text:
Beretta 92

The Beretta 92 (also Beretta 96 and Beretta 98) is a series of semi-automatic pistols designed and manufactured by Beretta of Italy. The Beretta 92 was designed in 1975, and production began in 1976. Many variants in several calibers continue to be used to the present.

The United States military replaced the .45 ACP M1911A1 pistol in 1985 with the Beretta 92FS, designated as the "M9".

History
The Beretta 92 pistol evolved from earlier Beretta designs, most notably the M1923 and M1951. From the M1923 comes the open slide design, while the alloy frame and the hinged locking block, originally from Walther P38, were first used in the M1951. The grip angle and the front sight integrated with the slide were also common to earlier Beretta pistols. What were perhaps the Model 92's two most important advanced design features had first appeared on its immediate predecessor, the 1974 .380 caliber Model 84. These improvements both involved the magazine, which featured direct feed; that is, there was no feed ramp between the magazine and the chamber (a Beretta innovation in pistols). In addition, the magazine was a "double-stacked" design, a feature originally introduced in 1935 on the Browning Hi-Power.

Carlo Beretta, Giuseppe Mazzetti and Vittorio Valle, all experienced firearms designers, contributed to the final design in 1975.

92
Production began in May 1976, and ended in February 1983. Approximately 7,000 units were of the first "step slide" design and 45,000 were of the second "straight slide" type.

92S
In order to meet the requirements of some law enforcement agencies, Beretta modified the Beretta 92 by adding a slide-mounted combined safety and decocking lever, replacing the frame-mounted manual thumb safety. This resulted in the 92S, which was adopted by several Italian law enforcement and military units. The magazine release button is at the bottom of the grip as is customary in Europe. This model was produced from 1978 to 1982. The name "92S" means "Sicurezza", or "patent", in Italian. The "S" signifies a new change to the design's patent.

92SB (92S-1)
The 92SB, initially called 92S-1, was specifically designed for the USAF trials (which it won), the model name officially adopted was the 92SB. "92SB" means "Sicurezza Blocco", meaning "safety block" in Italian. This refers to both the slide-mounted safety and the internal firing pin block. Other improvements include ambidextrous safety levers, 3-dot sights and relocating the magazine release catch from the bottom of the grip to the lower bottom of the trigger guard. The later relocation of the magazine release button means preceding models (92 & 92S) cannot necessarily use later magazines, unless they have notches in both areas.

A compact version with a shortened barrel and slide and 13-round magazine capacity known as the 92SB Compact was manufactured from 1981 to 1991.

92F (92SB-F)

In 1984 Beretta introduced a version of the model 92SB slightly modified to create the 92SB-F (the "F" meaning "Federale", or "Federal" in Italian, added to denote entry of the model in U.S. Government federal testing) by making the following changes:
 * Design of all the parts to make them 100% interchangeable to simplify maintenance for large government organizations.
 * Squared off the front of the trigger guard. The squared-off trigger guard protects both the gun and the shooter during hand-to-hand combat. Some have suggested that the square guard enables the shooter to grip the front of the trigger guard with the supporting forefinger to enhance aiming; however, firearms trainer and Beretta collaborator Ernest Langdon says that using the forefinger to grip the front of the trigger guard is improper technique.
 * Recurved the forward base of the grip to aid aiming.
 * Hard chromed the bore to protect it from corrosion and to reduce wear.
 * New surface coating on the slide called Bruniton, which purportedly provides better corrosion resistance than the previous plain blued finish.

The French military adopted a modified version of the 92F with a decocking-only lever as the PAMAS G1. These pistols have tellurium in the slide, making the French made steel brittle, and as such only have a service life of approximately 6,000 rounds. The French military fitted new Italian made steel slides to its PAMAS G1 pistols before they reached that round count.

92FS
The 92FS has an enlarged hammer pin that fits into a groove on the underside of the slide. The main purpose is to stop the slide from flying off the frame to the rear if it cracks, potentially injuring the user. The "S" in "92FS" signifies either "Scivolo" (meaning "slide") or "Sicurezza" (meaning "patent" or safe") in Italian, due to the design's improved and safer slide in case of a catastrophic failure. This was in response to reported defective slides during U.S. military testing. Beretta discovered in an investigation that the slides had passed high-pressure proof testing and magnetic particle inspection when they were made, and metallurgical analysis showed that they had indeed been made to the proper specification. In reality, the guns were cracking and being blown apart due to improperly made ammunition, which was far more powerful than NATO specifications. Beretta filed a defamation lawsuit against the United States government and won. As a result of this lawsuit, all design changes and modifications to existing pistols were done at the government’s expense.

The 92FS also came as a 92FS Centurion model which featured the shorter barrel and slide of the 92 Compact on a full-size 92FS frame.

Design
The Beretta 92's open slide design ensures smooth feeding and ejection of ammunition and allows easy clearing of obstructions. The hard-chromed barrel bore reduces barrel wear and protects it from corrosion. The falling locking block design provides good accuracy and operability with suppressors due to the in-line travel of the barrel. This is in contrast to the complex travel of Browning designed barrels. The magazine release button is reversible with simple field tools. Reversing the magazine release makes left-handed operation much easier.

Increasingly, it has become popular to reduce handgun weight and cost as well as increase corrosion resistance by using polymers. Starting around the year 2000, Beretta began replacing some parts with polymer and polymer coated metal. Polymer parts include the recoil spring guide rod (which is now also fluted), magazine floor plate, magazine follower and the mainspring cap/lanyard loop. Polymer coated metal parts include the left side safety lever, trigger, and magazine release button.

Magazines
To keep in line with the introduction of laws in some locations restricting magazines that hold more than 10 rounds, Beretta now manufactures magazines that hold fewer than the factory-standard 15 rounds. These magazines have heavier crimping (deeper indentations in the side) to reduce the available space while still keeping the same external dimensions and ensuring that these magazines can be used on existing firearms. Beretta also produces 15-round "Sand Resistant" magazines to resolve issues encountered with contractor-made magazines, and 17-round magazines included with the A1 models. Both magazines function in earlier 92 series and M9 model pistols.

Italian magazine manufacturer Mec-Gar now produces magazines in blue and nickel finishes with an 18-round capacity, which fit flush in the magazine well on the 92 series. Mec-Gar also produces an extended 20-round blued magazine that protrudes below the frame by 3/4 in. These magazines provide users in unrestricted states with a larger capacity magazine.

Variants
The Beretta 92 is available in many configurations and models:

Models

 * 92D/92DS : (1990-1998)
 * The 92D is a double action only variant of the 92FS with no safety/decocker lever. The "D" signifies the Italian word "Doppio", meaning "Double-action". The 92D was discontinued by 1998. The 92DS (meaning "92D-Safety") is essentially a standard double-action/single-action Beretta 92FS with a safety/decock lever but the flat spurless hammer of the 92D.

 * 92G/92G-SD : (2002-present)
 * The 92G is a redesigned version of the 92FS with the safety eliminated, making for a decocker-only slide. The "G" signifies "Gendarmerie National", the French national police force that the pistol was designed for. While the standard 92G was discontinued in 2005, the 92G slide design is still being used on various Beretta designs, including the M9A4. The Wilson Combat 92G Brigadier Tactical has been produced since 2014. The Wilson Combat 92G Brigadier pistols differ from the standard Brigadier in that they have a military standard 1913 picatinny rail, all steel controls (as opposed to the polymer coated steel), decock only feature (G-model), 4.7" target crowned barrel, fluted steel guiderod, thin profile G-10 grips, rounded trigger guard, the lighter hammer spring used in the "D" model, Elite II hammer, and their own unique serial number with a "WC" prefix among other features.

 * Vertec : (2001–2007, 2014–2018)
 * The Vertec is a variant of the 92-series with a re-contoured, straight backstrap, removable sights, 1-slot accessory rail, flared magwell, and 4.7 inch barrel. Although the standard Vertec has been discontinued, the Vertec style backstrap design has been retained on newer, more advanced models such as the M9A3, M9A4 and 92X.

 * 90Two : (2006–2012)
 * The 90two is a 9mm/.40 variant of the 92-series with a redesigned, thicker slide and frame to accommodate an accessory rail, fully dovetailed front sight and .40 S&W pressures. Other features added include a captive recoil spring, internal recoil buffer, user changeable monogrips and 17-round magazines.

 * 92A1 / 96A1 : (2010–present)
 * The 92A1 and 96A1 were introduced in 2010, based on elements from the 92FS and 90two. It is somewhat of a civilian version of the M9A1, but it has the standard 92-series grip profile, two slots in the accessory rail and a round trigger guard.

 * Centennial: (2015)
 * The 92 FS Centennial limited edition (500 units) commemorates adoption by the Italian Military of Beretta's earliest semi-automatic pistol, the Model 1915. This Centennial 92 is notable for its frame-mounted manual safety and single-action-only mechanism. The Beretta medallion in each wood grip panel displays the anniversary dates in Roman numerals, which are also engraved on either side of the steel slide. The pistol is packaged in a custom M2A1 ammunition can bearing the Centennial logo.

 * M9A1: (2006–present)
 * The M9A1 was adopted by the USMC in 2006. It adds a 1-slot Picatinny rail, more aggressive front and backstrap checkering and a beveled magazine well for easier reloading of the weapon. M9A1 pistols are sold with physical vapor deposition (PVD) coated magazines developed to better withstand the conditions in the sandy environments in Iraq and Afghanistan.

 * M9A3: (2015–present)
 * The M9A3 (originally called the M9A2, but the name was changed because it was not adopted) was released in 2015 as a potential upgrade for the US military, in response to the Modular Handgun System trials. The main updates to the M9A3 were a 3-slot Picatinny rail, thinner vertical grip, removable wrap-around grips that can be swapped between Vertec-style and 'old' M9 style, fully removable tritium night sights and a universal slide, which makes the gun convertible from decocker-safety to decocker-only mode. The tip of the barrel is pre-threaded to facilitate addition of a suppressor. Additionally, the M9A3 comes with 17-round sand-resistant magazines in a beveled shape for easier reloading.

 * M9A4: (2021–present)
 * The M9A4 was released in 2021 as a direct upgrade for the M9A3. The main updates to the M9A4 include red-dot optic compatible slide and dovetailed tritium night sights, enhanced short reset Xtreme Trigger System, 18-round sand-resistant magazines, and texturized Vertec-style thin grips.

 * Elite LTT - Langdon Tactical
 * The Elite LTT was introduced by Beretta in 2018, in conjunction with firearms trainer Ernest Langdon. The LTT uses the Vertec slide with front cocking serrations on a modified M9A1 frame, and wears Langdon Tactical G10 grips. The pistol comes equipped with G-Model decocker, dovetailed front sight, steel trigger and guide rod, improved springs, and a 4.7 inch stainless barrel with target crown, just to name a few of the more prominent features.

 * 92X: (2019–present)
 * The 92X was introduced in 2019 as an update to the 92-series and standardization of the Vertec platform. Similar to the M9A3, it features a 3-slot Picatinny rail, thinner vertical grip, removable wrap-around grips that can be swapped between Vertec-style and 'old' M9 style, fully removable sights (High visibility orange dot) and a universal slide, which makes the gun convertible from decocker-safety to decocker-only mode. Unlike the M9A3, the barrel is not threaded. The 92X series comes in compact, centurion, and full size variants. The "X" signifies the "Xtreme-S" trigger system, which reduces trigger reset by 40%, and is adjustable for pre-travel (in single action only models), as well as overtravel. The 92X Performance was introduced in 2019, alongside the 92X, as a competition pistol. Similar to the 92X, it features a 3-slot Picatinny rail, thinner vertical grip, removable wrap-around grips that can be swapped between Vertec-style and 'old' M9 style, dovetailed sights. The 92X Performance however includes a red fiber optic front sight, adjustable rear sight, front and rear slide serrations, skeletonized hammer, competition hammer spring, steel spring recoil rod, extended beavertail, front and rear frame checkering, oversized magazine release, and match take down lever. The Vertec frame is made of steel rather than alloy, increasing the weight to 48 ounces. The 92X Performance utilizes a frame mounted safety compared to the slide mounted safety of the standard 92X.

 * 92XI: (2023–present)
 * The 92XI was introduced in 2023 as an update to the 92-series including a frame-mounted safety similar to the 1911 platform. Unlike prior models, the 92XI is single-action only, with no double-action trigger pull in the Extreme-S flat-faced trigger.  This hybridization is behind the XI moniker, as XI is eleven in Roman numerals, making the name ninety-two eleven.  Similar to the M9A3, it features a 3-slot Picatinny rail, thinner vertical grip, Vertec-style frame and fully removable sights (High visibility fiber optic front).  The 92XI comes in the base model as well as a Tactical model with a threaded barrel and DLC-coated trigger components, and a Squalo ("Shark") edition that brings a different color scheme and adds a Toni system magwell.

 * 92 GTS: (2024–present)
 * The 92 GTS was introduced in 2024 as an update to the 92XI series, adding a double-action/single-action option to the platform through a newly designed "twin sear" and decocker-only configuration, hence the GTS name (G-series, Twin Sear). The 92GTS has a standard model as well as a Launch Edition that comes in a two-tone finish with wood grips.

93R machine pistol
The Beretta 93R is a significantly redesigned 92 to provide the option of firing in three-round bursts. It also has a longer ported barrel, heavier slide, fitting for a shoulder stock, a folding forward grip, and an extended magazine. Unlike other Berettas in the 90 series it is single-action only, does not have a decocker, and very few are around today.

Copies

The Beretta 92 was designed for sports and law enforcement use and, due to its reliability, was accepted by military users in countries all over the world.

 * Brazil
 * After a large order of original 92s for the Brazilian military had been completed, the factory was sold to Taurus, who continued to make the gun as the PT92.

 * Egypt
 * Egypt had produced the Beretta 92 under license as the Helwan 920 with the magazine release button at the bottom of the magazine.

 * South Africa
 * Vektor Z-88 (see also Vektor SP1).

 * Turkey
 * Turkish companies MKEK and Girsan manufactured a copy of the Beretta 92F as the Yavuz 16 for the Turkish Armed Forces and General Directorate of Security. There has been speculation that these were being made under contract from Beretta. Some of these pistols were imported into the United States by the company American Tactical Imports as the American Tactical 92 or AT-92. The Yavuz 16 was exported to Canada, Colombia, Georgia, Malaysia and Syria.

 * Russia
 * SR-1 Vektor

title: Beretta 92


text:
Talk:Esoteric programming language

Unlambda vs. Brainfuck
I don't see any clear basis for saying Unlambda is more minimal than brainfuck. It would be correct to say it about Lazy K or Iota or the like. It's tricky comparing imperative languages to functional ones, but whereas brainfuck has eight commands in four matching pairs, Unlambda has a mixed bag of eleven or twelve functions, plus an application operation. So I'm going to delete the statement.

Perl?
I noticed that Perl is listed as a "notable esoteric language". Is that a joke? The top of the article specifically says that languages like APL aren't considered esoteric. --Piquan 23:57, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You mean it's possible to write comprehensible code in Perl? ;) --Fredrik | talk 00:33, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * More so than in APL. --Piquan

 * In my book Perl is not an esoteric language. There can be made many arguments about the readability of Perl code, but that does not make it esoteric. It is, after all, a very commonly used language. --Runeberge 07:20, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that was a joke. It's the only recent edit by 81.210.122.50. I've removed it (and the comment tag that was after that line). (cute, though. And we didn't even blink...) --RJFJR 22:08, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * For an obscure language which is rareley used owing to its irritating complexity is a form of Reverse Polish Notation Assembly code used for applets and compiled programs on the HP38G, HP39G, and HP39G+ grahics calculators produced by Hewlett-Packard (and possibly otheres). When programs written on the calculator in HP BASIC are compiled, the RPN assembly is formed and assembled. tehre are also external assemblers for producing highly optimised applets.

Turing tarpit
I question the etymology of Turing tarpit; the term is in fact due to Alan Perlis, who coined it well before the Whril language ever existed.

 * This ancient comment happened due to confusing the term Turing tarpit and Turning tarpit, with the latter term originally created as a joke on a misspelling of the former. Both terms find use among esolang enthusiasts. --Ørjan (talk) 02:30, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Intention of beong adopted for real-world programming
I think that 'not with the intention of being adopted for real-world programming' in introduction section is inappropriate and not true; There are several esolangs invented to test the concepts in programming before applying them to real programming such as 3code, which means esolangs are sometimes used to play a role of touchstone. I think some other expression like 'not with the intention of being directly used for real-world programming' describes esolang better. --218.233.56.240 05:33, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Prososed merge from Discrete computer
I have added a tag proposing that Discrete computer be merged into the Esoteric programming terms section of this article. The term doesn't seem to warrant its own article, at least not with the article in its current state, and this would seem to be the best place for the text. Please post comments on the proposal here. - N (talk) 18:19, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Wrong article. Maybe digital computer? --maru (talk) Contribs 22:00, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree. There's no reason to put discrete computer here; there's nothing esoteric about it. (Continuous computers also aren't esoteric in this sense.) Perhaps we should create an "alternative computer design" page or something to hold differences between discrete vs continuous, Von Neumann vs everything else, quantum computers, etc etc. Piquan 17:53, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I've removed the tag. If anyone would like to have a go at doing something with the article, please do. - N (talk) 19:26, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Isn't "...and still the most elegant" (History section) a smidge POV? Not to mention bad grammar. How about "...and are considered the most elegant"?

I just edited the above and removed the double brackets from around "Discrete computer". That page no longer exists. Guy Macon (talk) 02:46, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Joke languages?
The article mentions the existence of joke languages, yet doesn't go into any more depth than that. Should examples be included?

I propose: --BBM 03:28, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * 99 was created solely for 99-bottles-of-beer.net, and a blank file outputs the song
 * Whitespace treats characters opposite of most other languages, with spaces, tabs, and newlines being the only valid syntax.

removed a sentence
In the May 19 2006 revision, the last sentence in the second paragraph of the opening reads:

 * Thus, by adhering to some principles while deliberately making no sense as a whole (or attempting to hide any sense they make to most people), these languages are perhaps the programming equivalent of nonsense verse.

I'm not quite convinced at this comparison. Especially after skimming thru the article on "nonsense verse" the sentence linked to, I'm hard-pressed to find a good connection between the two. The sentence also suffers from being vague about what "making no sense as a whole" actually mean? A programming language's syntax and semantics, even for most if not all esoteric programming languages, are still highly specified and well-defined, so in that aspect there is nothing "nonsensical" about an esoteric language. Similarly, the fact that it might not be very human-readable is not a convincing criteria of "nonsensical" — just because you cannot read, say, Chinese, doesn't mean it is a nonsensical language, right? (Besides, obsfucation is quite possible in rather conventional languages such as C anyway.)

So overall, I just see little value in this sentence and have taken the bold step to remove it. If anyone wants to add it back in, please consider significantly rephrasing it to avoid the issues I've raised. 24.16.27.166 12:02, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Formatting of multiple article titles
Why are the words "programming language" included as part of the article names for the esoteric programming languages? (See Category:Esoteric programming languages to understand what I mean. When we title an article, any text apart from the name of whatever the article is about is placed in brackets. So instead of TRUE programming language, the article should be titled TRUE, and instead of Lambda programming language, it should be Lambda (programming language) and linked to as disambiguation from the Lambda article. (Assuming Lambda programming language itself survives AfD, but that's not the point.)

This would bring the esoteric languages into consistency with the more familiar ones, such as C++, Visual Basic, Java (programming language) and a whole bunch of others. BrokenBeta [talk · contribs] 16:16, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * And on a separate note, why can't I link to a category? BrokenBeta  [talk · contribs] 16:17, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You're not quoting the category right. To quote a category, so it doesn't act as a category but as a link to that category, append a colon, as in " Category:Esoteric programming languages ". -- Gwern (contribs) 18:33, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah. Thanks. BrokenBeta  [talk · contribs] 18:50, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

OO-Esolangs?
Does there exist esolangs with objects (with of course highly limited functionality to the objects, but technically objects)? I am just pondering... -- [ Svippong - Talk ]  15:31, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * See http://esoteric.voxelperfect.net/wiki/Category:Object-oriented_paradigm —Ruud 21:07, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

LOLCODE
LOLCODE has an entry in wikipedia and it links to here, esoteric programming langauge, however on looking through the examples here they don't refer back to lolcode. I thought I'd mention it. I was going to just make the change myself, it's probably not much harder than typing this, however I don't know how to put in the web links. 82.35.13.32 23:44, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

love this phrasing
"Some more popular languages may appear esoteric (in the usual sense of the word) to some, and though these could arguably be called "esoteric programming languages" too, this is not what is meant." Thaddeus Slamp (talk) 20:52, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I hope I am not deemed overely frivolouse/whimsical when I say, whoever chose this phrasing did an awesome job of such imho.

Non deterministic languages
There is another "important", practical use of non deterministic languages. Evolutionary programming, such as Tierra (computer simulation).

Keybounce (talk) 20:19, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Ummm
I think to the vast majority of the planet, all programming language is esoteric... NERDS!- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 18:55, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Who programmed your computer? Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 16:52, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

paper on the subject
For an academic take, it might be worth looking at whether there's anything relevant to cite in: --Delirium (talk) 22:16, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Notability
The notability of this article has been challenged, and the article proposed for deletion (to which I objected). I'm opening a discussion here. Zwilson (talk) 20:07, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The notability of the subject is beyond question. There are 18 articles in Category:Esoteric programming languages, and it would be foolishness to delete the article on the subject as a whole. While the references could be improved, enough sources are available to easily satisfy the general notability guidelines. Feezo (Talk) 20:21, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * You'll get no argument from me. I just thought it was better to have a discussion than for me to remove the tag unilaterally. - Zwilson (talk) 21:14, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * After, proposing this article be deleted for lack of notability has to be trolling. Just remove the tag. Zeev.tarantov (talk) 07:56, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

I actually wonder about the notability, in terms of meeting Wikipedia's general notability guidelines. Citing Category:Esoteric programming languages or the specific Wikipedia articles doesn't satisfy GNG because Wikipedia is not considered a reliable source. Reddit and other user-generated content sites are also not considered reliable sources.

I was trying to verify some of the article's material, and most information is unreferenced or cites wikis, blogs, and personal websites that are not reliable sources. I found some reliable sources for some details, but almost none use the terms "esoteric programming language", "esoteric language", or "esolang". Many use "esoteric" in the generic, adjective sense, commonly referring to LISP, Prolog, PL/I, and APL as esoteric languages, but I'm not counting those. I found three published sources that use the terms the way this article does, plus some sort of slideshow used by a professor. All three published sources reference Wikipedia articles, but one of them does not reference Wikipedia specifically for the information on esoteric languages. (Not that it matters for notability; new terms and ideas are commonly created or popularized in Wikipedia articles, and once reliable sources use them, establish notability by citing those sources, even though the references are circular).

 * This is the only source I've seen that uses the term at length; it uses it exactly as used in this article (I'm guessing it's based on this article, but while it lists several other Wikipedia articles as references, it doesn't mention this one). It's published by MIT Press, and written by an Aesthetics and Communications professor, so I'd accept it as reliable.
 * The rest I can't see (limited access via Google), but the index lists only that page for the term "esoteric programming language", so while reliable, it may not constitute "significant coverage".
 * This is a passing mention of the term, but is a reliable source; the reference cited as "[19]" is to the Wikipedia article Brainfuck.
 * 2010 slideshow on Malbolge, perhaps for a course lecture or other presentation, by professor Masahiko Sakai of Nagoya University.

Can anyone suggest other reliable sources that use these terms? ––Agyle (talk) 10:15, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I found three other sources that use the term. Two provide minor coverage (though one is about a specific language, Malbolge), while one provides significant coverage of the topic:

 * Just a brief one-line usage of the term to describe Malbolge: "Malbolge is known as one of the most esoteric programming languages. In this paper, we prove that Malbolge is weakly Turing complete."

 * Just a brief one-line usage of the term in the references, citing this article: "The following URL has some links to the different Esoteric Programming Languages: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language"

 * Discusses the topic at length. Largely verbatim excerpts from a 2005 conference paper co-authored by Mateas. Favors the term "weird language" but says "esoteric" is more commonly used.

 * I think Mateas and Cox are enough to establish notability of the subject. As far as I can tell, the term as it's used here was invented by editor 163.1.103.122 in this article in 2002, and expanded in scope later that day by editor 213.253.40.113 (the definition has been stable since then). The term may have been taken out of context from an earlier website called "Esoteric Topics in Computer Programming"; that site used "Esoteric Programming Languages" as a section name about a much broader set of languages, seeming to use "esoteric" as an adjective like "unusual" rather than as part of a specific term. None of this is from a reliable source, it's original research and not suitable for inclusion in the article, but it may be useful for others trying to find information on the subject. Agyle (talk) 06:36, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I was a subscriber to the mailing list lang at esoteric.sange.fi back in 2001. You can find the archive of that and the sibling misc list here.  As the first messages show, the list was initially in parallel with the previously existing esoteric topics list at Catseye. (I think some kind of forwarding took place?)
 * Of course, you won't accept that as a Wikipedia reference, but it should still prove that the term didn't originate at Wikipedia, but was in fact already actively used in the community.
 * --Ørjan (talk) 03:04, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

 * That is interesting. It wasn't as clear from briefly scanning the list archives how they defined the term, but they included a link to a site active in 2001 that seems (through inference) to use the term the way this article later did: purists.org/esoteric. The site actually has a link to a FAQ subpage presumably defining the term, but through a stroke of bad luck, that page isn't archived. If a journalist or historian is ever looking to dig deeply into the topic, those are good starting points. By "Of course, you won't accept...", it sounds like you're singling out my reference standards as unusual; I try to follow community consensus-established guidelines. ––Agyle (talk) 05:03, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Yeah sorry, I'm just grumpy about Wikipedia's ever more strictly applied policies removing esolang-related articles one by one. --Ørjan (talk) 07:18, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

FiM++
http://www.equestriadaily.com/2012/10/fim-update.html The fim++ programing languaje created by Cereal Velocity and published they specification on Equestriadaily (link) count as a esoteric languaje?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.188.34.168 (talk) 03:04, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Java
There isn't enough clear awareness on that Java is a esoteric language, and I keep seeing businesses use it because of this lack of knowledge, I vote it should be added to the page. --84.82.234.221 (talk) 16:43, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

Please use brainfuck instead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.13.56.24 (talk) 20:01, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Wierd vs Weird
Is the programming language really spelled "Wierd" or is that a typo? Upjav (talk) 03:20, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

It really is. (Note the  template in the source.) The name is a portmanteau of "weird" (because it is) and "wired" (because execution of its programs follows visual "wires"). --Ørjan (talk) 02:14, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Confusing tags
Hello. I have tagged the sections 'FALSE' with a confusing tag. I believe that the actual code should be set on a newline, and not in the same line as the sentence.

JamesJNHu (talk) 20:27, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Done. --Ørjan (talk) 01:28, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

2 + 2 = 2048 Firefox Game
2 + 2 = 2048 is a impressive game, that is available in my ZEN Firefox O.S. mobile. I feel it is relevant to make a point about that game here.

 * When Horizontal & Vertical swipe happens addition of same 2'fold number happens in a 4x4 Grid, like 2 + 2 = 4, 4 + 4 = 8, 8 + 8 = 16.

 * 2^11 = 2048, 10 + 1 = 11. So I think this game tries the limitation of decimal number in Quantum. I feel consecutive games from one another can do Esoteric Programming Language that can be delved into Quantum Mechanics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ansathas (talk • contribs) 15:30, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Definition of Turing tarpit
User:Rhoark edited the section about Turing tarpits from

 * A Turing tarpit is a Turing-complete programming language whose number of commands, operators, or equivalent objects is very small.

to
 * A Turing tarpit is a Turing-complete programming language in which any computable function could theoretically be written, but in which it is impractically difficult to do so.

The latter is closer in spirit to the definition used in Wikipedia's Turing tarpit article, and has been so since 2010.

The problem is, the latter is definitely not the definition used in the esolang community for categorizing esolangs. As such, I think it doesn't belong in a list of esolang terms. To me the question, then, is whether to change it back (perhaps clarifying) or whether to delete the section outright. --Ørjan (talk) 03:45, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I added clarification. Rhoark (talk) 15:50, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Great! --Ørjan (talk) 06:03, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Grass
Would it be more appropriate to call Grass a Toy programming language? 157.127.239.146 (talk) 19:43, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Ook! new page has been nominated for deletion
I created Ook! and linked it to the already existing foreign language versions. I made the disambiguation page ( ook ) point to it. It was nominated for deletion almost immediately after I created it. I'm considering adding what I created to this page and allowing it to be deleted. Then the disambiguation could be pointed to the section here. Not sure how the foreign language links would work. Not at all I assume. -Crunchy Numbers (talk) 19:24, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

Trimming down the examples list
Maybe the list should be trimmed down a bit. There's quite a few, and some of them don't really have a good reason to be there. I already nipped the bud on Train, and removed it from the list. Any more that might need trimmed? --MoonyTheDwarf (Braden N.) (talk) 22:08, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Deleted sections
Other wikipedia articles link to the sections #Chef and #FALSE, but these sections were removed. Would it be better to add them back in, or remove the references? 72.83.125.130 (talk) 14:16, 2 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The references ought to be removed. —moonythedwarf (Braden N.) 14:59, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

Modiscript
In my opinion, Modiscript is not notable enough to be included in the list. After reading its documentation, it is abundantly clear that it is nothing more than a standard language with some variables and methods renamed. It was first removed by User:MoonyTheDwarf during the first round of trimming, and then numerous times by me and other users. However, anonymous editors always revert the edits without providing any further comment. Would anyone like to weigh in? Envysan (talk) 22:47, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Just looked at it.. It certainly looks "esoteric" - a programming language as religious-social-cultural commentary!  I love it! Jimw338 (talk) 23:34, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Concur: fun but not that notable really. The list should concentrate on notable examples. Jules  (Mrjulesd) 23:41, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

"Chef programming language" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Chef programming language. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 22 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Adumbrativus (talk) 04:46, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

J Programming Language
based on APL, which here is considered not "esoteric".

J allows composition of functions = Function-level programming, Function composition (computer science).

J is a very terse array programming language

src: J (programming language)

"very terse" can make J seem "esoteric".

other than "terse", J could be described as "cryptic" or "obscure" or "easy to obfuscate" (Obfuscation (software):

The lack of argument naming gives point-free style a reputation of being unnecessarily obscure, hence the epithet "pointless style".

src: Tacit programming

video: "The J Programming Language" by Tracy Harms (2013)

-- Milahu (talk) 16:04, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

"Popular among hackers"
What does this have to do with hacking? Would really like to see some source for this They're popular among anyone who codes and wants to explore Turing-completeness or just for the lolz. Has nothing to do with hacking as far as I see it. I don't see any application where I, specifically as a hacker, would use an esoteric language or any reason why I find it cool, just because I'm a hacker. LPfote (talk) 19:29, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: IFS213-Hacking and Open Source Culture
— Assignment last updated by KAN2035117 (talk) 18:00, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Esoteric programming language


text:
The Scientists

The Scientists are a post-punk band from Perth, Western Australia, led by Kim Salmon, initially known as the Exterminators and then the Invaders. The band had two primary incarnations: the Perth-based punk band of the late 1970s and the Sydney/London-based swamp rock band of the 1980s.

In October 2010, Blood Red River (1983) was included in the list in the book 100 Best Australian Albums.

1976–1977: formation
Kim Salmon had formed a punk band, the Cheap Nasties, in August 1976. He left in December 1977 and the remainder, with Robbie Porritt joining as lead vocalist, continued as the Manikins. Salmon replaced Mark Demetrius in the Exterminators, who then became known as the Invaders. The lineup included Roddy Radalj (guitar, vocals), Boris Sujdovic (bass) and John Rowlings (drums).

1978–1981: Perth
The Invaders became the Scientists in May 1978, when James Baker from the Victims replaced Rowlings. Sujdovic left the band in August 1978 (later recording with the Rockets). The songwriting partnership that ensued, with Baker writing lyrics which Salmon would put to music, naturally favoured a melodic, pop-infused style of punk.

The band started playing again in January 1979 with Dennis Byrne on bass. This lineup recorded the band's first single, "Frantic Romantic"/"Shake (Together Tonight)", released in June 1979 on the D.N.A. Records label.

Radalj and Byrne left in April 1979, replaced by Ben Juniper (guitar) and Ian Sharples (bass). This lineup recorded the band's second release, The Scientists EP (released February 1980 by White Rider Records) and did two tours of Melbourne and Sydney, in December 1979 and February/March 1980. In Melbourne, the band appeared on pop TV show Countdown, performing "Last Night" from the EP.

Juniper left the band in May 1980, and Salmon, Baker and Sharples continued as a trio. The band broke up in January 1981 after recording their debut album, The Scientists (commonly referred to as The Pink Album), released in August 1981 by EMI Custom Records. In Sydney, Baker had joined Radalj to form Le Hoodoo Gurus with Dave Faulkner (ex-the Victims) and Kimble Rendall in January 1981.

Salmon then formed Louie Louie with Kim Williams (bass) and Brett Rixon (drums), though this band broke up in August 1981.

1982–1987: Sydney and London
In September 1981, Salmon and Sujdovic reformed the band, with Rixon on drums and Tony Thewlis (ex-Helicopters) on guitar, and prepared to move to Sydney. For this version of the band, the musical direction of the band turned more towards swampy, psychedelic-tinged rock and roll, incorporating the influence of bands such as The Gun Club, the Cramps, Suicide, the Stooges and Captain Beefheart.

The band was signed by Au Go Go Records, who released "This Is My Happy Hour"/"Swampland" (December 1982), the influential Blood Red River mini-LP (September 1983) and "We Had Love"/"Clear Spot" (December 1983).

By the end of 1983, the Scientists were one of the most popular Australian independent bands. Deciding to move on to new horizons, they left Australia and relocated to London in March 1984. In October 1984, the band supported the Gun Club on their European tour. Meanwhile, Au Go Go had issued the darker, harsher mini-album This Heart Doesn't Run on Blood, This Heart Doesn't Run on Love (September 1984).

The band released a 12" EP, Demolition Derby, in Belgium in February 1985, and their first full overseas album Produced by The Fall and Birthday Party producer, Richard Mazda, You Get What You Deserve, in the UK in July 1985 on their manager's Karbon label, followed by the "You Only Live Twice"/"If It's The Last Thing I Do" 7" in September. Owing to contractual disputes with Au Go Go, different mixes of some tracks appeared in Australia as the mini-album Atom Bomb Baby, with the "Atom Bomb Baby/Backwards Man" 7" and a compilation LP Heading For a Trauma (comprising Demolition Derby with rare, radio and live tracks) being released with it in July 1985.

Rixon left the band in February 1985 to be replaced by Phillip Hertz, who was replaced in December 1985 by Leanne Chock. The band signed a new deal with Big Time Records, who asked them to prepare a best-of compilation to introduce them to the market. The band rerecorded 11 of their songs with producer Richard Mazda as Weird Love, released in April 1986.

Sujdovic had to leave the UK after the recording due to visa problems, and was replaced by Joe Presedo of Silver Chapter. Presedo and Chock left in December 1986, Salmon shifted to bass and Nick Combe joined on drums. The Salmon/Thewlis/Combe lineup recorded the album Human Jukebox in December 1986.

This lineup returned to Australia in April 1987 for the Human Jukebox tour. Salmon moved back to Perth with his wife Linda Fearon (co-writer of "Blood Red River") and son. Human Jukebox was released on Karbon in October 1987. The band toured Australia in November 1987, with a lineup of Salmon, Thewlis, Combe on drums and Rixon rejoining on bass. Their last show was at the Shenton Park Hotel in Perth on 27 November 1987.

1987–2006: after the Scientists
In Perth between the 1987 tours, Salmon formed Kim Salmon and the Surrealists with Brian Hooper on bass and Tony Pola on drums. He lived in Perth until the early 1990s, playing live solo, with the Surrealists or with "Kim Salmon's Human Jukebox", formed with Kim Williams and Pola to promote the 1991 Scientists compilation Absolute. He also played with the second incarnation of the Beasts of Bourbon from 1988 until 1993. Salmon's music continued in a similar direction to his work with the Scientists.

After the Scientists, Thewlis formed the Interstellar Villains, exploring a musical direction much more rooted in '60s rock, psychedelia and surf music. He then joined Diggory Kenrick and Robert Coyne in Venus Ray, and later played with the Scoundrelles.

2006–present: reformation
In May 2006, the Scientists (with a line-up of Thewlis, Salmon, Sujdovic and Chock) were invited by Mudhoney to play at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival in the UK. They also supported Mudhoney at a performance at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London on 11 May 2006. In 2007, a live recording of that performance, Sedition, was released on the ATP Recordings label. The same lineup played in London in April 2007 and at the ATP festival the same month. In February 2008, they supported Sonic Youth for their Australian Daydream Nation shows, performing the mini album Blood Red River in its entirety as part of the ATP-curated Don't Look Back series.

In September 2010, the group played their first ever U.S. show at the ATP New York music festival in Monticello, where they performed Blood Red River in its entirety.

In 2018 and 2019 the Scientists (with a line-up of Salmon, Cowie (née Chock), Sujdovic and Thewlis) toured in Europe and North America, and said that they would soon release a new recording.

In April 2021, the band confirmed the release of a new studio album titled Negativity scheduled for June 2021 and released single "Outsiders". "I Wasn't Good at Picking Friends" was released in May 2021.

The current line-up features singer-guitarist Kim Salmon, lead guitarist Tony Thewlis, drummer Leanne Cowie and bassist Boris Sujdovic. They toured Australia in 2022 promoting "Negativity", and in 2023 in UK, Spain and Italy.

Use in film
The song "Last Night" was used in Corey Duffel's part in the Foundation Skateboards' movie That's Life, and the song "We Had Love" was used in the movie RocknRolla.

West Australian Music Industry Awards
The West Australian Music Industry Awards are annual awards celebrating achievements for Western Australian music. They commenced in 1985.

 * 2019 || The Scientists|| Hall of Fame || inductee
 * 2019 || The Scientists|| Hall of Fame || inductee

title: The Scientists


text:
Thatcher effect

The Thatcher effect or Thatcher illusion is a phenomenon where it becomes more difficult to detect local feature changes in an upside-down face, despite identical changes being obvious in an upright face. It is named after the then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, on whose photograph the effect was first demonstrated. The effect was originally created in 1980 by Peter Thompson, professor of psychology at the University of York.

Overview
The effect is illustrated by two originally identical photos, which are inverted. The second picture is altered so that the eyes and mouth are vertically flipped, though the changes are not immediately obvious until the image is viewed upright.

The Thatcher effect is thought to be due to specific psychological cognitive modules involved in face perception which are tuned especially to upright faces. Faces seem unique despite the fact that they are very similar. It has been hypothesized that we develop specific processes to differentiate between faces that rely as much on the configuration (the structural relationship between individual features on the face) as the details of individual face features, such as the eyes, nose and mouth.

There is evidence that rhesus monkeys as well as chimpanzees experience the Thatcher effect, raising the possibility that some brain mechanisms involved in processing faces may have evolved in a common ancestor more than 30 million years ago.

The basic principles of the Thatcher effect in face perception have also been applied to biological motion. The local inversion of individual dots is hard, and in some cases, nearly impossible to recognize when the entire figure is inverted.

Further investigations
The Thatcher illusion has also been useful in revealing the psychology of face recognition. Typically, experiments using the Thatcher illusion look at the time required to see the inconsistent features either upright or inverted. Such measures have been used to determine the nature of the processing of holistic facial images.

By looking at the intermediate angles between upright and inverted, studies have explored the gradual or sudden appearance of the illusions. Sensitivity to the Thatcher illusion has been found in children, including children with autism.

However, people with congenital prosopagnosia have been shown to exhibit an overall much weaker response to the illusion compared to people without such condition. Their response time was shown to be weakly and linearly affected by the grotesque face's orientation. This last observation suggests that the part of the brain responsible for "configural processing" in face recognition is the fusiform face area of the cortex, which is affected in both the congenital and the acquired condition.

title: Thatcher effect


text:
Lark bunting

The lark bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) is a medium-sized American sparrow native to central and western North America. It was designated the state bird of Colorado in 1931.

Taxonomy
The lark bunting is monotypic, the only member of the genus Calamospiza, and is not closely related to any other genera. It was first described by J. K. Townsend in 1837, from a specimen collected on a trip he took with Thomas Nuttall, under the name Fringilla bicolor. This is a preoccupied name, so Leonhard Hess Stejneger renamed the species in 1885 Calamospiza melanocorys. By then, the lark bunting had already been given its own genus, the one it is still placed in, by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1838.

Description
Lark buntings are small songbirds, with a short, thick, bluish bill. There is a large patch of white on the wings and they have a relatively short tail with white tips at the end of the feathers. Breeding males have an all black body with a large white patch on the upper part of the wing. Nonbreeding males and females look similar and are grayish brown with white stripes.

Measurements:

 * Length: 5.5 –
 * Weight: 1.3 –
 * Wingspan: 9.8 –

Distribution and habitat
The lark bunting is the most prevalent of the passerine species found in the grasslands of North America. Their breeding habitat is prairie regions in central Canada and the mid-western United States. These birds migrate in flocks to winter southern Texas, Arizona and the high plateau of northern Mexico in the fall.

Breeding
The birds typically nest in dispersed colonies. Males fly up over their territory and sing while descending to declare ownership of a nesting territory. The song consists of a mix of whistles and trills. The call is a soft hoo.

The nest is an open cup on the ground in a grassy area.

While the lark buntings are socially monogamous, there is extensive extra-pair mating, observed through extra-pair paternity. In songbirds, it is suggested that social monogamy exists because of limited opportunities for polygyny. As expected, there is considerable aggression between males and between females, competing for mates. Many males are unable to find a social mate, which can be attributed to male-biased breeding sex ratio, social monogamy, and the frequency of extra-pair paternity. Acquisition of a social mate is an essential element of a male's fitness, thus social mating success plays a significant role in variable selection of male traits.

Sexual selection in lark buntings is particularly interesting, as female mate choice is radically different from year to year. In different years, females show preference based on males' black coloring, size of wing patch, size of beak, as well as other characteristics. The consequence of this extreme variation of female choice from year to year is the maintenance of genetic variation in several different male sexual ornaments. A study measures body color, proportion of black versus brown feathers on rump and rest of body, wing patch size, wing patch color, body size, beak size, and residual mass, in order to evaluate the multiple characteristics potentially selected on by females. Social pairing success was measured as well as total annual fitness, finding female choice as the primary factor. Plasticity in female choice is favored for adapting to changes in ecological and social environments.

Temporal flexibility in female choice parallels the phenomenon seen in Darwin's finches, with different beak sizes and shapes favored for changing food supply over years, defined as temporal selection in the context of natural selection. In lark buntings, a trait that is positively selected upon one year was likely negatively selected against in a previous year. These dramatic fluctuations highlight the importance of looking at sexual selection patterns over an extended period of time before drawing any conclusions. By looking at short time periods, however, it possible to identify female preference annually, however it is difficult to make any extrapolations for these assessments. An additional consequence of variation of female choice annually is the potential elimination of phenotypic selection for male trait exaggeration.

Males are characterized as weakly territorial prior to mating, however, there has been some evidence on territory features correlating with female settlement, thus female reproductive success. Studies have shown that shade is an important resource for female reproductive success. As a fitness-limiting feature, it would be reasonable to expect this could account for any existing tendencies for males being territorial. However, levels of male aggression do not change, which lends to the conclusion that female choice corresponds with changes in fitness-indicator traits. Extra-pair mating has been corresponded with nesting site quality, adding further characterization to male aggression. Many studies have showed territory characteristics as important for mate acquisition, however a recent study shows evidence of its decreased role comparatively to female choice.

Feeding
Lark buntings primarily forage on the ground, mainly eating insects in summer and seeds in winter; they sometimes take short flights in pursuit of insects. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks.

State bird
The lark bunting has been the state bird of Colorado since 1931.

Status
There has been a decrease in population with the loss of natural prairie habitat.

Theses

 * Chaine AS. Ph.D. (2006). The evolution of multiple sexual signals in a passerine: Trait structure and selection in a dynamic world. University of California, Santa Cruz, United States—California.
 * Pleszczynska W. Ph.D. (1978). Polygyny in the lark bunting. University of Toronto (Canada), Canada.
 * Yackel Adams AA. Ph.D. (2005). Population demography of lark buntings: Post-fledging survival, fecundity, and breeding decisions. Colorado State University, United States—Colorado.

Articles
-->
 * Adams AAY, Skagen SK & Savidge JA. (2006). Modeling post-fledging survival of Lark Buntings in response to ecological and biological factors. Ecology. vol 87, no 1. pp. 178–188.
 * Ashe VM & Taylor S. (1973). An Ethographic Analysis of the Flight Display of the Male Lark Bunting Calamospiza-Melanocorys Passeriformes Fringillidae. American Zoologist. vol 13, no 4.
 * Baldwin PH, Butterfield JD, Creighton PD & Shook R. (1971). Summer Ecology of the Lark Bunting Pawnee Site. Us Ibp. vol 1, no 1.
 * Bliese JCW & Einemann LL. (1970). Lark Bunting. Nebraska Bird Review. vol 38, no 4.
 * Bock CE & Bock JH. (1987). Avian Habitat Occupancy Following Fire in a Montana USA Shrubsteppe. Prairie Naturalist. vol 19, no 3. pp. 153–158.
 * Burford FC. (1971). Lark Bunting at Pea Island North-Carolina. Chat. vol 35, no 2.
 * Carson RJ & Spicer GS. (2003). A phylogenetic analysis of the emberizid sparrows based on three mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. vol 29, no 1. pp. 43–57.
 * Clancey PA. (1989). Subspeciation in the Lark-Like Bunting of the Southwestern Afrotropics. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. vol 109, no 3. pp. 130–134.
 * Creighton PD. (1971). Nesting of the Lark Bunting in North Central Colorado. Us Ibp. vol 1, no 4.
 * Easterla DA. (1970). 1st Nesting Colonies of the Lark Bunting in Missouri. Wilson Bulletin. vol 82, no 4. pp. 465–466.
 * Hallet ML. (1973). A Lark Bunting in Milwaukee County. Passenger Pigeon. vol 35, no 1.
 * Hill RA. (1976). Host Parasite Relationships of the Brown-Headed Cowbird in a Prairie Habitat of West Central Kansas USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 88, no 4. pp. 555–565.
 * Jehle G, Adams AAY, Savidge JA & Skagen SK. (2004). Nest survival estimation: A review of alternatives to the Mayfield estimator. Condor. vol 106, no 3. pp. 472–484.
 * Johnson DH & Igl LD. (1995). Contributions of the conservation reserve program to populations of breeding birds in North Dakota. Wilson Bulletin. vol 107, no 4. pp. 709–718.
 * Johnson RR. (1968). 1968 Lark Bunting Sightings in Northeastern South-Dakota USA. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 22, no 4.
 * Jones ZF & Bock CE. (2002). Conservation of grassland birds in an urbanizing landscape: A historical perspective. Condor. vol 104, no 3. pp. 643–651.
 * Kantrud HA & Kologiski RL. (1982). Effects of Soils and Grazing on Breeding Birds of Uncultivated Upland Grasslands of the Northern Great Plains USA. U S Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife Research Report. vol 15, pp. 1–33.
 * Lerg JM. (1976). Lark Bunting in Missaukee County. Jack Pine Warbler. vol 54, no 1.
 * Lima SL. (1990). Protective Cover and the Use of Space Different Strategies in Finches. Oikos. vol 58, no 2. pp. 151–158.
 * Lokemoen JT & Koford RR. (1996). Using candlers to determine the incubation stage of passerine eggs. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 67, no 4. pp. 660–668.
 * McNair DB & Dean JP. (2003). Distributional information on birds from egg sets collected by Henry Rogers Durkee in 1870 in southwestern Wyoming. Western North American Naturalist. vol 63, no 3. pp. 320–332.
 * McNeil R & Doyon D. (1970). Lark Bunting in Quebec. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 84, no 4.
 * Miles M. (1969). 1st Specimen of the Lark Bunting from Alabama. Auk. vol 86, no 4.
 * Nero RW. (1982). Post Copulatory Display in the Lark Bunting Calamospiza-Melanocorys and Other Species. Wilson Bulletin. vol 94, no 4. pp. 585–590.
 * Nero RW. (1993). Lark bunting: Western prairie marvel. Blue Jay. vol 51, no 1. pp. 30–33.
 * Peterson AT & Cohoon KP. (1999). Sensitivity of distributional prediction algorithms to geographic data completeness. Ecological Modelling. vol 117, no 1. pp. 159–164.
 * Pleszczynska W & Hansell RIC. (1980). Polygyny and Decision Theory Testing of a Model in Lark Buntings Calamospiza-Melanocorys. American Naturalist. vol 116, no 6. pp. 821–830.
 * Pleszczynska WK. (1978). Micro Geographic Prediction of Polygyny in the Lark Bunting. Science. vol 201, no 4359. pp. 935–937.
 * Pleszczynska WK. (1978). MICROGEOGRAPHIC PREDICTION OF POLYGYNY IN LARK BUNTING. Science. vol 201, no 4359. pp. 935–937.
 * Sealy SG. (1999). Cowbird parasitism on Lark Buntings: Frequency, acceptance, and fledging. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 70, no 2. pp. 182–186.
 * Siljenberg AM. (1969). Lark Bunting in Clay County. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 22, no 3.
 * Skagen SK, Adams AAY & Adams RD. (2005). Nest survival relative to patch size in a highly fragmented shortgrass prairie landscape. Wilson Bulletin. vol 117, no 1. pp. 23–34.
 * Spicer GS. (1978). A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae. Journal of Parasitology. vol 64, no 5. pp. 891–894.
 * Squires JR, Anderson SH & Oakleaf R. (1989). Food Habits of Nesting Prairie Falcons in Campbell County Wyoming USA. Journal of Raptor Research. vol 23, no 4. pp. 157–161.
 * Sterner RT, Petersen BE, Gaddis SE, Tope KL & Poss DJ. (2003). Impacts of small mammals and birds on low-tillage, dryland crops. Crop Protection. vol 22, no 4. pp. 595–602.
 * Taylor S & Ashe VM. (1976). The Flight Display and Other Behaviors of Male Lark Buntings Calamospiza-Melanochorys. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. vol 7, no 6. pp. 527–529.
 * Teuber L. (1969). Lark Bunting in Oxon Hill Maryland USA. Atlantic Naturalist. vol 24, no 2.
 * Tyler JD. (1985). The Lark Bunting Calamospiza-Melanocorys in Oklahoma USA. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society. vol 18, no 4. pp. 25–28.
 * Wilbur SR, Carrier WD & McCaskie G. (1971). The Lark Bunting in California. California Birds. vol 2, no 2. pp. 73–76.
 * Williams E. (1968). Birds About Milbank South-Dakota USA Scarlet Tanager Avocets Lark Bunting and Redstarts. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 22, no 4.
 * Winter SL, Cully JF Jr. & Pontius JS. (2003). Breeding season avifauna of prairie dog colonies and non-colonized areas in shortgrass prairie. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. vol 106, no 3-4. pp. 129–138.
 * Winterbottom JM. (1972). Status of the Lark-Like Bunting in the South-West Cape. Ostrich. vol 43, no 2.
 * With KA & Webb DR. (1993). Microclimate of ground nests: The relative importance of radiative cover and wind breaks for three grassland species. Condor. vol 95, no 2. pp. 401–413.
 * Wunder BA. (1979). Evaporative Water Loss from Birds Effects of Artificial Radiation. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology A. vol 63, no 4. pp. 493–494.
 * Yackel Adams AA, Skagen SK & Adams RD. (2001). Movements and survival of Lark Bunting fledglings. Condor. vol 103, no 3. pp. 643–647.
 * Zimmerman JL. (1996). Comparison of water consumption between two grassland emberizids. Prairie Naturalist. vol 27, no 4. pp. 215–221.

title: Lark bunting


text:
Out of Sight

Out of Sight is a 1998 American crime comedy film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Scott Frank, adapted from Elmore Leonard's 1996 novel of the same name. The first of several collaborations between Soderbergh and actor George Clooney, it was released on June 26, 1998.

The film stars Clooney and Jennifer Lopez, co-starring Ving Rhames, Don Cheadle, Dennis Farina, Nancy Allen, Steve Zahn, Catherine Keener, and Albert Brooks. There are also special appearances by Michael Keaton, briefly reprising his role as Ray Nicolette from Quentin Tarantino's Jackie Brown the previous year, and Samuel L. Jackson.

The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film Editing. It won the Edgar Award for Best Screenplay and the National Society of Film Critics awards for Best Film, Best Director, and Best Screenplay. The film led to a short-lived spin-off television series in 2003 titled Karen Sisco starring Carla Gugino, who would reprise her role from the series in a 2012 third season episode of Justified. Paul Calderón reprised his role as Raymond Cruz from the film in the 2023 sequel miniseries Justified: City Primeval.

Plot
The movie cuts between flashbacks and the present day; this plot summary follows the true chronology.

Career bank robber Jack Foley is incarcerated at Lompoc Penitentiary in California along with his friend and accomplice Buddy Bragg. While at Lompoc Foley meets Glenn Michaels—a nervous petty criminal who always wears sunglasses, even at night—as well as Richard Ripley, a wealthy white collar criminal from Detroit. Foley saves Ripley from being extorted by boxer Maurice "Snoopy" Miller, leading Ripley to promise Foley a job on the outside. He also brags about a cache of uncut diamonds hidden at his home.

After his release Foley turns up at Ripley's office, but is offered only a menial security guard position. He confronts Ripley to complain, but Ripley insults Foley and throws him out of the building. Foley notices a bank across the street and impulsively robs it, but is arrested when his car won't start and sent to Glades Correctional Institution in Florida.

At Glades he deduces that fellow inmate Chino is planning a breakout and calls his ex-wife Adele, telling her to have Bragg come give him a ride when he also uses their tunnel to escape. On the night of the breakout, however, U.S. Marshal Karen Sisco coincidentally arrives at the prison exactly when Chino's group break ground outside the fence, and she alerts the guards. Foley, wearing a guard's uniform he stole moments earlier, crawls through the tunnel and overpowers Sisco by pretending to have been chasing the escapees from inside. They steal her car, and Foley forces her to hide with him in the trunk while Bragg drives. They meet Michaels under a nearby bridge to switch cars, but Sisco recognizes him from a previous prisoner transport job and convinces him to drive off with her to avoid being implicated in assisting a fugitive, leaving Foley and Buddy to walk to Miami. Michaels later panics while driving, crashes the car on the freeway, and flees, leaving an unconscious Sisco behind. She dreams that she tracks Foley down, but instead of arresting him they have sex.

After waking in hospital Sisco becomes determined to find a way onto the task force hunting the fugitives. She visits Adele to ask about Foley's past. While there, Chino arrives, seeking revenge on Foley for ruining his escape plan. Sisco arrests him, earning herself a place on the task force just before a raid on Bragg's hotel room, but the condescending lead agent orders Sisco to wait in the lobby. She and Foley spot each other as he and Bragg take the elevator to escape via the basement garage. He waves, momentarily stunning her, and she lets them go without raising the alarm.

Foley and Bragg head to Detroit, planning to break into Ripley's house and steal the diamonds. However, they hear that Miller is also putting a burglary team together: his brother-in-law Kenneth, henchman White Boy Bob, and a reluctant Michaels, whom Miller first forces to help kill a rival drug dealer. Foley and Bragg meet with Miller and reluctantly agree to team up. Meanwhile Sisco, tracking Foley solo, arrives in Detroit: she questions Miller's wife Moselle, and defends herself when Kenneth attempts to assault her. Foley surprises Sisco at her hotel's bar and they spend a romantic night together, agreeing to resume their cat-and-mouse chase again in the morning.

Michaels, traumatized by having murdered the drug dealer, gets cold feet and decides to flee Detroit—but Sisco catches him, then lets him go in exchange for information. The thieves break into Ripley's mansion. Miller's crew search upstairs, capturing Ripley's housekeeper Midge and finding a safe in a bedroom which they try (and fail) to shoot open. Meanwhile, Foley and Bragg search the study downstairs and find Ripley, who reveals that the diamonds are scattered across the gravel of his fish tank. Scooping them out, Foley tells Ripley to run—but Ripley confesses that he loves Midge, and refuses to leave without her. Foley and Bragg leave them both to be captured by Miller.

However Foley, aware that Miller's gang will likely rape Midge, tells Bragg to escape with the diamonds and goes back inside. He finds Kenneth in bed assaulting Midge and shoots him. White Boy Bob finds Foley and holds him at gunpoint, but trips on the stairs and accidentally shoots himself in the head. Sisco then arrives and shoots Miller. Unwilling to return to prison, Foley confronts Sisco with an empty gun and implores her to kill him in a way that will look like justifiable self-defense. Sisco instead shoots him in the leg and arrests him.

In the police van outside Foley is held alongside another detainee, Hejira Henry, who claims to have successfully escaped from prison nine times. Realizing that Sisco arranged for them to meet, Foley smiles knowingly as the van leaves for Florida.

Development
The source novel's origins lie in a picture Leonard saw in the Detroit News of a beautiful young female federal marshal standing in front of a Miami courthouse with a shotgun resting on her hip. Producer Danny DeVito bought the rights to the book after his success with the 1995 film adaptation of Leonard's novel Get Shorty. Steven Soderbergh had made two films for Universal Pictures when executive Casey Silver offered him Out of Sight with George Clooney attached. However, the filmmaker was close to making another project and hesitated to commit. Silver told him, "These things aren't going to line up very often, you should pay attention."

Casting
Sandra Bullock was originally considered to play Karen Sisco opposite Clooney. According to Soderbergh, "What happened was I spent some time with [Clooney and Bullock] and they actually did have a great chemistry. But it was for the wrong movie. They really should do a movie together, but it was not Elmore Leonard energy."

The character of Foley appealed to Clooney, who as a boy had considered as heroes the bank robbers in movies, citing "the Cagneys and the Bogarts, Steve McQueen and all those guys, the guys who were kind of bad and you still rooted for them. And when I read this, I thought, 'This guy is robbing a bank but you really want him to get away with it.'"

Soderbergh cites Nicolas Roeg's 1973 film Don't Look Now as the primary influence on how he approached the love scene between Foley and Sisco: "What I wanted to create in our movie was the intimacy of that, the juxtaposition of these two contrasting things ... We had to mix it up and have you feel like you were more in their heads."

Danny DeVito and Garry Shandling were considered for the part of Ripley before Albert Brooks was cast.

The character Ray Nicolette also appears in Leonard's novel Rum Punch, which was being filmed as Jackie Brown when Universal Pictures was preparing to begin production on Out of Sight. After Michael Keaton was cast as the detective Nicolette in Jackie Brown, Universal subsequently cast him for a cameo in the same role in Out of Sight. While Miramax Films owned the rights to the character, due to the fact that Jackie Brown went into production first, director Quentin Tarantino felt it was imperative that Miramax not charge Universal for using the character, allowing the character's appearance without Miramax receiving financial compensation. Nicolette appears in only one brief scene, whereas the character was a much more substantial element of Jackie Brown.

Music
DJ David Holmes was originally hired to write a few sections of the film's theme music. Soderbergh liked what he did so much that he had Holmes score the rest of the film. Holmes spent six weeks working 12- to 17-hour days to finish the score in time for the film's release. He drew upon several influences, including Lalo Schifrin, Quincy Jones, Dean Martin, Miles Davis, Sun Ra, and Willie Bobo.

Release
Out of Sight was released on June 26, 1998, in 2,106 theaters and grossed USD 12 million on its opening weekend. It went on to gross $37.5 million domestically and $40.2 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $77.7 million.

Critical reception
Out of Sight received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 94% approval rating, based on 103 reviews, with an average rating of 7.90/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Steven Soderbergh's intelligently crafted adaptation of the Elmore Leonard novel is witty, sexy, surprisingly entertaining, and a star-making turn for George Clooney." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 84 out of 100, based on 30 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half out of four stars and praised Clooney's performance, stating: "Clooney has never been better. A lot of actors who are handsome when young need to put on some miles before the full flavor emerges ... Here Clooney at last looks like a big screen star; the good-looking leading man from television is over with." Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised Lopez's performance, writing, "Ms. Lopez has her best movie role thus far, and she brings it both seductiveness and grit; if it was hard to imagine a hard-working, pistol-packing bombshell on the page, it couldn't be easier here." Andrew Sarris, in his review for The New York Observer, wrote, "For once in a mainstream production, the narrative machinery works on all cylinders without any wasted motion or fatuous rhetoric. They don't make movies like this anymore, in this overcalculated and overtested era." In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan wrote, "As always with the best of Leonard, it's the journey, not the destination, that counts, and director Soderbergh has let it unfold with dry wit and great skill. Making adroit use of complex flashbacks, freeze frames and other stylistic flourishes, he's managed to put his personal stamp on the film while staying faithful to the irreplaceable spirit of the original."

Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "This is Clooney's wiliest, most complex star turn yet. It helps that he's lost the Beverly Hills Caesar cut (he's actually more handsome with his hair swept back), and his performance is slyly two-tiered: Foley is all charming moxie on the surface, a bit clueless underneath." Richard Schickel, in his review for Time, wrote, "What makes this movie work is the kind of cool that made Get Shorty go so nicely: an understanding that life's little adventures rarely come in neat three-act packages, the way most movies now do, and the unruffled presentation of outrageously twisted dialogue, characters and situations as if they were the most natural things in the world." In her review for the L.A. Weekly, Manohla Dargis wrote, "This isn't a profound film, or even an important one, but then it isn't trying to be; it's so diverting and so full of small, satisfying pleasures, you don't realize how good it is until after it's over."

Accolades
American Film Institute Lists
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated
 * AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Gangster Film

Other Honors
 * Entertainment Weekly voted it as the sexiest film ever on their "50 Sexiest Movies Ever" poll and ranked it #9 on their Top 25 Modern Romances list.
 * In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed Out of Sight as the 52nd best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership.

Impact and legacy
In later years, Soderbergh would see the film as "a very conscious decision on my part to try and climb my way out of the arthouse ghetto which can be as much of a trap as making blockbuster films." He had just turned down directing Human Nature, written by Charlie Kaufman, to direct Out of Sight. "And I was very aware that at that point in my career, half the business was off limits to me." Clooney said, "Out of Sight was the first time where I had a say, and it was the first good screenplay that I'd read where I just went, 'That's it.' And even though it didn't do really well box office-wise - we sort of tanked again - it was a really good film." Lopez said: "It kind of became a cult classic. It didn't get as much notice when it first came out at the box office but now, years later, so many people told me that was their favorite film. It's crazy."

title: Out of Sight


text:
Talk:Spanish hip hop

Hip hop or rap?
The heading is "Spanish hip hop" but all the text talks about "Spanish rap". Which is it?? JackofOz 11:34, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Which title do y'all prefer? Rap music of Spain? Hip hop music of Spain? "Spanish rap" is understood by some as Rap in Spanish.--Erri4a 21:59, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It should be titled Spanish hip hop, and the article should be about hip hop from Spain. Rap is a part of hip hop, and so should be covered here, but rap music should not be used as a synonym with hip hop music.  I think it's fixed now. Tuf-Kat 23:52, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, so under the title Spanish hip hop we should deal about more aspects of hip hop. Now, we have this article whose content is still only about recorded rap and hip hop music. Even though we improve it adding info bout other parts of hip hop culture, music will probably be the main issue for quite a time, since information on records is easier to retrieve than on street dance or graffiti. So my question is: which is the best title for the content we got here and now? Which Wikipedia entry should we make for it?--Erri4a 16:05, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't understand your question. The article is titled Spanish hip hop and is about Spanish hip hop.  The only thing that should be done is adding more content.  Even if the music section gets very detailed with no info on graffiti art or breakdancing or anything else, why move it?  Tuf-Kat 17:02, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

TDK?
Hi, I've been trying to disambiguate all links to TDK and I can't find anything about the band of that name, referenced in the first paragraph of this article. Can someone give me more information? -- FP 23:50, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * It'd be hard to find something about Masters TDK in the 'Net, since they've had not much relevance in the last 15 years. I'll bring what I find. --Erri4a - Say what? 20:46, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

1996 report
The sentence "Spain has had little in the way of popular hip hop (excepting Mission Hispana), according to the European Music Office's report on Music in Europe [" is based on a report that was probably already outdated since it was uploaded (in 1996, but still ignoring 1994's Zona Bruta's releases). While those Mission Hispana seem to have faded out, other groups list are far more relevant. --[[User:Erri4a|Erri4a]] - Say what? 20:46, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

"Madrilene?"
Hello! I've seen this word "madrilene" on a number of Spain/Madrid-related articles and an curious to where it originates from (bar mis-translation of madrileño) as my English/English and English/Spanish dictionaries either have no reference to this word or define it as a kind of soup. Most Google references refer either to this soup or to the French for madrileño. I would suggest replacing the word with "Madrid", "Madrid - based" or "from/of Madrid"(etc) or just using madrileño (with or without the "Ñ"?). Any ideas? --Burro 10:57, March 6, 2006 (UTC)

Added 3 artists and Juaninacka repeated
I am from Spain. I have eliminated once Juaninacka because it was repeated and I have added 3 artists more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.37.99.209 (talk) 20:24, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

i can´t understand wy kase.o isn´t in this list even when he is the most important —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.45.92.226 (talk) 02:44, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

I'm from Spain I'm on my 30's and this has too many mistakes and the real information, isn't here. I suggest to re-write all this. This is offensive to us. But the English wikipedia never treated us right on any topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.63.223.199 (talk) 22:04, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish hip hop


text:
Flathead Indian Reservation

The Flathead Indian Reservation, located in western Montana on the Flathead River, is home to the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai, and Pend d'Oreilles tribes – also known as the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation. The reservation was created through the July 16, 1855, Treaty of Hellgate.

It has land in four of Montana's counties: Lake, Sanders, Missoula, and Flathead, and controls most of Flathead Lake. The Flathead Indian Reservation, west of the Continental Divide, consists of 1938 sqmi (1317000 acres) of forested mountains and valleys.

Formation and land distribution
Native Americans have lived in Montana for more than 12,000 years, based on archaeological findings. The "Flathead" Salish and Kalispel are the easternmost of the Salishan tribes, and are considered by tribal elders to be "the head or parent tribe" from which other Salishan groups dispersed downstream. Kootenai groups stretch north and west into what is now Idaho and Canada, with only the southeastern Ksanka band being primarily connected to the Flathead Reservation. The Kootenai left artifacts in prehistoric time. One group of the Kootenai in the northeast lived mainly on bison hunting. Another group lived on the rivers and lakes of the mountains in the west. When they moved east, they could rely less on salmon fishing, but turned to eating plants and bison. During the 18th century, the Salish and the Kootenai tribes shared gathering and hunting grounds. As European-American settlers entered the area, the different cultures of peoples came into conflict.

In 1855 the United States (US) made the Treaty of Hellgate, by which it set aside a reservation solely for use of the Flathead, encompassing an area including much of Flathead Lake. By the late 19th and early 20th century, the federal government had adopted a policy of allotting lands to individual Indian households from their communal holdings, in order to encourage subsistence farming and adoption of European-American ways.

Although the Flathead opposed such European-style allotments and farming, the US Congress passed the 1904 Flathead Allotment Act. Construction of the Flathead Indian Irrigation Project using the Mission Mountains as the water source was also authorized by Congress. Thousands of acres on the reservation were reserved for town sites, schools and the National Bison Range. The Flathead were given first choice of either 80 or of land per household.

According to their treaty, the tribes have the right to off-reservation hunting, but the state believed it could regulate those activities. State game wardens were responsible for a violent confrontation in 1908 with a small Pend d'Oreilles hunting party, which resulted in deaths of four of the Native Americans, in what is known as the Swan Valley Massacre. A court challenge to their hunting rights reached the US Supreme Court, which upheld tribal treaty rights to hunt off-reservation in their former territory.

After allotments of land to individual households of members on the tribal rolls, the government violated the treaty by unilaterally declaring the rest of the communal land to be "surplus" and opened the reservation to homesteading for White settlement. United States Senator Joseph M. Dixon of Montana played a key role in getting this legislation passed. Most tribal members chose land close to the mountains where wild game still roamed, so prime farmland in the middle of the valleys was available. When it opened in 1910, 81,363 applications by whites were received for 1,600 parcels of land. Lottery winners took only 600 tracts, leaving 1,000 tracts still open. These were taken in what the tribe considers a subsequent "land grab". The distribution of the lands caused much resentment by the Flathead as homesteaders started fencing the land, claiming water rights from streams and diverting water for irrigation. Congress amended the act to authorize the construction of irrigation systems for homesteaded lands within the reservation. The United States Reclamation Service began reconnaissance surveys in 1907 and actual work commenced in the summer of 1908. The tribes requested the establishment of the Pablo National Wildlife Refuge which was established in 1921, subject to reservoir uses for the irrigation project. The Tribes manage the fishery resources in the Pablo Reservoir. Originally a joint project, the Indian Service gained control of Flathead Irrigation Project in 1924. With the rugged mountains and valleys, numerous waterways diverse in size, and a large amount of natural lakes, the project was not completed until 1963.

Management
A tribal council was formed in response to the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. They were the first tribes to organize a tribal government under the act. Under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, the tribal council was finally able to begin gradually taking over management of law enforcement, justice, forestry, wildlife, and health and human services programs. The Flathead have worked to regain control of the reservation lands and acquire some of the approximately one-half of the land base appropriated by non-Indians. The allotment of reservation lands remains "a very sensitive issue".

The tribes applied to Congress and began managing the Mission Valley Power Company in 1988, which serves the reservation. Their bid to take over the federal operating license for Kerr Dam wasn't successful, but the tribes obtained exclusive rights to purchase the facility in 2015, and a larger rent payment.

The Flathead Indian Irrigation Project had been operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) since they assumed management from the Bureau of Reclamation in 1993. It has 17 reservoirs, 1,300 miles of canals and more than 10,000 structures. After seven years of technical work on issues that included rights-of-ways, treaty-protected fisheries, biological resources, wildlife habitat and Native American traditional and cultural properties and resources, the Flathead Indian Irrigation Project Cooperative Management Entity was formed in 2010. The cooperative was the result of negotiations between the Flathead Joint Board of Control which represents non-Indian irrigation interests in the Flathead, Mission and Jocko Valley irrigation districts and the tribes. While the federal government would retain ownership, this was the first management partnership where management was taken over from the BIA on an irrigation project. Under the Cooperative, some of the irrigators were concerned that the tribes had equal representation as non-tribal farmers and ranchers, who they claim own 90 percent of the project's irrigable land. The use of the irrigation project by both Tribal and non-tribal members also complicated the nearly 2-decades-long-statewide effort to negotiate water rights settlements with all of Montana's tribes. The 2013 Montana Legislature failed to pass the Flathead Water Rights Compact after 12 years of negotiations with the tribes by the Montana Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission. In 2014, the BIA resumed management of the irrigation project. In 2015, the tribes acquired the dam, renaming it as the Seli'š Ksanka Qlispe' Dam. They are the first tribe to own a hydroelectric dam. It generates hydroelectric power for the region. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes – Montana Compact was ratified by the Tribes on December 29, 2020. This water rights compact with the state and federal government, with an effective date of September 17, 2021, established a regulatory body composed of members appointed by both the State of Montana and CSKT as the authority for all water right permitting and changes within the Flathead Indian Reservation in perpetuity. The Montana Water Rights Protection Act, passed by Congress to approve the compact, provided funding to rebuild the Flathead Irrigation Project.

Geography and ecology
All but the northern tip of Flathead Lake is part of the reservation. Flathead Lake lies in the northeast corner of the reservation, with most of the reservation to the south and west of the lake. Polson, the county seat of Lake County, is located at the southern end of the lake and within the reservation boundaries. The Flathead River flows south and west from Flathead Lake and exits in the southwestern corner of the reservation. Virtually all streams within the reservation are tributaries of the Flathead River. Mission Valley is centrally located within the reservation and surrounded on the eastern, western, and southern sides by mountain ranges.

Part of the Mission Mountains range is on the reservation. The western end of the range is protected by the Mission Mountains Tribal Wilderness and the eastern end of the range is protected by the Mission Mountains Wilderness. The southern end of the Mission Mountains includes a large grizzly bear protection area which is usually closed to hikers from July thru September. This allows the bears to feed on lady bugs and cut worms, and attempts to keep bear-human contact to a minimum.

The Natural Resource Department uses innovative management to restore and protect the habitat that supports a large variety of wildlife. The tribe prohibits hunting furbearing animals on the reservation. The tribe permits hunting by non-natives of the following birds: Hungarian partridge, pheasants, ducks, geese, mergansers, and coots. Other animals that can not be hunted by non-natives are: elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, grizzly bear, and moose. Wolves, bison, swans, and falcons are also present.

Recent years have seen a decline in the numbers of native fish species, which include: bull trout, westslope cutthroat trout, northern whitefish, and northern pikeminnow. Non-native species include: yellowstone cutthroat trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, lake whitefish, black bullhead, kokanee salmon, yellow perch, northern pike, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass.

Wildfires
At the beginning of August 2023, tribal, state and federal firefighters were fighting four lightning-sparked wildfires that had burned more than 16,000 acres.

Demographics
The total population of the reservation was 28,324 as of the 2010 census, an 8% increase over the 2000 census. Some 9,138 persons living there identified as Native American; a total of 19,221 identified as other racial groups, outnumbering tribal members by 2:1. The largest community on the reservation is the city of Polson, which is also the county seat of Lake County. The seat of government of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation is Pablo.

Culture
Bison play an important role in Native culture which includes a deep spiritual connection. The federal government sponsored a program of bison eradication during the Indian Wars which removed a vital food source from the Plains Indians diet, and ensuring easier relocation onto Indian reservations. The National Bison Range was established on May 23, 1908, out of a portion of the reservation when it was realized that the Bison were almost extinct. The initial herd for the range, obtained from local ranchers, were the same animals (or their direct descendants) that had previously flourished on the reservation after being gathered by tribal members. After more than a century of federal management and nearly two decades of negotiations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the site was restored to the tribes in 2022. U.S. Department of the Interior Assistant Secretary Tara Katuk Sweeney stated that "The CSKT have strong and deep historical, geographic and cultural ties to the land and the bison, and their environmental professionals have been leaders in natural resources and wildlife management for many decades."

The tribe is teaching members to raise traditional vegetables with at least eight gardens on the reservation. Some of the vegetables are used in a soup that is delivered to tribal elders.

Economy
The tribes derive income from selling timber and from operating a variety of businesses:
 * Gray Wolf Peak casino in the south of the reservation between Arlee and Evaro,
 * KwaTaqNuk ("where the water leaves the lake") resort and casino in Polson,
 * S&K Technologies, a defense technology firm with its headquarters in St. Ignatius and five subsidiary companies in the US and Saudi Arabia,
 * S&K Electronics in Pablo, an electronics manufacturer established in 1984,
 * S&K Holding, a leasing and financing firm,
 * Salish Kootenai College, a tribally controlled college, has been established in Pablo. It offers two- and four-year degrees.

Power
Mission Valley Power Company serves the reservation. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation operate and maintain Mission Valley Power, a federally owned electricity provider.

The Seli'š Ksanka Qlispe' Dam, (formerly Kerr Dam, generates hydroelectric power for the region.

Transportation
U.S. Highway 93 is a busy route passing through the reservation with Missoula to the south and Glacier National Park and the Whitefish Mountain Resort to the north. Much of the heavily used route for commercial, recreational, and local traffic was undergoing a significant widening project. In 1997, the tribes entered negotiations with the Montana Department of Transportation over improvements to the 56 miles through the reservation as the tribes were concerned that project would destroy wetlands, further fragment wildlife habitat, and kill more animals crossing the highway. With concern for the nearby designated wilderness and grizzly bear habitat in the Mission Mountains, an agreement with the state and the Federal Highway Administration was reached in December 2000. While the passing lanes, turning lanes, climbing lanes, and wider shoulders were intended to cut down on accidents, the project also included 41 fish and wildlife crossings with the most visible being "Animals' Trail", a 197 feet.

Points of interest

 * Flathead Indian Museum, St. Ignatius
 * Flathead Lake State Park
 * The Garden of One Thousand Buddhas
 * Kicking Horse Reservoir
 * Mission Mountains Tribal Wilderness
 * Ninepipe National Wildlife Refuge and State Wildlife Management Area
 * St. Ignatius Mission, St. Ignatius
 * The People's Center, Pablo

Communities
There are 26 places (including CDPs) on the reservation that are officially recognized by the Census Bureau. Only eight of them are majority Flathead. After the allotment and homesteading at the turn of the 20th century, white settlers gained ownership to about one-half of the land on the reservation. Since the late 20th century, the tribe has been steadily buying back the land over many years. The Flathead own about 2/3 of the land on the reservation.

 * Arlee
 * Bear Dance (part)
 * Big Arm
 * Camas
 * Charlo
 * Dayton
 * Dixon
 * Elmo
 * Evaro
 * Finley Point
 * Hot Springs
 * Jette
 * Kerr
 * Kicking Horse
 * Kings Point
 * Lindisfarne
 * Lonepine
 * Niarada
 * Old Agency
 * Pablo
 * Polson
 * Ravalli
 * Rocky Point
 * Ronan
 * St. Ignatius
 * Turtle Lake

title: Flathead Indian Reservation