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User:Sietse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Maudilia_L%C3%B3pez

Een mensenrechtenverdediger of mensenrechtenactivist is iemand die zich inzet voor naleving van de mensenrechten. De Europese Unie definieert het begrip als “personen, groeperingen en maatschappelijke instanties die universeel erkende mensenrechten en fundamentele vrijheden bevorderen en beschermen”. Daarbij baseert de Europese Unie zich op de VN-verklaring inzake het recht en de verantwoordelijkheid van individuen, groepen en organen van de maatschappij om universeel erkende mensenrechten en fundamentele vrijheden te beschermen en te bevorderen die op 9 december 1998 werd aangenomen. Deze verklaring bepaalt dat iedereen het recht heeft om in eigen land en internationaal de bescherming en verwezenlijking van mensenrechten en fundamentele vrijheden na te streven en te bevorderen.

Mensenrechtenorganisaties gebruiken het begrip “mensenrechtenverdediger” voor degenen die het beginsel van geweldloze weerbaarheid respecteren, activistisch zijn (dus geen theoretici) en de beginselen van de Universele verklaring onderschrijven.

Activiteiten
De activiteiten die mensenrechtenverdedigers verrichten zijn divers. Zo documenteren zij schendingen van de mensenrechten en geven zij daaraan publiciteit. Ook assisteren ze slachtoffers in rechtszaken en steunen zij hen of hun nabestaanden om de gevolgen van schendingen te overwinnen, of voeren ze campagne om structurele verbeteringen te verkrijgen in wetgeving en beleid. Ze richten zich niet uitsluitend op overheden, maar ook op andere machtsstructuren in een land. Tot de belangrijkste actiemiddelen van mensenrechtenverdedigers behoren:
 * Informatie: fact-finding, onderzoek, rapportage, openbaarmaking, publiciteit, manifestaties;
 * Educatie: op scholen, universiteiten, beroepsopleidingen, cursussen;
 * Druk: door publieke actie, lobby, diplomatie, interventie, burgerlijke ongehoorzaamheid, geweldloos verzet, sancties;
 * Rechtsmiddelen: civiele en strafrechtelijke procedures, klachten bij nationale en internationale organen, beroepsprocedures, rechtshervorming;
 * Hulp: ondersteuning van slachtoffers en organisaties, rechtsbijstand, humanitaire hulp, technische hulp en samenwerking;
 * Preventie: door vroegtijdige signalering, tijdige maatregelen, hulp bij vluchten en onderduiken, bescherming van bevolkingsgroepen en individuen;
 * Organisaties: plaatselijke, landelijke en internationale mensenrechtenorganisaties, afdelingen en groepen binnen andere organisaties zoals vakbonden en kerken.

De activiteiten van een mensenrechtenverdediger kunnen overeenkomsten vertonen met die van een dissident, maar een mensenrechtenverdediger kan ook degene zijn die rechten van de dissident verdedigt. Ook in democratische landen komen mensenrechtenverdedigers voor. Zij richten zich in eigen land op de rechten van bijvoorbeeld gedetineerden, asielzoekers en illegalen.

Vrouwen-mensenrechtenverdedigers
De titel 'vrouwen-mensenrechtenverdigers' (women human rights defenders) wordt door de Verenigde Naties en mensenrechtenorganisaties gebruikt als de verzamelnaam voor 'zowel vrouwen die mensenrechtenverdediger zijn als alle andere mensenrechtenverdedigers die werken voor de verdediging van vrouwenrechten of op genderkwesties'. De VN stellen dat 'vrouwelijke verdedigers blootstaan aan dezelfde risico's als alle verdedigers maar als vrouwen ook speciaal onderhevig zijn aan bedreigingen en geweld die specifiek te maken hebben met hun sekse'. Veel mensenrechtenorganisaties hebben programma's voor vrouwelijke mensenrechtenverdedigers, er zijn ook gespecialiseerde instellingen waaronder de Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition, Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) Women Human Rights Defenders , de site '50.50' van Open Democracy en het European Institute for Gender Equality van de Europese Unie. De Mensenrechtenraad van de Verenigde Naties heeft een speciale rapporteur over mensenrechtenverdedigers, die jaarlijks ook over vrouwelijke verdedigers verslag uitbrengt.

Amnesty International organiseerde op 18-19 mei 2018 in meer dan twintig landen, ook in Nederland, een Wiki-a-thon waarin mensen bijeenkwamen om het aantal Wikipedia-artikelen over vrouwelijke verdedigers uit te breiden. Dit initiatief wordt volgens aankondiging de komende jaren herhaald. Vrouwelijke mensenrechtenverdedigers die geëerd werden met internationale onderscheidingen zijn onder anderen:
 * Delphine Djiraibe (Tsjaad)
 * Rebiya Kadeer (Oezbeeks China)
 * Liu Xia (China)
 * Malala Yousafzai (Pakistan)
 * Yorm Bopha (Cambodja)
 * Maryam Akbari Monfared (Iran)
 * Nasrin Sotoudeh (Iran)
 * Natalja Estemirova (Rusland)
 * Anna Politkovskaja (Rusland, vermoord in 2007)

VN-Verklaring aangaande mensenrechtenverdedigers
In 1998 aanvaardden de Verenigde Naties een door de Mensenrechtenraad van de Verenigde Naties opgestelde Verklaring aangaande mensenrechtenverdedigers (officieel: de Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. De voorbereidende besprekingen daarvoor begonnen in 1984, omdat geconstateerd werd dat mensenrechtenverdedigers soms bloot stonden aan ernstige of grootschalige onderdrukking.

De verklaring garandeert het recht op vrijheid van vereniging en communicatie met andere organisaties (art.5), het recht op informatie (art.6) en het recht op effectieve rechtsmiddelen (art.9). Artikel 7 zegt dat iedereen het recht heeft “nieuwe ideeën en beginselen ten aanzien van de mensenrechten te ontwikkelen en die uit te dragen”. Over het werk van mensenrechtenverdedigers zegt artikel 12: “Een ieder heeft het recht om, individueel of in vereniging met anderen, deel te nemen aan vreedzame acties tegen schendingen van mensenrechten en fundamentele vrijheden”. Artikel 13 waarborgt het recht om middelen en hulp te werven, ook van buiten de landsgrenzen.

Sinds de aanvaarding van de verklaring wordt het begrip “mensenrechtenverdediger” ook door overheden en internationale mensenrechtenorganisaties steeds vaker gebruikt, waar voordien diverse begrippen als “mensenrechtenactivist” en “mensenrechtenbeschermer” in zwang waren

Internationale bescherming
De Verendigde Naties kennen een speciale rapporteur voor mensenrechtenverdedigers. Van 2000 tot 2008 was dat de Pakistaanse advocate Hina Jilani. Zij werd opgevolgd door de Oegandese advocate Margaret Sekaggya. Zij was in Oeganda gedurende twaalf jaar voorzitter van de nationale mensenrechtencommissie.

De EU-richtlijnen voor de bescherming van mensenrechtenverdedigers uit 2004 stellen dat ambassades en EU-missies aan bescherming moeten bieden aan mensenrechtenverdedigers, en moeten helpen garanderen dat de verdedigers vrije toegang hebben tot (buitenlandse) financiële donors.

Transnationale netwerken
Volgens Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink zijn transnationale activismenetwern "netwerken van activisten, die zich met name onderscheiden door de centrale rol die principiële ideeën of waarden spelen bij hun ontstaan". Veel mensenrechtenorganisaties voldoen aan deze definitie.

Keck and Sikkink schreven voordat informatietechnologie wijdverbreid werd; op dat moment waren staten de belangrijkste actoren. Ze betogen het bestaan van een 'boemerangpatroon', een model van activisme waarin een staat A een 'blokkering' (“blockage”) veroorzaakt door rechten niet te beschermen of te schenden. Niet-statelijke actoren informeren vervolgens niet-statelijke actoren uit een staat B over deze blokkering, en deze laatste actoren informeren staat B. Staat B zet vervolgens staat A onder druk om haar beleid te veranderen, en/of zorgt ervoor dat internationale organizaties druk zetten.

Om transnationale activismenetwerken te facilIn order to facilitate transnational advocacy networks, the network needs to have common values and principles, access to information and be able to effectively use that information, believe their efforts will cause change and effectively frame their values. Information use is historically very important to human rights organizations. Human rights methodology is considered “promoting change by promoting facts.” By using facts, state and non-state actors can use that viable information to pressure human rights violators.

Human rights advocacy networks focus on either countries or issues by targeting particular audiences in order to gain support. To gain audience support human rights organizations need to cultivate relationships through networking, have access to resources and maintain an institutional structure.

Activists commonly use four tactics in their advocacy efforts: 1) Information politics provides comprehensive and useful information on an issue that otherwise might not be heard from sources who otherwise might be overlooked; 2) Symbolic politics uses powerful symbolic events as a way to increase awareness surrounding an issue; 3) Leverage politics utilizes material leverage (examples such as goods, money, or votes), moral leverage (the "mobilization of shame") or both in order to gain influence over more powerful actors; 4) Accountability politics holds those who make commitments to a cause accountable for their actions or lack thereof.

Prijzen

In de loop der jaren zijn er diverse prijzen en onderscheidingen ingesteld voor mensenrechtenverdedigers, waaronder:
 * De Sacharovprijs: de jaarlijkse “prijs voor de vrijheid van denken” van het Europees Parlement. Ze is in 1988 ingesteld en is in de meeste jaren uitgereikt aan een individuele activist (en enkele keren aan een organisatie of functionaris).
 * De Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders: een initiatief uit 1993 van tien internationale mensenrechtenorganisaties die daarmee de bedoeling hadden "mensenrechtenverdedigers die risico's lopen en behoefte hebben aan directe bescherming te steunen".
 * De Mensenrechtentulp: een prijs van de Nederlandse regering die is ingesteld om “personen te eren die onder grote risico’s de mensenrechten verdedigen”.
 * De Mensenrechtenprijs van de Verenigde Naties, die sinds 1968 elke vijf jaar wordt uitgereikt.

Externe links

 * Originele tekst van de VN-Verklaring aangaande mensenrechtenverdedigers
 * Amnesty International over mensenrechtenactivisten

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Hmm — that's what you think.

title: User:Sietse


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Talk:Big Mac Index

Updating Figures source
The main source (note 34) is dead and the alternative source is a scribd link which requires a paid account to access. I found an alternative source here: https://web.archive.org/web/20200619214022/https://files.illinoispolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ubs-pricesandearnings-2015-en.pdf. I used the archive.org version so that it is available forever. Can someone with editing rights on the article edit note 34 with this link? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:A469:3278:1:6149:7DC4:64F1:E8BC (talk) 10:26, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 July 2021
economist.com/big-mac-index

Has updated its most to least expensive rankings 21 June 2021.

The rankings section on this page therefore require an update or a table that reflects a year on year change in rankings. Sumimasen-rin (talk) 09:21, 30 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Please provide the updated table. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:58, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

In 'Figures' section: 'Six most expensive'

The rankings have changed 21 June 2021.

This statistic shows the most expensive places to buy a Big Mac.

economist.com/big-mac-index Sumimasen-rin (talk) 12:24, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

Tunisia (Tunisie) McDonalds
The text says that there are only three African countries with McDonald's, but the map also lists Tunisia, with a color indicating an opening date of "2000 - present".

Trying to figure out which was true, ... I am still not sure.

https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-company/where-we-operate.html says they do, but the link is to https://www.facebook.com/McDonaldstunisia which facebook says is unavailable. https://www.facebook.com/McDonaldtunis/ and https://www.facebook.com/McDonalds-Tunisie-officiel--353633758047935/ are still available, but not very active.

https://instablogs.com/why-no-mcdonalds-in-tunisia.html suggests that there were plans to open, but they fell through. I'm not sure it counts as sufficiently authoritative, though.

JimJJewett (talk) 22:23, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

Update
Should Russia not be taken off this list? 102.182.126.232 (talk) 17:42, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Father Sarducci?
This article credits the origin of the index to a 1986 Economist article, but I know that Don Novello did a Father Sarducci sketch about inflation and the cost of a Big Mack, and I'm pretty sure that it was on a TV special that aired before 1986. The problem is that I can't find the sketch or the TV special online. Can someone clarify?RJBowman (talk) 19:59, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 December 2023
In this sentence:

The relative cost of high-margin products, such as essential pharmaceutical products, or cellular telephony might compare local capacity and willingness to pay, as much as relative currency values.

Please remove the comma after "products" and add one after "telephony". The comma is meant to separate the "such as" clause from the rest of the sentence, but right now it splits the "such as", making it sound like "the relative cost of high-margin products or cellular telephony might..." 123.51.107.94 (talk) 03:48, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * . I went with a comma after "products" and "telephony" and no others. It would probably be fine with no commas at all, but it's a pretty long sentence for that. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 04:33, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Overview - BigMacIndex example
I believe there is a mistake in the notation of the implied exchange rate.

Article states the implied SFR/USD exchange rate is 1.20. It should actually be the implied USD/SFR exchange rate. The same mistake is repeated further down. the article states the actual SFR/USD rate is 0.87. It should actually be the actual USD/SFR.

The economist website clearly states it uses the USD as the base currency against the quote currencies. MarcAndreBergeron (talk) 16:20, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Big Mac Index


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Harry Austryn Wolfson

Harry Austryn Wolfson (November 2, 1887 – September 19, 1974) was an American scholar, philosopher, and historian at Harvard University, and the first chairman of a Judaic Studies Center in the United States. He is known for his seminal work on the Jewish philosopher Philo, but he also authored an astonishing variety of other works on Crescas, Maimonides, Averroes, Spinoza, the Kalam, the Church Fathers, and the foundations of Western religion. He collapsed the artificial barriers that isolated the study of Christian philosophy from Islamic philosophy and from Jewish philosophy. Being the first Judaica scholar to progress through an entire career at a top-tier university, in Wolfson is also represented the fulfillment of the goals of the 19th-century Wissenschaft des Judentums movement.

Biography
Wolfson was born to Sarah Savitsky and Max Mendel Wolfson in Astryna (Yiddish: Ostrin), Vilna Governorate (in present-day Shchuchyn district, Grodno Region, Belarus), and in his youth he studied at the Slabodka yeshiva under Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein. He emigrated to the U.S. with his family in 1903. They settled in New York's East Side. Wolfson was invited to teach Hebrew to children in Scranton, Pennsylvania, which he did for three years while earning his diploma from Scranton High School. Wolfson took the entrance examination for Harvard College and won admission.

In September 1908, Wolfson arrived in Cambridge, Massachusetts to attend Harvard University, where, it would turn out, he would remain for the rest of his career. He earned his Bachelor's degree in 1911, Master's in 1912, and Ph.D. in 1915. His only absences were the years 1912–1914, when he held a traveling fellowship from Harvard which enabled him to study and do research in Europe, and some months in 1918 when he was conscripted into the Army, and together with Norbert Wiener received basic training at Fort Slocum, New York, and was then transferred to the Adjutant General's Office in Washington, D.C..

Wolfson was offered an appointment as annual instructor in Jewish philosophy and Literature at Harvard University in 1915, provided he could find outside funding for his salary, which judges Julian Mack and Irving Lehman took responsibility for. He was promoted to faculty instructor and then Assistant Professor in 1921. In 1925 his position was to be terminated unless he could obtain permanent outside funding. Lucius Littauer stepped up and endowed him a permanent chair in his father's honor, the Nathan Littauer Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy. Wolfson was the first professor in any American university to occupy a chair devoted solely to Jewish studies.

Wolfson held the chair from 1925 until his retirement in 1958. He was a student and friend both of George Santayana and George Foot Moore. R.D. Crouse, the scholar of early medieval theology, was among his students. He received honorary degrees from 10 different universities, and was a founding member and president of the American Academy for Jewish Research. Wolfson never married. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on September 19, 1974. His brother Nathan survived him by 27 years, living to age 101 until 2001. Another notable family member was his nephew Erwin S. Wolfson who developed the Pan Am Building in Manhattan in 1960.

Works
Wolfson was a tireless scholar. About him writes, "He was reminiscent of an old-fashioned gaon, transposed into a modern university setting, studying day and night, resisting presumptive attractions and distractions, honors and chores, with a tenacity which sometimes seemed awkward and antisocial." He spent vast amounts of time secluded in the Widener Library pursuing his research. writes that even in his retirement, Wolfson was "still the first person to enter Widener library in the morning and the last to leave it at night."

Wolfson wrote works including a translation and commentary on Hasdai Crescas' Or Adonai, the philosophy of the church fathers, the repercussions of the Kalam on Judaism, and works on Spinoza, Philo, and Averroes. The best-known of these works are listed below, their publication in several instances—among them the work on Philo—having been considered scholarly events of the first magnitude.

Wolfson was additionally known as a "daring" scholar, one who was not afraid to put forward a bold hypothesis with limited evidential support. In his work Wolfson therefore often chooses bold conjecture over safe, but boring, analyses.

Books

 * Crescas' Critique of Aristotle: Problems of Aristotle's Physics in Jewish and Arabic philosophy (1929)
 * The Philosophy of Spinoza: Unfolding the Latent Processes of His Reasoning, Harvard University Press (1934/1962).
 * Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Harvard University Press (1947). Until the publication of this book, Philo had been considered no more than a preacher with a philosophic bent. Wolfson showed that behind the philosophic utterances scattered throughout Philo's writings there lay a coherent philosophic system. Wolfson went even further, claiming that Philo was the founder of religious philosophy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and that "Philonic" philosophy dominated European thought for 17 centuries until it was destroyed by Spinoza, the last of the medievals and the first of the moderns.
 * The Philosophy of the Church Fathers: Volume I Faith Trinity, Incarnation, Harvard University Press (1956)
 * The Philosophy of the Kalam, Harvard University Press (1976)
 * Repercussions of the Kalam in Jewish philosophy, Harvard University Press (1979)

Articles
A complete bibliography of Wolfson's work can be found in. He was known principally, as mentioned above, for crossing all artificial boundaries of scholarship, as best revealed by the titles of some of his papers:
 * The meaning of "Ex Nihilo" in the Church Fathers, Arabic and Hebrew philosophy, and St. Thomas (1948)
 * The double faith theory in Clement, Saadia, Averroes and St. Thomas, and its origin in Aristotle and the Stoics (1942)
 * The internal senses in Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew philosophical texts (1935)
 * The amphibolous terms in Aristotle, Arabic philosophy, and Maimonides (1938)
 * Solomon Pappenheim on time and space and his relation to Locke and Kant, pp. 426–440 in Jewish studies in memory of Israel Abrahams, Press of the Jewish Institute of Religion (1927)

Awards and honors

 * 1933: Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1949: National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish Thought category for Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity and Islam
 * 1956: Elected to the American Philosophical Society

title: Harry Austryn Wolfson


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Moshe Mordechai Epstein

Moshe Mordechai Epstein (7 March 1866–28 November 1933) was rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Knesseth Yisrael in Slabodka, Lithuania and is recognized as having been one of the leading Talmudists of the twentieth century. He is also one of the founders of the city of Hadera.

Childhood
Epstein was born in Bakst, in the Vilna district of Lithuania, on the 20th of Adar, 5626 (1866), to Rabbi Tzvi Chaim and Baila Chana Epstein. His father, who served as the rabbi of Bakst, had been affectionately referred to during his days in the Volozhin yeshiva as "the Bakst Genius". Moshe Mordechai's genius was detected from a very early age and he was called the illui from Bakst. The child prodigy began studying in the Volozhin yeshiva at the age of 16, under the guidance of the legendary Torah giant Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik. There, he met his brother-in-law-to-be, Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer, and, in 1889, married Menucha Frank, the eldest "Frank sister".

Leadership
After his marriage, Epstein moved to his wife's hometown, in Kovno, and was joined there two years later by Rabbi Meltzer, following his marriage to Epstein's sister-in-law, Baila Hinda Frank. In Kovno, the two scholars studied under the renowned mussar master, Rabbi Yitzchak Blazer, known in yeshivos as "Reb Itzele Peterburger", one of Rabbi Yisrael Salanter's foremost disciples. It was there that they became intrigued with the study of mussar.

In 1894, both rabbis started teaching in the famed Slabodka yeshiva, which was not far from Kovno. In 1897, Nosson Tzvi Finkel, Slabodka's famed mashgiach ruchani), invited Epstein to become the rosh yeshiva. Epstein accepted the post, while Meltzer moved together with some of his best talmidim to the town of Slutsk to lead the Ridvaz's yeshiva there. The Slabodka yeshiva flourished under the joint leadership of Rabbis Epstein and Finkel, and many of its students were crucial in nurturing the spiritual level of the Jewish people in subsequent generations. For a list of notables, see Slabodka yeshiva.

In 1924, Rabbi Epstein was part of a delegation to the United States headed by Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, chief rabbi of the Land of Israel.

In 1924, Epstein, Finkel, and most of the yeshiva, relocated to Hebron, in what was then British Mandate for Palestine. The yeshiva thrived for five years in Hebron as it had in Lithuania. In late August 1929 mobs, incited by the antisemitic Mufti of Jerusalem, swarmed the yeshiva, killing over 67 Jews and wounding many more, in an event known as the 1929 Hebron massacre. Among the victims was his American-born nephew Aaron David Epstein. In the aftermath, the British authorities evacuated the rest of the Jewish community. The yeshiva was relocated to the Geula section of Jerusalem, and was renamed Yeshivas Chevron. In 1975, Yeshivas Chevron moved to its current location in Givat Mordechai.

Legacy
Epstein was known to share a warm relationship with Finkel. Epstein's daughter married Finkel's son, Moshe Finkel. Epstein's other daughter married Yechezkel Sarna (1895–1969), who succeeded Epstein as rosh yeshiva of Chevron after his death. Epstein had only one son, Chaim Shraga Feivel, whom he named after his father-in-law. Epstein authored the Levush Mordechai (1901), which contains his chiddushim, or novellae, on all tractates of the Talmud.

His brother, Rabbi Ephraim Epstein (1876-1960) also studied at the Slabodka yeshiva, and later moved to the United States were he served as rabbi to Congregation Anshei Kneseth in Chicago for over 50 years. Rabbi Ephraim Epstein's son, Rabbi Harry Epstein, headed Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta Georgia for over 50 years and founded what is now called the Epstein School.

Epstein died in Jerusalem in 1933, corresponding to the Hebrew date 10 of Kislev 5694. He is buried on the Mount of Olives.

A street in the Neve Haim neighborhood in Hadera is named after him, and a street in the Geula neighborhood of Jerusalem is named after his book "Levush Mordechai"

title: Moshe Mordechai Epstein


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Talk:Arbitrage

Some recommendations
Good article, you might want to add that arbitrage is a counterforce for price discriminantion. It is often profitable for a company to price products differently in different markets. Arbitrage counteracts price discriminantion since the prices between the two markets tends to equalize as you buy more in the cheap area and sell in the expensive.

Also something about purchasing power theory might be good too since it is through arbritage that the relative purchasing power between countries is maintained.--ShaunMacPherson 11:06, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This is an very good article. It might also benefit from a discussion of those who buy and sell companies, and make an arbitrage gain by moving assets from one company and putting them into another. For example, when you move assets from a private company into a publicly traded company, there is usually an immediate gain of 20% in the equity value. I did not want to edit this article to say that, as the author is clearly more of an expert than I am. --Kops2222 (talk) 13:37, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Other types of arbitrage?
There's no doubt that people reading this article are looking for arbitrage primarily in stocks/currencies etc, but what about having a tiny section about other types of arbitrage, like in Internet Marketing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.90.108.139 (talk) 20:56, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Have you ever considered that many people might want to understand why all the lines at the supermarket are about the same? Signed, user Popemobile 1776 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Popemobile1776 (talk • contribs) 03:55, 21 November 2015 (UTC)

Regarding the amount lost by Long Term Capital
$100 Billion is an exaggeration.

 * True. The right figure depends on the time frame you use. Christofurio 00:16, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Statistical advantage for casinos
There are a few casino games in which the odds are even, and sometimes in the player's favor. The casino still makes money off these games because gamblers usually do not play optimally and also because of the risk of ruin. An example of an even odds bet would be backing up the pass line at craps. Some video poker machines give the player a slight advantage. JHG 12:36, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi JHG. You'd agree though that the casino has the advantage in a craps game overall? That was more my point but I concede that if all bettors went for the bet you note, the house wouldn't make any money. Neither would the bettors, of course ;-). I couldn't totally follow the stats on the Deuces Wild page (stats isn't my strong point). Are they convincing? Would every casino have this particular game? I'm not disputing your edit, but do you think it might be more reasonable to put "nearly always" rather than "usually", because the latter implies "sometimes do, sometimes don't", which is not the import of your argument, but rather "don't in every last particular". James James 11:02, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * First, the original comment seems to confuse an "even money bet" with "even odds". The pass line in craps is an even money bet (i.e., the payback if you win is equal to what you bet), but the probability that you win is less than 50%, so the house edge is greater than zero. As far as I know, any standard bet in craps is in the house's favour.

 * Certain video poker games really do offer a house edge less than zero, if they are played with perfect strategy. As JHG says above, they get away with it because most people don't play with perfect strategy. Even if everyone did, the bet sizes are small enough that you would do well to make minimum wage. The same might be true for certain blackjack games if the player counts cards (and that is what makes for all the legendary professional gamblers who get banned from casinos).

 * In any case, the article used to say "A casino usually has a statistical arbitrage in every game of chance played, even though it could lose money on any single game." I am not sure what that is supposed to mean. The casino could lose money on every game, over any period of time; it's just vanishingly unlikely. I changed that to "A casino has a statistical arbitrage in almost every game of chance that it offers," which I believe is meaningful and true.

Sports betting
'Sports arbitrage' is probably an established term but it's inprecise: bookmakers also offer odds on political, pop-culture and other events, some even on financial market events. I would call it 'Betting arbitrage' - I added an article on related practice, arbitrage betting, however it's far from being perfect yet. BTW, how can I make 'betting investment' and 'arbs' point to the same article?Adolg 11:27 18 October 2005, GMT

Long-Term Capital Management
"For example, it would buy U.S. Treasury securities and sell Italian bond futures. The concept was that because Italian bond futures had a less liquid market, in the short term Italian bond futures would have a higher return than U.S. bonds, but in the long term, the prices would converge. Because the difference was small, a large amount of money had to be borrowed to make the buying and selling profitable."

I am having some trouble understanding the above, can you please elaborate?

From what I understand. Italian bond futures have a less liquid market, in the short term Italian bond futures would have a higher return than U.S. bonds : Because Italian bond futures are cheaper they give higher returns than U.S. bonds. but in the long term, the prices would converge : Should you not be buying Italian bond futures instead? I'm sure I'm missing something. Can you please explain in some detail?

yes the example given does not make sense. nor does the categorization of the negotiated bail-out as "global macro arbitrage" ... that term has a specific meaning which is very different

Statistical Arbitrage
I've never heard this term before so I don't want to change it, but the definition that "statistical arbitrage is an imbalance in expected values" doesn't seem to be enough. Going long a risky asset and short a safe asset should not be labeled any kind of arbitrage just because of an imbalance in expected value. What seems important about the casino example is that risks are independent so the risk becomes 0 as the number of bets approach infinity (along with a positive expected value). Kyle J Moore 01:36, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Controlled Substances section
I removed this section because I don't think it's really arbitrage; it's simply that 2 customers pay different prices for a product. It also reads like original research and is unsourced. Simishag 04:29, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Removing linkspam
I have removed all but one external link. As far as I can tell they are all link spam for various reasons: clear advertising sites; informational sites that link to paid sites and read like business promotions; and a blog with an insubstantial discussion of something odd that may or may not have something to do with arbitrage. If anyone wants to add them back I would ask them to state clearly why their external link is relevant and not spam. I am not sure on Wikipedia's policy about linking to about.com articles and that article is reasonably helpful so I left that one in. Wikidemo 09:37, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Definition of Arbitrage
The 3rd point seems wrong as the price of an asset should be discounted by a rate aproriate to the riskiness of the asset and not at the risk free rate always. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Student2k4 (talk • contribs) 06:30, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

Web Site Advertising arbitrage
OwenX deleted the section that I added to this article without any comment as to why in this talk page.

Would not manipuating the rules on a website, (such as Google), in order to take advantage of a lower priced add space, in order to make a larger profit be an example of arbitrage?

Apparently Forbes, a respected reporter of business news, seemed to think so in this article.

http://www.forbes.com/2006/12/06/internet-advertising-search-tech_cx_ag_1207google.html

If someone else can write a better synopsis of this, and add it to the article, please do.. OwenX ??

 * OwenX did at least make a note in his edit summary as to why he removed your addition. Although the source may suggest it is a form of arbitrage, my question is: is this notable? If there's but one media source that discusses it and establishes a link to arbitrage, then I'd hardly say that it's notable for inclusion in this article. I did think it was an interesting take but, I am slightly puzzled as to why Forbes was so quick to suggest it is a form of arbitrage. It's possible I'm missing something, but I don't see how the scenario (as described by your written addition to the article) meets any of the conditions for arbitrage.  John Shandy`   • talk 22:06, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

 * There is a difference between arbitrage and acting as a middleman, which is what the Forbes article is referring to. Key differences here: 1) The activity described in the article is an enterprise that takes work to sustain (running servers, identifying keywords, etc). 2) At no time is a risk-free profit created: there are 2 distinct steps, the "arbitrageur" must pay for the first ad before he can sell the second one and the sale of the second is not guaranteed. It has become trendy for news sources to report this sort of middleman activity as arbitrage, but that is not the traditional financial meaning of the term. Simishag (talk) 23:13, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I do appreciate the clarification. However, in this scheme, these enterprises are assured of the second ad sale because they already control the ads they will place. The arbitrage comes because they are "bidding low" by using the loopholes in the system to snag lower cost single ad positions, and then "selling high" by using these positions to point users to alternate websites that host multiple higher-profit advertisements. And "risk free profit is being made, (as long as the web-geniuses in the enterprises can continue to elude efforts to close the loopholes). Looking at the definition in paragraph one of the article, that seems to be arbitrage. As to this being notable, I know that traditional business tends to downplay the role of web-based business. We are talking about billions of potential dollars changing hands as this trend spreads from Google, YouTube, and Facebook, (online businesses that are already notable), to every website that hosts any kind of advertisement.

 * Please sign your comments using 4 tildes (~). From the Forbes article:
 * Take an example from the online market for asbestos-related cancer lawsuits. A Web page arbitrageur can buy a misspelling of mesothelioma like “mezothelioma” for just nickels per click. The arbitrageur’s ad then appears next to the results for that search term. Google users who click on the ad are led to the arbitrageur's site, which is stocked with more lucrative ads for attorneys and cancer treatments. For those links, the arbitrageur might be paid as much as $25 per click.
 * There is no guarantee that the user clicks on the second link. If the user clicks on "mezothelioma" but not "mesothelioma", the middleman loses a nickel. Clearly the middleman does not need many people to click the second link to make money, but that's not really the point; there is still some risk, however small. In fact, in the past, DDOS attacks have exploited this risk. An attacker simply hits the first cheap link over and over, while never hitting the second link, consuming the entire advertising budget while never generating any revenue. This discussion also ignores the capital investment that the middleman has to make to get this off the ground. The middleman has to spend time and resources to identify these misspelled keywords and create sites to take advantage of the situation. This may be small but it is not zero.
 * Arbitrage is about exploiting a price difference between markets where the asset is identical in each market. There are standardized formats for many assets, because an ounce of gold in a bar is not the same as an ounce of gold in a coin, and neither is the same as an ounce of gold in a necklace. The keywords "mesothelioma" and "mezothelioma" are likewise not identical assets. Simishag (talk) 04:26, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Oil-storage_trade contango
It seems Oil-storage_trade and contango should be prominently mentioned in this article, as they are some of the most important everyday examples. Any reason why they're left out? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.124.70.178 (talk) 04:36, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

"Zero cost"? How?
The article introduction says: "in simple terms, it is the possibility of a risk-free profit at zero cost."

How is it zero-cost? You need money to buy the product at the low price, only then you can sell it at the higher price. I found this confusing. -- Jorge (talk) 18:28, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * You can think of it as zero net-cost. So consider the entire series of trades as a single investment (possibly over time, possibly simultaneously). Zfeinst (talk) 19:06, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * But in that sense, wouldn't every investment be zero net-cost? Can you give an example of an investment that has non-zero net-cost? -- Jorge (talk) 19:13, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Any self-financing portfolio has zero net-cost. Zfeinst (talk) 20:03, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

I agree that this is poorly worded. "risk-free profit with zero net value-at-risk" might be a better choice, but I'm not really sure. Simishag (talk) 22:37, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * "Risk-free" and "zero net value-at-risk" essentially mean the same thing. I reworded the "cost" phrase for clarity. Some costs (e.g., exchange fees) are often associated with arbitrage, but they are lower than the gross profit from the transaction. Owen× ☎  23:06, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually it could be written completely as just "risk-free profit" since profit = revenue - cost. How do you feel about changing the statement to only say "risk-free profit"? Zfeinst (talk) 23:16, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, it's still necessary to have some capital to execute the trades. Arbitrage theory generally assumes that the capital is (ultimately) not at risk. But "risk-free profit" alone sounds like picking up a dollar found on the sidewalk. Also, the amount of capital available directly affects the amount of the profit. It may affect the return percentage as well as interest/margin rates are affected by the amount of capital posted. TL,DR: capital is required. Simishag (talk) 00:03, 17 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Most arbitrage trade are instantaneous - two or more legs of the trade are executed simultaneously, after which the trader has no open positions, just a net profit in cash. Therefore, no capital is used for such trades - the trader only acts as a conduit between other participants, never holding any of the assets at any moment. In some cases, margin is required by the exchange to complete the transaction, but there's no direct cost associated with margin - it is usually provided by other assets held in the account, typically T-Bills. There is no net cost associated with holding T-Bills, since the yield they pay is, by definition, equal to the cost of short-term cash, although we could arguably discuss the opportunity cost versus other asset classes.
 * As for Zfeinst's suggestion to remove the cost phrase from the lede - sure, sounds like a good idea. The issue of cost is discussed later in the article in greater detail anyway. Owen× ☎  01:45, 17 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it's called "capital", perhaps it's called "margin", but as you noted, some assets are required to engage in these transactions. I can't just go to a broker and make a couple of orders and have them say "well it's an arb, so hey, no worries, here's your money and have a nice day." Maybe the need for assets of some kind is so obvious that it doesn't need to be discussed in the lede but again, this is not the same thing as finding free money. Simishag (talk) 00:06, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The question is not whether any assets are needed to complete the transaction, but whether any costs are associated with having to own those assets. As I pointed out, while there is a cost associated with holding cash, there is no cost associated with holding many other assets, including those most commonly held as margin to facilitate arbitrage trades. Therefore, regardless of whether you call it "capital" or "margin", it does not constitute part of the cost of conducting arbitrage. Owen× ☎  20:37, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

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The ideas of using multiple discount rates...
Could someone who knows please look at the sentence "The ideas of using multiple discount rates obtained from zero-coupon bonds and discount a similar bonds cash flow to find its price is derived from the yield curve" and perhaps say whatever it means a little more clearly? Thanks --Frans Fowler (talk) 23:17, 17 January 2017 (UTC)

Uncited material in need of citations
I am moving the following material here until it can be properly supported with reliable, secondary citations, per WP:V, WP:NOR, WP:IRS, WP:PSTS, et al. Nightscream (talk) 21:08, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Examples

 * Supposing an exchange rate (after taking out the fees for making the exchange) in London is £5 = ¥1000 and the exchange rate in Tokyo is ¥1000 = £6, converting ¥2000 to £12 in Tokyo and converting that £12 into ¥2400 in London, would result in a profit of ¥400. In reality, this arbitrage is so simple that it almost never occurs. But more complicated foreign exchange arbitrages, such as the spot-forward arbitrage (see interest rate parity) are much more common.
 * One example of arbitrage involves the New York Stock Exchange and the Security Futures Exchange OneChicago (OCX). When the price of a stock on the NYSE and its corresponding futures contract on OCX are out of sync, one can buy the less expensive one and sell it on the more expensive market.  Because the differences between the prices are likely to be small (and not to last very long), this can be done profitably only with computers examining a large number of prices and automatically exercising a trade when the prices are far enough out of balance. The activity of other arbitrageurs can make this risky. Those with the fastest computers (i.e. lowest latency to respond to the market) and the most expertise take advantage of series of small differences that would not be profitable if taken individually.
 * Economists use the term "global labor arbitrage" to refer to the tendency of manufacturing jobs to flow towards whichever country has the lowest wages per unit output at present and has reached the minimum requisite level of political and economic development to support industrialization. At present, many such jobs appear to be flowing towards China, though some that require command of English are going to India and the Philippines. In popular terms, this is referred to as offshoring. (Note that "offshoring" is not synonymous with "outsourcing", which means "to subcontract from an outside supplier or source", such as when a business outsources its payroll or cleaning. Unlike offshoring, outsourcing always involves subcontracting jobs to a different company, and that company can be in the same country, even the same building, as the outsourcing company.)
 * Sports arbitrage – numerous internet bookmakers offer odds on the outcome of the same event. Any given bookmaker will weight their odds so that no one customer can cover all outcomes at a profit against their books. However, in order to remain competitive they must keep margins usually quite low. Different bookmakers may offer different odds on the same outcome of a given event; by taking the best odds offered by each bookmaker, a customer can under some circumstances cover all possible outcomes of the event and lock a small risk-free profit, known as a Dutch book. This profit will typically be between 1% and 5% but can be much higher. One problem with sports arbitrage is that bookmakers sometimes make mistakes and this can lead to an invocation of the 'palpable error' rule, which most bookmakers invoke when they have made a mistake by offering or posting incorrect odds. As bookmakers become more proficient, the odds of making an 'arb' usually last for less than an hour and typically only a few minutes. Furthermore, huge bets on one side of the market also alert the bookies to correct the market.
 * Exchange-traded fund arbitrage – Exchange Traded Funds allow authorized participants to exchange back and forth between shares in underlying securities held by the fund and shares in the fund itself, rather than allowing the buying and selling of shares in the ETF directly with the fund sponsor. ETF trade in the open market, with prices set by market demand. An ETF may trade at a premium or discount to the value of the underlying assets. When a significant enough premium appears, an arbitrageur will buy the underlying securities, convert them to shares in the ETF, and sell them in the open market. When a discount appears, an arbitrageur will do the reverse. In this way, the arbitrageur makes a low-risk profit, while keeping ETF prices in line with their underlying value.
 * Some types of hedge funds make use of a modified form of arbitrage to profit. Rather than exploiting price differences between identical assets, they will purchase and sell securities, assets and derivatives with similar characteristics, and hedge any significant differences between the two assets. Any difference between the hedged positions represents any remaining risk (such as basis risk) plus profit; the belief is that there remains some difference which, even after hedging most risk, represents pure profit. For example, a fund may see that there is a substantial difference between U.S. dollar debt and local currency debt of another country, and enter into a series of matching trades (including currency swaps) to arbitrage the difference, while simultaneously entering into credit default swaps to protect against country risk and other types of specific risk.
 * A fairly trivial example is the melting of coins when their scrap metal value exceeds their facial value. This practice is usually forbidden.

Crypto arbitrage
There have been a number of edits/reverts regarding crypto arbitrage lately. Some consensus on the appropriate discussion should be provided. It is not clear to me if there is anything specific to arbitrage for crypto compared to other spacial arbitrages. If there is something distinct, then this should be provided and include citations. If there is nothing distinct, I propose this subsection be deleted. Zfeinst (talk) 08:09, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arbitrage


text:
Junkers Ju 90

The Junkers Ju 90 was a 40-seat, four-engine airliner developed for and used by Deutsche Luft Hansa shortly before World War II. It was based on the rejected Ju 89 bomber. During the war, the Luftwaffe pressed them into service as military transports.

Design and development
The Junkers Ju 90 airliner and transport series descended directly from the Junkers Ju 89, a contender in the Ural bomber programme aimed at producing a long-range strategic bomber. This concept was abandoned by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM, Reich Aviation Ministry) in April 1937 in favour of smaller, faster bombers. Design was headed by Ernst Zindel. Development was headed by Professor Herbert Wagner.

Civil development
Deutsche Luft Hansa put a request for a long-distance commercial aircraft as early as 1933. When the Ju 89 program was abandoned, the third prototype was partially completed and at the request of Luft Hansa, it was rebuilt as an airliner, retaining the wings and tail of the original design, but incorporating a new, wider, passenger-carrying fuselage. The new design was designated the Ju 90.

The Junkers Ju 90 was a four-engine all-metal, low-wing aircraft fitted with twin end-plate vertical stabilizers. The wings were built around five tubular girder spars covered with a smooth stressed skin. The leading edge was quite markedly swept, the trailing edge almost straight. The Junkers "double wing", a full-span movable flap/aileron combination, was fitted. The tail units on the prototypes used the traditional Junkers corrugated skin, the only part of the aircraft to do so, abandoning the exposed corrugated skinning on later Ju 90 production models for the Luftwaffe. The fins and rudders, the latter with prominent horn balances assemblies, were placed at the end of the tailplane; this latter carried the elevators separated by a gap, forming another double wing. These components were as used in the Ju 89.

The new fuselage was of oval cross-section, covered by stressed smooth duralumin skin. On the first four Ju 90As, five pairs of rectangular windows were on each side, each double pair lighting a divided-off section of the cabin containing eight seats in facing pairs on either side of a central aisle. The Ju 90B, whose prototypes were the Ju 90 V5 through the Ju 90 V10 aircraft, adopted round fuselage portholes. The Ju 90 V11 became the definitive Ju 290 prototype with smaller, rectangular fuselage windows.

The Ju 90B series were visually distinctive because of their oval tail fins. The Ju 90 V6 was withdrawn from test flights, and rebuilt as the Ju 390 V1 prototype. The Ju 90 V9 was also withdrawn and rebuilt as the Ju 390V2, later redesignated in October 1944 as the Ju 390A-1. The Ju 90 V10's rebuild into the Ju 390 V3 bomber prototype was commenced, but was scrapped at the factory in June 1944. The Junkers firm was paid compensation for seven Ju 390s under construction, when Ju 390 orders were cancelled.

The plane had four or five divided fuselage sections, the latter holding the maximum of 40 passengers. Toilets, a cloakroom and a mail store were placed aft, and a baggage hold was forward of the passenger space. The fuselage was generous by the standards of the time with an internal width of 2.83 m (9 ft $3 1/2$ in).

The tailwheel undercarriage was fully retractable, with the single-wheel main units raising hydraulically into the inner engine nacelles.

The first prototype, the Ju 90 V1, was powered by four Daimler-Benz DB 600C liquid-cooled inverted V engines delivering 820 kW (1,100 hp) each. These were more powerful than both those of its Ju 89 predecessor and of production commercial Ju 90s. Named Der Grosse Dessauer as had been the earlier Junkers G 38, its maiden flight took place on 28 August 1937. Deutsche Luft Hansa carried out the long-distance testing. After eight months of flight tests, this prototype broke up on 6 February 1938 during over-speed tests. A second prototype (V2) was delivered to Luft Hansa in May 1938 for testing. Like all the production commercial Ju 90s, this was powered by four BMW 132 radial engines delivering 620 kW (830 hp). The move to lower power was probably necessitated by the demands on Daimler Benz to produce engines for strategically important, frontline aircraft. They named this aircraft Preussen. It crashed fatally during tropical flight tests on takeoff in November 1938 at Bathurst, Gambia, probably because of engine failure.

Despite these setbacks, Luft Hansa ordered eight of the production type A-1s. They also used the next two prototypes, starting with V3 Bayern which flew on the Berlin-Vienna route from July 1938. This aircraft flew a total of 62,572 km ( mi) in 1938. Only seven of the A-1s were delivered to Luft Hansa, the last in April 1940, one going directly to the Luftwaffe.

South African Airways also ordered two A-1s with Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp engines delivering 670 kW (900 hp). These were known by the alternative designation Z-3 to distinguish them from the BMW-powered Z-2. Neither of these was delivered to SAA, but went instead to the Luftwaffe. As the war progressed, the surviving six Luft Hansa airframes were also impressed into Luftwaffe service, though two were returned to Luft Hansa later. Four of these aircraft took part in the invasion of Norway.

The fourth prototype V4 went into Luftwaffe service in July 1941 fitted with 980 kW (1,320 hp) Jumo 211F/L engines.

Military development

In April 1939, the RLM asked Junkers for a further development of the Ju 90 for military transport purposes. The Ju 90V5 and V6 were the prototypes of this military design. They got a new wing with a straight inner section leading edge, of greater span (19%) and area (11%). The landing gear was strengthened with twin main wheels and the fins were more rounded, lacking the characteristic horn balance nick of the earlier models. The windows were replaced by 10 small portholes a side. The Ju 90 V5 flew first on 5 December 1939. A special feature of both the V5 and V6 was a powered boarding ramp in the floor of the rear section of the fuselage for loading cars and larger cargo freight. This Trapoklappe ramp, when lowered, was powerful enough to raise the fuselage to the horizontal flying position. Both aircraft were retroactively fitted with the much more powerful, unitized Kraftei-mount 1,200 kW (1,600 hp) BMW 801MA radials, with the first suffix letter "M" signifying the initial Motoranlage format of unitized powerplant installation design promulgated by the RLM. Ju 90s were also used as tugs for heavy gliders.

The two last prototypes – the V7 and V8 – fed directly into the Ju 290 development programme. The former had a fuselage extension of 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) and the addition of dihedral to the tailplane to solve a yaw instability. A reconnaissance prototype aerodynamically similar to the V7, the V8 was armed, however, with two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons and up to nine 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns in two dorsal, one ventral, and one tail position.

Ju 290 / 390 development
Some of the Ju 90s were converted into prototypes of the bigger Ju 290 transport and reconnaissance aircraft. The more powerful engines and other modifications to the Ju 90 V5 and V7 were steps in this direction and the latter was converted into the Ju 290 V3. The Ju 90 V8 became the second prototype Ju 290 V2. An uncompleted 11th A-series machine was turned into the Ju 290 V1. The Ju 90 V6 airframe was used in the construction of the Junkers Ju 390 V1.

Numbers and survivors
In the end, only 18 Ju 90s of all versions were completed. Just two survived the war to fall into Allied hands, but both were scrapped soon afterwards. A military transport JU 90 was shot down on July 23, 1943, south of Bastia, North Corsica. The wreck is easily accessible to scuba divers and 70% complete

Operators

 * Flag of Germany 1933.svg Germany
 * Luftwaffe
 * Deutsche Luft Hansa

title: Junkers Ju 90


text:
Hebron Yeshiva

Hebron Yeshiva, also known as Yeshivas Hevron, or Knesses Yisroel, is a yeshiva (school for Talmudic study). It originated in 1924 when the roshei yeshiva (deans) and 150 students of the Slabodka Yeshiva, known colloquially as the "mother of yeshivas", relocated to Hebron.

Relocation of Slabodka Yeshiva to israel
A 1924 edict requiring enlistment in the military or supplementary secular studies in the yeshiva led a large number of students in the Slabodka yeshiva to relocate to the Land of Israel, at that time israelunder the British mandate. Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel, also known as "Der Alter fun Slabodka" (The Elder of Slabodka), sent Rabbi Avraham Grodzinski to head this group and establish the yeshiva in Hebron. Upon Grodzinski's return to Slabodka, the Alter transferred the mashgiach ruchani responsibilities to him, and the rosh yeshiva duties to Rabbi Yitzchok Isaac Sher, and he moved to Hebron to lead the yeshiva there together with Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein. Hebron was chosen over Jerusalem to avoid the influence of the conservative Old Yishuv. The Slabodka yeshiva in Europe ceased operation during the Holocaust. A branch was also established in Bnei Brak.

1929 Hebron massacre and relocation to Jerusalem
Twenty-four students were murdered in the 1929 Hebron massacre, and the yeshiva was re-established in the Geula neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

Eight of the victims were American citizens who had come to study in the yeshiva from American yeshivas such as Hebrew Theological College, Torah Vodaath and RIETS.

On the day of the 1929 massacre, HaRav Simcha Zissel Broide, who was appointed Rosh Yeshiva in 5721 (1960/61), was not in Chevron.

Despite a delay after the death of Rabbi Moshe Hebroni, the last of the previous generation, the yeshiva moved into a new and larger campus in the south-central Givat Mordechai neighbourhood in 1975. This yeshiva today has about 1500 students and is one of the most prestigious and influential Lithuanian yeshivohs in Israel. The current roshei yeshiva are Rabbi Dovid Cohen and Rabbi Yosef Chevroni.

Prominent alumni

 * Yitzchak Abadi, Rosh Kollel, Kollel Ohel Torah
 * Meyer Abovitz, av beis din in Russia
 * Yehuda Amital, rosh yeshiva, Yeshivat Har Etzion (Gush Etzion, West Bank)
 * Ratzon Arusi
 * Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron, Sepharadi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 * Simcha Zissel Broide, Rosh Yeshiva
 * Meir Chadash, Mashgiach
 * Aryeh Deri, leader of Israeli Shas party
 * Menachem Elon, the former Deputy Chief of Israeli Supreme Court
 * Baruch Mordechai Ezrachi, rosh yeshiva, Yeshiva Ateres Yisrael, Jerusalem
 * Zalman Nechemia Goldberg
 * Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 * Rene Gutman, Chief Rabbi, Strasbourg, France
 * Yeshayahu Hadari, rosh yeshiva, Yeshivat Hakotel (Jerusalem)
 * Yitzchak Hutner, rosh yeshiva, Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin (Brooklyn, New York)
 * Shneur Kotler, rosh yeshiva, Beth Medrash Govoha (Lakewood, New Jersey)
 * Dov Landau, rosh yeshiva, Slabodka yeshiva (Bnei Brak)
 * Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz
 * Raphael Pelcovitz, Rabbi Emeritus of the White Shul
 * Yitzhak Peretz, Chief Rabbi of Ra'anana
 * Aharon Pfeuffer, Rosh Yeshiva in London and Johannesburg, and known for his series on Kashrut
 * Sholom Schwadron, Haredi rabbi and maggid
 * Dov Schwartzman, rosh yeshiva, Yeshivas Beis HaTalmud (Jerusalem)
 * Avraham Shapira, rosh yeshiva, Mercaz HaRav (Jerusalem)
 * Moshe Shapiro, rabbi, Rosh kollel, and Rosh yeshiva, Yeshivas Shev Shmatsa
 * Moishe Sternbuch, vice-president of the Rabbinical Court and the Ra'avad of the Edah HaChareidis (Jerusalem)
 * David Yosef
 * Moshe Yosef (rabbi)
 * Yitzhak Yosef, Sepharadi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 * Eliezer Waldenberg

title: Hebron Yeshiva


text:
Nosson Tzvi Finkel

Nosson Tzvi Finkel may refer to one of the following roshei yeshiva in Orthodox Judaism:

 * Nosson Tzvi Finkel (Slabodka) (1849–1927), of the Slabodka yeshiva in Kaunas, Lithuania, or his descendant,
 * Nosson Tzvi Finkel (Mir) (1943–2011), of the Mirrer Yeshiva in Jerusalem, Israel

title: Nosson Tzvi Finkel


text:
User talk:Slim Shady

Yo! Leave your messages here.

26th of July Movement
Hi. You removed some of the information I had put in the article about those who were involved but became disaffected, stating you thought it was POV.

Can you explain how you justify this? I was careful to put the comments in the context that these were the values and beliefs of the men involved, and everything referred to is documented as having happened. I would be grateful if you got back to me on this. Cheers, Big Jim Fae Scotland, 19 March 2004

title: User talk:Slim Shady


text:
User:Sj/internal

Todo: color/section/ give this page some TLC

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title: User:Sj/internal


text:
Spectravideo

Spectravideo International Limited (SVI) (printed as Spectra Video, with the space, in game manuals) was an American computer manufacturer and software house. It was originally called SpectraVision, a company founded by Harry Fox in 1981. The company produced video games and other software for the VIC-20 home computer, the Atari 2600 home video game console, and its CompuMate peripheral. Some of their own computers were compatible with the Microsoft MSX or the IBM PC.

Despite their initial success, the company faced financial troubles, and by 1988, operations ceased. Later, a UK-based company bought the Spectravideo brand name from Bondwell in 1988, but this company, known as Logic3, had no connection to the original Spectravideo products and was dissolved in 2016.

History

SpectraVision was founded in 1981 by Harry Fox and Alex Weiss as a distributor of computer games, contracting external developers to write the software. Their main products were gaming cartridges for the Atari 2600, Colecovision and VIC-20. They also made the world's first ergonomic joystick, the QuickShot. In late 1982 the company was renamed to Spectravideo due to a naming conflict with On Command Corporation's Hotel TV system called SpectraVision.

In the early 1980s, the company developed 11 games for the Atari 2600, including several titles of some rarity: Chase the Chuckwagon, Mangia and Bumper Bash. A few of their titles were only available through the Columbia House music club.

The company's first attempt at a computer was an add-on for the Atari 2600 called the Spectravideo CompuMate, with a membrane keyboard and very simple programmability.

Spectravideo's first real computers were the SV-318 and SV-328, released in 1983. Both were powered by a Z80 A at 3.6 MHz, but differed in the amount of RAM (SV-318 had 32KB and SV-328 had 80KB total, of which 16KB was reserved for video) and keyboard style. The main operating system, residing in ROM, was a version of Microsoft Extended BASIC, but if the computer was equipped with a floppy drive, the user had the option to boot with CP/M instead. These two computers were precedent to MSX and not fully compatible with the standard, though the changes made to their design to create MSX were minor. The system had a wide range of optional hardware, for example an adapter making it possible to run ColecoVision games on the SVI. SpectraVideo also created the QuickShot SVI-2000 Robot Arm which could be connected to a Commodore 64 user port or be controlled stand-alone with two joysticks.

In May 1983, Spectravideo went public with the sale of 1 million shares of stock at $6.25 per share in an initial public offering underwritten by brokerage D. H. Blair & Co.

However, Spectravideo quickly ran into trouble. By December 1983 its stock had fallen to 75 cents per share. In March 1984, the company agreed to sell a 60% stake of itself to Hong Kong-based Bondwell Holding in a deal that would have also required the resignation of president Harry Fox and vice-president Alex Weiss. That deal was set aside when Spectravideo was unable to restructure about $2.6 million worth of debt, and another deal where Fanon Courier U.S.A. Inc. would have purchased 80% of the company was struck in July.

The Fanon Courier deal similarly fell through, and Fox resigned as president in September, with Bondwell Holding purchasing over half of the company's stock and installing Bondwell vice-president Christopher Chan as the new president.

A later computer, the Spectravideo SVI-728, was made MSX compatible.

SVI-738, also MSX compatible, came with a built-in 360 KB 3.5" floppy drive.

The last computer produced by Spectravideo was the SVI-838 (also known as Spectravideo X'Press 16). It was a PC and MSX2 in the same device.

Legacy

The Spectravideo name was used by a UK-based company called SpectraVideo Plc, formerly known as Ash & Newman. That company was founded in 1977, and bought the Spectravideo brand name from Bondwell in 1988. They sold a range of products branded as Logic3, and have no connection to the original Spectravideo products. The company changed its name to Logic3 in 2006, and entered administration in 2013 after a licensing deal with Ferrari proved to be a failure. The company was formally dissolved on 19 April 2016.

List of video games
There are 68 games for Spectravideo that are not compatible with MSX computers

title: Spectravideo


text:
Standesamt Wongrowitz

Standesamt Wongrowitz was a civil registration district (Standesamt) located in Kreis Wongrowitz, province of Posen of the German Empire (1871–1918). This Standesamt was located in and administered the town of Wongrowitz as well as the nearby communities of:

title: Standesamt Wongrowitz


text:
Warith Deen Mohammed

Warith Deen Mohammed (born Wallace D. Muhammad; October 30, 1933 – September 9, 2008), also known as W. Deen Mohammed, Imam W. Deen Muhammad and Imam Warith Deen, was an African-American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher, Muslim revivalist, and Islamic thinker.

He was a son of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam from 1933 to 1975. In 1975, upon Elijah Muhammad's death, he became the Nation of Islam's national leader (Supreme Minister).

In 1976, he disbanded the original Nation of Islam (NOI) and transformed it into an ostensibly orthodox and mainstream Sunni Islamic movement. He rejected the previous deification of Wallace Fard Muhammad, accepted whites as fellow-worshippers, forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, and introduced the Five Pillars of Islam into his group's theology. This organization was called the Bilalians (1975), World Community of Al-Islam in the West (1976–77), American Muslim Mission (1978–85), and finally the American Society of Muslims.

Splinter groups which resisted these changes were formed after Elijah Muhammad's death, particularly under Louis Farrakhan, who would revive the name Nation of Islam (from Final Call) for his organization in 1978. Farrakhan's NOI and the previous Final Call claim that they are direct continuations of the pre-1975 NOI and the pre-1975 Final Call.

Early life and education
Mohammed was born Wallace D. Muhammad on Yemans Street in Hamtramck, Michigan in 1933. In 1992, he changed his legal name to Warithuddin Muhammad, Warith Deen Muhammad, which translates to 'Inheritor of the Religion of Muhammad'. His parents were Clara and Elijah Muhammad, both highly active in the Nation of Islam (NOI), the organization that preached a form of Black nationalism and its own version of Islam. From 1934 until he died in 1975, Elijah Muhammad led the Nation under the title, "the Messenger of Allah."

Named to honor Wallace Fard Muhammad (Fard), the founder of the Nation of Islam, Mohammed grew up in Chicago as one of seven siblings. His elementary education came from the Muhammad University of Islam (MUI) school system (later known as the Clara Muhammad Schools, or Muhammad Schools). He briefly studied Arabic as a youth under Jamal Shakir Diab, a Palestinian who was later hired by his father to teach at the MUI in Chicago.

Mohammed became a minister under his father in late 1958 and served in Philadelphia during the late 1950s and early 1960s. While serving in Philadelphia, W.D. Mohammed commenced an extensive study of Ahmadiyya doctrines under Philadelphia-based Ahmadi missionary Muhammad Abdullah.

On October 29, 1961, Mohammed was arrested for failure to report to Elgin State Hospital. The following day, on his 28th birthday, Mohammed was transferred to Federal Correctional Institution, Sandstone to begin a term for having refused induction into the United States military. He could have performed community service, but his father pressed him to accept the jail time. He spent most of that time studying the Quran, the main Islamic holy book, and the Bible.

He became convinced that the Nation of Islam had to change. In 1963, he was released from prison and resumed studies under Muhammad Abdullah. Close also to Malcolm X, who the NOI had expelled, he found that by this time his viewpoints deviated significantly from those of his father, whom he no longer believed to be a prophet. Because of this conclusion, he was excommunicated five different times; by 1974, he returned permanently to the NOI.

Reforming the Nation of Islam
Upon his father's death on February 25, 1975, Mohammed was unanimously chosen as the leader of the Nation of Islam and introduced to the NOI membership at the annual Saviours' Day convention on February 26, 1975. Among the first changes Mohammed instituted, he dropped the title Supreme Minister and took the titles Mujaddid, Chief Imam, or simply Imam, in 1976. The same year, he unveiled a new flag for the NOI community.

These were just two of the many reforms which Mohammed introduced. Among others, he eliminated the NOI dress code, disbanded the military branch of the NOI, clarified the concept of the devil, and introduced an eclectic, esoteric interpretation of Islam he labeled, The Divine Mind/Body-Christ. According to WD's former Special Aide Dr. Na'im Akbar, WD's Teachings are not restricted to WD's followers but "will provide for the social community a series of readings which will cultivate and grow them more effectively as social human beings... based on the most renowned religious teachings of a teacher in the West." Similarly, via his various written works, Muhammad Speaks newspaper, and public speeches, he gradually introduced and explained Islam's Five Pillars. He stated that Fard was not divine and that his father was not a prophet. All of the over 400 temples were converted into traditional Islamic mosques. He also renamed the community several times before finally settling on the American Society of Muslims to reflect the new thinking. Mohammed was frank about his intentions to evolve the movement. On November 19, 1978, he spoke on the "Evolution of the Nation of Islam" at the American Academy of Religion in New Orleans.

Mohammed's changes reached deep into the philosophy of the movement which his father had led for so long. He rejected literal interpretations of divine scriptures, his father's theology, and Black-separatist views, and based on his intensive independent study, history, and theology, he accepted whites as fellow worshipers. However, he also encouraged African Americans (Bilalians) to separate themselves from their pasts, in 1976 calling upon them to change their surnames which were often given to their ancestors by slave masters. He forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, including Latinos. He also decentralized power. On September 10, 1978, in an address in Atlanta he resigned as Chief Imam and appointed a six-member council to lead the Community.

Mohammed felt quite keenly about his role in reform. In an interview which was published in the Muhammad Speaks newspaper and conducted by his brother Jabir Herbert Muhammad, Mohammed described his role as the successor to their father as that of a Mujeddid, one who would watch over the new Islam or community. In 1979 he used the title Mujeddid (Mujaddid) on his byline in his weekly articles for the Bilalian News (the new title of Muhammad Speaks).

Warith Deen Mohammed received encouragement from the international Muslim community, yet the changes which he made within the Nation of Islam were not universally accepted. Several dissident groups resisted, most notably those who followed Louis Farrakhan in breaking ranks with Mohammed. These groups revived the name 'Nation of Islam' between 1977 and 1979. At the outset of the 1991 Gulf War, Warith Deen Mohammed became the only American Imam to issue a public endorsement of the US military bombing of Iraq. Two consecutive Muslim Journal issues featured the endorsement on its front page. The endorsement came on the eve of the Amiriyah shelter bombing.

The following year, in recognition of his military endorsement, the United States Congress and Pentagon honored WD Mohammed for his "loyal and unswerving religious leadership in support of our Nation during the difficult times during the Gulf War." Mohammed described the invitation "I am like floating in the air. I never dreamed that we would receive such an invitation." When questioned about his Gulf War endorsement and call for Muslims to fight Muslims generated conflicts in his community, he replied, "Yes, it is a conflict. It is a conflict of emotions and a conflict of conscience for many. But for me it is no conflict of conscience when I know that I am on the right side. Once I know that I am on the right side, I have no conflict of conscience at all. I did not rush into any decision. I thought it out very carefully…So I thank America many times. I thank you again. I thank the military. I thank the Army. I thank all of you. I told my sons I would be proud if my sons were in the military."

In 1995, Mohammed released a statement in which he expressed his concern about Farrakhan's motivations and the racial divisiveness of his ministry. Yet over the next twenty years, the pair would embrace publicly. Warith Deen Mohammed declared, "I will never denounce him as long as he says he wants to be a Muslim." They also declared reconciliation at the annual NOI Saviours' Day convention on February 25, 2000, and NOI Million Family March on October 16, 2000. Still, on August 10, 2007, Mohammed repeated his frustration with the separatist stance of the current Nation of Islam, stating that its leaders had, "for the last 10 years or more,...just been selling wolf tickets to [threatening, without substance] the white race and having fun while they collect money and have fancy lifestyles." He predicted a quiet evolution in the NOI towards unity with the mainstream American Muslim community.

Building ties within the Muslim community
Mohammed was intent on strengthening bonds between his movement and the wider American Muslim faith community as well as with followers of Islam abroad. It was his goal to align American Muslims with Sunni Islam. In 1976, he took a delegation to Guyana on an official state visit to meet with Prime Minister Forbes Burnham, and the then President of Guyana Arthur Chung, during which he forged ties with the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the region.

In Geneva, Switzerland in 1985, he met with Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Al-Sharif, Secretary General of the World Islamic Call Society of Libya and Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi, an Afghan mujahid, to discuss areas of future cooperation with the World Islamic Call Society and the Muslim Community of America. He hosted Grand Mufti Abdullah Mukhtar, the leader of an estimated 60 million Muslims at Masjid Bilal, during his first visit to the United States in 1994.

In 1999, he was elected to serve on the Islamic Society of North America's shura board. That same year, during Ramadan, he pledged to work with the Grand Mufti of Syria, Shaikh Ahmed Kuftaro an-Naqshbandi for the advancement of Al-Islam during a meeting with Kuftaro and Shaikh Nazim al-Haqqani. He was the special invited guest and keynote speaker at the "Inaugural Conference on the Growth and Development of Islam in America", held at Harvard University on March 3–4, 2000.

Interfaith cooperation
Just as Mohammed sought to be racially inclusive, he also focused on cooperation between multiple faiths. On May 23, 1976, he conducted a massive interfaith Spiritual Life Jubilee with the Peoples Temple in Los Angeles, California and headlined with Jim Jones on the subject, "A New Heaven and a New Earth". In 1977, he participated in a Muslim-Christian dialogue in Fort Worth, Texas with Dr. Jack Evans, then President of Southwestern Christian College in Terrell, Texas. In February 1978, he gave a historic address before more than 1,000 Jews and Muslims at the Washington Hebrew Congregation in Washington, D.C., then under the leadership of Rabbi Joshua O. Haberman.

This was a focus that would persist throughout his career. In 1993, he spoke at the Interfaith Roundtable National Conference of Christians, Jews and Muslims in Detroit, Michigan. "If we look at the broad definition for Muslim, we have to say that even though a Christian may be worshipping Jesus the Christ Prophet more than he is worshipping Allah, he or she may be Muslim in their spirit. They may still be Muslim, though the orientation has now dominated their Muslim urge. The person carrying a heavy cross may be a Muslim inwardly. So it is for a Jew, or Communist, or a Buddhist, or a Hindu."

In March 1995, he gave the keynote address at the Muslim-Jewish Convocation in Glencoe, Illinois. From October 1–6, 1996 he met with Pope John Paul II and Cardinal Francis Arinze at the Holy See in Rome. On August 17, 1997, he was presented the Luminosa Award for Unity from the Focolare Movement. On September 9, 1997, he addressed the Baltimore Jewish Council speaking on themes of worldwide justice and fairness.

On May 18–20, 1998, he attended the Conference on Religion and Peace which was sponsored by the Center for Christian, Jewish Understanding of Sacred Heart University in Auschwitz, Poland. In June 1998 he addressed the Muslim Friends of the Focolare conference in Rome, Italy, in October of the following year, along with a 92-member delegation, he spoke before a gathering of 100,000 people in the Vatican. Pope John Paul II and the Dalai Lama were both in attendance.

On October 29, 2001, Mohammed, Minister Louis Farrakhan, Pastor Robert H. Schuller, and members of the Parliament of the World's Religions participated in an "Evening of Religious Solidarity" at the Islamic Foundation in Villa Park, Illinois.

Political and social activities
Throughout his ministry, Mohammed remained politically active, both domestically and internationally. His early meetings with prominent political figures included meetings with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1975, Sharjah ruler Sheik Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi in 1976, and United States President Jimmy Carter in 1977.

He was the only American who was invited and the only American to attend the 10th Annual Islamic Conference of Ministers in May, 1979, in Fes, Morocco.

In April 1988, he participated as the representative of Muslim Americans in the "Political and Religious Leaders Campaign for Planetary Survivor" in Oxford Town Hall. Later that year he was among 100 leaders in religion, government, business, law and philanthropy who gathered in Williamsburg, Virginia during the Williamsburg Charter Foundations "First Liberty Summit".

In 1995, he participated in the Forbes Forum on Management in Naples, Florida. In 1996, he participated in the "National Discussion on Race & Reconciliation" sponsored by the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. In late 1997, he attended the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Teheran, Iran, and he participated in The Religious Community and Moral Challenge of Poverty Round Table Discussion convened by former U. S. Senator Paul Simon in 1998 in Carbondale, Illinois.

In November 1999, he attended consecutive World Peace Conferences. The first conference, Jubilenium Interfaith Conference for World Peace, was an invitation-only event held in Tiberias, Israel. The second was the 7th World Assembly of the World Conference on Religion and Peace, held in Amman, Jordan.

He was a prominent political speaker. Mohammed gave the first invocation in the United States Senate ever by a Muslim in 1992. That same year, he became the first Muslim to deliver an address on the floor of the Georgia State Legislature. In 1993, he gave an Islamic prayer during the first Inaugural Interfaith Prayer Service of President Bill Clinton, and again in 1997 at the second Interfaith Prayer Service. In 1996, he was invited to Egypt by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to address the Supreme Council of Affairs in Cairo on the theme "Islam and the Future of Dialogue between Civilizations".

He sat on a number of councils and committees, both domestically and abroad. In 1986, he was selected to serve on the World Supreme Council of Masajid (mosques) as one of only three representatives of the United States. Also in 1995 he was selected as a President of the World Conference of Religions for Peace (WCRP) and addressed its governing board in Copenhagen, Denmark. In January 1997, he was appointed to President Bill Clinton's Religious Advisory Council. In 2000, he was named to the executive committee of the Religious Alliance Against Pornography (RAAP).

He made his opinions on political matters known. On July 4, 1976, he started the New World Patriotism Day celebrations which were conducted on Independence Day in major cities across America.

In 1984, Mohammed went against the mainstream African American political establishment and opposed Reverend Jesse Jackson's run for the Democratic nomination for president. In 1985, to protest the Chicago probate court handling of an American Muslim Mission case, he organized a "Walk for Justice" that drew 500,000 participants.

On December 23, 1989, he spoke at the Annual Conference of the Islamic Committee for Palestine on the plight of the Palestinians. In 1990, Mohammed supported and endorsed Neil Hartigan for Governor of Illinois. He gave his support to the peacemaking and humanitarian efforts of Bishop Samuel Ruiz.

On September 10, 1990, he participated in the international conference on the "Current Situation in the Gulf", where he made his opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait a matter of public record. He stated: "We consider President George Bush to be an honorable man. We commend his actions in ordering the surgical strikes on Iraqi military installations. These efforts to avoid excessive loss of human life are appreciated."

On behalf of the Muslim American Community, he donated $85,000 to Nelson Mandela to aid his efforts to end apartheid in South Africa during a personal meeting in Oakland, California on June 30, 1990. On September 11, 2001, he denounced the terrorist attacks as un-Islamic.

Fiqh
While he emphasized unity within the Muslim community, Warith Deen Mohammed also asked the American Muslim community to establish a new school of fiqh, a code of conduct for the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam. He told Islamica magazine in 2008 that he felt that the madhhab—the schools of thought within fiqh—were geographically influenced and should be regionally developed, suggesting that "I think we are gradually getting a sense of madhabs in America, especially those like me. We are getting a sense of madhabs. And with the coming generation I think that we will be getting a much stronger sense of it. It is coming more and more." However, his call for a new madhhab came under fire from mainstream Muslims globally who questioned his motivation for desiring such an unprecedented action.

Imagery and color symbolism
Mohammed was sensitive to the potential impact of the use of images and symbols in religions. In a 1975 article, he explored this topic and in 1976, he published his first article about the subject in the Bilalian News (later the Muslim Journal). Titled "A Message of Concern", this article has run in every subsequent copy of the publication. He also spoke about the subject. For instance, during a June 17, 1977 Friday service, he taught his followers about "The meaning of colors in Scripture and the Natural Powers of Black and White", describing ancient scriptural symbolism and its effect on modern-day scriptural and religious interpretation. He also elaborated on how colors in scripture have triggered racist influences in religious societies. In 1977, he formed the Committee for the Removal of All Images that Attempt to Portray the Divine (C.R.A.I.D.).

Personal life
Warith Deen Mohammed's first wife was Shirley Mohammed, with whom he had four children. By 1994, according to The Los Angeles Times, Mohammed had been married four times and had fathered eight children. Mohammed married Khadija Siddeeq in 2004. Mohammed's eldest child Laila Mohammed stated that Warith Deen practiced polygamy. However this polygamy assertion is disputed within the community.

Beyond his public role in religion and politics, Mohammed was involved in real estate, import clothing and skin care. During his excommunications from the Nation of Islam in his 30s, he served as a laborer.

Death
Mohammed died in Chicago in early September 2008 of a likely heart attack. His body was found in his home by his assistant Rafa Muhammad on Tuesday September 9. In addition to cardiovascular disease, Mohammed suffered from diabetes.

According to the Final Call newspaper, "The Janazah prayer service was delayed for close to an hour so the huge crowd that had assembled could be organized and situated." The Chicago Tribune wrote that 8,000 Muslims attended his funeral. His funeral was held at the Islamic Foundation Masjid in Villa Park, Illinois. Imam W.D. Mohammed was buried at Mount Glenwood Memory Gardens (South) Glenwood, Cook County, Illinois.

Honors
On his 44th birthday (October 30, 1977), Mohammed received the Key to the City of Detroit, Michigan from the then Mayor of Detroit Coleman Young, along with a Proclamation declaring October 30, 1977 Wallace D. Muhammad Day in Detroit.

Then Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton proclaimed March 26, 1983 "Economic Dignity Day" in the state of Arkansas. In doing so he stated the following: Whereas, through the leadership and efforts of Warith Deen Muhammad, the American Muslim Mission is on the path of economic progress and achieving growth through unity...(I) urge all citizens to engage in activities which promote economic progress.

On July 4, 1983, Muhammad shared the Reviewing Stand for the 1984 New World Patriotism Day Parade in Chicago with then State Senator, Emarald Jones, State Representative, Howard Brooks, parade Grand Marshal, Harold Washington the then Mayor of Chicago, and many other dignitaries. Mayor Harold Washington issued a proclamation declaring July 4, 1984 as New World Patriotism Day Coalition Parade Day in Chicago.

In 1988, King Hassan II of Morocco, invited Mohammed to participate in the traditional devotions during Ramadan, stating: Through you Imam W. Deen Mohammed all the people in America are represented.

In 1992, President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt honored Warith Deen Mohammed with "The Gold Medal of Recognition" for his religious work in the United States. He received the Focolare Movement "Luminosa Award for Unity" in 1997. On May 17, 1999, he received a Certificate of Appreciation from the United States Department of State. In 2002, Ebony Magazine selected him as one of its "100 Most Influential Black Americans".

On December 9, 1994, he received the Cup of Compassion from the Hartford Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut.

On April 6, 2002, Mohammed was made a member of the Martin Luther King Jr. International Board of Preachers at Morehouse College in Atlanta, and his portrait was hung in the International Chapel there.

On Saturday, September 3, 2005, the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) presented an award to W. Deen Mohammed in recognition of his outstanding leadership role in the American Muslim community at The Mosque Cares sponsored Annual Islamic Convention.

In eulogizing Mohammed on CNN blogs, the executive director of CAIR-Chicago, Ahmed Rehab, called him "America's Imam."

Books authored

 * The Teachings of W. D. Muhammad, Muhammad's Mosque #2, Chicago, 1976
 * The Lectures of Emam W. D. Muhammad, Muhammad's Mosque #2, Chicago, 1976
 * Book of Muslim Names, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad Mosque #2, Chicago, February 1976
 * The Man and the Woman in Islam, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad Mosque #2, Chicago, February 1976
 * As the Light Shineth from the East, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1980
 * Prayer and Al-Islam, Muhammad Islamic Foundation, Chicago, 1982, Library of Congress Card Number: 82-61077
 * Religion on the Line, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1983
 * Imam W. Deen Muhammad speaks from Harlem, N.Y. Book 1, W. D. M. Publications, 1984
 * Imam W. Deen Muhammad speaks from Harlem, N.Y.: Challenges That Face Man Today Book 2, 1985
 * Meeting The Challenge: Halal Foods for Our Everyday Needs, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad Masjid, Chicago, 1986
 * An African American Genesis, M.A.C.A. Publication Fund, Chicago, Illinois, 1986, Library of Congress Card Number: 86-63266
 * Focus on Al-Islam: Interviews with Imam W. Deen Mohammed, Zakat Publications, Chicago, Dec. 1988, Library of Congress Card Number: 89-090728
 * Al-Islam: Unity, and Leadership, The Sense Maker, Chicago, 1991, Library of Congress Card Number: 91-061449, ISBN 1-879698-00-5
 * Worst Oppression Is False Worship "The Key Is Tauheed-Oneness of Allah," W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1991
 * Growth for a Model Community in America, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1995
 * Islam's Climate for Business Success, The Sense Maker, Chicago, 1995, Library of Congress Card Number: 95-071105, ISBN 1-879698-01-3
 * Mohammed Speaks, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1999
 * Blessed Ramadan – The Fast of Ramadan
 * Plans for a Better Future: Peace, Inclusion and International Brotherhood
 * The Schemes Of Satan the Enemy of Man
 * The Champion We Have In Common: The Dynamic African American Soul Books 1, 2, 3, & 4, The Mosque Cares Publications, August 2005
 * A Time for Greater Communities Volumes 1–4
 * Securing our Share of Freedom
 * Prayer in al-Islam, A Learner's Guide w/Instructional CD, WDM Publications, Chicago, 2007
 * Return to Innocence: Transitioning of the Nation of Islam, The Sense Maker, Chicago, 2007
 * Life The Final Battlefield, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 2008

Pamphlets

 * A Look At W. Deen Mohammed: Muslim American Spokesman for Human Salvation, A Ministry of W. Deen Mohammed Publication, Chicago, 1993

Video and audio presentations

 * Imam W. Deen Mohammed: "Systems of Knowledge", Muslim News Magazine, recorded as a television special by MNM during the 1994 Islamic Convention in Washington, D.C. This classroom lecture was delivered in front of more than 200 Imams and scholars at the Renaissance Hotel. "Systems of Knowledge" is a classroom presentation on the essence of Quranic Arabic and its meaning to all mankind. This presentation marked the only time that Mohammed allowed cameras into one of his private Imam classes. RT: 60 minutes. 1994.

title: Warith Deen Mohammed


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Talk:Intelligence

Intelligence as seen by other cultures
This article needs an addition that describes how other cultures conceive of intelligence

Semi-protected edit request on 10 August 2022
Please add the following recent title to further reading :

Holm-Hadulla, Rainer M.; Funke, Joachim; Wink, Michael (2022). Intelligence - Theories and Applications, London, Berlin, New York: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-031-04197-6. source: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-04198-3 Homoscribens (talk) 18:19, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Please provide rationale and secondary sources establishing noteworthiness. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 18:29, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 October 2022
I'd like to add to "Intelligence - Further Reading":

Rainer M. Holm-Hadulla, Joachim Funke, Michael Wink: Intelligence - Theories and Applications. Springer Nature, Switzerland 2022; ISBN 978-3-031-04197-6. Kreativität und Intelligenz (talk) 07:38, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Looks like this is a duplicate of a previous edit request; please establish noteworthiness as requested by . Rolf H Nelson (talk) 03:03, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Genes for intelligence
Why was what I wrote reverted? 12.110.37.3 (talk) 02:00, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

 * 12.110.37.3 (talk) 03:44, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

 * For reference, this is the source:
 * The added content was overly-broad and misrepresented the source, and it wasn't clear why this would belong in the lead of the article. Additionally, saying "already" is editorializing language which misrepresents the study to imply a degree of importance and obviousness which is not supported by the source, and again, wouldn't necessarily belong in the lead even if it were. Grayfell (talk) 04:06, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The added content was overly-broad and misrepresented the source, and it wasn't clear why this would belong in the lead of the article. Additionally, saying "already" is editorializing language which misrepresents the study to imply a degree of importance and obviousness which is not supported by the source, and again, wouldn't necessarily belong in the lead even if it were. Grayfell (talk) 04:06, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

marks remove 27.114.165.106 (talk) 19:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intelligence


text:
User:Daniel Brockman

Daniel Brockman, software person.

Though I’d been using and editing Wikipedia earlier, I became a registered user on the English Wikipedia around March 2004. I do mostly sporadic, editorial changes, but I have made a couple of somewhat larger contributions. My first significant contribution was rewriting most of the computer science article on polymorphism. I also expanded the stub on GObject into a pretty decent article.

I created accounts on the Swedish Wikipedia and both the English and Swedish Wiktionaries on December 13, 2005, but I haven’t really managed to get into that yet. My first pair of Wiktionary entries were on myrornas krig, in both Swedish and English. On March 11, 2007, I created an account on the Lojbanic Wikipedia and proceeded to create le la .OIdipus. stura, the Lojban article on the Oedipus complex. We’ll see how that goes.

sv:Användare:Daniel Brockman jbo:User:Daniel Brockman

title: User:Daniel Brockman


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Talk:Reginald Wolfe

Online edition of Chrolicles and copyright
Is it OK to link to an online edition of the Chronicles? Please check out the link and tell me what you think! --Cobwebber 11:37, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Somebody from the University of Pennsylvania just told me "Everything on our website is copyright protected by The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania". So I guess I'd better remove the link to Chronicles. Same thing in the Raphael Holinshed article. -Cobwebber 14:01, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, Cobwebber! Even if the material is under the Univ of Pennsylvania's copyright, there's no reason we can't include a hyperlink to their site. (Purely as a side note, although they may claim copyright, they can't really own copyright on scans of public domain works--but that's a whole different battle that we don't have to concern ourselves with). So, anyway, I'll restore the link. PRiis 00:44, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops--actually, I'll just restore it on the Holinshed page, not the Wolfe page. PRiis 00:54, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reginald Wolfe