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Wikipedia:Press releases/February 2004/Text-Only

Press releases/How to send a press release

Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages

February 25, 2004 (The Internet): Wikipedia (Wikipedia.org), a volunteer-created, multi-language encyclopedia, announced today that the project has reached a milestone of 500,000 articles, spread across 50 different languages.

More than 300,000 new articles were created in the last 12 months alone, making Wikipedia the world's largest and fastest-growing open content encyclopedia. Every day, another two thousand articles are added to this collaborative endeavour. All articles on Wikipedia can be edited and improved by anyone at any time. The English-language Wikipedia has also revamped the design of its front page and created a community portal to welcome new editors.

Presently, the greatest increase in growth is in the non-English editions, demonstrating the increasingly multilingual nature of the undertaking. In fact, there are now more articles in other languages combined than there are in English. Ten Wikipedia versions now have over 10,000 articles each (rounded to the nearest thousand):

 * English (213,000)
 * German (54,000)
 * Japanese (32,000)
 * French (28,000)
 * Polish (24,000)
 * Swedish (22,000)
 * Dutch (21,000)
 * Spanish (18,000)
 * Danish (16,000)
 * Esperanto (11,000)

An additional eighteen have more than 1,000 articles (rounded to the nearest hundred):

 * Italian (6,400)
 * Catalan (5,400)
 * Chinese (5,000)
 * Hebrew (4,700)
 * Romanian (4,600)
 * Slovenian (3,900)
 * Finnish (3,700)
 * Croatian (3,100)
 * Estonian (2,800)
 * Interlingua (2,600)
 * Norwegian (2,500)
 * Afrikaans (2,100)
 * Portuguese (2,000)
 * Latin (1,900)
 * Russian (1,600)
 * Walloon (1,300)
 * Czech (1,200)
 * Malay (1,100)

This surge in growth has, according to Alexa.com, resulted in Wikipedia.org surpassing Britannica.com, Infoplease.com and Encyclopedia.com in terms of its Internet traffic rank and has placed Wikipedia.org firmly within the top 1,000 websites that Alexa tracks.

"Wiki" principle enabled early, rapid growth

Wikipedia is a public WikiWikiWeb, where anyone can edit nearly any page at any time. Wiki wiki means "quick" in Hawaiian: no registration or special knowledge is required to participate. Users build upon one another's edits, working together even on sensitive issues, by trying to find a neutral point of view. Incorrectly edited pages are quickly repaired by others.

The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger. Bomis (bomis.com), an Internet web portal owned by Wales, supplied the financial backing and other support, while Sanger led the Wikipedia project during its first year, as a full-time paid editor. Since then it has operated mostly on consensus, using policies refined over time by its contributors.

The project has recently been transferred from Bomis to the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation (wikimediafoundation.org). Bomis still provides free bandwidth and basic server maintenance to Wikimedia.

Jimmy Wales comments that "Wikipedia owes its success to the presence of a strong core group of well-educated and articulate contributors from around the world who together maintain community standards of civility, quality and neutrality." Explaining one of the mechanisms to ensure that the article quality remains high, he said, "Participants all keep a watchful eye over the 'recent changes' page. They edit each other's work constantly." Even articles covering controversial topics can be worked on using this process.

The motivation of Wikipedians is very different, but all share a love of knowledge. "For years, I've been collecting old almanacs and encyclopedias," comments Oliver Brown, who writes under the nickname "Kingturtle". "To stumble on a thriving community devoted to sharing information gave me a tremendous thrill and a curious sense of relief."

Wikipedia has been the subject of articles in the news media, among them, The New York Times, MIT's Technology Review, and TIME magazine, as well as articles on high-profile technology websites such as Slashdot, Wired, and Kuro5hin. More recently, Wikipedia has been featured on news programs, such as National Public Radio's All Things Considered, and CNN's television program TechWatch. It is also increasingly being used as a reference source by students, journalists, organizations, and any other individual who needs a starting point for doing Internet research.

All Wikimedia content is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, which permits anyone to reuse Wikimedia content in any way they wish, including commercially, as long as they, too, pass on that right to others and credit the editors of the particular Wikimedia project as the source.

MediaWiki (mediawiki.org), the software that runs the various Wikimedia projects, is also available for free under the terms of the GNU General Public License, the same license used by the free GNU/Linux operating system. "The MediaWiki software is the best solution yet to the problem of easily creating and maintaining hypermedia," says Nicholas Pisarro, Jr. of Aperture Technologies, Inc. The company uses MediaWiki to run an internal knowledge base. "In the six weeks since it has been made available internally, it has already become an indispensable part of our development department's operation."

With edits being made every minute of every day, it is impossible to predict where Wikipedia and its sister projects will be one year from now. Thanks to the GNU licenses, however, one thing is certain: the content, and the software that serves it, will remain free.

Sister projects seek to emulate success

On June 20th 2003, the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation (wikimediafoundation.org) was created to manage and fund the operations of Wikipedia and its sister projects. These include:

 * Wiktionary, a multilingual dictionary and thesaurus (wiktionary.org)
 * Wikiquote, a compendium of famous quotations (wikiquote.org)
 * Wikibooks, a collection of e-book resources, aimed at the needs of students (wikibooks.org)
 * Wikisource, a repository of public domain historical documents and books (wikisource.org).

Since its first fundraising appeal in December 2003, the Wikimedia Foundation has raised nearly US$40,000 to support these projects, half of which has already been invested in infrastructure. See wikimediafoundation.org/fundraising for more information.

This press release was created collaboratively by Wikipedians from many different countries.

Additional information

For questions and interviews, please contact:

Jimmy Wales, Chairman, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (English only) Phone: (+1)-727-527-9776 Email: jwales@bomis.com

Andrew Lih, Asia region press contact, Hong Kong, China (English, Chinese Putonghua) Phone: (+852)-9759-0220 Email: alih@hku.hk

Robert Merkel, Australian region press contact, Melbourne, Australia (English only) Phone: (+61)-425-712-883 Email: rgmerk@mira.net


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User talk:Juan Carlos Barahona~enwiki

Please do not upload documents unrelated to the eneyclopaedia. Wikipedia is not free web space. Optim 14:59, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Juan Carlos Barahona. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Juan Carlos Barahona~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:59, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Juan Carlos Barahona~enwiki


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Boissière station

Boissière is a station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 at the intersection of the Rue Boissière and the Avenue Kleber in the 16th arrondissement.

History
The station opened on 2 October 1900 as a branch of line 1 from Étoile to Trocadéro. On 5 November 1903 this line was extended to Passy and the line from Étoile to Trocadéro and Passy became known as line 2 South as part of a planned ring line around central Paris to be built under or over the boulevards built in place of the demolished Wall of the Farmers-General; this circle is now operated as two lines: 2 and 6. On 14 October 1907 the line from Étoile to Trocadéro, Place d'Italie and Gare du Nord became part of line 5. On 6 October 1942 the section of line 5 from Étoile to Place d'Italie, including Boissière, was transferred to line 6.

In 1730, Rue Boissière was a road out of the city which was an extension of the Rue de la Croix-Boissière (French for "street of the wooden cross") inside Paris. Its name came from the custom of remembering the crucifixion by hanging up boxwood on Palm Sunday. The station is close to the location of the Barrière des Réservoirs, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

Access
The station has a single entrance called Avenue Kléber, leading to the right of no. 57 in the avenue. Consisting of a fixed staircase, it is decorated with a Guimard entrance, which is the subject of a registration as a historical monument by the decree of 12 February 2016.

Platforms
Boissière is a station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for most metro stations, the light canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the 2000's metro revival, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, tunnel exits and corridor outlets. The vault is painted white. The advertising frames are metallic, and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates. The seats are Motte style in green.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 22, 30 and 82 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by line N53 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * Square Thomas Jefferson

title: Boissière station


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Trocadéro station

Trocadéro is a station on Line 6 and Line 9 of the Paris Métro in the 16th arrondissement. It serves and is named after the Place du Trocadéro.

History
The station opened on 2 October 1900 as a branch of Line 1 from Étoile to Trocadéro. On 5 November 1903, the line was extended to Passy; the line from Étoile to Trocadéro and Passy became known as Line 2 South as part of a planned ring line around central Paris to be built under or over the boulevards built in place of the demolished Wall of the Farmers-General; this circle is now operated as two lines: 2 and 6. On 14 October 1907, the line from Étoile to Trocadéro, Place d'Italie and Gare du Nord became part of line 5. On 6 October 1942 the section of line 5 from Étoile to Trocadéro and Place d'Italie was transferred to Line 6. The Line 9 platforms opened on 8 November 1922 as part of the first section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans.

The Place de Trocadéro owes its name to the fortified position in Puerto Real, on the Bay of Cadiz in the south of Spain, which was captured in the Battle of Trocadero by French troops led by Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, Charles X's son in 1823. This name was also given to the "Moorish" palace built for the World Fair of 1878. The palace was demolished in 1937 and was replaced by the current Palace of Chaillot.

The station is near the Barrière Sainte-Marie, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in 1830.

Access
The station has six entrances:
 * Access No. 1 - Avenue du Président-Wilson;
 * Access No. 2 - Avenue Kléber;
 * Access No. 3 - Avenue Raymond-Poincaré;
 * Access No. 4 - Avenue Georges-Mandel;
 * Access No. 5 - Cimetière de Passy;
 * Access No. 6 - Avenue Paul-Doumer.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. Two per stopping point, they are separated by the metro tracks located in the centre and the vault is elliptical.

The line 6 station is decorated in the style used for most metro stations: the lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the 2000s metro revival, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls and tunnel exits. The vault is coated and painted white. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques. The seats are the Akiko style in green.

The platforms of line 9 are furnished in the Andreu-Motte style with two green light canopies, benches and the tympanums and outlets of the corridors treated in flat green tiles and Motte seats of the same colour. This decoration is married with the white flat tiles applied to the walls and vault. The advertisements are devoid of frames and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates. It is one of the few stations to still have the entire Andreu-Motte layout.

The name of the station is subtitled Eiffel Tower, named after the nearby Eiffel Tower. This name appears only on the plaques placed in the corridors of line 9 (line 6 already has this subtitle for Bir-Hakeim station).

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 22, 30, 32 and 63 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by line N53 of the Noctilien network.

Places of interest
The Palace of Chaillot accommodates:
 * the Musée national de la Marine (maritime museum);
 * the Musée national des Monuments Français (museum of monuments); and
 * the Théâtre national de Chaillot.
 * the Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine (architecture museum)

The Eiffel Tower and the Passy Cemetery are nearby as well as the Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, which now houses many of the objects once exhibited at the Trocadéro ethnographic museum (Musée de l'Homme);

title: Trocadéro station


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Passy station

Passy is a station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. Located in the 16th arrondissement, it is elevated at its eastern end, while its western end is in the mouth of a tunnel. Passy metro station lies above Rue de l'Alboni where the street becomes pedestrianised as a result of a steep grade.

Location
It is connected to the Bir-Hakeim métro station and to the 15th arrondissement by the Pont de Bir-Hakeim, which was opened in 1906 and is now classified as a historic monument. In the other direction, the tunnel leads to Trocadéro station. It is close to the Maison de Radio France, the headquarters of Radio France.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 6 November 1903, when it was extended from Trocadéro to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907, Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into Line 6 on 12 October 1942. It was named after the old village of Passy, and the Rue de Passy near the station. The villages of Passy, Chaillot and Auteuil were incorporated into Paris under Napoleon III in 1860 to form, with the Bois de Boulogne, the current 16th arrondissement of Paris. The station is near the location of the Barrière de Passy, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished before 1859.

Access
The station has two accesses from Rue Marietta-Alboni, on either side of the station, each divided into two adjoining entrances:
 * access 1 - Place du Costa Rica, Maison de Balzac - Musée Georges Clemenceau, equipped with an ascending escalator complemented by fixed stairs to the road, located on the north-east side of the station to the right of Square Alboni;
 * access 2 - Avenue du Président Kennedy, Maison de la Radio - Musée du Vin located on the south-west side, near the Consulate General of Algeria.

A corridor passing under the station connects these two accesses to each other.

Platforms
Passy is a station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks. It has the particularity of being underground at its western end and elevated at the other end, because of the slope of the terrain. The ceiling of the first consists of a metal deck whose beams, silver in colour, are supported by vertical walls, while the rest of the platforms is sheltered by awnings supported by grey pillars. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls (the elevated part is also covered with bricks drawing geometric patterns on the outside) and the north-west tunnel exit, the opposite tunnel exit being glazed. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques, projecting on the elevated side. The seats are yellow Motte style and lighting is provided by independent tubes. Access is mid-platform.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 32 and 72 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby
It is connected to Bir-Hakeim station and the 15th arrondissement by the Pont de Bir-Hakeim (formerly Passy bridge-viaduct) completed in 1906 (classified as a historical monument).

It is about 750 m north of the Maison de la Radio et de la Musique.

Among the nearby buildings are the Majestic Passy cinema, the Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague high school, the Maison de Balzac and the Musée Clemenceau.

title: Passy station


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Bir-Hakeim station

Bir-Hakeim is an elevated station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 in the Boulevard de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissement. It is situated on the left bank of the Pont de Bir-Hakeim over the Seine and is the closest station to the Eiffel Tower. After being built in 1906 as "Grenelle", it was renamed together with the bridge to commemorate the World War II battle of Bir Hakeim. The signs on the station walls now say "Bir-Hakeim — Tour Eiffel".

The station is above the RER C line and the station Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel is within walking distance.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906, when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907 Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into line 6 on 12 October 1942. The station was called Quai de Grenelle until 1949, when it was renamed to commemorate the battle of Bir Hakeim. A commemorative panel is situated at the entrance of the platform for trains traveling towards Nation. The station was the location of the Barrière de la Cunette, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

Places of interest
It is the station closest to the Eiffel Tower. Near the station is the site of the former Vélodrome d'hiver (Winter Velodrome or "Vel' d'Hiv"), which was famous for its cycling competitions but became infamous as the first place of detention for thousands of Parisian Jews who were rounded up by the police on 16 and 17 July 1942 before their deportation to Nazi concentration camps. The velodrome was destroyed in 1960 in the course of work done on the bank of the Seine (Front de Seine). A commemorative monument has been raised near the south side of the station, above the tracks of the RER C.

In the film Last Tango in Paris, Maria Schneider's character has an argument which leads to a physical altercation with her boyfriend in the Bir-Hakeim station.

title: Bir-Hakeim station


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Dupleix station

Dupleix is an elevated station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement. The track and station form an elevated viaduct in the centre of the Boulevard de Grenelle. It is named after the nearby Rue Dupleix and Place Dupleix, a square commemorating Joseph François Dupleix (1697–1763), marquis of Landrecies and Paris, an administrator and coloniser of India. The station was the location of the Barrière de Grenelle, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 before it was demolished in the 19th century.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906, when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907, Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. The station was then incorporated into Line 6 on 12 October 1942.

A manometer is affixed to of the pillars supporting the station, and is perhaps the last surviving public pressure gauge intended for searching for leaks on the city's water supply network.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,221,871 passengers, making it the 154th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,839,499 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 131st busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 2,028,963 passengers, making it the 176th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 2 accesses:

 * Access 1: rue Viala
 * Access 2: rue Desaix

Platforms
The station is elevated and has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 42 of the RATP bus network.

Nearby

 * Marché de Grenelle (a market open on Sunday and Wednesday mornings)

title: Dupleix station


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Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

Montreuil, also known unofficially as Montreuil-sous-Bois , is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.6 km from the centre of Paris, in the Seine-Saint-Denis department and in the Métropole du Grand Paris. With a population of 111,367 as of 2020, Montreuil is the third most populous suburb of Paris after Boulogne-Billancourt and Saint-Denis. It is located north of Paris's Bois de Vincennes (in the 12th arrondissement), on the border with Val-de-Marne.

Name
The name Montreuil was recorded for the first time in a royal edict of 722 as Monasteriolum, meaning "little monastery" in Medieval Latin. The settlement of Montreuil started as a group of houses built around a small Merovingian monastery.

History
A small monastery was recorded on the site during the Merovingian period on a hill that overlooked Vincennes, which is most likely where Montreuil gained its name.

Under the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XVI the "Peach Walls" which provided the royal court with the fruits were located in Montreuil. It was also later home to the Lumière brothers and George Méliès whose workshops were located in lower Montreuil.

On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, the commune of Charonne was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Montreuil, and Bagnolet. Montreuil received a small part of the territory of Charonne.

Today Montreuil is divided into several districts:

 * Le bas Montreuil (which joins together the old workshops (bordering on Saint-Mandé), the marché aux puces (bordering on Paris, carries of Montreuil),
 * The Mairie (town hall) (the malls, la croix de Chavaux, the mairie, and the Church of St Peter and St Paul),
 * La Noue (parc des Guilands, city of du Val, Robespierre, bordering on Bagnolet),
 * Le Bel Air (Jean Moulin housing estate, park des Beaumonts, city of Bel Air, city of Grand Pechers),
 * La Boissière (all the north of Montreuil including parc Montreau and parc des Beaumonts, bordering on Romainville, Noisy-le-Sec, Rosny-sous-Bois and Fontenay-sous-Bois).

Main artistic heritage

 * Decorations (ceramics and frescoes) in the state school "Voltaire" by Maurice Boitel (1954).
 * Many definitive street art murals on several buildings of the city, like the tribute to Frantz Fanon, French psychiatrist and philosopher from the French overseas department of Martinique (boulevard Théophile Sueur).
 * "Au temps d'harmonie", pointillist painting from famous 19th century French painter Paul Signac, in the town hall.
 * Polyptych (enamels), in the cathedral entrance of the Georges Méliès student residence by Guillaume Bottazzi.

Climate
Montreuil has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Montreuil is 12.0 C. The average annual rainfall is 669.9 mm with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 20.2 C, and lowest in January, at around 4.6 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Montreuil was 40.0 C on 25 July 2019 and 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -17.7 C on 17 January 1985.

Immigration
Montreuil's inhabitants often exaggeratedly nickname the town the "second Malian town after Bamako", or sometimes "Mali-sous-Bois" or "Bamako-sur-Seine" even though the Seine does not cross the town. Montreuil has indeed a very important Malian population: more than 2,000 inhabitants according to the INSEE in 1999, between 6,000 and 10,000 people according to the mairie, which estimates that Montreuil has the largest Malian community in France. 10% of the population is Malian or has Malian origins.

Administration
The mayor of Montreuil is the member of Parti communiste français Patrice Bessac, who was elected on the second round of 2014 municipal elections, defeating the former ex-Communist mayor Jean-Pierre Brard in a four-way second round. He was re-elected in the first round of the 2020 elections with 51.34% votes, though with 33.67% participation (down from 53.11% in the 2014 election) due to the COVID-19 crisis (which also caused a delay of the 2nd turn in other cities).

The city is divided into two cantons: canton of Montreuil-1 and canton of Montreuil-2.

Economy
Video game company Ubisoft has its corporate head office in Montreuil. The Air France Paris office (of Air France-KLM) is in Montreuil.

Education
The commune's educational services are operated out of the Opale B Administrative Building. Montreuil has eight collèges, three lycées, two lycées techniques, and the IUT of the University of Paris 8.

Senior high schools/sixth form colleges:
 * Lycée Eugénie-Cotton
 * Lycée Jean Jaurès
 * Lycée Condorcet

The Montreuil Library (Bibliothèque de Montreuil) consists of the Robert-Desnos Central Library, the Daniel-Renoult Library, the Colonel-Fabien Library, and the Paul-Eluard Library. Robert-Desnos, in a park near the commune's town hall, is the largest library in the commune. It houses a music library and Internet access points. Daniel-Renoult, near Montreau Park, serves the Montreau-Ruffins Théophile Sueur community. Colonel-Fabien, in the Ramenas-Fabien-Léo Lagrange community, is near the Intercommunal Hospital. Paul-Eluard is near the La Grande Porte shopping centre and is within 50 m of the Robespierre Paris Métro station and Rue de Paris.

Notable residents and personalities

 * Djamel Abdoun, Algerian footballer who played at the 2010 FIFA World Cup
 * Mehdi Abeid, Algerian footballer
 * Nicolas Aithadi, Visual Effects, Guardians of the Galaxy
 * Jean-Claude Andruet, rally driver
 * Oumar Bakari, footballer
 * Vicki Bècho, footballer for France
 * Rosette Bir, sculptor
 * Sacha Boey, footballer
 * Élodie Bouchez, actress
 * Jacques Brel, singer/songwriter/actor
 * Souarata Cisse, basketball player
 * Olivier Dacourt, footballer
 * Henri Decaë, cinematographer
 * Jean Delannoy, director
 * Yehvann Diouf, Senegalese Footballer
 * Emmanuel Flipo, artist
 * Pape Gueye, footballer
 * Christophe Guilluy, geographer
 * Adèle Haenel, actress
 * Helno (Noël Rota) (1963-1993), singer with Lucrate Milk, Bérurier Noir & Les Négresses Vertes
 * Ethan Mbappé, footballer
 * Pierre de Montreuil, 13th century architect, died in 1267 in Paris
 * Nordi Mukiele, footballer
 * Sikou Niakate, footballer
 * Elisha Owusu, footballer
 * Émile Reynaud, director
 * Mamadou Samassa, footballer
 * Gaston-Auguste Schweitzer, sculptor
 * Abel Thermeus, footballer
 * Tignous, cartoonist and activist killed in the Charlie Hebdo shooting
 * Frédéric Verger, writer
 * Warren Zaïre-Emery, footballer

Transport
Montreuil is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 9: Robespierre, Croix de Chavaux, and Mairie de Montreuil.

There are several new Métro (Line 11 - Montreuil-Hôpital ) and tramway (extension of the T1 tramway ) stations under construction. The region is also working on the extension of the Métro Line 1 to Val-de-Fontenay, with a possible new station in the East of Montreuil (Grands Pêchers).

International relations
Montreuil is twinned with Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany and a few other towns and cities of Africa, Asia and Europe.

title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis


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Nicholas Metropolis

Nicholas Constantine Metropolis (Greek: Νικόλαος Μητρόπουλος; June 11, 1915 – October 17, 1999) was a Greek-American physicist.

Metropolis received his BSc (1937) and PhD in physics (1941, with Robert Mulliken) at the University of Chicago. Shortly afterwards, Robert Oppenheimer recruited him from Chicago, where he was collaborating with Enrico Fermi and Edward Teller on the first nuclear reactors, to the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

He arrived in Los Alamos in April 1943, as a member of the original staff of fifty scientists. He came back to Los Alamos in 1948 to lead the group in the Theoretical Division that designed and built the MANIAC I computer in 1952 that was modeled on the IAS machine, and the MANIAC II in 1957.

Early life and education
Nicolas Metropolis was born on June 11, 1915, in Chicago, US. Metropolis received his BSc (1936) and PhD in chemical physics (1941) at the University of Chicago. During his PhD he worked with Robert Mulliken. After graduation, he worked as an instructor at the University of Chicago with James Franck. Shortly afterwards, in 1943, Robert Oppenheimer recruited him from Chicago for the Manhattan Project, where he worked in Harold C. Urey's group. Later he joined University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory and worked under Edward Teller's supervision, who encouraged him to move into theoretical physics. At Los Alamos Metropolis worked together with Richard Feynman on "electromechanical devices used for hand computations".

After World War II
After World War II, he returned to the faculty of the University of Chicago as an assistant professor. He came back to Los Alamos in 1948 to lead the group in the theoretical division that designed and built the MANIAC I computer in 1952 that was modeled on the IAS machine, and the MANIAC II in 1957. (John von Neumann thought this acronym too frivolous; Metropolis claims to have chosen the name "MANIAC" in the hope of stopping the rash of such acronyms for machine names, but may have instead further stimulated such use.) From 1957 to 1965 he was a full professor of physics at the University of Chicago and was the founding director of its Institute for Computer Research. In 1965 he returned to Los Alamos, where he was made a laboratory senior fellow in 1980.

Monte Carlo method
At Los Alamos in the late 1940s and early 1950s a group of researchers led by Metropolis, including John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam, developed the Monte Carlo method. This is a class of computational approaches that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results, named in reference to Ulam's relative's love for the casinos of Monte Carlo. Metropolis was deeply involved in the very first use of the Monte Carlo method, rewiring the ENIAC computer to perform simulations of a nuclear core in 1948. In 1953 Metropolis co-authored a paper entitled Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines. This landmark paper showed the first numerical simulations of a liquid and introduced a new Monte Carlo computational method for doing so.

In applications of the Monte Carlo method to problems in statistical mechanics prior to the introduction of the Metropolis algorithm, a large number of random configurations of the system would be generated, the properties of interest (such as energy or density) would be computed for each configuration, and then a weighted average computed where the weight of each configuration was its Boltzmann factor, $$e^{-E/kT}$$, where $$E$$ is the energy, $$T$$ is the temperature, and $$k$$ is the Boltzmann constant. The key contribution of the paper was the idea that

"Instead of choosing configurations randomly, then weighting them with exp(−E/kT), we choose configurations with a probability exp(−E/kT) and weight them evenly."

The algorithm for generating samples from the Boltzmann distribution was later generalized by W.K. Hastings and has become widely known as the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.

In recent years a controversy has arisen as to whether Metropolis actually made significant contributions to the Equation of State Calculations paper.

Associations and honors
Metropolis was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and the American Mathematical Society. In 1987 he became the first Los Alamos employee honored with the title "emeritus" by the University of California. Metropolis was also awarded the Pioneer Medal by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and was a fellow of the American Physical Society.

The Nicholas Metropolis Award for Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Work in Computational Physics is awarded annually by the American Physical Society.

Acting career
Metropolis played the part of a scientist in the Woody Allen film Husbands and Wives (1992).

Personal life
Metropolis had a son, Christopher, and two daughters, Penelope and Katharine. He was an avid skier and tennis player until his mid-seventies. He died at a nursing home in Los Alamos, New Mexico.

Anecdotes
In his memoirs, Stanislaw Ulam remembers that a small group, including himself, Metropolis, Calkin, Konopinski, Kistiakowsky, Teller and von Neumann, spent several evenings at Los Alamos playing poker. They played for very small sums, but: "Metropolis once described what a triumph it was to win ten dollars from John von Neumann, author of a famous treatise on game theory. He then bought his book for five dollars and pasted the other five inside the cover as a symbol of his victory." In another passage of his book, Ulam describes Metropolis as "a Greek-American with a wonderful personality."

Erdős number
Metropolis has an Erdős number of 2 and he enabled Richard Feynman to have an Erdős number of 3.

title: Nicholas Metropolis


text:
La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle station

La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle is a station of the Paris Métro, at the interconnection of line 6, line 8, and line 10 in the 15th arrondissement. The station combines underground and elevated platforms. It is a major métro interchange on the Rive Gauche, the biggest west of Montparnasse.

History
The elevated station first opened on 24 April 1906 under the name La Motte-Piquet, as part of the extension of line 2 South from Passy to Place d'Italie. It was named after the nearby avenue de La Motte-Picquet, after Admiral Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de La Motte (1720–1791), and boulevard de Grenelle, a former commune until it was annexed by Paris in 1860.

On 14 October 1907, line 2 South was incorporated into line 5, which now plied between Étoile (now Charles de Gaulle–Étoile) and Lancry (now Jacques Bonsergent)

On 13 July 1913, line 8's platforms opened as part of the initial section of the line from Beaugrenelle (now Charles Michels) and Opéra. On the same day, the station was renamed La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle, which it still remains today. These are the current platforms served by lines 8 towards Créteil and 10 towards Gare d'Austerlitz. It was originally intended for line 8 to run from Opéra with two branches, one to Porte d'Auteuil and the other to Balard, with the line branching from La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle. Hence, the island platform was designed to accommodate trains coming from both branches then onwards to Opéra. The platform used today for line 10's service to Boulogne would have been the southbound platform for service to the two branches, although this had not been built yet.

From 17 May to 6 December 1931, the section between Place d'Italie and Étoile of line 5 was temporarily transferred to line 6 to provide service to the colonial exhibition held at Bois de Vincennes that year. It was eventually returned to line 5.

The section of line 8 from La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle to Porte d'Auteuil was transferred to line 10 on 27 July 1937 when line 8 was extended south to Balard. However, service between Porte d'Auteuil and Jussieu was not provided with service initially limited to La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle until the underground connection for line 10 was opened linking La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle and Duroc two days later. This was part of the reconfiguration of lines 8, 10, and the old line 14. The platform for line 8's services to Balard was built beneath the existing platforms due to the narrow confines of the streets above. Line 8's platforms on the island platform were extended to 105 m to cater for seven-car trains in the future, although the plan did not materialise in the end.

On 6 October 1942, the section of line 5 between Place d'Italie and Étoile, including La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle, was transferred back to line 6 in anticipation of the opening of the extension of line 5 to Eglise de Pantin on 12 October that same year. This was to prevent line 5 from becoming too long.

In 1969, the platform used for line 8 services to Balard was renovated in the "Mouton-Duvernet" style with its characteristic orange coloured tiles instead of the typical bevelled white tiles used extensively elsewhere in the network.

As part of the "Renouveau du métro" programme by the RATP, the access corridors to line 6 were renovated in 2007 along with its platforms in 2008. The platform used for line 8 services to Balard was also renovated in 2014, removing the "Mouton-Duvernet" style decoration on the side wall of the platform (the side walls of the tracks still retains it), bringing back the use of the white tiles. From 1 July to 31 August 2020, the station was closed to replace their asphalt flooring with anthracite gray tiling along the access corridors to line 6 as well as the platforms of lines 8 and 10. In 2022, some of the staircases in the station were installed with street art by artist Chris Puddy.

In 2019, the station was used by 7,958,383 passengers, making it the 30th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 3,428,458 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 44th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 5,117,708 passengers, making it the 34th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has five accesses:

 * Access 1: rue de Commerce
 * Access 2: avenue de La Motte-Picquet (with an escalator)
 * Access 3: boulevard de Grenelle
 * Access 4: rue de Pondichéry (access to lines 8 and 10 only)
 * Access 5: avenue de Suffren (access to lines 8 and 10 only)

Platforms
Line 6's station is elevated and has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. On the other hand, the underground platforms for lines 8 and 10 have a unique configuration. On the upper level are the tracks of lines 8 and 10 both heading east on either side of an island platform, measuring 105 m (line 8) and 75 m (line 10) respectively, as well as the track of line 10 in the direction of Boulogne located in a half-station separated by a wall on the east of the island platform, comprising a single track with a side platform measuring 105 m in length, a feature unique on the line. The island platform is contained in an elliptical vault, except for the northeast end of the platform for line 8 when it was extended in 1937. It has a horizontal ceiling painted white.

On the lower level is a half station for line 8 services to Balard, also with a single platform and track and is 105 m long. It has almost entirely vertical side walls and a low, flat ceiling, inclined towards the platform, barring the northeastern end which has a slightly higher elliptical vault. The side walls are also clad with flat white tiles arranged vertically instead of in staggered rows like most other stations on the métro, a feature only found at Père Lachaise on line 2 and at Gare du Nord on line 4 (until 2017).

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 80 and 82 of the RATP bus network.

title: La Motte-Picquet–Grenelle station


text:
Cambronne station

Cambronne is an elevated station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. Located in the 15th arrondissement, it is named after the nearby Place Cambronne and Rue Cambronne, which were in turn named after Viscount Pierre Cambronne (1770–1842), a general at the Battle of Waterloo. The station is at the location of the former Barrière de l'École-Militaire, a gate built for the collection of taxes as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 before it was demolished prior to 1859 amid Haussmann's renovation of Paris.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906 when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907, Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was then temporarily absorbed by Line 6 from 17 May to 6 December 1931. It was permanently absorbed by Line 6 on 6 October 1942.

During the summer of 2014, the canopies above the tracks were renovated and as part of the "Renouveau du métro" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated on 30 June 2015.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,524,418 passengers, making it the 207th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,567,953 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 167th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,636,566 passengers, making it the 218th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has 2 access on either side of Boulevard Garibaldi:

 * Access 1: Boulevard Garibaldi Côté des numéros impairs (odd numbered)
 * Access 2: Boulevard Garibaldi Côté des numéros pairs (even numbered)

Platforms
The station is elevated and has a standard configuration with two tracks surrounded by two side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 80 of the RATP bus network, as well as at night, by lines N12 and N61 of the Noctilien network.

title: Cambronne station


text:
The Discovery of India

The Discovery of India was written by the Indian freedom fighter Jawaharlal Nehru (later India's first Prime Minister) during his incarceration in 1942–1945 at Ahmednagar Fort in present-day Indian state of Maharashtra by British colonial authorities before the independence of India. The book was written in 1944 but published in 1946.

Synopsis
The journey in The Discovery of India begins from ancient history, leading up to the last years of the British Raj. Nehru uses his knowledge of the Upanishads, Vedas, and textbooks on ancient history to introduce to the reader the development of India from the Indus Valley civilization, through the changes in socio-political scenario every foreign invader brought, to the present day conditions. Nehru was jailed for his participation in the Quit India Movement along with other Indian leaders, and he used this time to write down his thoughts and knowledge about India's history. The book provides a broad view of Indian history, philosophy, and culture as viewed from the eyes of an Indian fighting for the independence of his country. He wrote the book during his imprisonment.

Other contributors
Nehru attributes some of the content of the book to his fellow prisoners at Ahmednagar jail. He gives special mention to four of them namely Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Govind Ballabh Pant, Narendra Deva and Asaf Ali. All his fellow prisoners (eleven of them) were political prisoners from various parts of the country, having deep knowledge about the various aspects of India which the book discusses. They also participated in proofreading Nehru's work and providing him with creative suggestions.

Edition
The book was first published from Signet Press at Calcutta (now Kolkata), India on 16 November 1946. The book is presently published by the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund' and the copyright for the book is held by his grand daughter-in-law Sonia Gandhi.

 * The Discovery of India by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, ISBN 0-670-05801-7
 * The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru (paperback, thirteenth edition), ISBN 0-19-562359-2

Adaptations
The book became the basis of the 53-episode Indian television series Bharat Ek Khoj (1988), directed by Shyam Benegal, first broadcast in 1988 on state-run Doordarshan channel. A modified version of this book is taught as a Hindi supplement in 8th grade.

title: The Discovery of India


text:
Motosu, Gifu

Motosu (本巣市) is a city located in Gifu, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 34,453 in 12, 464 households, and a population density of 390 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 374.65 sqkm.

Geography
Motosu is located in western Gifu Prefecture. Mount Nōgōhaku, on the border between Motosu and Fukui Prefecture is the highest point in the city, with an elevation of 1116 m.

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Motosu is 12.8 C. The average annual rainfall is 3247.8 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.8 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.4 C.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Gifu Prefecture
 * Gifu
 * Seki
 * Yamagata
 * Mizuho
 * Ibigawa
 * Ōno
 * Kitagata
 * Fukui Prefecture
 * Ōno

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Motosu peaked around 2010 and has declined since.

City symbols
Motosu city's tree is the persimmon tree, which is found growing naturally in the mountainous areas of Motosu. As persimmons are also cultivated in Motosu, it was chosen to represent the agricultural industry in the area.

The city flower is the usuzumi cherry blossom found in the recently merged Neo. This unique cherry blossom initially sprouts pale pink flowers, which become white in full bloom, and a light black colour when the flowers die. Neo is also home to one of the three largest cherry blossom trees in Japan, which is reported to be the oldest cherry blossom tree in Japan.

Ayu or sweetfish, has been chosen to be the representative fish of the city. Known as "the queen of clear streams", the fish is found in the Neo River that flows through Motosu. Highly regarded for its flavour in Japan, it is fished throughout summer in the rivers.

The Motosu city bird is the uguisu or Japanese bush warbler, found in shrub thickets throughout Motosu. The bush warbler is known for its greenish brown colouring on its back, and white belly. Female birds can also be recognised by their dash pattern on their backs. It is also known as the "flower-viewing" bird, for its appearance near the many cherry blossom trees in the area.

In order to commemorate the three-year anniversary Motosu-city's amalgamation of Itonuki, Neo, Shinsei and Motosu, the municipal government began working on a theme song that best represented their vision of the future. The lyrics of the theme song, "Habataite", are intended to convey the ideas of nature and people living harmoniously together. The song is played every afternoon on the loudspeakers to warn children to return home before nightfall. The music was written by the world-renowned ocarina player Soujirou, who was commissioned by the local city government to write the theme song.

History
The area around Motosu was part of traditional Mino Province. During the Edo period, much of the area was under the control of Ogaki Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. In the post-Meiji restoration cadastral reforms, Motosu District in Gifu Prefecture was created.

On October 28, 1891, the Mino–Owari earthquake, the second largest earthquake to hit Japan, struck. Its epicenter was located in Motosu.

The modern city of Motosu was established on February 1, 2004, from the merger of the former town of Motosu, absorbing the towns of Itonuki and Shinsei, and the village of Neo (all from Motosu District).

Government
Motosu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 16 members.

Economy
On April 29, 2006, Malera Gifu opened on Mitsuhashi, one of the main roads of Motosu. This shopping centre covers an area of 185,000 m2, making it one of the largest shopping centres in Japan. It houses approximately 240 retail outlets, including a supermarket (Valor), restaurants, clothes retailers and a cinema (Toho Cinema).

Colleges and universities

 * National Institute of Technology, Gifu College

Primary and secondary education
Motosu has eight public elementary schools and four public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has one public high school operated by the Gifu Prefectural Board of Education, and one private high school (Gifu Daiichi High School).

Railway

 * Tarutetsu logomark.svg Tarumi Railway Tarumi Line
 * Kitagata-Makuwa - Morera-Gifu - Itonuki - Motosu - Oribe - Kochibora -  - Kōmi -  - Nabera - Hinata - Takao - Midori - Tarumi

title: Motosu, Gifu


text:
Edgar Quinet station

Edgar Quinet is a station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. Located at the intersection of Boulevard Edgar Quinet, the Rue du Montparnasse and Rue de la Gaîté, it is situated in the 14th arrondissement.

Location
The metro station is located under Boulevard Edgar Quinet, east of the intersection with the streets of La Gaîté, d'Odessa, du Montparnasse and Delambre. Orientated approximately along an east-west axis, it is placed between the Montparnasse – Bienvenue and Raspail Metro stations.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906, when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907, Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into Line 6 on 12 October 1942.

It is named after Boulevard Edgar Quinet, itself named after Edgar Quinet (1803–1875), a historian and intellectual who wrote on German history, Christianity and other subjects. The station was the location of the Barrière Montparnasse (known as the Barrière d'Arcueil during the French Revolution), a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

In 2018, 2,364,420 travellers entered the station, placing it at the 232nd position out of 302 Métro stations in terms of use.

Access
The station has a single access called Boulevard Edgar-Quine, leading to the median-strip of that boulevard, right of the no. 11 facing the crossroads. Consisting of a fixed staircase, it is adorned with an Adolphe Dervaux candelabra.

Platforms
Edgar Quinet is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by metro tracks and the roof is elliptical. The decor is the style used for the majority of Métro stations. The lighting strips are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the Metro revival of the 2000s; the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls; tunnel exits and corridors outlets. The roof is painted white. Advertising frames are metallic, and the name of the station is written in a Parisine font on enamelled plates. The Motte style seats are red.

Bus connections
The station does not have a connection with the RATP Bus Network.

Places of interest
Nearby are the districts of Montparnasse and Montparnasse Cemetery.

title: Edgar Quinet station


text:
Jean-Pierre Brard

Jean-Pierre Brard, (born 7 February 1948), is a French politician. Initially a teacher, he entered politics and was elected was deputy mayor of Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, a post he held until 1984 when he was elected mayor of the same city. He remained mayor until March 2008. He is a member of the Convention for a Progressive Alternative (CAP) and a deputy to the French National Assembly since 1988. A former member of the French Communist Party (until 1996), he is affiliated to the parliamentary group of the Democratic and Republican Left. He is a member of the Parliamentary Office for evaluation of scientific and technological options, and he participates in various task forces and commissions on sects, the economy and finance.

Local offices
1971–1984 City Council and Deputy Mayor of Montreuil

1984–2008 Mayor of Montreuil

2008–2014 Municipal Councilor of Montreuil (opposition)

Member of Parliament
1988–2012 member of the seventh district of Seine-Saint-Denis

title: Jean-Pierre Brard


text:
Saint-Jacques station

Saint-Jacques is a station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. It serves Place Saint-Jacques in the 14th arrondissement. The Boulevard Saint-Jacques and Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques also intersect the square. It is one of only a few Métro stations that have a combined entrance and ticket hall at street-level.

Location
The station is located in the middle of the Boulevard Saint-Jacques, at the intersection with the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques and Rue de la Tombe-Issoire.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906, when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907, Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into Line 6 on 12 October 1942.

Saint-Jacques station was one of a number of Paris locations of Stanley Donen's 1963 film Charade, starring Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn.

Name
The station is named after the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, which was originally the Roman road to Orléans and main street of the Roman city of Lutetia. In the Middle Ages it became the pilgrimage route of St James (French: Saint-Jacques) from Paris to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Hence the street inside Paris' wall became known as Rue Saint-Jacques and its extension outside the wall through suburban development (French: Faubourg), became known as the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques. The station was the location of the Barrière Saint-Jacques (known as the Barrière d'Arcueil during the French Revolution), a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

Access
The only access to the station is on the central Boulevard Saint-Jacques, at the junction with the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques and La Tombe-Issoire. It is one of the few stations to have an edicule above the tracks, from which one accesses the public road and to the platforms.

Platforms
Saint-Jacques is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by metro tracks. On the other hand, it is distinguished by its location, on ground-level, and its decoration. In the direction of Charles de Gaulle–Étoile, the tracks enter underground at the exit of the station, while, towards Nation, they rise above the ground. The station is therefore aerial and the platforms are equipped with canopies supported by poles located in the middle of the platforms. The lighting is made by means of simple fluorescent tubes. The right walls are exposed stone protected by a backlit glazing. The name of the station, also backlit, is written with Parisine font. The seats are Motte style, gray, installed on circular masonry benches covered with flat gray tiles. This tiling also covered the ground until 2018 when it was replaced by asphalt. The platforms do not have advertising. This development is a unique case on the network.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 64, 216 and Orlybus of the RATP Bus Network.

Places of interest
Nearby are the La Santé Prison and the Institut d'astrophysique de Paris.

title: Saint-Jacques station


text:
Glacière station

Glacière is an elevated station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 in the 13th arrondissement.

Location
The elevated station overlooks Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui, northwest of its intersection with the Rue de la Glacière. Oriented approximately along a north-west / south-east axis, it is located between the stations Saint-Jacques and Corvisart.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906, when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907 Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into line 6 on 12 October 1942. The station is named after the Rue de la Glacière (meaning "iceworks street") because, before the invention of the electric refrigerator, ice was collected in the area from the ponds of the river Bièvre during the winter and stored for the summer in wells built for the purpose. It was the location of the Barrière de Glacière (or Barrière de l'Ourcine during the French Revolution), a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

Access
The station has a single access called Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui, leading to the median strip of this boulevard, to the right of no. 124.

Platforms
Glacière is a standard configuration elevated station. It has two platforms separated by metro tracks, all covered by a glass roof in the style of the steel railway station marquees of the time. The vertical walls are covered with white ceramic tiles on the inside and brick with geometric patterns on the outside. The advertising frames are white ceramic and the name of the station is written in Parisine type font on enamelled plates fixed to the metal frame. The Motte style seats are red. The lighting is semi-direct, projected on the ground by blue ceiling lights, on the walls by partially concealed tubes and on the frame by projectors of blue light. The accesses to the station are made through the western end.

Bus connections
The station is served by Lines 21 and 64 of the RATP Bus Network.

Places of interest
Victor Hugo located an episode of Les Misérables in the nearby Rue du Champ de l'Alouette, where there used to be tanneries. The headquarters of the daily newspaper Le Monde occupies the building at 80 Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui since 2004.

title: Glacière station


text:
Talk:Monte Carlo method

Pi/4 question
I'm a little confused. Looking at the example of Monte Carlo distribution of a quadrant in a unit square. Isn't the ratio of total red to blue (randomly placed dots inside vs. outside the entire circle pi:(4-pi)? That is, the total blue area (of the four quadrants) would occupy only 4-pi of the total, and the red area would occupy pi of the total area. So, I wonder why the article seems to say the ratio of the red to blue in the quadrant is pi/4. That's not right: the ratio of the red to the blue should be pi/4 : (4-pi)/4. The blue does not equal 4 to pi's 3.14. I'm pretty sure this needs to be either clarified or fixed, because I'm lost. Zelchenko (talk) 08:09, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * What you're saying is correct, but the text is also correct. It doesn't say that the ratio of red to blue is $\pi$:4, but that "the ratio of the inside-count (red) and the total-sample-count (red + blue)" is π:4, which is indeed, as the article says, the fraction filled by "a quadrant (circular sector) inscribed in a unit square." -Bryanrutherford0 (talk) 13:36, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

Canfield
"The question was what are the chances that a Canfield solitaire laid out with 52 cards will come out successfully?"

Do we know whether Ulam was talking specifically about Canfield (solitaire) or Klondike (solitaire)? Both games are known as "Canfield", but play somewhat differently. --Lord Belbury (talk) 20:21, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

Monte Carlo method simulations (from Pseudorandomness)
A section in Pseudorandomness that doesn't belong there is being given a new lease on life: here, as a subsection named 'Mersenne_twister (MT19937) in Python (a Monte Carlo method simulation)' within the 'Monte Carlo and random numbers' section. Pi314m (talk) 10:07, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Fellow-wikipedians, @Pi314m, @Mvqr, @jwikip I interpret the above exchange as consensus; hence unless there is any quick objection I shall make the above-mentioned changes to the article in the next few days ! -- jw (talk) 14:25, 27 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Objection to the above change : we already have an example of calculating pi in this article: -a- a Python (or any other language) code example is far too detailed (and irrelevant) here and -b- mentioning Mersenne Twister out of the blue is also irrelevant for inclusion here; Monte Carlo method has nothing to do with the choice of PRNG.
 * Note that the diagram showing how to simulate/calculate Pi (π) includes (Python) code in its corresponding MediaWiki entry
 * My conclusion : we should -1- Delete this recent addition, and -2- Modify the caption of the existing diagram to state that sample Python code can be found in the MediaWiki entry
 * fellow-Wikipedians ; what say you ? -- jw (talk) 20:28, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I support removal. It is too python specific, and a very trivial example. PRNG choice can affect MC simulation, but not for this example.--Mvqr (talk) 10:51, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * @Mvqr if choice of PRNG affects MC simulation then we should be saying so in the article with explanation of how this is so, but not including MT specifically ... d'you agree? -- jw (talk) 05:53, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree. I am not sure PRNG effects on MC should be included. From my personal work I have done in the past I can say it is an issue when you have a low-quality PRNG (for instance rand ...) and specific models, but other than saying "bad PRNG potentially leads to skewed/inefficient results" the effects are very much PRNG and model dependent.--Mvqr (talk) 10:53, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I removed the section per the discussion above (and it was obviously redundant). I could not find any wikimedia link to python code in the article, so if someone feels that is necessary and knows where it is, please feel free to add it. Cheers! Doctormatt (talk) 06:57, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

"Monte carlo Simulation" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_carlo_Simulation&redirect=no Monte carlo Simulation] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. – Novem Linguae (talk) 23:28, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

History
"Being secret, the work of von Neumann and Ulam required a code name."

The calculations performed using the Monte Carlo code on the ENIAC (1948) for the H bomb were secret but the method was not. Ulam promoted the method on a tour of universities in the following year. Metropolis coined the name as a buzz word not as a secret code word. Owensumm (talk) 21:12, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Citation for that? —DIYeditor (talk) 21:14, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monte Carlo method


text:
Corvisart station

Corvisart is an elevated station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 at the intersection of the Rue du Corvisart and the Boulevard Auguste Blanqui in the 13th arrondissement.

Location
The station is located above ground in the middle of Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui to the east of the intersection with Rue Corvisart.

History
The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906, when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907 Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into line 6 on 12 October 1942. It is named after the Rue Corvisart, which commemorates Jean Nicolas des Marels, Baron Corvisart (1755–1821), who was an important figure in the history of French medicine, specialising in the lungs and the heart, and the personal doctor of Napoleon. Nearby was the location of the Barrière de Croulebarbe, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

In 2018, 2,819,792 travelers entered this station, which places it at the 201st position of metro stations for its attendance.

Access
The station has two entrances located on the central reservation of Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui, one of which overlooks the no. 57 and the other side at no. 50.

Platforms

Corvisart is an elevated station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks, all covered with a glass roof style awning unique of the stations of the time. The vertical walls are covered with bevelled white ceramic tiles on the inside, and bricks drawing geometric patterns on the outside. The advertising frames are metallic, and the name of the station is inscribed in capital letters on enamelled plaques. The perimeter of the platforms are tiled, as are the convex benches topped with grey Motte seats. Lighting is provided by independent transverse tubes suspended from the frame. Access is via the western end via fixed staircase with the particularity of descending under the track exits.

Bus connections
The station is served by Lines 57, 64 and 67 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby
The station is near the Butte-aux-Cailles neighbourhood and the École nationale supérieure des télécommunications.

title: Corvisart station


text:
Wikipedia:Press releases/How to send a press release

written for the February, 2004 press release. see also How to send a press release.

It is advised, but not really required, that you temporarily change your "From:" name to "Wikimedia PR", to look more official than a random name.

The subject of the e-mail should read "PR: Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages", which is simple and to the point.

Copy the complete text of the article through your mail program or website. If you have an HTML compatible e-mail send Press_releases/February_2004, if you have plain text e-mail send Press_releases/February_2004/Text-Only

No cover letter is need, as these are all being sent by e-mail or snail mail. Just a basic cover letter is acceptable if your local paper wants a fax, for some reason.

Make sure you fully record which press outlets you send to, in the Press_releases/Logbook.

 * 1) Newspaper name, City of publication (if known), State/Province/Region (if relevant), Country, email@email.com (or "through form", if that's the case)
 * User:name date

And in response to the "will they take it seriously?" question, yes, most companies hire firms to send their PR out. -- user:zanimum


text:
Nationale station

Nationale is an elevated station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 at the intersection of the Rue Nationale and the Boulevard Vincent Auriol in the 13th arrondissement.

Location
Elevated above ground, the station overlooks the central median of Boulevard Vincent-Auriol, between Rue Jeanne-d'Arc and Rue Nationale. Oriented on a northeast/southwest axis, it is positioned between the stations Place d'Italie and Chevaleret (the former being underground).

History
The station opened on 1 March 1909 with the opening of the original section of line 6 from Place d'Italie to Nation (although part of line 5—some dating back to 2 October 1900—was incorporated into line 6 on 12 October 1942). It is named after the Rue Nationale, which commemorates the National Guard. This was a middle-class militia created on 13 July 1789 for the maintenance of law and order in Paris. Next day, it took part in the storming of the Bastille.

As part of the RATP Renouveau du metroprogram, the station was completely renovated by 5 May 2004. In 2021, attendance is gradually rising, with 1,320,290 passengers entering this station, placing it in the 251st position of metro stations for its usage out of 304 stations.

Access
The station has a single access called "Boulevard Vincent-Auriol", leading to the central median of this boulevard to the right of Nos. 124 and 143. It opens onto a communal area under the viaduct from where access to the platforms is by means of stairs or escalators.

Platforms
Nationale is an elevated station of a standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks, all covered with a glass roof in the style of the canopies of the stations of the time. The vertical walls are covered with bevelled white ceramic tiles on the inside, and bricks drawing geometric patterns on the outside. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates attached to the metal frame. The platforms are equipped with wooden slatted benches. The lighting is semi-direct, projected on the ground by blue ceiling lights, on the wall by partially concealed tubes and on the frame by blue light projectors. Access is via the western end.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 27 and 61 of the RATP Bus Network, and, at night, by line N31 of the Noctilien network.

title: Nationale station


text:
Talk:Irish calendar

WikiProject Time assessment rating comment
Want to help write or improve articles about Time? Join WikiProject Time or visit the Time Portal for a list of articles that need improving.

—Yamara ✉  18:25, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

2004 posts
Why not fold January down to the end of the article and start at the New Year? --Phil 15:14, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

The New Year begins in Ireland on January 1 - Spring begins on Feb. 1. -- Gerry Lawless 21.08, Mar 4, 2004.

February and October are the two times in the year where you have equal night and day. According to Philo, a Levite Priest, who lived at the time of the New Testament, understood the word “equinox” to mean equal light and darkness which would put the beginning of the year in February. Philo writes,

THE SPECIAL LAWS, IV* Yonge's title, A Treatise on Circumcision.} XLII. (233) “Nature, therefore, has marked out those PERIODS IN EVERY YEAR, which are called the EQUINOXES, from the STATE OF THINGS WHICH EXIST AT THAT TIME, namely, the spring and the autumnal EQUINOX, with such DISTINCTNESS, that EVEN THE MOST ILLITERATE persons are aware of the EQUALITY which THEN EXISTS between the EXTENT of the DAYS and of the NIGHTS.”

WHO IS THE HEIR OF DIVINE THINGS XXIX. (146) “These things being thus previously sketched out, see now how God, dividing things in the middle, has divided them into equal portions according to all the ideas of equality which occur in the creation of the universe…. So, in the same manner, he had divided light from darkness, and day from night, and summer from winter, and autumn from spring; and so on. (147) Again, he has divided things so as to make his divisions equal in point of magnitude; such as the parallel cycles in heaven, and those which belong to the equinoxes both of spring and autumn, and those which belong to the winter and summer solstice. (148) Now the “divisions of time” are equal in point of length, the longest day being equal to the longest night, and the shortest day being equal to the shortest night, and the mean length of day to the mean length of night. And the equal magnitude of other days and nights appears to be indicated chiefly by the equinoxes. (149) From the spring equinox to the summer solstice, day receives an addition to its length, and night, on the other hand, submits to a diminution; until the longest day and the shortest night are both completed. And then after the summer solstice the sun, turning back again the same road, neither more quickly nor more slowly than he advanced, but always preserving the same difference in the same manner, having a constantly equal arrangement, proceeds on till the autumnal equinox; and then, having made day and night both equal,”

It is evident from Philo’s writings that at the time of the New Testament they understood the true equinox really meant equinox not equal 12 hours from sunrise to sunset. There are more quotes from Philo to support the above if anyone is interested my website is www.lunarsabbath.info — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yhwhpeople (talk • contribs) 18:42, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Philo and biblical references are irrelevant to the calendar of the Irish. Perhaps this comment belongs on a Greek or Hebrew calendar page.

 * Maybe it needs to be asked for once and for all: Every culture has their own calendar. Shouldn't it be OK to allow there to be an Irish calendar on Wikipedia? Just because Ireland's history has been dominated by 1000 years of invaders or churches doesn't mean they don't have the same right to be recognized in the world community. (Some remarks made here show that some people around the world think of it as if it were a suburb of England.)

February and October are not the two times in the year where you have equal night and day. That would the equinoxes in late March and late September, unless you live in a world with more day than night on average. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:148A:9B01:7006:12BD:8714:C917 (talk) 14:34, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

for non Gaelic speakers
Would it be possibe to have an English gloss of the names of the days, months and seasons? It would be interesting to know what they mean. Inigo123 10:21, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Have made a start by doing the days. -- Picapica 11:02, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Added religious seasons. -- Picapica

 * POI, It's Irish, not Gaelic. 11:11, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

First performance of Riverdance at Eurovision Song Contest as part of "Seasons"?
Casting your eye over the article, there is an introduction, then the first section is entitled "Seasons". However this section seems to be less about the description of seasons in the Irish Calendar and more a list of events that people believe have relevance to Irish history, from Bloody Sunday to "Bull of Pope Gregory XIII, for reform of calendar, issued at Rome" to "First performance of Riverdance at Eurovision Song Contest". Could this section be renamed? --mgaved 17:26, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Alas, it's all been deleted. It would have been funny (and informative) to have a section for dates in Irish history, from the sublime to the ridiculous. However, every Wikipedia article I see on Ireland is censored to death, sometimes for reasons of politics or prejudice. Apparently it is still not free. Galliv (talk) 21:31, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Relevance to Celtic history
This calendar seems to start as a discussion of celebrations and feast days. The year is then marked by a variety of dates during with no relevance to celebration or feast at all. More appropriate to be in a history of the Troubles since this is not purely Irish history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.149.56.193 (talk) 19:54, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Relevance
Seconding the above two comments. After the intro, this dissolves into a disjointed timeline of modern Ireland and a couple of basic Gaelic vocabulary lessons. It'd be much more useful to cover the history and development of the calendar, it's relationship to the Julian/Gregorian calendars, its significance in various religions (Christianity, Pre-Christian Celtic Religion, Neopaganism, etc) and their influence on it, the significance of the various holidays, it's importance in modern Irish thought, politics, etc. I'd do it myself, excepting I don't know much about it, and also I'm lazy. - 76.188.177.20 (talk) 18:48, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Separate calendar?
I'm not sure I see why the Irish Calendar is treated as separate from the Gregorian Calendar. It seems as though the date is the same in both calendars, as both the months and days are aligned exactly with one another. The only difference seems to be in the names of the months (which is true for any calendar used in areas with different languages) and in the arrangement of the seasons. I don't think that these two differences merit calling the Irish Calendar a separate calendar in the same way that, say, the Buddhist calendar or the Hebrew calendar are separate from the Gregorian calendar. Instead, this should be made into an article about the seasons, and the timeline should be a separate article altogether. Thoughts? --SameerKhan (talk) 18:35, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Well, our seasons certainly start at different times. It would be an odd occurence for spring not to start on La 'le Bhríde/1 February every year. In school we always made the Brigid's cross for that time to mark the start of spring. Same with Lúnasa/1 Aug starting autumn and the harvest, and so forth. I only recently discovered that the British and American seasons start at a different time. 86.42.124.125 (talk) 22:19, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Irish holidays are unique to Ireland. The seasons differ. (By the way, there are many Buddhist calendars and variations in the Jewish holidays. It's helpful to have them all posted.) Galliv (talk) 22:00, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking, spring begins with Imbolc which is a few days after"La "le Bhríde/1 February". Same with the other Quarter Days, they're all a few days later than the modern festivals that track them. In theory, they're all half way between a solstice and an equinox.
 * North American readers may be interested in the close relationship between Groundhog Day and Imbolc.
 * Notably, all four quarter days are now closely linked to public holidays in Ireland. 78.17.231.126 (talk) 21:53, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Agreement with Above post
Yes- I'd argue that the Irish calendar is merely the Gregorian- since Ireland has always been historically close to Rome- thus iot woulod have been one of the first countries to adopt it. The article on the Gregorian calendar quite clearly states that it was adopted until 1603- where upon Catholics asked special permission to not appear disloyal to the Protestant English- still using the Julian calendar.

If Ireland was to have a unique Gaelic or Celtic calendar- wouldn't have been influenced by the greater populations of Celts/Gaels and hence greater cultural weight of the British mainland if not Gaul? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_%28Ireland%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar I really don't notice anything especially distinguishing about it- and the list of Irish Historical events is clearly not related to the body topic. Maybe it just needs more research?Starstylers (talk) 18:18, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The structure of the Irish calendar is solar rather than being based on months. The imposition of Roman custom via British involvement (Ireland was never part of the Roman Empire) has led to an apparent standardization but this is culturally irrelevant. It serves as a way to describe the Irish calendar in Gregorian terms. 78.17.231.126 (talk) 22:01, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

I think you should clarify what you mean by this entity the "British mainland" before continuing, As far as I am aware, there is Britain, and there is Ireland. Ireland is the mainland for Irish people. Maybe you mean Britain's "mainland" is Britanny? 86.42.124.125 (talk) 22:24, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

I was referring to the British mainland as the island home to England, Wales and Scotland. With regard Brittany- very likely the Gaulish Celts may have been an influence too. I think it could be a very interesting topic- but I think it needs more research to truly legitimize it as different. Starstylers (talk) 03:03, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, the seasons do not follow the same pattern as those in the Republic. (e.g. Winter starts in December).

Given that fact, is it logical to include events which only apply to NI? 90.202.168.222 (talk) 09:44, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

When did that start? Autumn still begins on 1 August for my family in Armagh, just as it did for all of the country when it was under British colonial rule. But I do appreciate where you are coming from and what you are trying to do. 86.42.119.12 (talk) 03:04, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

What is this article supposed to be about?
This article is skirting the boundaries of silliness, and more than once sets up camp inside. I am Irish and have lived in Ireland since I was two years old, and it comes as news to me that the Irish calendar "centres the seasons around the solstices and equinoxes". As long as I have known, it starts on January 1 and ends on December 31. I notice too that the article doesn't provide any references whatsoever. Finally, what is the collective significance of any of this information, other than it is vaguely and sometimes very tenuously Ireland-related? It's basically nothing but a list of Trivia presented in chronological order. This is a candidate for deletion, if ever I saw one; it's a purely invented category. Lexo (talk) 02:08, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Lexo, it is pointing out, among other things, that spring, summer, autumn and winter begin at different times of the year to the situation in America and Britain. What's wrong with that? Dunlavin Green (talk) 12:20, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

-- When it said 'centers around the seasons' I think it's referring to the fact that seasons in Ireland are different than elsewhere. For example, spring in Ireland is Feb, Mar, Apr, roughly centered around the equinox. As are our other seasons. This definitely needs to be mentioned somewhere in wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.47.51.133 (talk) 22:55, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I didn't realise that any country had a formal definition of the seasons. What is the definition in the UK? Mooretwin (talk) 12:39, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Check your Oxford English Dictionary because in my version, from 1997, it definitely differed from the seasons as they were known to me and presumably everybody around me when we were growing up, whether it was making the St Brigid's cross on the first day of spring (1 February/ Brigid's Day" or going out on Oíche Shamhna/ 31 October, the last day of autumn. I was genuinely surprised at that difference. But then I learnt that the English/Julian calendar differed from the Irish/Gregorian calendar until 1752 when the English adopted the Gregorian calendar so maybe expecting conformity in an imperfect world was my mistake. Dunlavin Green (talk) 19:19, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

I'm inclined to agree with most of the criticism of this article. It mentions the part where seasons are declared at different dates from US & UK, but that fact alone doesn't make it a seperate calendar. Then, the article preceeds to give Irish names for months and days of the week--but that doesn't belong here either! Why don't we throw in the Welsh names for comparison? 64.88.170.40 (talk) 22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC) ?22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC) 64.88.170.40 (talk) 22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC) 64.88.170.40 (talk) 22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC) 64.88.170.40 (talk) 22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC) 64.88.170.40 (talk) 22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC) 64.88.170.40 (talk) 22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC) 64.88.170.40 (talk) 22:08, 21 December 2009 (UTC)!

 * What would be the point of Welsh names on an Irish calendar? They have their own culture; they can have their own calendar. Galliv (talk) 21:23, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

What exactly is the "Irish calendar" and who uses it?
Well? The article doesn't say. Mooretwin (talk) 15:18, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I suppose you could say it is an Irish cultural calendar. Its holidays and seasons are peculiar to Ireland: Lá Ḟéile Briġde, Lá Ḟéile Pádraig, for example.  It shares some holidays with other places of Celtic origin, but the names (and possibly the origins) are Irish: Bealtaine, Lúnasa, Saṁhain, Nollaig. This may be something an Irish native takes for granted, but is helpful to have spelled out for outsiders.

 * Irish public holidays are unique to Ireland and the saints' days can be observed on different days from the Roman calendar (and with additional saints), just as the French and Breton calendars differ from the Roman calendar. The English, Scottish and Welsh may have different observances. They could have (and maybe already have) their own Wikipedia articles.

 * The Julian and Gregorian calendars are a different category, not being specific to an individual culture. Galliv (talk) 21:16, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

I found this article on the Irish calendar helpful, if a bit disorganized
From a non-Irish viewpoint, as a person with Irish ancestry who is trying to learn the language and culture, it is nice to have all the elements of the Irish calendar in one spot. It is helpful to both students of Irish history or just tourists. I would ask that this article not be deleted, but instead edited. It may seem a bit messy to combine the historic Irish concept of time, days and seasons with the modern holidays, the Christian with the pagan, but again, having all the information together is convenient to the reader.

In the USA, we have a bizarre way of delineating the seasons of the year. I imagine the person who wrote this article was trying to explain the Irish calendar from a US perspective, hence the clumsy introduction (which definitely needs rewriting!). It's our seasons that are off, not the Irish.

For example, our winter just began on the solstice, Dec. 21, 2010. Any sane person knows that the shortest day is the depth of winter, not the beginning of it. The crocuses sprout and the trees bud in February, but our spring doesn't begin until Mar. 20 (really the beginning of the end of spring). There is a change in the weather at the beginning of August, but only the Irish and Chinese consider that the beginning of autumn. A solar agricultural calendar makes more sense.

I'd suggest organizing the article chronologically.

It seems pointless (and introduces anachronisms) to quibble about the concept of an Irish calendar from a modern political perspective. The calendar evolved at a time when there was no Britain, no Northern Ireland, just areas with their local tribes and constantly changing leadership and borders. (Someone made a comment about Philo of Alexandria, which is also irrelevant.) You could argue that since the world is shrinking, all cultures should be combined into a "Euro" calendar. This would be a disservice to all.

I'm familiar with the calendars of many cultures and it's helpful to have a Wikipedia entry for each so that, for example, I know the difference between the Tibetan, Chinese, Korean, Thai or Vietnamese new years. I don't see why the Irish calendar should be wiped out of existence on Wikipedia and would have to question why anyone would want that to happen.

Galliv (talk) 19:56, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

This calendar is in use now
This article assumes that thi refers to an ancient celtic calendar that is not used anymore.

As someone else mentioned, I am Irish, and as far as I knew everyone started Spring on the first of February, etc.

It should be mentioned in the article that this is the calendar that people know and use to this day in the republic of Ireland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.17.80.108 (talk) 10:19, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * FTR, I just dropped this HTML comment (not mine) from the article:
 * Information was previously included, but had missing-citation tags added in January 2015 and was removed in June 2015
 * -- Beland (talk) 22:49, 13 January 2022 (UTC)

starting point
What's the starting point for this kind of calendar? --41.151.167.139 (talk) 17:13, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Good point - see article now--Zymurgy (talk) 18:15, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Scottish Gaelic
No mention of use in Scotland. Interestingly, some of the Scottish names are more Gaelic too...--MacRùsgail (talk) 18:55, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

Irish Calendar today, not just "Gaelic Calendar"
As many Irish people have mentioned above, the vast majority of Irish people still view spring as starting on St Brigid's Day/Lá Fhéile Bríde/1 February, summer as starting on Bealtaine/1 May, autumn starting on Lúnasa/1 August and winter starting on Samhain/1 November. Why, therefore, is this article treating it like this calendar is something merely confined to the past? 79.97.64.240 (talk) 11:26, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Please go ahead and fix it. I started some initial cleanup, but this needs additional rewriting and sourcing. - Co rb ie V  ☊☼ 15:58, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

Astrological vs. Meteorological vs. Catholic School system
The seasons, as understood/used by Irish people are subject to much debate.

Ultimately, there are 3 definitions in use:

The official (Meteorological) version is that Spring starts on the 1st March

There is also the astrological version which deals with the equinox etc (Spring starts on March 20th). While it is accepted, it is rarely used in day-to-day life

Finally, there is alternative (historic) version based on religious holidays (Spring starts on Feb 1st which is considered a holy day by some) which is taught to young children in most/all catholic primary schools (the majority of primary schools in Ireland are run by the Catholic Church). However, there are attempts to correct this teaching

Davesugrue (talk) 17:11, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irish calendar


text:
Hida, Gifu

Hida (飛騨市) is a city located in Gifu, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 24,726, and a population density of 31 persons per km2, in 8,905 households. The total area of the city was 792.53 sqkm. The official kanji for the city is actually 飛驒, which uses the old rendering of the 騨 character. However, the 驒 character is not included on the official list of usable characters (as decided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications), so the 騨 character is often used outside of the city.

Geography
Hida is the northernmost city in Gifu Prefecture, and is located in the northern part of the Hida Highlands bordering on Toyama Prefecture to the north. The majority of the area of the city is forested, with many mountains exceeding 1,000 meters within the city borders. The northeastern edge of the Hida Mountain range exceeds 2,000 meters. Most of the population is concentrated along river terraces along the Jinzū River and the Takahara River.

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild winters (Köppen climate classification Dfa). The average annual temperature in Hida is 10.6 C. The average annual rainfall is 2049.7 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.5 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.5 C.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Gifu Prefecture
 * Takayama
 * Shirakawa
 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Toyama
 * Nanto

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Hida has decreased steadily over the past 50 years.

History
The area around Hida was part of traditional Hida Province. During the Edo period, the area was tenryō territory under the direct control of the  Tokugawa shogunate. During the post-Meiji restoration cadastral reforms, the area was organised into Yoshiki District, Gifu. On July 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system, the town of Furukawa and the villages of Kawai and Miyagawa were created. The modern city of Hida was established on February 1, 2004, from the merger of these municipalities with the town of  Kamioka.

Government
Hida has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 14 members

Economy
The main two traditional economies in the city are the production of sake and traditional Japanese candles. The Furukawa area of the city is known for both of these crafts, while the Kamioka section is mainly known for its sake production.

Education
Hida has five public elementary schools, two public middle schools and one combined elementary/middle school operated by the city government. The city has two public high schools operated by the Gifu Prefectural Board of Education. Tokyo University's Super-Kamiokande neutrino observatory together with the data processing centre (Kamioka Observatory) has been located in Kamioka since 2002.

Railway
JR Tōkai - Takayama Main Line
 * Hida-Furukawa - Sugisaki - Hida-Hosoe - Tsunogawa -  Sakakami - Utsubo - Sugihara

Highway

 * Tōkai-Hokuriku Expressway, which connects the cities of Nagoya and Gifu with Toyama.

Sister city relations

 * 🇦🇹 - Leutasch, Austria, friendship city since January 23, 1998
 * 🇧🇪 - Libin, Belgium, sister city since September 9, 1996
 * 🇹🇼 - Xingang, Chiayi, Taiwan, sister city since October 13, 2017

Festivals in Hida
Furukawa Festival, a famous festival in Gifu Prefecture, is held every April.

Kimi no Na Wa
Hida Furukawa was featured in several key locations in the popular 2016 animated film, Kimi no Na Wa (君の名は, Your Name).

title: Hida, Gifu


text:
Chevaleret station

Chevaleret is an elevated station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 at the intersection of the Rue du Chevaleret and the Boulevard Vincent Auriol in the 13th arrondissement.

History
The station opened on 1 March 1909 with the opening of the original section of line 6 from Place d'Italie to Nation (although part of line 5—some dating back to 2 October 1900—was incorporated into line 6 on 12 October 1942). It is named after the Rue de Chevaleret, a street that already existed in 1670, and was named after the locality, which in turn was probably named after its owner.

As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro program, the station was completely renovated in 2003.

Access
The station has two accesses leading to either side of the central median of Boulevard Vincent-Auriol: Each opens onto a communal area under the viaduct from where access to the platforms is by means of stairs or escalators.
 * Access 1 - "Rue Bruant - La Pitié-Salpêtrière" located on the north side opposite the Institut de Cardiologie de l'Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, at no. 50 boulevard;
 * Access 2 - "Rue du Chevaleret" located on the south side to the right of no. 79 of the boulevard.

Platforms
Chevaleret is an elevated station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks, all covered with a glass roof in the style of the canopies of the stations of the time. The vertical walls are covered with bevelled white ceramic tiles on the inside, and bricks drawing geometric patterns on the outside. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques. The Motte style seats are red in colour. The lighting is semi-direct, projected on the ground by blue ceiling lights, on the wall by partially concealed tubes and on the frame by blue light projectors. Access is via the western end.

Bus connections
The station is served by line 61 of the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby
Nearby are the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital and the Ministry of Finance.

title: Chevaleret station


text:
Quai de la Gare station

Quai de la Gare is a station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. It is located at the intersection of the Quai de la Gare and Boulevard Vincent Auriol, in the 13th arrondissement.

History
The station opened on 1 March 1909 with the opening of the original section of Line 6 from Place d'Italie to Nation (although part of Line 5—some dating back to 2 October 1900—was incorporated into Line 6 on 12 October 1942). It is named after the Quai de la Gare on the Rive Gauche of the Seine, which was a wharf opened in 1770 and serving the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. Nearby was the location of the Barrière de la Gare, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in 1819.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du metro program, the station was completely renovated in the 2000s. In 2021, attendance is gradually rising, with 1,735,465 passengers entering this station, placing it in the 202nd position of metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has two accesses leading to either side of the central median of Boulevard Vincent-Auriol: Each opens onto a communal area under the viaduct from where access to the platforms is by means of fixed stairs, escalators, or elevators.
 * Access 1 - "Avenue de France" located to the right of nos. 11 and 12 of the boulevard;
 * Access 2 - "Pont de Bercy" facing nos. 1 and 2 of the boulevard.

Platforms
Quai de la Gare is an elevated station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks, all established in a very slight curve and covered with a glass roof. The vertical walls are covered with bevelled white ceramic tiles on the inside, and bricks layered in geometric patterns on the outside. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques. The Motte style seats are white and arranged on convex benches covered with flat white ceramic tiles. The lighting is semi-direct, projected on the ground by blue ceiling lights, on the walls by partially concealed tubes and on the frame by blue light projectors. Access is via the eastern end.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 61, 71, 89, 215 and 325 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N131 and N133 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby
Nearby are the Ministry of the Economy and Finance and AccorHotels Arena, although best served by the next station towards Nation, Bercy, which Line 6 reaches by crossing the Pont de Bercy.

title: Quai de la Gare station