text:
Port Arthur, Ontario

Port Arthur was a city in Northern Ontario, Canada, located on Lake Superior. In January 1970, it amalgamated with Fort William and the townships of Neebing and McIntyre to form the city of Thunder Bay.

Port Arthur had been the district seat of Thunder Bay District. It is historically notable as a temporary (1882–1885) eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). It served as a major transshipment point for lakers that carried cargo to Port Arthur from across the Great Lakes. CPR's completion to the east did little to affect the city's importance for shipping; the Canadian Northern Railway was constructed to serve the port, and it built numerous grain silos to supply lakers. This rail and grain trade diminished in the latter half of the 20th century.

History
The government of the Province of Canada determined in the late 1850s to begin the exploration and settlement of Canada west of Ontario. With Confederation in 1867, Simon James Dawson was employed by the Canadian Department of Public Works (DPW) to construct a road and route from Thunder Bay on Lake Superior to the Red River Colony (now Manitoba).

DPW's depot and settlement on the lake, where it landed and stored its supplies, acquired its first name in May 1870, after a fierce fire. Colonel Garnet Wolseley named the tiny fire-ravaged settlement as Prince Arthur's Landing, in honor of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942), son of Queen Victoria. Prince Arthur was then serving with his regiment in Montreal. In 1871 the Ontario government surveyed the Prince Arthur's Landing Town Plot, thereby officially confirming the name and opening the land for legal possession. In May 1883 this unwieldy name was changed unilaterally by Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) officials in Winnipeg to Port Arthur. The namesake prince did not visit the settlement until May 1890, when he and his entourage briefly stopped there. The residents of Prince Arthur's Landing developed the Thunder Bay District's first municipality, the Municipality of Shuniah in March 1873. This early form of regional government covered an area that reached from Sibley Peninsula to the United States (US) border. The residents of Prince Arthur dominated Shuniah, which was resented by the few residents of Fort William, Ontario. In 1881, they established their own Municipality of Neebing. They began a long and ultimately successful competition with Port Arthur to secure all the operations of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which moved to Fort William later in the century.

Prospering from the CPR railway construction boom of 1882–1885, Port Arthur was incorporated as a town in March 1884. The CPR erected Thunder Bay's and western Canada's first terminal grain elevator on the bay in 1883, later leasing it to Joseph Goodwin King.

In the late 19th century, Port Arthur was greatly affected by changes in the economy. The CPR completed its construction along the north shore of Lake Superior and decided to centralize its operations along the lower Kaministiquia River. This abruptly reduced business in Port Arthur. In addition, silver mining had been the mainstay of the economy since the 1870s, but the boom in silver mining ended in October 1890. The U.S. Congress passed the McKinley Tariff, cutting off profitable exports to the US.

The town was in dire economic straits until 1897–1899, when the entrepreneurs William Mackenzie and Donald Mann acquired the Ontario and Rainy River Railway and the Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway. They chose Port Arthur as the Lake Superior headquarters for the Canadian Northern Railway. Port Arthur thrived as a transhipment and grain handling port for the CNR after the railway line was opened to Winnipeg, Manitoba in December 1901.

From 1871 onward, Port Arthur was designated as the administrative centre for Thunder Bay District (created 1871 by the Ontario government). A provincial stipendiary magistrate dispensed justice until 1884, when the government created a judicial district and appointed a federal judge to lead the court. The province erected a jail and court house in 1876, and located a Crown Lands Agent, a Crown Timber Agent, and an Inspector of Colonization Roads in the town. The federal Indian Agent was also usually located in the town. A large new courthouse was erected by the province in 1924.

Attempts from 1901 to 1914 to secure manufacturing industries generally came to naught. But the Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company, later called the Port Arthur Shipbuilding Company or PASCO, was a major industrial employer for many years.

The forest products industry was important to the town's economic life. In the 1880s, Herman Finger established the Pigeon River Lumber Company, but dissolved the company and moved his operations to The Pas by 1906. In 1917, two sawmills were added the pulp and paper industry, with the establishment of the Port Arthur Pulp and Paper Company, later a division of Provincial Paper Mills Ltd, and in 1920 the Kaministiquia Pulp and Paper Company at Current River. This was sold in 1922 to the Consolidated Water Power and Paper Company of Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin.

The absorption of the Canadian Northern Railway into the Canadian National Railways meant the loss of many CNoR facilities. The Canadian Northern route through Port Arthur was downgraded by the new CNR. But western Canadian grain companies preferred to build their large new terminal grain elevators on Thunder Bay rather than on Fort William's Kaministiquia River.

Lakehead University was established on a site within the former city of Port Arthur, whose intercity area increasingly became a focus of industrial and commercial activity in the post-World War II period.

Port Arthur became a city in April 1907. The City of Port Arthur ceased to exist at the end of December 1969.

Prince Arthur's Landing waterfront district
In 2006, Prince Arthur's Landing was adopted as the name for a mix-use waterfront redevelopment district incorporating a marina, parkland and trails, public art, restored heritage buildings, and a future hotel. Structures include the Baggage Building Arts Centre public gallery, a restored circa-1900 building, the Water Garden Pavilion, a skateboard park, running and cycling trails, as well as public art.

Arms
In 1963 Port Arthur acquired a new coat of arms from the College of Arms in London. The original crest depicted a wooden fort with wide-open gate with the motto "Gateway to the West." The new coat of arms, designed by J.P. Brooke-Little, Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms, featured a heraldic gateway in a framing sun, wavy bars representing water, blue fleurs de lys, a red cross, a lion holding a tree, a moose and a wolf.

Notable people

 * Mary Riter Hamilton, Canadian artist and painter
 * Smokey Harris, hockey player noted for scoring the first ever goal in Boston Bruins history.
 * Fred Page, hockey executive and inductee into the Hockey Hall of Fame
 * Frank Sargent, hockey executive and inductee into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame
 * H. J. Sterling, city councillor and hockey executive
 * Richard Bocking, award-winning Canadian filmmaker
 * Sheila Burnford, Scottish writer and novelist, wrote The Incredible Journey; resided for many years in Port Arthur after emigrating to Canada in 1951

title: Port Arthur, Ontario


text: User:Hiyayaywhopee

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Hiyayaywhopee


text:
User:Jengod/Regions of Southern California

South Bay Bay Cities Beach Cities West L.A. East L.A. South L.A. San Fernando Valley San Gabriel Valley Inland Empire Mojave Desert, aka High Desert Colorado Desert, aka Low Desert
 * Antelope Valley
 * Victor Valley
 * Coachella Valley
 * Imperial Valley


text:
User talk:Jared R. Buckley

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 05:14, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jared R. Buckley


text:
Applied Materials

Applied Materials, Inc. is an American corporation that supplies equipment, services and software for the manufacture of semiconductor (integrated circuit) chips for electronics, flat panel displays for computers, smartphones, televisions, and solar products. The company also supplies equipment to produce coatings for flexible electronics, packaging and other applications. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and is the second largest supplier of semiconductor equipment in the world based on revenue behind ASML of Netherlands.

History
Founded in 1967 by Michael A. McNeilly and others, Applied Materials went public in 1972. In subsequent years, the company diversified, until James C. Morgan became CEO in 1976 and returned the company's focus to its core business of semiconductor manufacturing equipment. By 1978, sales increased by 17%.

In 1984, Applied Materials became the first U.S. semiconductor equipment manufacturer to open its own technology center in Japan and the first semiconductor equipment company to operate a service center in China. In 1987, Applied introduced a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) machine called the Precision 5000, which differed from existing machines by incorporating diverse processes into a single machine that had multiple process chambers.

In 1992, the corporation settled a lawsuit with three former employees for an estimated $600,000. The suit complained that the employees were driven out of the company after complaining about the courses Applied Scholastics had been hired to teach there.

In 1993, the Applied Materials' Precision 5000 was inducted into the Smithsonian Institution's permanent collection of Information Age technology.

In November 1996, Applied Materials acquired two Israeli companies for an aggregate amount of $285 million: Opal Technologies and Orbot Instruments for $175 million and $110 million in cash, respectively. Orbot produces systems for inspecting patterned silicon wafers for yield enhancement during the semiconductor manufacturing process, as well as systems for inspecting masks used during the patterning process. Opal develops and manufactures high-speed metrology systems used by semiconductor manufacturers to verify critical dimensions during the production of integrated circuits.

In 2000, Etec Systems, Inc. was purchased. The following year, on June 27, 2001, Applied Materials acquired Israeli company Oramir Semiconductor Equipment Ltd., a supplier of laser cleaning technologies for semiconductor wafers, in a purchase business combination for $21 million in cash.

In January 2008, Applied Materials purchased Baccini, an Italian company and designer of tools used in manufacturing solar cells.

In 2009, Applied Materials opened its Solar Technology Center, the world's largest commercial solar energy research and development facility, in Xi'an, China.

Applied Materials acquired Semitool Inc. in December 2009, and announced its acquisition of Varian Semiconductor in May 2011. Applied Materials then announced a planned merger with Tokyo Electron on September 24, 2013. If approved by government regulators, the combined company, to be called Eteris, would be the world's largest supplier of semiconductor processing equipment, with a total market value of $29 billion. However, on April 27, 2015, Applied Materials announced that its merger with Tokyo Electron has been scrapped due to antitrust concerns and fears of dominating the semiconductor equipment industry.

In 2015, Applied Materials left the solar wafer sawing and the solar ion implantation businesses.

Applied Materials was named among FORTUNE World's Most Admired Companies in 2018.

In 2019, Applied Materials announced its intention to buy semiconductor equipment manufacturer (and former Hitachi group member) Kokusai Electric Corporation from private equity firm KKR for $2.2 billion, but terminated the deal in March 2021 citing delays in getting approval from China's regulator.

In November 2023, Applied Materials was reported to be under criminal investigation by the United States Department of Justice for routing equipment to Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation via South Korea in violation of US sanctions.

Finances
For the fiscal year 2021, Applied Materials reported earnings of US$5.888 billion, with an annual revenue of US$23.063 billion, a 34% increase over the previous fiscal. Applied Materials market capitalization was valued at over US$36.6 billion in November 2018.

Organization
Applied is organized into three major business sectors: Semiconductor Products, Applied Global Services, and Display and Adjacent Markets. Applied Materials also operates a venture investing arm called Applied Ventures.

Semiconductor Products
The company develops and manufactures equipment used in the wafer fabrication steps of creating a semiconductor device, including atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), rapid thermal processing (RTP), chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), etch, ion implantation and wafer inspection. The company acquired Semitool for this group in late 2009. In 2019, Applied Materials agreed to buy semiconductor manufacturer Kokusai for $2.2 Billion.

Applied Global Services
The Applied Global Services (AGS) group offers equipment installation support and warranty extended support, as well as maintenance support. AGS also offers new and refurbished equipment, as well as upgrades and enhancements for installed base equipment. This sector also includes automation software for manufacturing environments.

Display and Adjacent Markets
AGS combined an existing business unit with the display business of Applied Films Corporation, acquired in mid-2006.

The manufacturing process for TFT LCDs (thin film transistor liquid crystal displays), commonly employed in computer monitors and televisions, is similar to that employed for integrated circuits. In cleanroom environments both TFT-LCD and integrated circuit production use photolithography, chemical and physical vapor deposition, and testing.

Energy and Environmental Solutions (former sector)
In 2006, the company acquired Applied Films, a glass coating and web coating business. Also in 2006, Applied announced it was entering the solar manufacturing equipment business. The solar, glass and web businesses were organized into the company's Energy and Environmental Solutions (EES) sector.

In 2007, Applied Materials announced the Applied SunFab thin film photovoltaic module production line, with single or tandem junction capability. SunFab applies silicon thin film layers to glass substrate that then produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. In 2009, the company's SunFab line was certified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In 2010, Applied announced that it was abandoning the thin film market and closing down their SunFab division. Also in 2007, the company acquired privately held, Switzerland-based HCT Shaping Systems SA, a specialist in wafer sawing tools for both solar and semiconductor wafer manufacture, paying approximately $475 million.

In 2008, Applied acquired privately held, Italy-based Baccini SpA for $330M, company that worked in the metallization steps of solar cell manufacturing. The company was listed at the top of VLSI Research's list of supplier of photovoltaic manufacturing equipment for 2008, with sales of $797M.

Since July 2016 the Energy and Environmental Solutions sector is no longer reported separately. Remaining solar business activities have been included in "Corporate and Others".

Locations
Applied moved into its Bowers Avenue headquarters in Santa Clara, CA, in 1974 and operates in Europe, Japan, Canada, the United States, Israel, China, Italy, India, Korea, Southeast Asia, Singapore and Taiwan.

Management

 * Chairman of the Board of Directors: Thomas J. Iannotti
 * President and Chief Executive Officer: Gary E. Dickerson
 * Chief Financial Officer: Brice Hill
 * Chief Technology Officer: Omkaram Nalamasu

title: Applied Materials


text:
Real-time Cmix

Real-Time Cmix (RTcmix) is one of the MUSIC-N family of computer music programming languages. RTcmix is descended from the MIX program developed by Paul Lansky at Princeton University in 1978 to perform algorithmic composition using digital audio soundfiles on an IBM 3031 mainframe computer. After synthesis functions were added, the program was renamed Cmix in the 1980s. Real-time capability was added by David Topper, John Gibson, Brad Garton, and Douglas Scott in the mid-1990s. In addition, support for TCP socket connectivity, interactive control of the scheduler were added, as well as the ability to embed the synthesis engine into fully featured applications such as Max/MSP.

Over the years Cmix/RTcmix has run on a variety of computer platforms and operating systems, including NeXT, Sun Microsystems, IRIX, Linux, and Mac OS X. It is and has always been an open source project, differentiating it from commercial synthesizers and music software. It is currently developed by a group of computer music researchers both academic (at Princeton University, Columbia University, and Indiana University Bloomington), and private.

RTcmix has a number of unique (or highly unusual) features when compared with other synthesis and signal processing languages. For one, it has a built-in MINC parser, which enables the user to write C-style code within the score file, extending its capability for algorithmic composition and making it closer in some respects to later music software such as SuperCollider and Max/MSP. It uses a single-script instruction file (the score file), and synthesis and signal processing routines (called instruments) loaded as shared libraries. This is different from MUSIC-N languages such as Csound where the instruments exist in a second file written in a specification language that builds the routines out of simple building blocks (organized as opcodes or unit generators). RTcmix has similar functionality to Csound and other computer music languages, however, and their shared lineage means that scripts written for one language will be extremely familiar-looking (if not immediately comprehensible) to users of the other language.

title: Real-time Cmix


text:
Sleepwalker

Sleepwalker(s) or The Sleepwalker(s) may refer to:

 * Sleepwalking or somnambulism, a sleep disorder

Films

 * The Sleepwalker (1922 film), an American silent film directed by Edward LeSaint
 * The Sleepwalker (1942 film), a Disney animated short film featuring Pluto
 * The Sleepwalker (1951 film), a French film directed by Maurice Labro
 * Sleepwalkers (1978 film), a Spanish film by Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón
 * Sleepwalker, a 1984 film featuring Fulton Mackay
 * Sleepwalkers (1992 film), an American horror film written by Stephen King
 * Sleepwalker (2000 film), a Swedish horror-thriller film directed by Johannes Runeborg
 * Sleepwalker (2011 film), a Hong Kong film directed by Oxide Pang
 * The Sleepwalker (2014 film), a Norwegian-American drama directed by Mona Fastvold
 * The Sleepwalker (2015 film), a Canadian animated short film directed by Theodore Ushev
 * Sleepwalker (2017 film), an American mystery film directed by Elliott Lester
 * The Sleepwalkers (2019 film), an Argentine film directed by Paula Hernández

Television

 * Sleepwalkers (TV series), a 1997–98 American science fiction series
 * "The Sleepwalker" (The Honeymooners), a television episode

Literature

 * Sleepwalker (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * The Sleepwalker (novel), a 2008 novel by Robert Muchamore
 * The Sleepwalker (Fear Street), a 1990 novel by R. L. Stine
 * The Sleepwalkers (Broch novel), a 1930s novel in three parts by Hermann Broch
 * The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe, a 1959 book by Arthur Koestler
 * The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, a 2012 book by Christopher Clark

Music

 * La sonnambula (The Sleepwalker), an 1831 opera semiseria by Vincenzo Bellini

Albums

 * Sleepwalker (The Kinks album) or the title song (see below), 1977
 * Sleepwalker (EP), by Kylie and Garibay, 2014
 * Sleepwalker, by JamisonParker, 2005
 * Sleepwalkers (Brian Fallon album) or the title song, 2018
 * Sleepwalkers (David Sylvian album) or the title song, 2010
 * Sleepwalkers, by Dead Swans, 2009

Songs

 * "Sleepwalker" (Adam Lambert song), 2011
 * "Sleepwalker" (The Kinks song), 1977
 * "Sleepwalker" (Nightwish song), 2000
 * "Sleepwalker", by Ava Max from Diamonds & Dancefloors, 2023
 * "Sleepwalker", by Bonnie McKee, 2013
 * "Sleepwalker", by Daniel Johns from Talk, 2015
 * "Sleepwalker", by Faunts from M4, 2006
 * "Sleepwalker", by Gang of Four from Shrinkwrapped, 1995
 * "Sleepwalker", by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard from Oddments, 2014
 * "Sleepwalker", by Logan Henderson, 2017
 * "Sleepwalker", by Megadeth from United Abominations, 2007
 * "Sleepwalker", by Of Monsters and Men from Fever Dream, 2019
 * "Sleepwalker", by Parkway Drive from Deep Blue, 2010
 * "Sleepwalker", by the Wallflowers from Breach, 2000
 * "Sleepwalker", by Xmal Deutschland from Devils, 1989
 * "The Sleepwalker", by Cat Power from Dear Sir, 1995
 * "Sleepwalkers", by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony from The Collection, 2000
 * "Sleepwalkers", by They Might Be Giants from No!, 2002
 * "Sleepwalkers", by the Hundred in the Hands from This Desert, 2010
 * "The Sleepwalkers", by Level 42 from Running in the Family, 1987
 * "The Sleepwalkers", by Van Der Graaf Generator from Godbluff, 1975

Other uses

 * Sleepwalker (Štyrský), a 1925 painting by Jindřich Štyrský
 * Sleepwalker (video game), a 1993 platform game
 * Sleepwalkers (video installation), a 2007 outdoor film installation by Doug Aitken

title: Sleepwalker


text:
Somnambulist (disambiguation)

Somnambulist or The Somnambulist can refer to:

 * a person who engages in somnambulism (sleepwalking)
 * a term used in hypnosis to indicate someone of high enough suggestibility to follow suggestions without the need for a formal trance

Books

 * The Somnambulist, a novel by Jonathan Barnes (author)
 * The title character in Don't Wake Up the Sleepwalker, a novel by Stefan Kisyov
 * A zombie, as used in the novels The Zombie Survival Guide and World War Z

Film and TV

 * "Somnambulist" (Angel), a 2000 episode of the TV show Angel
 * A central character by the name of Cesare, from the 1920 German silent horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

Music

 * Somnambulist (album), an album by American metal band Sicmonic
 * Somnambulist, album by rock band Abandoned Pools

Songs

 * "The Somnambulist", song by English rock band XTC 1979
 * "The Fleeing Somnambulist", by Christian Death, written by Rozz Williams 1998
 * "Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)", a song by BT
 * "Somnambulist", song by the Swedish artist Psilodump
 * "Somnambulist", song by Australian rock band Blueline Medic
 * "Somnambulist", song by DJ performance artist/producer/musician Mount Sims from The Album Wild Light
 * "Like a Somnambulist in Daylight's Fire", a song by the German Black-metal band Dark Fortress
 * "Somnambulist", a song by the EBM/Industrial band Suicide Commando

title: Somnambulist (disambiguation)


text:
Nora

Nora, NORA, or Norah may refer to:

 * Nora (name), a feminine given name

People with the surname

 * Arlind Nora (born 1980), Albanian footballer
 * Pierre Nora (born 1931), French historian

Australia

 * Norah Head, New South Wales, headland on the Central Coast

Canada

 * Mount Nora, a mountain on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Eritrea

 * Nora (island), island in the Dahlak Archipelago of Eritrea

Italy

 * Nora, Italy, archaeological site in Sardinia

Russia

 * Nora (river), a river in the Russian Far East

Sweden

 * Nora, Sweden
 * Nora Municipality
 * Nora and Hjulsjö Mountain District, district of Västmanland

Turkey

 * Nora (Cappadocia), a town of ancient Cappadocia, now in Turkey

United States

 * Nora, Idaho, an unincorporated community
 * Nora, Illinois, village in Jo Daviess County
 * Nora, Indianapolis, Indiana, a neighborhood
 * Nora, Michigan, a former settlement
 * Nora, Nebraska, village in Nuckolls County
 * Nora, Virginia, unincorporated town in Dickenson County
 * Nora, Wisconsin, unincorporated community in Dane County
 * Nora Township, Clearwater County, Minnesota
 * Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
 * Nora Township, Pope County, Minnesota
 * Nora School, a high school in Silver Spring, Maryland

Zimbabwe

 * Glen Norah, Harare, high-density suburb

Films

 * Nora (1923 film), German drama, silent film directed by Berthold Viertel
 * Nora (1944 film), German drama directed by Harald Braun
 * Nora (2000 film), directed by Pat Murphy, about Nora Barnacle and her husband James Joyce
 * Nora (2008 film), South African documentary directed by Alla Kovgan and David Hinton

Music

 * NORA (band), hardcore band
 * "Nora", a song by The Long Winters from the 2003 album When I Pretend to Fall
 * "Nora", a song written by Irving Berlin 1927–31
 * "Nora", an alternative name for the folk song "When You and I Were Young, Maggie"

Organizations

 * Nora Industrier, a Norwegian manufacturer of soft drinks and foodstuffs
 * Restaurant Nora, an organic restaurant in Washington, D.C., United States
 * National Occupational Research Agenda, United States

Television

 * Nora (TV series), from Venezuela
 * Nora (The Flash episode), a 2018 episode of The Flash

Weapons

 * Gun-howitzer M84 NORA, a Yugoslav-made weapon
 * Nora B-52, a Serbian self-propelled howitzer

Other uses

 * 783 Nora, minor planet orbiting the Sun
 * Menora (dance), traditional Thai dance drama
 * National Online Repository of the Arts in Singapore, co-founded by Madeleine Lee (writer)
 * Nora (cat), celebrity animal famous for playing piano
 * Nora (EWTC show), a theatre show by the East West Theatre Company, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Nora Stone, an ancient inscription found at Nora, Italy
 * Nora (2022 storm), a 2022 cyclone over northwestern Europe
 * Tropical Storm Nora, several storms

title: Nora


text:
Sleepwalk

Sleepwalk may refer to:

 * Sleepwalking or somnambulism, a sleep disorder
 * Sleepwalk (film), a 1986 American film directed by Sara Driver
 * Sleepwalk, a 1991 novel by John Saul

Music

 * "Sleep Walk", an instrumental by Santo & Johnny, 1959
 * "Sleepwalk" (song), by Ultravox, 1980
 * "Sleepwalk", a song by Christian Death from Catastrophe Ballet, 1984
 * "Sleepwalk", a song by Zior Park, 2019
 * Sleepwalk, a 2007 album by Astral
 * Sleepwalk, a 1981 album by Larry Carlton
 * Sleepwalk, a 2000 album by Matrix
 * Sleepwalk, a shoegaze band from Chicago, IL

title: Sleepwalk


text:
Sheila Jackson Lee

Sheila Jackson Lee (January 12, 1950 – July 19, 2024) was an American lawyer and politician who was the U.S. representative for TX's 18th congressional district, from 1995 until her death in 2024. The district includes most of central Houston. She was a member of the Democratic Party and served as an at-large member of the Houston City Council before being elected to the House. She was also co-dean of Texas's congressional delegation.

Born in Queens, New York, Jackson Lee earned a scholarship for Black students at New York University before transferring to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Yale University in 1972 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1975. In 1987, after she had moved to Houston, she was appointed as a municipal judge for the city by Kathy Whitmire. In 1989, Jackson Lee was elected to the Houston City Council. She served in the office until 1994 when she began a campaign for Congress. In the Democratic primary, she defeated incumbent Craig Washington and went on to easily win the general election.

During her congressional tenure, Jackson Lee supported many progressive policies. She introduced the Essential Transportation Worker Identification Credential Assessment Act in 2013 and the Sabika Sheikh Firearm Licensing and Registration Act in 2021. In 2019, Jackson Lee stepped down as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation and a subcommittee in the House Judiciary after a lawsuit filed by a former staffer claimed she was fired due to planned legal action against an alleged rape by a supervisor.

Jackson Lee announced her candidacy for the 2023 Houston mayoral election in March of that year. In the first round, she placed second behind state senator John Whitmire. However, as no candidate crossed the 50% threshold to win outright, a runoff election occurred on December 9, 2023. Despite several key endorsements, Jackson Lee lost the election in a landslide to Whitmire. On December 11, she filed to run for re-election to her congressional seat and won the Democratic primary on March 5, 2024. She died from cancer in July 2024.

Early life and career in Texas
Jackson Lee was born Sheila Jackson in Queens, New York. Her father, Ezra Clyde Jackson, who was born in Brooklyn, was a comic book artist and the son of Jamaican immigrants. Her mother, Ivalita Bennett Jackson, was a nurse, and came to New York at an early age from her birthplace of St. Petersburg, Florida.

Jackson Lee graduated from Jamaica High School in Queens. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Yale University in 1972 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1975.

Jackson Lee moved to Houston when her husband, Elwyn Lee, accepted a position at the University of Houston. She made three unsuccessful attempts at local judgeships before becoming a Houston, Texas municipal judge from 1987 to 1990. Along with Sylvia Garcia, Jackson Lee was appointed by then Mayor of Houston Kathy Whitmire.

In 1989, Jackson Lee won the at-large position for a seat on the Houston City Council, serving until 1994. On the city council, she helped pass a safety ordinance that required parents to keep their guns away from children. She also worked for expanded summer hours at city parks and recreation centers as a way to combat gang violence.

1994 run for office
In 1994, Jackson Lee challenged four-term incumbent U.S. Representative Craig Washington in the Democratic primary. Washington had come under fire for opposing several projects that would have benefited the Houston area. Jackson Lee defeated Washington, 63% to 37%. The victory was tantamount to election in this heavily Democratic, black-majority district. In the general election, she defeated Republican nominee Jerry Burley, 73%–24%.

Tenure
Before the 110th Congress, Jackson Lee served on the House Science Committee and on the Subcommittee that oversees space policy and NASA. She was a member of the Congressional Black Caucus and a CBC whip.

On September 27, 2013, Jackson Lee introduced the Essential Transportation Worker Identification Credential Assessment Act (H.R. 3202; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the United States Department of Homeland Security to assess the effectiveness of the Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program. The bill would require an independent assessment of how well the TWIC program improves security and reduces risks at the facilities and vessels it is responsible for.

In January 2019, The New York Times reported that Jackson Lee planned to resign as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation. The move came in the wake of a lawsuit filed by a former staffer earlier in January that claimed the staffer was fired in retaliation for her planned legal action related to an alleged rape by a supervisor in 2015. The resignation came the day after the National Alliance to End Sexual Violence announced it would not support making Jackson Lee the lead sponsor of a law to reauthorize the federal Violence Against Women Act. She also stepped down from her chairmanship of the House Judiciary subcommittee.

On January 4, 2021, Jackson Lee introduced the Sabika Sheikh Firearm Licensing and Registration Act (H.R. 127; 117th Congress), a bill that expanded requirements for firearm licensing to every firearm and banned any ammunition of .50 caliber BMG or larger.

In the 117th Congress (2021–2023), Jackson Lee voted with President Joe Biden's stated position 100 percent of the time, according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis. Jackson Lee and Representative Lloyd Doggett became co-deans of Texas's congressional delegation in January 2023 after the retirement of Eddie Bernice Johnson.

Staffing issues
In 1998, The Houston Press reported that five of Jackson Lee's staffers had quit that spring. The paper quoted her former Capitol office executive assistant and events scheduler, Rhiannon Burruss, as saying that "the congresswoman's abrasive ways not only drove off staff members but irritated Continental Airlines staffers to the point where one suggested she fly on a competitor instead."

In 2011, Jackson Lee was reported to have one of the highest staff turnover rates in Congress. The Huffington Post and the Houston Chronicle reported that she had gone through 11 chiefs of staff in the course of 11 years. A 2013 report concluded that "the veteran Texas Democrat had the highest turnover rate for all of Congress over the [previous] decade." Washingtonian magazine named Jackson Lee as the "meanest Democratic Congress member" in both 2014 and 2017. In 2018, LegiStorm reported that Jackson Lee's annual turnover rate, at 62%, was the highest in Congress.

In 2023, during her Houston mayoral run, an unverified audio leaked of Jackson Lee berating her staffers with profanity. The recording was about a minute and half in length, where Jackson Lee allegedly tells a staffer she wants him to have a "fuckin' brain" and that "nobody knows a Goddamn thing in my office — nothing." She then describes a different staffer as a "fat-ass stupid idiot" and that both of them are "fuck-ups" and that they are "two Goddamn big-ass children, fuckin' idiots who serve no Goddamn purpose." Her mayoral campaign refused to verify the authenticity of the recording and alleged that "these attacks have originated from extremely conservative blogs and political operatives backing John Whitmire." Whitmire's campaign stated they had no involvement with the recording. Jackson Lee responded to the release of the recording by saying, "I am regretful and hope you will judge me not by something trotted out by a political opponent ... but from what I've delivered to Houstonians over my years of public service" and said that "everyone deserves to be treated with dignity and respect, and that includes my own staff." Nevertheless, Whitmire would later pay tribute to Jackson Lee when she died in July 2024 and note how they did work together during the recent local derecho.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on the Judiciary
 * Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
 * Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
 * Committee on Homeland Security
 * Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies
 * Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence
 * Committee on the Budget

Caucus memberships
Jackson Lee was a member of a number of caucuses, including:
 * The 9-11 Commission Caucus
 * The Building a Better America Caucus (BABAC)
 * The Congressional Caucus on Global Road Safety
 * The Congressional Human Rights Caucus
 * The Congressional Algeria Caucus
 * The Congressional Pakistan Caucus
 * The US-Afghan Caucus
 * Veterinary Medicine Caucus
 * Congressional Progressive Caucus
 * House Baltic Caucus
 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * Afterschool Caucuses
 * Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus
 * United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 * U.S.-Japan Caucus
 * Medicare for All Caucus

2023 Houston mayoral run
On March 27, 2023, Jackson Lee announced her candidacy for the mayor of Houston in the 2023 election. Jackson Lee garnered endorsements from notable political figures such as outgoing Houston mayor Sylvester Turner, former House speaker Nancy Pelosi, and former presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. On November 7, 2023, Jackson Lee came in second place in the election, behind Democratic state senator John Whitmire. However, none of the 18 candidates who ran managed to surpass the required 50 percent threshold.

Jackson Lee and Whitmire advanced to a runoff election on December 9, 2023. Jackson Lee was ultimately defeated by Whitmire, who won with nearly 65 percent of the vote. Following her loss, Jackson Lee filed for re-election to her U.S. House seat on December 11, 2023.

Foreign policy
In 2000, Jackson Lee favored permanently normalizing trade status for China, arguing that it would aid both human rights and Houston's economy.

Jackson Lee traveled to the 2001 World Conference against Racism in South Africa, and backed sanctions against Sudan. On April 28, 2006, along with four other members of Congress and six other activists, she was arrested for disorderly conduct in front of Sudan's embassy in Washington. They were protesting the role of Sudan's government in ethnic cleansing in Darfur.

Jackson Lee urged better relations between the U.S. and Venezuela, which she describes as a friendly nation. She said the U.S. should reconsider its ban on selling F-16 fighter jets and spare parts to Venezuela. The United States Department of State bans such sales due to "lack of support" for counter-terrorist operations and Venezuela's relations with Iran and Cuba.

In May 2015, Jackson Lee took a trip to Azerbaijan, paid by the Azerbaijani government.

Jackson Lee condemned President Erdoğan's wide-ranging purges following a failed July 2016 coup in Turkey.

Domestic policy
Jackson Lee was active on immigration issues. She had proposed increasing border security and increasing opportunities for legalization among those living in the U.S. She opposed a guest worker program, saying that the idea "connotate[s] 'invite, come,' and, at the same time, it misleads because you ask people to come for a temporary job of three to six years and they have to leave if they don't have another job and I would think that they would not."

In January 2011, Jackson Lee said that repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act would violate the Constitution, arguing that the act is constitutional under the Commerce Clause, and that repealing it would violate both the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments.

At a March 2011 Homeland Security Committee hearing on radical Muslims in the U.S., Jackson Lee said that Peter King's hearings were helping al-Qaeda and "going the same route as Arizona." She complained that the hearings were scaring Muslim Americans and called them "an outrage".

LGBT rights
Jackson Lee voted present on the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act. In 2009, she voted for the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a bill that expanded the federal hate crime law to cover crimes biased by the victim's sexual orientation or gender identity. In 2010, she voted in favor of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act that allowed gay, lesbian, and bisexual people to serve openly in the U.S. military.

In 2019, Jackson Lee voted for the Equality Act, which expanded the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Jackson Lee criticized Republican representatives who opposed the legislation on religious grounds.

Racial issues
In 2003, Jackson Lee suggested changing the naming practices for tropical cyclones and hurricanes, saying that "all racial groups should be represented" and that meteorological organizations should "try to be inclusive of African American names."

Speaking at the July 2010 NAACP national convention, Jackson Lee compared the Tea Party movement to the Ku Klux Klan, saying that "all those who wore sheets a long time ago have now lifted them off". Jackson Lee's remarks were criticized by conservatives, including Tea Party Caucus founder Michele Bachmann (R-MN).

Presidential election objections
In 2001, Jackson Lee and other House members objected to counting Florida's electoral votes, which George W. Bush narrowly won after a contentious recount in the 2000 presidential election. Because no senator joined the objection, it was dismissed by Senate President Al Gore.

In 2005, Jackson Lee was one of the 31 House Democrats who voted not to count Ohio's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. Without Ohio's electoral votes, the election would have been decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, with each state having one vote in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

During the 2017 United States Electoral College vote count, Jackson Lee objected to counting North Carolina's, South Carolina's and Wyoming's electoral votes in the 2016 presidential election. Because no senator joined her objections, they were dismissed.

Gaffes
According to The Daily Beast, Jackson Lee had a "history of wild statements" and political gaffes. These include incorrectly stating that the U.S. Constitution was 400 years old; displaying a false version of the Confederate battle flag during a Congressional debate; mistakenly criticizing Wikipedia instead of WikiLeaks; incorrectly calling the Moon a "planet" that is made "mostly of gases"; and saying that North Vietnam and South Vietnam were, in 2010, still separate countries.

The Hill reported that during a 1997 visit to the Mars Pathfinder operations center, Jackson Lee asked whether the Pathfinder rover had taken a picture of the U.S. flag planted by Neil Armstrong; the flag had been planted on the Moon, not Mars. Jackson Lee was at the time a member of the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics of the House Science Committee. In response, Jackson Lee's deputy chief of staff accused the newspaper of racial bias without disputing the story's accuracy. The Hill denied the allegations and stood by its reporting.

In July 2014, Jackson Lee said that "we did not seek an impeachment" of President George W. Bush. Jackson Lee was one of 11 co-sponsors of the 2008 U.S. House bill H. Res. 1258, which sought to impeach Bush for "deceiving Congress with fabricated threats of Iraq WMDs". Jackson Lee's spokesperson later said that she "misspoke".

A campaign advertisement for Jackson Lee in the 2023 Houston mayoral election instructed viewers to vote on the wrong date. Jackson Lee's spokesperson attributed the error to an external advertising agency.

Personal life
In 1973, Jackson Lee married Elwyn Lee, who has served as a law professor and vice president of student affairs at the University of Houston. The couple had two children. Jackson Lee was a Seventh-day Adventist. She was a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority as well as The Links organization.

Illness and death
Jackson Lee previously had breast cancer, but was declared cancer-free in 2012.

On June 2, 2024, Jackson Lee announced that she had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, and was receiving treatments. She died at a hospital in Houston on July 19, 2024, at the age of 74.

U.S. Representative James Clyburn, a Democrat from South Carolina, described Jackson Lee as “a tenacious advocate for civil rights and a tireless fighter, improving the lives of her constituents”. Democratic Representative Jamie Raskin of Maryland praised Jackson Lee's work ethic: “She studied every bill and every amendment with exactitude and then told Texas and America exactly where she stood.” Former U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi of California said of Jackson Lee: “As a powerful voice in the Congress for our constitution and human rights, she fought tirelessly to advance fairness, equity and justice for all.”

Awards and recognition

 * Hilal-i-Pakistan (Crescent of Pakistan) Award (the highest civil award of Pakistan) from the President of Pakistan in 2020, recognizing her services to Pakistan.

title: Sheila Jackson Lee


text:
Talk:List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000

Racism
wow, this is classic racism. u guys are sick

Is there a similar page for Anglo-American population? --Rj 20:30, Apr 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * There isn't a similar page for cities with a majority European American (white) population, but Lists of United States cities with a non-white majority population does mention that it should not be assumed that every city not on one of the four linked pages is a majority-white city (as many cities- indeed, most major US cities- have no race in the majority). You're welcome to start a European American city article if you like.  It seemed too daunting a task to me.  Moncrief 03:55, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * There could be one, though it would indeed be huge. European Americans (whites) are an ethnic group.   Athaenara   (talk)  03:33, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Name
Rename to List of US cities with a majority African American population in 2000 ? --Hemanshu 05:29, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * No. Too long and unnecessary.  Census data only comes out once a decade so people are accustomed to comprehensive population data being from the nearest past year ending in a zero.  Give us a compelling reason why it should be changed to that.  Moncrief, 05:32, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Washington, D.C.
Isn't Chocolate City 2/3 black or something? Or am I just not looking in the right place? Tuf-Kat 06:14, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

Washington, DC says 60%, and this article says 60%. They seem to be saying the same thing. RickK 06:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Aah, the issue was that I couldn't find it. "D" is perhaps not the most logical location for a city almost universally called "Washington" (and there's no reason to have a "cities of over 100,000 people" heading, since there's only one city in the district). Tuf-Kat 06:44, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Uh, where else would Washington go except under District of Columbia? It's certainly not going to go under "W."  It's located in the District of Columbia.  Even if it were universally called "Washington," which it isn't (many people refer to it as "D.C."), it would still belong under "D."  We wouldn't put Atlanta under "A."  Moncrief, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The heading does give population info --Rj 20:30, Apr 6, 2004 (UTC)

It would be more useful or interesting if this page wasn't broken down into states, but listed all relevant cities in order from the one with the highest African American population to lowest. That way, one can easily see from a glance what are the major cultural centres for African Americans, at least number-wise.--Sonjaaa 12:23, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this is a great idea —Wiki Wikardo

Also could go by largest cities with a majority African American population.

Marin City
I removed Marin City, California from the list, as the most recent Census data, according to its page, reflects the precipitous decline in its black population, knocking it below the 50 per cent-mark. —Wiki Wikardo 02:24, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

People just like to say African American
Please boot this zany article out of Wikipedia, pronto. Wikipedia is swimming in worthless and meaningless things related to "African Americans." MtAvarice 16:10, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Out of date
I have placed the out of date tag on the article, as much of the information is now grossly out of date as a result of the 2010 Census results being released. Safiel (talk) 15:53, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
 * For example, the Washington D.C. black percentage is now 50.7% as opposed to the 60.0% given in the article from the 2000 Census. Safiel (talk) 15:54, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Does This Include Black Hispanics?
Because for some of the areas, it lists only the non-Hispanic Black population, and in other areas, it lists all Blacks. For instance, Hempstead is 52% Black, but the Non-Hispanic Black population is below 50% (I don't have the exact numbers), because there is a very large Hispanic population in Hempstead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Checkmatechamp137 (talk • contribs) 03:16, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Jackson, Mississippi
The stats for Jackson in the National rankings section differ from those in the Mississippi section. Giraffesyo (talk) 09:50, 3 July 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:African-American gospel which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:20, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

Adding counties
I suggest include counties in each state that are over 50 percent black. Agree? R2salz (talk) 12:02, 1 December 2021 (UTC)


text: Template:Örebro County

title: Template:Örebro County


text:
User:Joe Cetina

Current Interests
Current interests include languages (especially Latin) and conlangs.

My small contributions

To Do
Laadan

title: User:Joe Cetina


text:
Carioca

Carioca ( or ) is a demonym used to refer to anything related to the City of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. The original meaning of the term is controversial, maybe from Tupi language "kari' oka", meaning "white house" as the whitewashed stone houses of European settlers or even the colonists themselves, by merging "kara'iwa" (white man) and "oka" (house). Currently, the more accepted origin in academia is the meaning derived from "kariîó oka", which comes from the indigenous tupi "house of carijó", which was Guaraní, a native tribe of Rio de Janeiro who lived in the vicinity of the Carioca River, between the neighborhoods of Glória and Flamengo. Like other Brazilians, Cariocas speak Portuguese. The carioca accent and sociolect (also simply called "carioca", see below) are one of the most widely recognized in Brazil, in part because TV Globo, the second-largest television network in the world, is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, many Brazilian TV programs, from news and documentary to entertainment (such as the telenovelas), feature carioca-acting and -speaking talent.

History
The archaic demonym for the Rio de Janeiro State is Fluminense, taken from the Latin word flūmen, meaning "river". Despite the fact that Carioca is a more ancient demonym of Rio de Janeiro's inhabitants (known since 1502), it was replaced by fluminense in 1783, when the latter was sanctioned as the official demonym of the Royal Captainship of Rio de Janeiro (later the Province of Rio de Janeiro). A few years after the City of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro had become the capital city of the Brazilian colonies. From 1783 and during all the Imperial Regime, Carioca remained only as a nickname by which other Brazilians called the inhabitants of Rio (city and province). During the first years of the Brazilian Republic, Carioca was the name given to those who lived in the slums or a pejorative way to refer to the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the City of Rio lost its status as Federal District and became a Brazilian State (Guanabara State), when the capital city was moved to Brasilia, was Carioca made a co-official demonym with Guanabarino. In 1975, the Guanabara State was eliminated by President Ernesto Geisel (under the military dictatorship), becoming the present-day City of Rio de Janeiro, and Carioca was made the demonym of its municipality. Nowadays, Carioca is used to exclusively refer to those born in the city of Rio de Janeiro, while everyone born in the state of Rio de Janeiro is referred to as a Fluminense.

Accomplishments and influence
Carioca people have invented a few sports; the most famous is footvolley.

Cariocas are credited with creating the bossa nova style of music.

Famous Cariocas in film include "Brazilian bombshell" Carmen Miranda, a Portuguese-born Brazilian woman who grew up in Rio de Janeiro. The eponymous song "Carioca", from the 1933 film Flying Down to Rio, has become a jazz standard. Carnaval Carioca is the Portuguese name for the largest Brazilian Carnival, the Rio Carnival.

Samba Carioca is a localized style of Brazilian Samba. There is an exercise drill used for dynamic stretching called Carioca. It consists of a repeating Samba dance step.

Sociolect
The Portuguese spoken across the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo and neighboring towns in Minas Gerais (and to a certain extent the city of Florianópolis), has similar features, hardly different from one another so cities such as Paraty, Resende, Campos dos Goytacazes, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Vila Velha and Linhares may be said to have the same dialect as Rio de Janeiro, as they are hardly perceived as strong regional variants by people from other parts of Brazil.

The Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in the city of Rio de Janeiro (and metropolitan area) is called Carioca, and it is called Sotaque locally, literally translated as "accent". It can be said that Rio de Janeiro presents a sociolect inside the major Fluminense-Capixaba dialect, as speakers inside the city may be easily recognizable more by their slang than the way the phonology of their speech, which is closer to the standard Brazilian Portuguese in the media than other variants. It is known especially for several distinctive traits new to either variant (European or Brazilian) of the Portuguese language:

 * 1) (for Brazilians) Coda  and  can be pronounced as palato-alveolar  and  of English or the alveolo-palatal  and  of Catalan. That is inherited from European Portuguese, and Carioca shares it only with Florianopolitano and some other Fluminense accents. In the northern tones of Brazilian Portuguese, not all coda  and  become postalveolar.
 * 2) (for Europeans), as well what would be coda  (when it is not pre-vocalic) in European Portuguese, may be realized as various voiceless and voiced guttural-like sounds, most often the latter (unlike in other parts of Brazil), and many or most of them can be part of the phonetic repertory of a single speaker. Among them the velar and uvular fricative pairs, as well both glottal transitions (voiced & unvoiced), the voiceless pharyngeal fricative and the uvular trill: ,  (between vowels), , , , ,  and .  That diversity of allophones of a single rhotic phoneme is rare not just in Brazilian Portuguese but among world languages.
 * 3) (for both) The consonants  and  before  or final unstressed  (, that in this position may be raised to  or deleted) become affricates [ ~ ] and [ ~ ] (again, as those of English or Catalan, depending on the speaker), respectively. Originally probably from Tupi influence, through the Portuguese post-creole that appeared in southeastern Brazil after the ban of Língua Geral Paulista as a marker of Jesuit activity by the Marquis of Pombal, this is now common place in Brazilian Portuguese, as it spread with the Bandeiras Paulistas, expansion of Mineiros to the Center-West and mass media. It is not as universal in São Paulo, Espírito Santo and southern Brazil even though they were populated mostly by the original bandeirantes (caboclos, formerly Língua Geral speakers) because the European immigrants learning Portuguese and their descendants preferred more conservative registers of the language, perhaps as a mark of a separate social identity. The Northeast had Nheengatu, another Língua Geral, too, but it had a greater native Portuguese-speaker presence, had a greater contact with the colonial metropolis and was more densely populated.
 * 4) (for both) Historical  ( in syllable coda), which merged with coda   in Caipira, has undergone labialization to, and then vocalized to []; Nevertheless, with the exception of [] being used in Southern Brazil and São Paulo instead of , both commonly transcribed as , the process is now nearly ubiquitous in Brazilian Portuguese so only some areas retain velarized lateral alveolar approximant (rural areas close to the frontier with Uruguay) or the retroflex approximant (a very few caipira areas) as coda.

The traits (particularly the chiado, a palatalization process that creates a postalveolar pronunciation of coda s and z and affricate pronunciation of and  and te and de rhymes), as a whole and consistent among the vast majority of speakers, were once specifically characteristic of Rio de Janeiro speech and distinguished particularly from the pronunciation of São Paulo and areas further south, which formerly had adapted none of the characteristics. The chiado of the coda sibilant is thought to date from the early 1800s occupation of the city by the Portuguese royal family, as European Portuguese had a similar characteristic for the postalveolar codas.

More recently, however, all of the traits have spread throughout much of the country by the cultural influence of the city that diminished the social marker character the lack of palatalization once had (a part of assimilation of the caboclo minorities in most of South and Southeast Brazil). Affrication is today widespread, if not nearly omnipresent among young Brazilians, and coda guttural r is also found nationwide (their presence in Brazil is a general heritage of Tupi speech too) but less among speakers in the 5 southernmost states other than Rio de Janeiro, and if accent is a good social indicator, 95-105 million Brazilians consistently palatalize coda sibilant in some instances (but as in Rio de Janeiro, it is only a marker of adoption of foreign phonology at large in Florianópolis and Belém: palatalization, as in any other Romance language, is a very old process in Portuguese and its lacking in some dialect rather than reflecting a specific set of Galician, Spanish and indigenous influences on their formation).

Another common characteristic of Carioca speech is, in a stressed final syllable, the addition of /j/ before coda /s/ (mas, dez may become, which can also be noted ambiguously as ). The change may have originated in the Northeast, where pronunciations such as Jesus have long been heard. Also immigration from Northeastern Brazil and Spanish immigration causes debuccalization of the coda sibilant: mesmo. Many Brazilians assume that is specific to Rio, but in the Northeast, debuccalization has long been a strong and advanced phonological process that may also affect onset sibilants and  as well as other consonants, primarily.

There are some grammatical characteristics of this sociolect as well, an important one is the mixing of second person pronouns você and tu, even in the same speech. For instance, while normative Portuguese requires lhe as the oblique for você and te as oblique for tu, in Carioca slang, the once formal você (now widespread as an informal pronoun in many Brazilian Portuguese varieties) is used for all cases. In informal speech, the pronoun tu is retained, but with the verb forms belonging to the form você: Tu foi na festa? ("Did you go to the party?"). So the verbal forms are the same for both você and tu.

Many Cariocas and many Paulistas (from the coast, capital city or hinterland) shorten você and use cê instead: Cê vai pra casa agora? ("Are you going home now?"). That, however, is common only on the spoken language and is rarely written.

Slang words among youngsters from Rio de Janeiro include caraca! (gosh!) [now spread throughout Brazil], e aê? and qualé/quaé/coé? (literally "which is [it]", carrying a meaning similar to "What's up?"), maneiro ("cool", "fine", "interesting", "amusing"), mermão ("bro", contraction of meu irmão), caô (a lie), and sinistro (in standard Portuguese, "sinister"; in slang, "awesome," "terrific," but also "terrible," "troublesome," "frightening," "weird"). Many of these slang words can be found in practically all of Brazil by to cultural influence from the city. Much slang from Rio de Janeiro spreads across Brazil and may be not known as originally from there, and those less culturally accepted elsewhere are sometimes used to shun not only the speech of a certain subculture, age group or social class but also the whole accent.

title: Carioca


text:
Talk:Fermium

Uses?
Is fermium used for anything? Porygon-Z 13:23, 20 November 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Porygon-Z474 (talk • contribs)
 * Not currently. It's too short-lived and hard to make in sufficient quantities. Double sharp (talk) 23:50, 20 November 2018 (UTC)
 * What about the fermium ytterbium alloy in the picture? Porygon-Z 15:42, 24 November 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Porygon-Z474 (talk • contribs)
 * Presumably it is mostly Yb with only tiny amounts of Fm. Double sharp (talk) 05:27, 28 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Still a use, right? Shouldn't you put it in the article? Porygon-Z 16:30, 28 November 2018 (UTC)
 * If it has Fermium in it shouldn't it be classified as a use? And it even has a use! Porygon-Z (talk) 18:04, 7 November 2019 (UTC)
 * If Fermium is used in the Fm-Yb bowl, it could have a scientific use( although not a public one but still)! Wouldn't this be classified as a use? UB Blacephalon (talk) 20:51, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

"Ferminum" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Ferminum. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 19:52, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Gap
Under the section “Isotopes”, it says, “Because of this impediment in forming heavier isotopes, these short-lived isotopes $258–260$Fm constitute the so-called "fermium gap."” It cites a PDF. However, the citation should say which page of the PDF uses the term “fermium gap” (answer: page 11); so that readers can verify that “fermium gap” is a real term.
 * Pretty reasonable. Also considering that reference is only cited once in the article, I have added the page number. Complex / Rational  15:11, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for adding a page number. Solomonfromfinland (talk) 17:50, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

Btw, should a Wikipedia article “Fermium gap” be created? Solomonfromfinland (talk) 02:58, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to say no because to my knowledge, the term "fermium gap" isn't in widespread use; many of its occurrences are only in publications by the same authors. The extent of the gap is also not entirely known because many adjacent nuclides have not yet been synthesized and thus detailed information would be pure speculation, with considerable variation across different sources. However, there might be enough to support a section in isotopes of fermium, to which a redirect could be created. Complex / Rational  15:11, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I am convinced that the gap is real. The very short spontaneous fission half-life of fermium-258 (370 microsecond), should by itself be enuf to make it very hard to synthesize elements beyond fermium, by neutron bombardment, as opposed to the much less efficient method of bombarding heavy nuclei with lighter nuclei. And fermium-259 apparently also has a very short SF half-life. Solomonfromfinland (talk) 17:57, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * My mistake. You wrote, "The extent of the gap is also not entirely known". I misread it as "The existence of the gap is also not entirely known", implying that it is not certain that the gap is real, so i defended the notion that said gap is real. Solomonfromfinland (talk) 18:01, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

Greater than 257
Under the section "Isotopes", it says, "...neutron capture cannot be used to create nuclides with a mass number greater than 257, unless carried out in a nuclear explosion." Actually, i don't think nuclides with mass number > 257 are created even in nuclear explosions; again, due to the fermium gap. When they discovered einsteinium and fermium in the debris from nuclear explosions, they found that elements beyond fermium did not occur in said debris. Solomonfromfinland (talk) 00:32, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fermium


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Archive 1

''This is an archive of discussion around June-August 2003. Any new comments should be posted on the actual talk page. Quote from here if necessary.''

you can't third a motion
Look I hate to rain on everyone's parade, but you can't third a motion. Nor can you fourth or fifth it. :) It goes discussion → motion → second → those in favour → those against. -- Party pooper 08:49 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Who says we can't? The comittee police? I move that the expressions "thirded" fourthed" etc be made legit on wikipedia. Will someone second the motion? Party lover 09:11, 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm going to skip a step and third it, it seems appropriate enough. And now, if you'll excuse me, I'll take a fifth. -- Party animal 19:14 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * A fifth sounds good, make mine a scotch. -- Party party!

 * I don't know if we have any scotch around here, I'm pretty sure we can find some Irish, though. But five of them? I dunno about that. -- Party animal 19:25 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * ROFL -- Third party 23:15, 15 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I will now perform a legal motion which I will second, third, fourth, fifth, and be for :) *starts dancing around* ilyanep 15:18 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

--

Two sections
Shouldn't there be two sections for nominations? We have two types of nominations; self nominations and nominations made by others (both are followed by "seconds"). The reason I think it is a good idea to separate the two is that nominations made by others need to be accepted by the nominee before anything happens. No big deal though. --mav 00:35, 23 Jun 2003

 * That makes sense; having spent a lot of time on talkers and MUDs and the like, I know quite a few people who, having been nominated for adminnery, wished to not become one. Phil Bordelon 00:40 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Is seconding a nomination for admins only, or can anyone do it? -- Jim Regan 00:44 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * That's actually a question worth answering and putting on the 'real' page of this. Phil Bordelon 00:45 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * It has now been answered on the main page; anyone may agree or disagree with a nomination or request. Thanks, Eloquence. Phil Bordelon 00:57 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Sysop no. 100
We have 99 sysops. Does #100 get a prize? Or at least a mention in Announcements? -- Tim Starling 08:02 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * A prize, yes... Daily inspection of Votes for Deletion twice and RecentChanges ten times for two months. --Menchi 14:56 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Where is the archive
Hi, I can't find the nominations before 15:17, 14 Jun 2003. Where are they moved to, or are they deleted? Fantasy 10:02, 15 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Removed - check the version history.—Eloquence

 * OK, it's me who has a problem with deleting things. I think it is part of Wikipedia so this things should not be removed. But if that is the current policy, I will at least save my part on my User-page... schade... Fantasy 13:00, 15 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify - as is suggested below, we didn't have this page until June 14, 2003. Before that, virtually all sysop requests were made via the WikiEN-L Mailing list (or the Wikipedia-L list before the WikiEN-L list was established). --Camembert 23:06, 15 Aug 2003

I was looking for the Adminship of User:172, to understand the discussion better. Is it somewhere, I can not find it in the history... Fantasy 20:40, 15 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * He got it before this system was established. His nomination or self-nomination (I don't know which) occurred on the Mailing list or some obscure place on Wikipedia. He received some but not much opposition (only Mav if I'm correct). --Menchi 20:45, Aug 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * No, it was more than one person to oppose him being a sysop. Read http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-May/003150.html, and the e-mails around that time.  マイカル (MB) 20:54, Aug 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * Jimbo Wales decided to overrule these concerns. --—Eloquence 23:09, 15 Aug 2003

Discussion of 172 moved to Adminship of 172 -- Stevertigo 20:54, 15 Aug 2003

Democracy vs. Reprisal
So I was looking at all of these:

Oppose. Someone who thinks a neo-Nazi apologist who collaborates with Emil Kirkegaard (User:Deleet) should ever be unblocked does not show the judgment I want to see in an admin. I did think hard about this, considering the possibility that CaptainEek wasn't aware of the full background to the Captain Occam case (and perhaps unaware of Captain Occam's skills as a liar). But it was CaptainEek's own comment, the first in the unblock request discussion, that highlighted the AE case leading to Captain Occam's block. And in that case, Captain Occam's links with neo-Nazi racism were made abundantly clear. So CaptainEek clearly did understand who and what Captain Occam is. I wanted to find a way to support this RfA, but I really can't, sorry. Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 10:38, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

[Alfie's vote was here but was requested to have been removed from this section. To read that vote, please see the main article] []

Oppose: the vote in support of Captain Occam's unblock request [3] was a deal-breaker for me. The related case, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement/Archive229#Captain_Occam, was linked in the first comment on the thread and should have guided the response. Other issues brought up above are also a concern. --K.e.coffman (talk) 00:46, 6 May 2020 (UTC) Unfortunately I do not think they have the judgement to be an administrator, and am afraid they would rush into sensitive situations they are not familiar with based on first impressions. I'm also not impressed at all with their answer to question three: that is an opportunity to be introspective and think about how past conflict on Wikipedia would form the way one becomes an administrator, in addition to showing the community that you know how to take feedback. Instead we get a pirate joke, a statement that they think themselves to have a laid back demeanor, and generally good advice but nothing that shows us how they would actually interact in a conflict, or shows us the have the ability to be self-reflective.

As an example of something that I find particularly concerning for someone who states that they want to work at AN and ANI is their comment in support of Captain Occam's unblock request a few months ago. While I'm normally not one to hold votes against people in an RfA, I think this one is particularly concerning. Captain Occcam had been canvassing support by playing "pick a functionary" via email, lying to people saying that his block was due to oversighted information about another user, and by trying to be sympathetic on the Wikimedia Discord and talking about his situation there. CaptainEek self-discloses as being a participant on that Discord channel, and was the first person to support unblocking one of the single most disruptive users in the history of the English Wikipedia, whose entire history on this project has been one drama after another based on pseudoscientific POV issues. Now, most of these issues were before CaptainEek was active, but I'm still concerned with what this reveals: this is a pretty quick rush to judgement probably based on hearing about it from Captain Occam (not their fault) given how CO'd been talking about it off-wiki for a while, where they rushed to support someone anyone who has dealt with in the past can tell you isn't suited for this project (see entire thread). That rush to judgement over something like this type of unblock request is an issue for someone who wants to work on noticeboards, and combined with the lack of answer to question three, I'm winding up here. TonyBallioni (talk) 05:11, 5 May 2020 (UTC) '''

I would like to see someone explain to me how this is relevant or acceptable to oppose nomination based on participation in a normal voting process? Is it really the way Wikipedia works now that if someone votes a different way on a topic than you do that you will follow their progression through the site and try to block them where you can for being part of the democratic process? (And for having the AUDACITY to have a different opinion than you). I'd love to see how this is justifiable or relevant.

Very respectfully, BasicsOnly (talk) 14:09, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * People are entitled to support or oppose RFAs for pretty well whatever reason they want - they're not votes, it's a discussion, and if they are of that opinion, they are absolutely within their rights to share it. Acceptability doesn't come into it - the amount of weight their argument holds may vary, but that's not a reason for them not sharing their argument.
 * It is, however, unusual and noteworthy - although, again, not by any means prohibited - for a two-day-old user with at the time of writing under 40 edits total, just 5 of which are in mainspace, to become involved in RfA in this way - especially given another newly-created user has also participated, asking questions about legitimate uses of sock-puppetry. Please don't take this as me accusing you of anything, because I'm absolutely not trying to - 'tis but a mere observation, and if this is your first account, it may go some way as to explaining why people might be a bit sceptical. Naypta ☺ | ✉ talk page | 14:26, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I note that whilst I was writing this response, the user was blocked. Naypta ☺ | ✉ talk page | 14:28, 6 May 2020 (UTC)


text:
Stateless protocol

A stateless protocol is a communication protocol in which the receiver must not retain session state from previous requests. The sender transfers relevant session state to the receiver in such a way that every request can be understood in isolation, that is without reference to session state from previous requests retained by the receiver.

In contrast, a stateful protocol is a communication protocol in which the receiver may retain session state from previous requests.

In computer networks, examples of stateless protocols include the Internet Protocol (IP), which is the foundation for the Internet, and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is the foundation of the World Wide Web. Examples of stateful protocols include the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

Stateless protocols improve the properties of visibility, reliability, and scalability. Visibility is improved because a monitoring system does not have to look beyond a single request in order to determine its full nature. Reliability is improved because it eases the task of recovering from partial failures. Scalability is improved because not having to store session state between requests allows the server to quickly free resources and further simplifies implementation.

The disadvantage of stateless protocols is that they may decrease network performance by increasing the repetitive data sent in a series of requests, since that data cannot be left on the server and reused.

Examples
An HTTP server can understand each request in isolation.

Contrast this with a traditional FTP server that conducts an interactive session with the user. During the session, a user is provided a means to be authenticated and set various variables (working directory, transfer mode), all stored on the server as part of the session state.

Stacking of stateless and stateful protocol layers
There can be complex interactions between stateful and stateless protocols among different protocol layers. For example, HTTP, a stateless protocol, is layered on top of TCP, a stateful protocol, which is layered on top of IP, another stateless protocol, which is routed on a network that employs BGP, another stateful protocol, to direct the IP packets riding on the network.

This stacking of layers continues even above HTTP. As a workaround for the lack of a retained session state, HTTP servers implement various session management methods, typically utilizing a session identifier in an HTTP cookie referencing a session state stored on the server, effectively creating a stateful protocol on top of HTTP. HTTP cookies violate the REST architectural style because even without referencing a session state stored on the server, they are independent of session state (they affect previous pages of the same website in the browser history) and they have no defined semantics.

title: Stateless protocol


text:
Princeton Sound Lab

The Princeton Sound Lab is a research laboratory in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University, in collaboration with the Department of Music. The Sound Lab conducts research in a variety of areas in computer music, including physical modeling, audio analysis, audio synthesis, programming languages for audio and multimedia, interactive controller design, psychoacoustics, and real-time systems for composition and performance.

title: Princeton Sound Lab


text:
Blade II

Blade II is a 2002 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Blade, directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by David S. Goyer. A sequel to Blade (1998), it is the second installment in the Blade franchise, followed by Blade: Trinity. The film follows the human-vampire hybrid Blade in his continuing effort to protect humans from vampires, Blade must join forces with an elite group of vampires to fight against mutant vampires who plan a global genocide of both vampire and human races.

Blade II was released in the United States on March 22, 2002, and was a box office success, grossing over $155 million. It received mixed reviews from critics, earning praise for its performances, atmosphere, direction, and action sequences, although its script and character development have been criticized. The film was followed by Blade: Trinity (2004).

Plot
In Prague, Blade searches for his mentor Abraham Whistler, who was thought dead after being attacked by Deacon Frost, but was instead turned into a vampire and held prisoner by them for two years. After interrogating vampire Rush on Whistler’s whereabouts, Blade rescues Whistler and cures him of his vampirism. Whistler meets Scud, Blade's young, gifted new technician.

A pandemic is turning vampires into "Reapers", primal, mutant creatures with a ravenous thirst for blood and a highly infectious bite that transforms both humans and vampires alike. The original carrier of the Reaper strain and cause of the pandemic is Jared Nomak, who bears hatred toward the vampire race. To combat the Reapers, vampire overlord Eli Damaskinos sends his trusted servant Asad and his daughter, Nyssa, to strike a truce with Blade. Knowing humans will be the Reapers’ next target after vampires, Blade reluctantly allies himself with them.

He teams up with the Bloodpack, an elite group of vampires originally assembled to kill him, consisting of Asad, Nyssa, Reinhardt, Chupa, Snowman, Priest, Verlaine, and her lover, Lighthammer. As Reinhardt openly challenges him to fight, Blade, in response, attaches an explosive to keep him in line. They investigate a vampire nightclub where they encounter the Reapers and discover they are immune to most vampire weaknesses except for UV exposure. Nomak arrives and tries to recruit Blade to his cause, but the latter refuses. Blade fights Nomak but cannot kill him due to his immunity to his weapons before the sun rises and Nomak retreats. Lighthammer is bitten but conceals the bite from the group, while Priest is bitten and in the process of turning before being mercy-killed through exposure to sunlight.

Whistler returns to the group after locating the Reaper nest beneath the sewers. Nyssa dissects a dead Reaper and learns that their hearts are encased in durable bone. Scud and Whistler issue new UV weapons for the team and a UV-emitting bomb to take out the entire nest.

Entering the Reaper nest at dawn, Lighthammer transforms into a Reaper and kills Snowman. Verlaine sacrifices herself to kill Lighthammer by exposing them both to sunlight. Chupa turns on Whistler in retaliation for Priest’s death, but Whistler secretly releases a cartridge of Reaper pheromones into the air, luring a horde that kills and devours Chupa. Asad and Nyssa are ambushed, and Asad is killed. Blade saves Nyssa and detonates the UV bomb, killing all the Reapers except Nomak. Nyssa and Reinhardt manage to evade the blast, but Nyssa is seriously injured until Blade allows her to drink his blood to survive.

Damaskinos' forces arrive and capture Blade, Whistler, and Scud. It is revealed that the Reapers exist due to Damaskinos' efforts to engineer a stronger breed of vampires devoid of their natural weaknesses. Nomak, the first Reaper, is his own son, whom Damaskinos considers a failure. Scud reveals himself to be one of Damaskinos' familiars, but Blade, who already suspected this, kills him with the explosive he planted on Reinhardt earlier, which Scud originally thought was a dud until Blade secretly swapped it with a real explosive.

Damaskinos plans to harvest Blade’s blood to develop an immunity to sunlight and create a new, invincible breed of vampires. Whistler frees himself, escapes Reinhardt, and rescues a weakened Blade. Reinhardt shoots at the two, but Blade falls into Damaskinos' blood pool, restoring his strength. He fights his way through Damaskinos' henchmen and kills Reinhardt.

Nomak enters Damaskinos' stronghold, seeking revenge on his father. Nyssa, seeing how her father holds no regard for his own offspring, betrays Damaskinos by sealing off their escape route, and Nomak kills Damaskinos after failing to negotiate with him. Nomak then bites Nyssa, infecting her with the Reaper virus. Blade and Nomak engage in battle, to which he manages to stab Nomak through his encased heart. Wanting to end his suffering, Nomak kills himself with Blade's sword. Fulfilling Nyssa's wish of dying, Blade takes her outside and embraces her as her body disintegrates from the sunrise. Sometime later in London, Blade tracks down Rush to a strip club booth and kills him.

Cast

 * Wesley Snipes as Eric Brooks / Blade: A half-vampire "daywalker" (a Dhampir) who hunts vampires. Wesley Snipes stated that while such a character is not going to have much emotional depth, he also said that "there's some acting involved in creating the character and making him believable and palatable".
 * Kris Kristofferson as Abraham Whistler: Blade's human mentor and weaponsmith.
 * Ron Perlman as Dieter Reinhardt: A member of the Bloodpack who bears a particular grudge against Blade
 * Leonor Varela as Nyssa Damaskinos: An unapologetic-but-honourable, natural-born vampire and daughter to Damaskinos.
 * Norman Reedus as Joshua Fromeyer / Scud: A young, pot-smoking weaponsmith who aids Blade in Whistler's absence.
 * Thomas Kretschmann as Eli Damaskinos: An ancient vampire who is obsessed with creating a superior race of vampires as his legacy.
 * Luke Goss as Jared Nomak: Patient zero and carrier of the Reaper virus. He bears a grudge against his father, Eli Damaskinos, for creating him.
 * Matt Schulze as Chupa: A pugnacious member of the Bloodpack who bears a particular grudge against Whistler
 * Danny John-Jules as Asad: A well-mannered member of the Bloodpack
 * Donnie Yen as Snowman: A mute swordsman and member of the Bloodpack
 * Karel Roden as Karel Kounen: A familiar, Damaskinos's human agent and lawyer.
 * Marit Velle Kile as Verlaine: A red-haired member of the Bloodpack and the lover of Lighthammer. The script originally said that she was the twin sister of Racquel from the first movie.
 * Daz Crawford as Lighthammer: A hulking, hammer-wielding member of the Bloodpack with facial tattoos
 * Tony Curran as Priest: An Irish-accented member of the Bloodpack
 * Santiago Segura as Rush: A vampire flunky in Prague.

Production
Following the success of the original film, New Line Cinema and Marvel Enterprises made plans for a sequel in 1999. Goyer had planned to use Morbius but Marvel wanted to keep the character for a franchise of his own. Goyer compared the story to The Dirty Dozen. Guillermo del Toro was hired to direct Blade II by New Line Cinema production president Michael De Luca after Stephen Norrington turned down the offer to direct the sequel. Goyer and Frankfurt both admired director Guillermo del Toro and believed his dark sensibilities to be ideal for Blade II. Frankfurt first met del Toro when Frankfurt's design company, Imaginary Forces, did the title sequences for Mimic: "I admired Mimic and got to know Guillermo through that film. Both David Goyer and I have been fans of his since Cronos and were enthusiastic about him coming on board. Guillermo is such a visual director and has a very strong sense of how he wants a movie to look. When you sign on with someone like Guillermo you're not going to tell him what the movie should look like, you're going to let him run with it". Like Goyer, del Toro has a passion for comic books, in Goyer's comment: "Guillermo was weaned on comic books, as was I. I was a huge comic book collector, my brother and I had about twelve thousand comic books that we assembled when we were kids, so I know my background". Tippett Studio provided computer-generated visual effects, including digital doubles of some of the characters, while Steve Johnson and his company XFX were hired to create the prosthetic makeup and animatronic effects.

Del Toro was tired of the romantic concept of "vampires being tortured Victorian heroes" and wanted vampires to be scary again. Del Toro chose not to alter the script too much from the ideas created by Goyer and Snipes. According to del Toro: "I wanted the movie to have a feeling of both a comic book and Japanese animation. I resurrected those sources and viewed them again. I dissected most of the dailies from the first movie; I literally grabbed about four boxes of tapes and one by one saw every single tape from beginning to end until I perfectly understood where the language of the first film came from. I studied the style of the first one and I think Norrington used a tremendous narrative style. His work is very elegant".

Stepping back into Blade's shoes was a challenge Wesley Snipes relished: "I love playing this role. It's fun as an actor to test your skills at doing a sequel, to see if you can recreate something that you did". Peter Frankfurt added that "Wesley is Blade; so much of the character was invented by Wesley and his instincts are so spot on. He takes his fighting, his weapons and attitude very seriously. He's incredibly focused, but he's also very cool and fun".

Del Toro said that "Wesley knows Blade better than David Goyer, better than me, better than anyone else involved in the franchise. He instinctively knows what the character would and wouldn't do, and every time he twists something around, something better would come out".

Filming took place in the Czech Republic, at Prague Studios and Barrandov Studios, as well as London from March 12, 2001 and concluded on July 2 the same year.

Music
A soundtrack to the film was released on March 19, 2002 through Immortal Records and Virgin Records, and which featured collaborations between hip hop artists and electronic artists. This soundtrack appeared on four different Billboard charts, reaching number 26 on the Billboard 200. It spawned two singles: "Child of the Wild West" and "Mind What You Say".

Home media
The New Line Platinum Series DVD contains several deleted scenes, including a flashback sequence showing Blade's first meeting with Whistler, and a music video for "Child of the Wild West", performed by West Coast hip-hop group Cypress Hill and featuring drum and bass performer Roni Size in the DVD special features on disc 2, VHS Capture, and the theatrical trailer.

A Blu-ray version was released in 2012.

Box office
Blade II was released on March 22, 2002. This was during a period of the year (months March and April) considered to be a bad time for sequels to be released. Despite this, the film became the highest-grossing film of the Blade series, making $80 million in the United States and $150 million worldwide. In its opening weekend, the film earned $32,528,016 from 2,707 theaters, but dropped 59% of its earnings in its second week, which brought in $13.2 million. The intake is believed to be affected (in part) by the pull of NCAA basketball Final Four games. The film debuted in the United Kingdom at number one, making $3.6 million from 355 theaters and held the spot for the following week, where it had earned $7.9 million, despite a 47% decline. The film was also number one in Singapore, making $214,000 from 30 theaters.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 57% based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of. The site's consensus reads: "Though Blade II offers more of what worked in the original, its plot and character development appear to have been left on the cutting room floor." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half out of four stars, stating: "Blade II is a really rather brilliant vomitorium of viscera, a comic book with dreams of becoming a textbook for mad surgeons". James Berardinelli gave the film two and a half out of four stars: "Blade II is for those undiscriminating movie-goers who want nothing more from a trip to the multiplex than loud, raucous, mindless entertainment".

Accolades
Like its predecessor, the film was nominated for both Best Horror Film and Best Make-up at the Saturn Awards.

Video game
A video game Blade II was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox on September 3, 2002. Reviews were generally negative.

Sequel
A sequel, Blade: Trinity, was released in 2004.

title: Blade II


text:
MUSIC-N

MUSIC-N refers to a family of computer music programs and programming languages descended from or influenced by MUSIC, a program written by Max Mathews in 1957 at Bell Labs. MUSIC was the first computer program for generating digital audio waveforms through direct synthesis. It was one of the first programs for making music (in actuality, sound) on a digital computer, and was certainly the first program to gain wide acceptance in the music research community as viable for that task. The world's first computer-controlled music was generated in Australia by programmer Geoff Hill on the CSIRAC computer which was designed and built by Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard. However, CSIRAC produced sound by sending raw pulses to the speaker, it did not produce standard digital audio with PCM samples, like the MUSIC-series of programs.

Design
All MUSIC-N derivative programs have a (more-or-less) common design, made up of a library of functions built around simple signal-processing and synthesis routines (written as "opcodes" or unit generators). These simple opcodes are then constructed by the user into an instrument (usually through a text-based instruction file, but increasingly through a graphical interface) that defines a sound which is then "played" by a second file (called the score) which specifies notes, durations, pitches, amplitudes, and other parameters relevant to the musical informatics of the piece. Some variants of the language merge the instrument and score, though most still distinguish between control-level functions (which operate on the music) and functions that run at the sampling rate of the audio being generated (which operate on the sound). A notable exception is ChucK, which unifies audio-rate and control-rate timing into a single framework, allowing arbitrarily fine time granularity and also one mechanism to manage both. This has the advantage of more flexible and readable code as well as drawbacks of reduced system performance.

MUSIC-N and derived software are mostly available as complete self-contained programs, which can have different types of user-interfaces, from text- to GUI-based ones. In this aspect, Csound and RTcmix have since evolved to work effectively as software libraries which can be accessed through a variety of frontends and programming languages, such as C, C++, Java, Python, Tcl, Lua, Lisp, Scheme, etc., as well as other music systems such as Pure Data, Max/MSP and plugin frameworks LADSPA and VST.

A number of highly original (and to this day largely unchallenged) assumptions are implemented in MUSIC and its descendants about the best way to create sound on a computer. Many of Mathews' implementations (such as using pre-calculated arrays for waveform and envelope storage, the use of a scheduler that runs in musical time rather than at audio rate) are the norm for most hardware and software synthesis and audio DSP systems today.

Family
MUSIC included a number of variants, e.g.:

 * MUSIC was developed by Mathews on an IBM 704 at Bell Labs in 1957 (this original version was later referred to as MUSIC I)
 * MUSIC II was developed by Mathews on an IBM 7094 at Bell Labs in 1958
 * MUSIC III was developed by Mathews on an IBM 7090 at Bell Labs in 1960
 * MUSIC IV was developed by Mathews and J. Miller on an IBM 7094 at Bell Labs in 1963
 * Derivatives of MUSIC IV include:
 * MUSIC IVB was developed by G. Winham and H. Howe on an IBM 7094 at Princeton University in 1965
 * MUSIC 4BF was developed by H. Howe and G. Winham on an IBM System/360 at Princeton University in 1967
 * MUSIC 360 was developed by Barry Vercoe on an IBM System/360 at Princeton University in 1969
 * MUSIC 11 was developed by B. Vercoe, S. Haflich, R. Hale, and C. Howe on a DEC PDP-11 at MIT in 1973
 * Csound (descended from MUSIC 11 and in wide use today)
 * MUS10 was developed by J. Chowning, D. Poole, and L. Smith on a DEC PDP-10 in Stanford University 1966

 * MUSIC V was developed by Mathews and J. Miller on a GE 645 in 1966 at Bell Labs
 * MUSIC V was considerably augmented at IRCAM in Paris by John Gardner and Jean-Louis Richer to enable it to process digitized sounds as well as to synthesize sounds
 * CMusic was developed by F. R. Moore and D. G. Loy on a DEC VAX-11 at UCSD in 1980
 * CMIX / Real-time Cmix was developed by Paul Lansky, Brad Garton, and others on an IBM System/370 at Princeton University starting in 1982

Structured Audio Orchestra Language (SAOL) is an imperative, MUSIC-N programming language, which is part of the MPEG-4 audio standard, by Eric Scheirer

Less obviously, MUSIC can be seen as the parent program for:

 * RTSKED (a later RealTime Scheduling language by Max Mathews)
 * Max/MSP
 * Pure Data
 * AudioMulch
 * SuperCollider
 * JSyn
 * Common Lisp Music
 * ChucK
 * Any other computer synthesis language that relies on a modular system (e.g. Reaktor).

MUSIC IV
MUSIC IV was a computer music synthesis software package written by Max Mathews. The program was an expansion of earlier packages written by Mathews to produce music by direct digital computation, which could be heard by converting samples to audible sound using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). MUSIC IV was further expanded by Godfrey Winham and Hubert Howe into MUSIC IVB, and then into MUSIC IVBF, a more portable version written in FORTRAN. It is a precursor to CSound.

MUSIC IV allows the programmer to enter a musical score as a text file and have each note played with a particular "musical instrument", which is a software algorithm. Some instruments are supplied in the package, but the programmer can supply new instruments in the form of FORTRAN code, to be compiled and called by the MUSIC IV package to generate output.

As designed, the package was not intended for real-time generation of music as is done by a modern portable electronic keyboard instrument; instead, entire songs or musical pieces are encoded and processed into a digital file on disk or tape containing the stream of samples. Prior to the advent of low-cost digital audio gear in the late 1980s, the samples were typically sent to a DAC and recorded on analog tape.

title: MUSIC-N