox
 * Taxobox usage (status codes)

Please do not use a conservation status that has not been officially given by an authoritative source. Your own judgement may be considered original research, which is against Wikipedia policy to include.

title: Wikipedia:Conservation status


text:
Talk:Conservation status

Preliminary discussions, Feb 2004
OK, this is just a very rough draft. It needs work. But at least it's a starting point.

See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tree of Life for important background discussion.

Questions:

 * How do we tie this in with the old conservation status page, which was devoted more-or-less completely to ecoregions, and which is now at ecoregion conservation status?
 * Where does this page belong?
 * Here, in the article namespace? It is, after all, presenting information to the reader that is relevant and important.
 * Or in the Wikipedia namespace? It is, in a sense, a "working document": if not quite one that we 'pedia editors refer to in the process of writing articles, at least one that refers to the Wikipedia.
 * Should we include the colour-coding as outlined in Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tree of Life? Maybe in tabular form?

Content
We probably should have a couple of example species for each category. I started that, but it needs oversight and more examples. Ideally, as common and as well-known examples as possible. (Is Prewalski's Horse really extinct in the wild - probably not. The Dromedary is an excellent example to use as it illustrates a very important point: there are millions of Dromedaries in the world, and yet the species is nevertheless extinct in the wild as they are all either domesticated or feral. The other example in that category should be a species that unambiguously survives only in zoos.)

Pitch in, team. Tannin 07:22, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

"Categories" in list; related pages

 * I think this should be its own article in the articlespace, but I don't like the Wikipedia-specific reference. [See "early 2005" heading below.] Instead I think we should standardize on some widely-accepted classification system external to our little world here. So far the Red List seems to more or less fit that bill. We could list those categories here, develop a set of colors (one color for each category) and then link the taxoboxes here (under the word 'status'). Why not link directly to IUCN Red List you may ask? Simple - most organisms are not on the list. Their categories would just be something that we copy. --mav 10:00, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I'm cool with that. In fact, the categories I used for this first draft are the Red List categories, except that (because the infoboxes are space-critical) I have abbreviated critically endangered to just critical and used the term secure instead of lower risk.

Edit at will! Tannin 10:07, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, OK. I would be fine with that so long as there is a one-to-one relationship with each Red List category (the IUCN names are a bit odd - yours are better). --mav

 * Is there any reason we should not combine the two categories that translate, essentially, to we don't know? (But, come to think of it, prvided they fit in the boxes OK, perhaps there is no reason not to keep them.) Tannin

 * I guess combining the two makes sense. It does mean we will lose some info (whether or not an Unclassified organism is Data Deficient or Not Evaluated), but I don't think the lost data is that important. A 'see text' would take care of the lost data issue. --mav

 * For reference the red list categories are
 * Extinct;
 * Extinct in the Wild;
 * Critically Endangered
 * Endangered;
 * Vulnerable;
 * Lower Risk;
 * Data Deficient;
 * Not Evaluated.
 * so we also differ in that we combine DD and not evaluated into "unclassified"? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:09, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * The maintainer of this webpage has sucked out all the species listed as extinct in the wild in the 2002 redlist. Maybe an appropiate example can be taken from there? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:15, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hmm .... For the mammals, we have:

 * Egyptian Barbary Sheep (what is its current status?)
 * Prewalski's Horse (hasn't this been reintrodced?)
 * Saudi Gazelle (I don't know)
 * Tammar Wallaby (reintroduced)
 * Black-footed Ferret (reintroduced)

Perhaps there is a clearer example to be found among the birds - but none of them are species I'm familiar with. Tannin

 * Yes - it would be nice to have a couple examples per classification. I've already converted Extinct and Extinct in wild to the new format to serve as examples. --mav

Domesticated animals
How are we going to deal with domesticated animals? Shouldn't they have their own status? --mav 12:26, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

On that note, I've removed dromedaries from the 'extinct in the wild' section until a species of 13 million domestic animals plus a sizable self-sustaining feral population can be explained as being 'extinct in the wild' in any meaningful conservation sense.

Endangered species
I've copied the entire contents of Conservation status across to Endangered species, as most of the existing links about endangered species lead there. I suspect the two pages would be best combined? - MPF 15:58, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe not actually... this page is the target of all status links in the (newly expanded) tree of life taxoboxes.. may be better to keep separate? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 16:26, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi Pete, check out the list of pages lined to Endangered species, it is huge . . . and most of the species linked to it, don't have any link to Conservation status - MPF 21:54, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Endangered_species

 * MPF - I don't think that is a good idea. The endangered status is just one of the classifications. --mav

 * Hi Maveric149, in a strict sense yes, but the Endangered species page has been used as a list & link for all categories on a general, not specific basis MPF 21:54, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Homo floresiensis
The taxobox in Homo floresiensis said "Fossil", which was wrong -- none of the known specimens are fossilised. But according to this article, "Extinct" is also wrong, since they aren't known in "recent memory". So what should we say??? -- Toby Bartels 23:44, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * "Prehistoric" if in taxobox, "subfossil" in discussion. Dysmorodrepanis 02:34, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Small edits in early 2005
Hello, folks. I've only just found this impressive article (from its link on cabbage tree). Added some headings above, and rearranged hierarchy accordingly. I expect most of the February questions have been agreed and acted on, but I've not checked more than a couple.

A couple of half-sentences or lines belong on this page rather than in the article (as touched on above - but I don't know what state the article was in when those comments were made). Here they are as copied from there (and soon to be either deleted or modified there):
 * The following conservation status categories are recommended for use in Wikipedia entries. They are loosely based on the IUCN categories.
 * WikiProject_Tree_of_Life/Taxobox_Usage for templates

Now that I have discovered this, I may give it a few more inward links.

Robin Patterson 00:12, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Changes to Red List categories
See 2004 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

We seem to be 'out of date' (or at least 'out of sync') with regards to the IUCN Red List set of categories. I've updated the page there, but the question here is, how does the new set of criteria impact what we do here?

Obviously, fewer species are going to be classified as LR/cd here, because that category has ceased to exist in the Red List and won't be used for classification there any more. (As best I can tell, it was merged into NT, Near Threatened. Certainly the new definition for NT mentions things that are dependent on conservation measures.  See Annex 3, second bulleted list, third bullet.)

Near Threatened has been split out to its own category. Least Concern has also been split out, and seems to match up a little better to our Secure.

Otherwise, our set here does seem to be a superset of the Red List criteria. We could keep it, but I'm just wondering what the general consensus is. --Wisq 17:45, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)

Space name
Shouldn't be the second part of the content in the "Wikipedia" spacename? I think that this is a guide but no an article. Llull 09:29, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Which system are we using?
Based on the article and the discussion above, we are using the IUCN Red List, but the Human article says "secure", which is only mentioned in The Nature Conservancy's system. Brianjd | Why restrict HTML? | 09:24, 2005 May 29 (UTC)

 * We're using Wikipedia's own system. The Conservation status page (recently split out from this one) says we're using a system that is 'loosely based' on the Red List (1994).  The Red List categories have changed since, and the Wikipedia categories have been expanded.  Presumably, we have some relinking to do. -- Wisq 13:12, 2005 May 29 (UTC)

South African assessment system
I have added info on the South African assessment system, but am awaiting details on the ranking system (presently used or proposed to be used) from SANBI - I shall add it when they reply to my writing. The new Institute (it was a thought on paper as recently as when when this article was written :-) ) is the direct descendant of the National Botanic Institute (Kirstenbosch) and has still to refine procedures for what was previously the uncoordinated work of various agencies and organisations. Centralised manpower and facilities, coordinated projects and improved funding should smooth the scientists' work somewhat. --Seejyb 21:11, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent! I'll be interested to hear what develops. —Pengo talk · contribs 23:14, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

"Domestic animals" isn't a conservation status, is it?
I certainly wouldn't say that being a domesticated animal ensures against extinction, in fact a lack of biodiversity among livestock could lead to entire species dying out if we're not careful. Aren't there also some examples of domesticated animals that have gone extinct? Citizen Premier 04:39, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes,it's a silly status, and is only used on wikipedia and not by others The golden hamster is an example of a species that's both domesticated and threatened with extinction in the wild. —Pengo 10:30, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Proposals
i think it would be nice if putting the mouse over the conservation status would give the meaning of the acronym, not just a link to the picture. i dunno how it can be done... Fdskjs 00:21, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yep, It's not only possible. They've done it on the hebrew wiki.. e.g. he:שימפנזה מצוי. —Pengo 04:00, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Human conservation status
I'm confused about this. I'm assuming only humans will be reading Wikipedia, why do we have a CS? The Fear (talk) 22:41, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * We shouldn't. While humans are definitely "Least concern", no one has assessed us as such, and so it shouldn't be given. —Pengo 05:01, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Why there is no "no concern at all" or "needs popuplation control" at this non-neutral scale?
Mosquitos, rats, et cetera are not threatened by humans, instead they do pose a threat. Or your everyday urban pidgeons, which are outnumbering humans at every substantial city. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.140.240.108 (talk) 02:22, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The categories simply are not designed for the task of considering pest species. "Least concern" is similar to "no concern at all", but no species is beyond the threat of extinction. Consider the Passenger Pigeon which was once extremely common. Note that it is possible for a species to become endangered even when it is a pest or domesticated elsewhere in the world. For example, even though it is commonly kept as a pet, the axolotl is critically endangered because its natural habitat is being heavily degraded by urbanization. —Pengo 05:57, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

Descriptions for "near threatened" and "least concern"
All articles with conservation statuses are linked back to this page, including those that are near threatened or least concern, but this page doesn't explain what those terms are. It seems sensible to me that they should be mentioned here. AndyLandy (talk) 15:51, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Capitalisation of conservation stati
Could someone explain why the conservation stati are capitalised (e.g. Extinct in the Wild)? They are not proper nouns and should be written in lower case... Even if the International Union for Conservation of Nature has its own way to write them, here they should follow the guidelines of Wikipedia (Manual of Style). The risk of confusion with anything else is especially low when they are direct links to the detailed article (e.g. extinct in the wild). Coreyemotela (talk) 15:06, 31 May 2014 (UTC).
 * Here's one possible answer (or food for thought): "endangered" can mean many things, while "Endangered" to the IUCN means something very clear and codified. It gets messier when statuses from different agencies are used, thus to the IUCN, "Threatened" is a group of statuses that includes "Critically Endangered", "Endangered", and "Vulnerable", while to the Endangered Species Act, "Threatened" is a status distinct from "Endangered" (as explained in Threatened species) Since "threatened" and "Threatened" can imply different meanings, in this case I believe that capitalizing statuses is more informative to the readers, regardless of what the manual of style says (Common sense and exceptions may apply: the 5th fundamental principle of Wikipedia after all is Wikipedia does not have firm rules). A hypothetical example in which I believe selective capitalization clarifies things: "The spotted foo frog is threatened by habitat-loss and invasive species, and is especially vulnerable to pollution; thus due to steep declines the species is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, and as Threatened by the ESA."  --Animalparty-- (talk) 05:52, 3 June 2014 (UTC)
 * If we capitalise "Threatened" both when it is a UICN status and when it is an ESA status, it does not help. We could also use sentence case all the time; because the only thing that make it clear is either a mention of the classification agency ("listed as vulnerable by the IUCN") or a direct link to the page on the status (listed as vulnerable) or both. What do you think? Coreyemotela (talk) 06:23, 3 June 2014 (UTC).
 * Coreyemotela, I've pondered this issue before too, and I'm inclined to agree with you. Nonetheless, since this would affect styling on thousands of pages, have you considered taking this question to the MOS for a centralized discussion? You might find a few people there with opinions about capitalizing things. Tdslk (talk) 15:32, 3 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your message. I posted a message on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters advertise this discussion. Coreyemotela (talk) 20:05, 4 June 2014 (UTC).
 * The same effect would by had by putting them in italics, but I agree that in this case a distinction of some sort is essential for clarity.  DGG ( talk ) 01:03, 5 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Sometimes categories are considered to be proper nouns and sometimes they are not. In this case "Threatened" means to me that some organization has decided that whatever is being considered is on their Threatened list. If it just says "threatened", I only assume the normal English meaning of the word. In this case I think capitalizing the word adds significant meaning, so I'd go for capitalization when it is indicating membership in a named list or category. SchreiberBike talk 01:31, 5 June 2014 (UTC)
 * What some organization decides to put on a list doesn't magically make a new proper noun for encyclopedic purpose. Coreymotela's solution is the obvious one: Specific who says it's endangered/threatened/whatever: "listed as vulnerable by the IUCN", with whatever links we need there.  A statement like "this species is endangered" isn't somehow immunte from the requirements for clarity and verifiability.  Don't capitalize, just be specific.  People have really got to get over this mania for capitalizing Everything That Seems Important to Them.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  13:07, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Isn't there a difference between Capitalizing Everything That Seems Important and capitalizing something because (1) it's a specific reference or noun and/or (2) that's the manner in which the body/entity responsible for its introduction and/or meaning presents it...? Sardanaphalus (talk) 08:37, 30 June 2014 (UTC)
 * As most opinions expressed here, together with the Manual of Style, argue against unnecessary and unjustified capitalisation, I modified the articles about conservation statuses today. Coreyemotela (talk) 21:28, 7 June 2014 (UTC).
 * Concur with Coreyemotela and SMcCandlish. I swear I made an argument for this several years ago but can't find it for the life of me. Jenks24 (talk) 13:23, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Removing the capitalization removes the immediate distinction between specific and non-specific reference. That's a mistake. This kind of capitalization isn't the same as "Capitalize Everything That Seems Important" – which, I agree, is mistaken – not least because it doesn't necessarily capitalize everything ("Extinct in the Wild"). Don't throw an established and useful piece of grammar out with the bathwater (so to speak). Sardanaphalus (talk) 08:37, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

Conservation Dependent
The infobox (top-right) and navbox (bottom) both list the term "Conservation Dependent" but the main article text does not mention that classification. This needs to be added somewhere. - dcljr (talk) 22:45, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Two additional categories?
I have seen "Fossil" and "Not Described" listed in various places for IUCN conservation status categories, are these more or less official or otherwise have a widespread consensus on use? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.95.162.30 (talk) 10:29, 17 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Those are not IUCN conservation categories. See and . --Epipelagic (talk) 05:43, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) needs updating
Where does one update the template used in speciesbox and the like? NZTCS updated their system in 2008, and the ratings in the template(s?) are out of date. Nessie (talk) 16:01, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

science
which of these animals a mollusk 119.94.73.41 (talk) 08:12, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

The only 2600:4041:A3:1D00:1458:F015:ACC:E49B (talk) 03:35, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Wanting Images
Does anyone have images of all the conservative statuses (Eg. Being marked on Least Concern) expect for the Critically Endandgered? Cometkeiko (talk) 14:33, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conservation status


text:
Loader (computing)

In computer systems a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for loading programs and libraries. It is one of the essential stages in the process of starting a program, as it places programs into memory and prepares them for execution. Loading a program involves either memory-mapping or copying the contents of the executable file containing the program instructions into memory, and then carrying out other required preparatory tasks to prepare the executable for running. Once loading is complete, the operating system starts the program by passing control to the loaded program code.

All operating systems that support program loading have loaders, apart from highly specialized computer systems that only have a fixed set of specialized programs. Embedded systems typically do not have loaders, and instead, the code executes directly from ROM or similar. In order to load the operating system itself, as part of booting, a specialized boot loader is used. In many operating systems, the loader resides permanently in memory, though some operating systems that support virtual memory may allow the loader to be located in a region of memory that is pageable.

In the case of operating systems that support virtual memory, the loader may not actually copy the contents of executable files into memory, but rather may simply declare to the virtual memory subsystem that there is a mapping between a region of memory allocated to contain the running program's code and the contents of the associated executable file. (See memory-mapped file.) The virtual memory subsystem is then made aware that pages with that region of memory need to be filled on demand if and when program execution actually hits those areas of unfilled memory. This may mean parts of a program's code are not actually copied into memory until they are actually used, and unused code may never be loaded into memory at all.

Responsibilities
In Unix, the loader is the handler for the system call. The Unix loader's tasks include:

 * 1) validation (permissions, memory requirements etc.);
 * 2) memory-mapping the executable object from the disk into main memory;
 * 3) copying the command-line arguments into virtual memory;
 * 4) initializing registers (e.g., the stack pointer);
 * 5) jumping to the program entry point.

In Microsoft Windows 7 and above, the loader is the  function contained in ntdll.dll, which does the following:

 * 1) initialisation of structures in the DLL itself (i.e. critical sections, module lists);
 * 2) validation of executable to load;
 * 3) creation of a heap (via the function  );
 * 4) allocation of environment variable block and PATH block;
 * 5) addition of executable and NTDLL to the module list (a doubly-linked list);
 * 6) loading of KERNEL32.DLL to obtain several important functions, for instance  ;
 * 7) loading of executable's imports (i.e. dynamic-link libraries) recursively (check the imports' imports, their imports and so on);
 * 8) in debug mode, raising of system breakpoint;
 * 9) initialisation of DLLs;
 * 10) garbage collection;
 * 11) calling   on the context parameter given to the loader function (i.e. jumping to , that will start the executable)

Relocating loaders
Some operating systems need relocating loaders, which adjust addresses (pointers) in the executable to compensate for variations in the address at which loading starts. The operating systems that need relocating loaders are those in which a program is not always loaded into the same location in the (virtual) address space and in which pointers are absolute addresses rather than offsets from the program's base address. Some well-known examples are IBM's OS/360 for their System/360 mainframes, and its descendants, including z/OS for the z/Architecture mainframes.

OS/360 & Derivatives
In OS/360 and descendant systems, the (privileged) operating system facility is called IEWFETCH, and is an internal component of the OS Supervisor, whereas the (non-privileged) LOADER application can perform many of the same functions, plus those of the Linkage Editor, and is entirely external to the OS Supervisor (although it certainly uses many Supervisor services).

IEWFETCH utilizes highly specialized channel programs, and it is theoretically possible to load and to relocate an entire executable within one revolution of the DASD media (about 16.6 ms maximum, 8.3 ms average, on "legacy" 3,600 rpm drives). For load modules which exceed a track in size, it is also possible to load and to relocate the entire module without losing a revolution of the media.

IEWFETCH also incorporates facilities for so-called overlay structures, and which facilitates running potentially very large executables in a minimum memory model (as small as 44 KB on some versions of the OS, but 88 KB and 128 KB are more common).

The OS's nucleus (the always resident portion of the Supervisor) itself is formatted in a way that is compatible with a stripped-down version of IEWFETCH. Unlike normal executables, the OS's nucleus is "scatter loaded": parts of the nucleus are loaded into different portions of memory; in particular, certain system tables are required to reside below the initial 64 KB, while other tables and code may reside elsewhere.

The system's Linkage Editor application is named IEWL. IEWL's main function is to associate load modules (executable programs) and object modules (the output from, say, assemblers and compilers), including "automatic calls" to libraries (high-level language "built-in functions"), into a format which may be most efficiently loaded by IEWFETCH. There are a large number of editing options, but for a conventional application only a few of these are commonly employed.

The load module format includes an initial "text record", followed immediately by the "relocation and/or control record" for that text record, followed by more instances of text record and relocation and/or control record pairs, until the end of the module.

The text records are usually very large; the relocation and/or control records are small as IEWFETCH's three relocation and/or control record buffers are fixed at 260 bytes (smaller relocation and/or control records are certainly possible, but 260 bytes is the maximum possible, and IEWL ensures that this limitation is complied with, by inserting additional relocation records, as required, before the next text record, if necessary; in this special case, the sequence of records may be: ..., text record, relocation record, ..., control record, text record, ...).

A special byte within the relocation and/or control record buffer is used as a "disabled bit spin" communication area, and is initialized to a unique value. The Read CCW for that relocation and/or control record has the Program Controlled Interrupt bit set. The processor is thereby notified when that CCW has been accessed by the channel via a special IOS exit. At this point the processor enters the "disabled bit spin" loop (sometimes called "the shortest loop in the world"). Once that byte changes from its initialized value, the CPU exits the bit spin, and relocation occurs, during the "gap" within the media between the relocation and/or control record and the next text record. If relocation is finished before the next record, the NOP CCW following the Read will be changed to a TIC, and loading and relocating will proceed using the next buffer; if not, then the channel will stop at the NOP CCW, until it is restarted by IEWFETCH via another special IOS exit. The three buffers are in a continuous circular queue, each pointing to its next, and the last pointing to the first, and three buffers are constantly reused as loading and relocating proceeds.

IEWFETCH can, thereby, load and relocate a load module of any practical size, and in the minimum possible time.

Dynamic linkers
Dynamic linking loaders are another type of loader that load and link shared libraries (like .so files, .dll files or .dylib files) to already loaded running programs.

Where such shared libraries can be shared by multiple processes, with only one single copy of the shared code possibly appearing at a different (virtual) address in each process's address space, the code in the shared library is required to be relocatable, ie the library must only use self-relative or code segment base-relative internal addresses throughout. Some processor have instructions that can use self-relative code-references in order to facilitate this.

title: Loader (computing)


text:
User talk:Galen~enwiki

Hello! Welcome to Wikipedia, Galen. Thank you for your work in 'Soup Nazi'. Judging from just the one article, it seems that your forte is in American culture; you can find plenty of articles in need of help in this field or others at Pages needing attention.

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File permission problem with File:Craig Gottlieb portrait.jpeg
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File:Craig Gottlieb portrait.jpeg missing description details
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 * File:Craig Gottlieb portrait.jpeg

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Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Galen. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Galen~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Galen~enwiki


text:
Loader (equipment)

A loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move or load materials such as soil, rock, sand, demolition debris, etc. into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railroad car).

There are many types of loader, which, depending on design and application, are variously called a bucket loader, end loader, front loader, front-end loader, payloader, high lift, scoop, shovel dozer, skid-steer, skip loader, tractor loader or wheel loader.

Description

A loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.

The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling large bales of hay or straw.

Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere 844K, ACR 700K Compact Wheel Loader, Caterpillar 950H, Volvo L120E, Case 921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only a front bucket and are called front loaders, whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a small backhoe and are called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes or JCBs, after the company that first claimed to have invented them. Other companies like CASE in America and Whitlock in the UK had been manufacturing excavator loaders well before JCB. The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350. Currently these large loaders are in production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel-electric propulsion system similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent electric motor.

Loaders are used mainly for loading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe or an excavator can. The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from 0.5 to 36 m3 depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loader's bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp-edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.

In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools over short distances.

Front-loaders are commonly used to remove snow especially from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow attachment but commonly have a bucket or snow basket, which can also be used to load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck.

High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as chip, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height. Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is "twisted" to one side and a heavy load is lifted high, it has a greater risk of turning over to the "wide" side.

Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Heavy equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and duties.

The term "loader" is also used in the debris removal field to describe the boom on a grapple truck.

Major components
The major components included in a loader are the engine (diesel in almost all cases), the hydraulic components (such as pumps, motors and valves) and the transmission components (gearbox, axles, wheels/tracks, pumps, motors, etc.). The engine runs both the hydraulics and the transmission, and these in turn move the front attachment (a bucket, forks, sweeper, etc.) to manipulate the material being handled, and the wheels or tracks to move the machine around the jobsite.

Wheel loaders
The first wheel loader was invented by Frank G. Hough in 1939, it was called the Payloader. This machine consisted of a vertical mast affixed to the front of a tractor with a pair of loader arms running from the back of the machine ending in a forwards bucket, with the main lifting mechanism being driven a cable tensioned via vertically lifting hydraulic cylinder located inside the mast. Today wheel loaders are articulated, a design choice introduced in 1953 via Mixermobile's Scoopmobile series of wheel loaders. This articulation allows them both a superior turning radius and the ability to move the bucket in a small horizontal arc without having to move forward like a conventionally steering chassis.

Armored wheel loaders
The Israeli Combat Engineering Corps uses armored Caterpillar 966 wheel loaders for construction and combat engineering missions in militarily occupied territories such as the West Bank. They are often seen building or removing road blocks and building bases and fortifications. Since 2005, they have also been used to demolish small houses. The Israel Defense Forces added armor plating to the loader to protect it against rocks, stones, molotov cocktails, and light gunfire.

Rio de Janeiro's police elite squad Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE) has acquired one wheel loader designed for military use to open routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiro's slums, which are controlled, and blocked, by drug dealers.

Several if not most countries have similar equipment. The Dutch armed forces for instance use models like the Werklust WG18Edef, which weighs 15 tons, 2 more than the corresponding unarmored civilian model. In addition, the Dutch military previously used extra armor modules covering most of the window surface with steel for extra protection. These were however not popular with the crews due to low visibility.

The Turkish Army and Turkish Police use remote controlled armored wheel loader Tosun during the building of the Syria–Turkey barrier, the Operation Euphrates Shield, Operation Idlib Shield) and Operation Olive Branch.

Tractor front loaders

These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to 200 hp. Its current 'drive-in' form was originally designed and developed in 1958 by a Swedish company named Ålö when they launched their Quicke loader. Tractor loaders were developed to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are popular due to their relatively low cost (compared to Telehandler) and high versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with many attachments such as hydraulic grabs and spikes to assist with bale and silage handling, forks for pallet work, and buckets for more general farm activities. Industrial tractor loaders equipped with box graders are marketed to contractors as skip loaders.

Compact front end loaders
Abram Dietrich Thiessen of Eyebrow Saskatchewan in the 1940s built the first quick attach front end loader. Front-end loaders (FELs) are popular additions to compact utility tractors and farm tractors. Compact utility tractors, also called CUTs, are small tractors, typically with 18 to 50 hp and used primarily for grounds maintenance and landscape chores. There are 2 primary designs of compact tractor FELs, the traditional dogleg designed style and the curved arm style.

John Deere manufactures a semi-curved loader design that does not feature the one piece curved arm, but also is not of the traditional two piece design. New Holland introduced a compact loader with a one piece curved arm on its compact utility tractors, similar one piece curved arm loaders are now available on compact tractors on many brands including Case IH/Farmall, and some Montana and Kioti tractors. Kubota markets traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors but now features a semi-curved loader design similar to the John Deere loader design on several of its small tractors.

While the front-end loaders on CUT size tractors are capable of many tasks, given their relatively small size and low capacities when compared to commercial loaders, the compact loaders can be made more useful with some simple options. A toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, otherwise known as a quick attach (QA) system. The QA system allows the bucket to be removed easily and other tools to be added in its place. Common additions include a set of pallet forks for lifting pallets of goods or a bale spear for lifting hay bales.

LHD (Load, Haul, Dump machine) is also a front end loader but meant to be used for mine compact conditions, can handle various range of loads with varying size of buckets, and can be driven with electric motors as well as diesel engines.

Skid loaders and track loaders
A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with hydraulic drive that directs power to either, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar in appearance and design is the track loader, which utilizes a continuous track on either side of the vehicle instead of the wheels. Since the expiration of Bobcat's patent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models are standardizing that popular format for front end attachments.

Swingloaders
A swingloader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom. The Swingloader was invented in 1953 by German manufacturer Ahlmann with the AR1 model. The boom can swing 180 degrees or more. The loader is able to lift on all sides and dump off on all sides. Swingloaders are often used by the railroad industry to lay rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be attached to the boom such as magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swingloaders can be used in farming applications for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous where space is limited as stability, mobility and space management are greatly increased over their articulated counterparts.

Notable manufacturers
Notable loader manufacturers include (by country):

• Belarus:

• BelAZ

• MoAZ

• China:

• LiuGong

• Lonking

• Lovol

• SANY

• SDLG

• XCMG

• Xiamen XGMA Machinery Co., Ltd.

• France:

• Manitou

• Germany:

• Kramer

• Wacker Neuson

• India:

• BEML

• Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T)

• Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery

• Action Construction Equipment

• Iran:

• HEPCO

• Italy-US-Netherlands:

• CNH Industrial (produces Case and New Holland designs)

• Japan:

• Hitachi Construction Machinery

• Kawasaki Heavy Industries

• Komatsu Limited

• Kubota

• Yanmar

• Korea:

• Doosan

• Hyundai Heavy Industries

• * US-based Bobcat

•

• Serbia:

• 14. oktobar

• Sweden:

• Volvo Construction Equipment

• Switzerland-Germany:

• Liebherr

• Turkey:

• Hidromek

• United Kingdom:

• JCB

• United States:

• Case CE

• Caterpillar Inc.

• John Deere

• Navistar (successor to International Harvester)

• New Holland

title: Loader (equipment)


text: Template:Montana class battleship

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text: Template:Indiana class battleship

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