text:
Impressive (horse)

Impressive (April 15, 1969 – March 20, 1995) was an Appendix Quarter Horse, who earned his full AQHA registration in 1971. He was the 1974 World Champion Open Aged halter stallion, the first such World Champion in his breed, despite carrying only 48 halter points in total. He sired 2,251 foals, of which thirty went on to be World Champions themselves. The horse was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2022.

Showing and breeding
In his showing days, Impressive changed hands a number of times. One of his owners was Dean Landers, who also owned the halter stallions Two Eyed Jack, Coy's Bonanza, and Sonny Dee Bar. Although Impressive was sent to race training, he never raced. He was sent home and the next year he was excluded from any performance discipline due to pedal osteitis, leaving halter as his only choice. His groundbreaking 1974 World Championship soon cemented his role in that discipline. Each time Impressive was resold, his price rose quickly; at one point, an offer of $300,000 for him was refused by Brown, who said "ain't nobody in this world got enough money to buy this horse."

Impressive was highly sought after for breeding, despite at one time carrying a stud fee of $25,000. He sired a total of 2,251 foals, and as of 2003, was estimated to have in excess of 55,000 living descendants. He was bred for his muscular and refined form, which was passed on to his offspring often enough to make him at least the #5 all-time leading Quarter Horse sire when ranked by AQHA points earned by all progeny combined.

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
HYPP was first recognized in the 1980s, but it became evident that many horses descended from Impressive were afflicted with the genetic disease hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), and in 1992 Impressive was publicly linked to HYPP and considered the index case. As of 2009 there were 355,000 registered descendants of Impressive with approximately 4% affected with HYPP.

HYPP is a dominant gene, and as such, all animals with even one copy of the gene, identified as "N/H", will exhibit some symptoms of the disease. Horses with two copies, identified as "H/H." will always pass on the condition, and research suggests that H/H horses may have more severe symptoms than N/H horses.

After a number of years of debate, effective since January 1, 2007, the AQHA amended rule 205(c)(3) and rule Rule 227(e) to require all descendants of Impressive to be tested prior to being registered, and ban from registration all horses born after January 1, 2007 with HYPP genetics confirmed by DNA testing to be homozygous for the condition (H/H). Other breed registries that accept animals with Quarter Horse bloodlines, including the American Paint Horse Association and the Appaloosa Horse Club, have instituted testing requirements but have yet to bar animals with the condition. There is currently a widespread effort among many breeders to eliminate the disease by selective breeding, but there are those who continue to breed without regard for it, or even deliberately seeking the muscular enhancement correlated with it, and in doing so perpetuate the disease's existence.

title: Impressive (horse)


text:
User talk:Shakeer

Creating new stubs
The pemberton stub is useful for the Indonesian project - please note project tags on talk page - the main crit is the lack of extra refs (ie WP:RS or publications details of on the subject of java - however as a start the main art is ok - please help by creating articles with more than one ref - thanks SatuSuro 23:43, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Brian T. Edwards
A tag has been placed on Brian T. Edwards requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Woland (talk) 15:16, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of John Pemberton (anthropologist)
A tag has been placed on John Pemberton (anthropologist) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Bongomatic (talk) 07:40, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of John Pemberton (anthropologist)
I have nominated John Pemberton (anthropologist), an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/John Pemberton (anthropologist). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Rschen7754 (T C) 21:43, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Huh?
Process? what the hell is going on? - thanks for the warning - cheers SatuSuro 00:37, 26 September 2008 (UTC) It would be a good idea to remember to sign your mail SatuSuro 00:38, 26 September 2008 (UTC) Please note that the article needs work for the culturaly confined (sic) and the deletors are none the wiser re his significance in the Javanese studies area - it needs more refs - the deletion and deletion review eds havent a clue about Indonesia or Java it is obvious- they need to be fed WP:RS SatuSuro 02:42, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Please help in expanding or checking the article in any way that might improve it - as afd scrutiny is not very forgiving of shortfalls of details - thanks SatuSuro 12:35, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Shakeer
Donot blank out the discussion page. Also donot forget to sign. Thinkloose (talk) 14:36, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Dilip P. Gaonkar
I have nominated Dilip P. Gaonkar, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Dilip P. Gaonkar. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. A new name 2008 (talk) 02:35, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Brian T. Edwards and others
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated articles are Brian T. Edwards, Dilip P. Gaonkar. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to the relevant discussion pages: Articles for deletion/Brian T. Edwards for Brian T. Edwards, Articles for deletion/Dilip P. Gaonkar (2nd nomination) for Dilip P. Gaonkar. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:05, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Allen Feldman

A tag has been placed on Allen Feldman requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be an unambiguous copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303855149_ARCHIVES_OF_THE_INSENSIBLE_OF_WAR_PHOTOPOLITICS_AND_DEAD_MEMORY_The_University_of_Chicago_Press_2015. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to use it for any reason — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. The same holds if you are not the owner but have their permission. If you are not the owner and do not have permission, see Requesting copyright permission for how you may obtain it. You might want to look at Wikipedia's copyright policy for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  Erpert  blah, blah, blah... 19:22, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Kyeong-Hee Choi for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Kyeong-Hee Choi is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Kyeong-Hee Choi until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. UtherSRG (talk) 16:21, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Shakeer


text:
Yusufzai

The Yusufzai or Yousafzai (یوسفزی, ), also referred to as the Esapzai (ايسپزی, ), or Yusufzai Afghans historically, are one of the largest tribes of Pashtuns. They are natively based in the northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Malakand, Dir, Swat, Shangla, Buner, Swabi, Mardan, Bajaur, Peshawar, Tor Ghar), to which they migrated from Kabul during the 16th century, but they are also present in parts of Afghanistan, including Kunar, Kabul, Kandahar and Farah. Outside of these countries, they can be found in Ghoriwala District Bannu (Mughal Khel), Balochistan Sibi (Akazai), Chagai (Hassanzai) and Rohilkandh.

Most of the Yusufzai speak a northern variety of Pashto and some southern variety of Pashto (as in case of Mughal Khel) and Afghan dialect Persian.

Etymology
In Pashto phonology, as /f/ is found only in loanwords and tends to be replaced by /p/, the name is usually pronounced as Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay. The name literally means "descendant of Yusuf" in Pashto; Yūsuf (يوسف) is an Arabic and Aramaic masculine given name meaning "(God) shall add."

According to some scholars, including philologist J.W. McCrindle, the name Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay is derived from the tribal names of Aspasioi and Assakenoi – the ancient inhabitants of the Kunar Valley and the Swat Valley who offered resistance when Alexander invaded their land in 327–326 BCE. According to historian R.C. Majumdar, the Assakenoi were either allied to or a branch of the larger Aspasioi, and both of these ancient tribal names were probably derived from the word Aśvaka, which literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "cavalrymen" (from aśva or aspa, the Sanskrit and Avestan words for "horse").

McCrindle noted: "The name of the Aśvaka indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. The fact that the Greeks translated their name into "Hippasioi" (from ἵππος, a horse) shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification."

The name of the Aśvakan or Assakan is also the origin of the ethnonym Afghān, which has been historically used for all Pashtuns.

Mythical genealogy
According to a popular mythical genealogy, recorded by 17th-century Mughal courtier Nimat Allah al-Harawi in his book Tārīkh-i Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-i Afghānī, the Yusufzai tribe descended from their eponymous ancestor Yūsuf, who was son of Mand, who was son of Khashay (or Khakhay), who was son of Kand, who was son of Kharshbūn, who was son of Saṛban (progenitor of the Sarbani tribal confederacy), who was son of Qais Abdur Rashid (progenitor of all Pashtuns). Qais Abdur Rashid was a descendant of Afghana, who was described as a grandson of the Israelite king Saul and commander-in-chief of the army of prophet Solomon. Qais was claimed to be a contemporary of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a kinsman of Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid. When Khalid ibn al-Walid summoned Qais from Ghor to Medina, Qais accepted Islam and the prophet renamed him Abdur Rashīd (meaning "Servant of the Guide to the Right Path" or "Servant of God" in Arabic). Abdur Rashid returned to Ghor and introduced Islam there. The book stated that Yūsuf's grandfather (and Mand's father), Khashay, also had two other sons, Muk and Tarkalāṇī, who were the progenitors of the Gigyani and Tarkani tribes, respectively. Yūsuf had one brother, Umar, who was the progenitor of the Mandanr tribe, which is closely related to Yusufzais.

The 1595 Mughal account Ain-i-Akbari also mentioned the tradition of Israelite descent among Pashtuns, which shows that the tradition was already popular among 16th-century Pashtuns.

Peace treaty with Babur
During the early modern period, the Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in Baburnama by Babur, a Timurid ruler from Fergana (in present-day Uzbekistan) who captured Kabul in 1504. On 21 January 1519, two weeks after his Bajaur massacre, Babur wrote: "On Friday we marched for Sawad (Swat), with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans, and dismounted in between the water of Panjkora and the united waters of Chandāwal (Jandul) and Bajaur. Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well-flavoured and quite intoxicating confections."

Due to the military and strategic strength of the Yousafzai, Babur needed security from their location in the hills that threatened his empire and did not allow for a safe expansion to India. As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans to have family ties, Babur married Bibi Mubarika, daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur on 30 January 1519 for mutual security after failing to subdue the tribe. Shah Mansur had favoured peace while the faction of Malik Ahmad Khan was against any forging of close ties. Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur, who later founded the Mughal Empire after defeating Pashtun Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. One of Mubarika's brothers, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal Emperors Humayun and Akbar. Although suspicions existed on both sides and the Yusufzai had never paid taxes or tributes to Babur or any other Mughal Emperor.

Yusufzai Chieftaincy
Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency. Major parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following.
 * Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1520 - 1535).
 * Malak Gaju Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1535 - 1553)
 * Malak Misri Khan Ali Asghar Yusufzai (Reign; 1553 - 1580)
 * Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1580 - 1585)
 * Malak Kalu Khan Yousafzai (Reign; 1585 - 1626).
 * Malak Bhaku Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1626 - 1675).

After 1675, the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar (Leader).

In 1586, Akbar the Great tried to invade Malakand in the Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586) but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar.

Skirmishes with Mughal forces
During the 1580s, many Yusufzais and Mandanrs rebelled against the Mughals and joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan. In late 1585, Mughal Emperor Akbar sent military forces under Zain Khan Koka and Birbal to crush the rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, were killed near the Karakar Pass between Swat and Buner by the Yusufzai lashkar led by Kalu Khan. This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal Army during Akbar's reign.

In 1630, under the leadership of Pir Roshan's great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, Kheshgi, Mohmand, Afridi, Bangash, and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in Peshawar. In 1667, the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from Delhi to suppress the revolt. Although the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern Kabul valley, he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai.

Durrani period
Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire, categorized all Afghan tribes into four ulūs (tribal confederacies) for administrative purposes: Durrani, Ghilji, Sur, and Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes, including the Mohmand, Afridi, Bangash, and Khattak. The Bar Durrani were also known as the Rohilla, and comprised the bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in Rohilkhand, India.

Najib-ud-Daula, who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe, was a prominent Rohilla chief. In the 1740s, he founded the city of Najibabad in Rohilkhand. In 1757, he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi. After his victory, Ahmad Shah Durrani re-installed the Mughal emperor Alamgir II on the Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head, but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad-Daula. From 1757 to 1770, Najib ad-Daula served as the governor of Saharanpur, also ruling over Dehradun. In 1761, he took part in the Third Battle of Panipat and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the Marathas. He also convinced Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh, to join the Durrani forces. Before his departure from Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib-ud-Daula as Mir Bakshi (paymaster-general) of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. After his death in 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah was succeeded by his son, Zabita Khan, who was defeated in 1772 by the Marathas, forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand. However, the descendants of Najib ad-Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by the British at Nagina on 21 April 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Today, many Yusufzais are settled in India, most notably in Rohilkhand region, as well as in Farrukhabad, which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash.

State of Dir
In Dir, descendants of 17th-century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai, the founder of the city of Dir, laid the foundation of the state of Dir. In 1897, the British Raj annexed Dir and granted the title of the "Nawab of Dir" to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel, the ruler of Dir (1886–1904).

The princely state of Dir existed until 1969, after which they were merged into West Pakistan, and then in 1970 into the North-West Frontier Province (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of Pakistan. Its area is part of the present-day Buner, Lower Dir and Upper Dir.

Yousafzai of Ghoriwala
One of Iliaszai grandson through Taje, was a man named Gadezai, who had five sons: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, and Ibrahim. The first four sons settled in present-day District Buner, while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by Ulugh Beg in Kabul. Initially settling in Kurram, Ibrahim's descendants eventually migrated to Ghoriwala in present-day District Bannu.

Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan, and his family was known as Hassan Khel. However, after one of his descendant, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, his tribe came to be known as Mughal Khel. Mughal Khan's leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, Mughal Khan's grandson, also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district. He also commissioned the construction of a beautiful mosque in Bannu Bazar in around 1820s.

The Mughal Khel tribe has the following sub-tribes: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, and Muhammad Hassan Khel. The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years. Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren, the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society, adopting the local elements and thus have transitioned from the Hard Pashto pronunciations to Soft Pashto but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified.

As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said: The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin.

Pashto dialect
Yusufzai Pashto, which is a variety of Northern Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Some of its consonants differ from the other dialects:

Society
The Yusufzai Pashtun aristocracy was historically divided into several communities based on patrilineal segmentary groups: The khān referred to the Yusufzai landowners. In the 16th century, saint Sheikh Milli, a prominent Yusufzai dignitary, distributed the Yusufzai land among the major Yusufzai tribal clans (khēl). However, to avoid inequalities, he ordered that the lands should not become permanent property of the clans, but rather they should be realloted within the patrilineal clans periodically after every ten years or so. In this system (wēsh), each landowning khān would own shares (brakha) representing his proportion of the total area distributed. Through a regular rotation of ownership, the Yusufzai landowners would migrate for up to 30 miles for their new share after each cycle, although the tenants cultivating the land would stay on.
 * Khān

The wēsh system operated among the Yusufzai of Swat region until at least 1920s. The hamsāya or "shade sharers" were the clients or dependents from other (non-Yusufzai) Pashtun tribes who became attached to the Yusufzai tribe over the years. The faqīr or "poor" were the non-Pashtun landless peasants who were assigned to the Yusufzai landowners. As dependent peasants, the faqīr used to pay rent for the land they cultivated.
 * Hamsāya
 * Faqīr

In the 19th century, the distinction between hamsāya as a "dependent Pashtun tribe" and faqīr as "non-Pashtun landless peasants" became blurred. Both terms were then interchangeably used to simply refer to landless dependents or clients. The mlātəṛ or "supporters" provided services to their patrons as artisans (kasabgar), musicians (ḍəm), herders, or commercial agents, mostly in return for a payment in grain or rice. The ghulām or "slaves" were more closely attached to their patron and his family and frequently entrusted with a variety of functions within their master's household. Although the ghulām were less free as compared to the hamsāya or the faqīr, they generally enjoyed a higher status in the society.
 * Mlātəṛ
 * Ghulām

Subtribes

 * Azizkhel
 * Akazai
 * Babuzai
 * Shamozai
 * Balarkhel
 * Chagharzai
 * Degankhel
 * Hassanzai
 * Kamalzai
 * Khan Khel
 * Khwaja Khel (Khwajgan)
 * Madakhel
 * Mahabatkhel
 * Malizai
 * Mandanr
 * Abakhel
 * Khadarzai
 * Utmanzai
 * Mughal Khel
 * Niamatkhel
 * Nikpikhel
 * Ranizai
 * Tahirkheli

Notable Yusufzais/Yousafzais

 * Gaju Khan, Pashtun Revolutionary and ruler who once served under Sher Shah Sur
 * Shaukat Ali Yousafzai, Journalist and PTI leader
 * Gohar Ali Khan, Lawyer and Chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI)
 * Mashal Yousafzai, Chief advisor to the Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and lawyer for PTI
 * Bibi Mubarika, Empress Consort of the Mughal Empire
 * Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai, "Founder of Pakhtunkhwa" who fought for control of northern Khyber and Pakhtunkhwa to expand the Yusufzai tribe
 * Bahaku Khan Yousafzai, Afghan Warrior who fought in the Sixth Afghan-Mughal War of 1667-1678
 * Kalu Khan Yusufzai (16th Century), Afghan chieftan leader who rallied his tribe and rebelled against Mughal Emperor Akbar and inflicted one of their greatest defeats in 1586
 * Hafiz Alpuri, Pashto Poet of the 18th Century
 * Haji Musa Khan, Pashtun tribal leader martyr who refused to give up ground to the Taliban
 * Malala Yousafzai (born 1997), Pashtun female education activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, from the Dalokhel Subclan
 * Ziauddin Yousafzai (born 1969), Pashtun education activist and father of Malala Yousafzai, from the Dalokhel Subclan
 * Khan Roshan Khan, Pashtun historian
 * Najib ad-Dawlah Yousafzai, Afghan serviceman who fought with Ahmad Shāh's Durrani Empire to Victory at Panipat, 1761
 * Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai, was the fourth ruler of Pakhtunkhwa State. Ghazi Khan was martyred in the battle against the Mughals
 * Karnal Sher Khan, Military officer who was martyred in the Kargil War and decorated with the awarded Nishan-e-Haider for highest Wartime Gallantry of Pakistan
 * Rahimullah Yusufzai, Journalist who once interviewed Osama Bin Laden
 * Sami Yousafzai, Afghan Journalist
 * Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai, Socialist Revolutionary, decorated War Hero of the Afghan War of Independence as well as a founding father for the nation of Tajikistan
 * Abdul Ghafoor Yusufzai, Afghan footballer representing the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the 1948 Summer Olympic Games
 * Mohammad Sarwar Yousafzai, Afghan footballer who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics
 * Ahmad Yusufzai, Afghan field hockey player
 * Hamidullah Yousafzai, Afghan football player who played for Afghanistan national football team
 * Abaseen Yousafzai, Poet and famous writer
 * Sartor Faqir, was a Pashtun tribal Yusufzai leader and a freedom fighter. The faqīr declared a Jihād against the British Empire, unsuccessfully in 1895, then successfully in 1897
 * Nisar Muhammad Khan, specialised in Pashto language and culture
 * Azimullah Khan Yusufzai, Afghan warrior hero of the Great Revolt of 1857 against the British East India Company
 * Malik Jamroz Khan, Pashtun tribal leader and among the founders of the Princely State of Swat
 * Afzal Khan Lala, Pashtun nationalist, NAP affiliate and former provincial and federal minister of NWFP
 * Kabir Stori, Pashtun nationalist, poet and writer who founded the Pashtuns Social Democratic Party, refused offers to join government from President Najibullah and was imprisoned by the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq
 * Asmatullah Rohani, Afghan judge, educator and a human rights activist during the PDPA regime
 * Jafar Khan Yusufzai, former Raes of Mughal Khel Tappa, Bannu
 * Madhubala, Indian Bollywood actress and superstar

title: Yusufzai


text:
Talk:Bainbridge Island

This article should probably be merged with Bainbridge Island, Washington. RickK | Talk 06:09, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bainbridge Island


text:
My Dying Bride

My Dying Bride are an English doom metal band formed in Bradford. Since their inception in 1990, they have released 15 studio albums, five EPs, one demo, one box set, four compilation albums, one live album, and one live CD/DVD release.

Along with Anathema and Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride were a forerunner of the death doom metal and gothic metal genres during the early 1990s. These bands comprise "The Peaceville Three" as all were signed to Peaceville Records at the time.

Early years (1990–1992)
My Dying Bride formed in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, in June 1990, after guitarist Andrew Craighan and drummer Rick Miah co-formed the band after they had split from Abiosis, joining vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe and guitarist Calvin Robertshaw while ending Abiosis. After six months of rehearsing, the band recorded and released their demo, Towards the Sinister, which was produced by Tim Walker of Voltage Records. Its title was taken from a line in the song "Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium". The band then released their first single, "God Is Alone", on a small French label called Listenable. After the single had sold out almost immediately, they were picked up by Peaceville Records, and they could release their first EP, Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium, which also featured their latest recruit, bassist Adrian Jackson. The EP was soon followed by their first album, As the Flower Withers.

Turn Loose the Swans (1992–1994)
As the Flower Withers was followed by a large tour in the UK and the mainland Europe, and in 1992 they recorded their next EP, The Thrash of Naked Limbs. Another tour was planned, but cancelled when their current drummer had a bad fall while shooting the accompanying video. In 1993, Martin Powell joined as My Dying Bride's keyboardist and violinist, and they started the recording of their second studio album, Turn Loose the Swans. With the joining of Martin Powell, the usage of violin increased even more since their As the Flower Withers album. The album was released that year followed by a tour and another EP, I Am the Bloody Earth.

The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
1995 saw the release of My Dying Bride's next album, The Angel and the Dark River. The album was followed with a successful tour with some of their first festival gigs, and soon after the fans saw the release of their first compilation album, Trinity, a collection of songs from their first three EPs. In the end of 1995, My Dying Bride traveled on a three-month tour with Iron Maiden.

Like Gods of the Sun (1996–1997)
Like Gods of the Sun continued in the direction of The Angel and the Dark River, in that it did not contain any growling vocals by Aaron Stainthorpe. This was the fourth album of My Dying Bride, featuring songs like "A Kiss to Remember", "For You" and "For My Fallen Angel". "For My Fallen Angel" is strictly an orchestral composition with sections of violin and synth. It is also the last MDB album to feature a violin, until For Lies I Sire.

34.788%...Complete and hiatus (1998–2001)
The somewhat experimental 34.788%...Complete was next, followed by The Light at the End of the World. My Dying Bride entered a hiatus after this, releasing two retrospective albums Meisterwerk 1 and Meisterwerk 2. The Meisterwerk albums are compilations that contain previously released and rare material from My Dying Bride. At the end of the hiatus, Calvin Robertshaw left the band to become their tour manager and was replaced by Hamish Glencross.

The Dreadful Hours (2001–2004)
Originally released in 2001, The Dreadful Hours featured new material with the seventh release. The album was again engineered by Mags and co-produced by guitarist Andrew Craighan. Between 2003 and 2004, the band's label, Peaceville, re-released their entire back-catalogue in digipak format, with bonus tracks consisting of demos, remixes, and live performances added to each release (except "The Light at the End of the World").

Songs of Darkness Words of Light (2004–2005)
2004's follow-up was Songs of Darkness Words of Light.

The band's next release came in May 2005, when they released the fancifully titled Anti-Diluvian Chronicles, a fully-fledged best of box set featuring three discs and thirty tracks.

A Line of Deathless Kings (2006–2007)
The band spent the winter of 2005/2006 writing material for new studio album A Line of Deathless Kings. The album was released on 9 October 2006. It was preceded by the EP Deeper Down on 18 September. Shortly before the release of A Line of Deathless Kings, Shaun Taylor-Steels announced his permanent departure from the band due to persistent problems with his ankle. In early 2007, Jackson announced his departure and session-drummer John Bennett from The Prophecy could no longer stay, citing a lack of time due to work commitments. Replacements were found in Lena Abé on bass and Dan Mullins on drums.

For Lies I Sire, Evinta, The Barghest O' Whitby (2009–2011)
In November 2008, My Dying Bride began work on their tenth studio album, entitled For Lies I Sire, which was released on 23 March 2009. Due to Sarah Stanton's pregnancy, she had been replaced on keyboards by Katie Stone, she performed violin on For Lies I Sire. Soon after the album's release, she was replaced by Shaun MacGowan.

On 26 October 2009, My Dying Bride released an EP/DVD titled Bring Me Victory. Except for the title track and its video, it also includes a doom metal cover of the traditional song Scarborough Fair, a cover of "Failure" by Swans and a live version of Vast Choirs (originally from As the Flower Withers), performed at Graspop 2008.

To commemorate the 20th anniversary of My Dying Bride's existence, the album Evinta was released on 30 May 2011. Evinta featured some previous My Dying Bride material re-worked as neo-classical and ambient songs. Soon after, the band announced the release of the EP The Barghest o' Whitby, which was released 7 November 2011, and consists of a single, 27-minute track.

A Map of All Our Failures and The Manuscript (2012–2014)
A Map of All Our Failures was released on 15 October 2012.

On 13 May 2013, the band released a four-track EP, The Manuscript. Three of the four tracks from the EP were recorded at the same time as A Map of All Our Failures. A year later on 26 May 2014 the songs of this EP were re-released together with The Barghest O' Whitby as The Vaulted Shadows compilation.

Guitarist Hamish Glencross had been fired upon returning from their U.S. 2014 Maryland Deathfest appearance, and original guitarist Calvin Robertshaw returned to the band.

Feel the Misery and move to Nuclear Blast (2015–2019)
On 18 September 2015, Feel the Misery was released, with eight tracks. In March 2017, the band signed with Nuclear Blast Records. The same year, drummer Dan Mullins left the band, and was replaced with Shaun Steels, who had been in the band from 1999 to 2006, and had played on A Map of All Our Failures in 2012 as a session member.

In 2017, after cancelling four festival appearances, Aaron Stainthorpe explained that the band was working on a new album, and had therefore not disbanded. In fact, My Dying Bride signed a new contract with Nuclear Blast. In a My Dying Bride Facebook post on 18 September 2018, Aaron Stainthorpe explained that the band cancelled those shows due to the cancer of his 5-year-old daughter, who is presently in remission.

On 4 December 2018, the band announced that Shaun Steels had been replaced by Jeff Singer due to "unresolvable drumming issues" and that the drum tracks for the new album had been completed by Singer.

On 24 May 2019, the band released A Harvest of Dread, a deluxe 12-inch 92-page hardback book five-disc set of rarities, early works, previously unheard pre-production demos, band favorites, and live audio. Also in 2019, Calvin Robertshaw had left My Dying Bride for a second time, and was replaced by Neil Blanchett on guitars.

The Ghost of Orion (2020–2023)
My Dying Bride's 13th album, The Ghost of Orion, was released on 6 March 2020. It was released five years after their previous effort, Feel the Misery, which is the band's longest gap between studio albums to date.

Beforehand, the album's first single, "Your Broken Shore", was released on 20 January, followed by a second single, "Tired of Tears", on 7 February.

Later in 2020, the band released their 7th EP, Macabre Cabaret.

A Mortal Binding (2024–present)
My Dying Bride announced in February their 14th studio album A Mortal Binding, which was released on 19 April 2024. Preceding the release were singles "Thornwyck Hymn" in February and "The 2nd of Three Bells" in March.

Current

 * Aaron Stainthorpe – vocals (1990–present)
 * Andrew Craighan – lead guitar (1990–present)
 * Lena Abé – bass (2007–present)
 * Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards (2009–present)
 * Neil Blanchett – guitar (2019–present)
 * Dan Mullins – drums (2007–2017, 2022–present)

Former

 * Calvin Robertshaw – rhythm guitar (1990–1999, 2014–2018)
 * Rick Miah – drums (1990–1997)
 * Martin Powell – violin, keyboards (1993–1998; session member: 1991–1993)
 * Adrian Jackson – bass (1991–2007)
 * Bill Law – drums (1998–1999)
 * Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums (1999–2006, 2017–2018; session member: 2011–2013)
 * Sarah Stanton – keyboards (2002–2008)
 * Katie Stone – violin, keyboards (2008–2009)
 * Hamish Glencross – rhythm guitar (2000–2014)
 * Jeff Singer – drums (2018-2022)

Former live

 * Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards (1998–2002)
 * John Bennett – drums (2006–2007)
 * David Gray – drums (2010–2013)
 * Robb Philpotts – rhythm guitar (2014)

Discography

 * As the Flower Withers (1992)
 * Turn Loose the Swans (1993)
 * The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
 * Like Gods of the Sun (1996)
 * 34.788%...Complete (1998)
 * The Light at the End of the World (1999)
 * The Dreadful Hours (2001)
 * Songs of Darkness, Words of Light (2004)
 * A Line of Deathless Kings (2006)
 * For Lies I Sire (2009)
 * Evinta (2011) - also categorized as a remix album
 * A Map of All Our Failures (2012)
 * Feel the Misery (2015)
 * The Ghost of Orion (2020)
 * A Mortal Binding (2024)

title: My Dying Bride


text:
Indenture

An indenture is a legal contract that reflects or covers a debt or purchase obligation. It specifically refers to two types of practices: in historical usage, an indentured servant status, and in modern usage, it is an instrument used for commercial debt or real estate transaction.

Historical usage
An indenture is a legal contract between two parties, particularly for indentured labour or a term of apprenticeship but also for certain land transactions. The term comes from the medieval English "indenture of retainer" —a legal contract written in duplicate on the same sheet, with the copies separated by cutting along a jagged (toothed, hence the term "indenture") line so that the teeth of the two parts could later be refitted to confirm authenticity (chirograph). Each party to the deed would then retain a part. When the agreement was made before a court of law a tripartite indenture was made, with the third piece kept at the court. The term is used for any kind of deed executed by more than one party, in contrast to a deed poll which is made by one individual. In the case of bonds, the indenture shows the pledge, promises, representations and covenants of the issuing party.

Although other evidence indicates that the method has been in use from around the year 1000, the earliest surviving examples in England are from the thirteenth century. These are agreements for military service, proving that a paid contract army was then in existence. Exchequer records of Henry V's French campaign of 1415, which culminated in the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, including the indentures of all the captains of the army agreeing to provide specified numbers of men and at what cost, may still be read. An indenture was commonly used as a form of sealed contract or agreement for land and buildings. An example of such a use can be found in the National Archives, where an indenture, from about 1401, recording the transfer of the manor of Pinley, Warwickshire, is held.

In the early history of the United States, many European immigrants served a period of indentured labour in order to pay the cost of their transportation. This practice was common during the 17th and 18th centuries, where over half of immigrants worked off an average of three years' servitude.

Modern usage
Bond indenture (also trust indenture or deed of trust) is a legal document issued to lenders and describes key terms such as the interest rate, maturity date, convertibility, pledge, promises, representations, covenants, and other terms of the bond offering. When the offering memorandum is prepared in advance of marketing a bond, the indenture will typically be summarised in the "description of notes" section.

In the United States, public debt offerings in excess of $10 million require the use of an indenture of trust under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. The rationale for this is that it is necessary to establish a collective action mechanism under which creditors can collect in a fair, orderly manner if default takes place (like that which occurs during bankruptcy). No trust relationship exists between the bondholder and the issuing corporation. These two are in a regular contractual, arm's length, non-fiduciary, non-equity relationship. Rather, the trustee in a "trust indenture" is a third party, usually a specialist company, who is appointed by the issuer to handle and safeguard the interests of the numerous public bondholders, in events ranging from the usual distribution of coupons and principal payments to dealing with the issuer's default, if any occurs.

title: Indenture


text:
Shinwari

The Shinwari (شينواري) are an ethnic Pashtun tribe of Afghanistan. Among the greatest poets of the Pashto language in the 20th century was the late Ameer Hamza Shinwari, also known as "Hamza Baba".

The Shinwari tribe are descended from the Kasi Pashtun tribe settled in the southern districts of Nangarhar Province, in Haska Meyna, Achin, Rodat, Bati Kot, Kot, Chaprahar, Shinwar, Dor Baba and Nazian districts. A major portion of the tribe is centered in Jalalabad and Parwan province of Afghanistan. These Shinwaris are mostly traders and businessmen. There are more than 3,000 Shinwaris settled in the Alizai village, 15 km away from Kohat. Mirdad Khel, a sub-tribe of the Shinwaris, migrated to Swat Valley during the 1750s and settled there. Among them one of the notable Shinwaris is Senator Abdul Rahim Mirdad Khel. In Afghanistan, the Shinwari are also located in Kunar. Reporting from 2010 states that there are around 400,000 Shinwari in Afghanistan.

Location
The Shinwari tribe is settled in the southern districts of Nangarhar Province, in Haska Meyna, Achin, Rodat, Bati Kot, Kot, Chaprahar, Shinwar, Dor Baba and Nazian districts. A major portion of this tribe is also settled between Landi Kotal (Pakistan) and Jalalabad (Afghanistan), as well as in Parwan province of Afghanistan where they are concentrated in Shinwari, Ghorband, and Jabalussaraj districts. These Shinwaris are mostly traders and businessmen. There is also a significant minority of the tribe settled in Kohat and Hangu (Jangal Khel, Haji Abad, Mohallah Sangirh), Pakistan, a settlement 60 km south of Peshawar. In Afghanistan, the Shinwari are also located in Kunar, Bajaur Agency and Lower Dir. At Lower Dir, Munjai village contains a huge population of the Shinwari tribe, which had migrated from Afghanistan to Chamrakand (Mohmand Agency and Bajaur Agency) in the 1890s, and settled in the fertile land of Munjai village in Lower Dir. Reporting from 2010 states that there are around 400,000 Shinwari in Afghanistan. The Shinwaris reside in hilly areas with narrow valleys such as in the Khyber Agency where mountain ranges meet there: Lacha Gar, Karagah Ghar, Surghar, Tor Ghar Morgah, and Kalauch. The famous Khyber Pass, at 1,180 meters (3,870 ft.) ASL, is the gateway to Afghanistan through the Kuh-e Sefid range.

The Khyber Agency has two major rivers. The Bara River in the southern Khajuri Plain provides for relatively arable farm land. The Kabul River forms the northern boundary, separating Khyber from Mohmand Agency. Another river in the agency is the Chora, which flows east-northeast on the north side of the Surghar range. Valleys: Maidan, Rujgal, Bara, Bazaar, Choora, Wachpal and Tirah.

Khyber Agency experiences hot temperatures during the summer season, May through August. Maximum temperatures may reach 104 degrees, while the lower average 79 degrees. During the cooler months of November through April, however, average high temperatures reach 64 degrees and lows dip to around 39 degrees. Average annual rainfall over the Khyber Agency is 15 to 16 inches

The elders of the Shinwari tribe in Nangarhar signed a pact, uniting against the Taliban. They promised that anyone supporting the Taliban, would be punished with fines and expulsion. This pact, which per The Times "appears to be the first" incident of an entire tribe declaring war against the Taliban, has invited comparison with the Sunni Awakening of 2006, which tipped the balance of power in Iraq against the Sunni insurgency. The pact also had economic implications that America offered over in development funding. Further, reports suggested the Shinwari were against Taliban interference with their traditional smuggling routes across the Pakistani border.

The security situation in Haska Mena district is getting worse daily due to the increased number of Taliban insurgents operating in Naria Aubo Village, Papen Village, Dara Village, Aughuz Village and other remote villages in the district, In December 2014, Most of the Taliban insurgents have changed from Taliban to ISIL-KP carrying out insurgent activities under the direct order of Abdul Khaliq, Who is the head of Taliban in Haska Mena. Several people were killed and injured during the insurgency in Haska Mena district, The most common are:
 * Killing of General Kafee in Haska Mena due to his work with Ministry of Defence of Afghanistan in Jalalabad city.
 * Killing of Masjid Mullah in Kutawal village, Haska Mena at night.
 * Kidnapping of Deputy District Governor of Nangarhar Province, Mr. Nazifullah, but later released due to the intervention within district elders.
 * Kidnapping and persecution of USAID contract driver, Mr. Baitullah in Haska Mena district due to working with the US government agencies, he was beaten, injured and wounded by cutting his right hand three fingers so that he can be not able to drive any more for USAID missions in Haska Mena. Later on he was also released on the intervention of the elder by the promise that he will not work anymore for any USAID or other government agencies. The district government was also unable to provide protection and help to this kind of peoples.
 * Some Sub tribes of Shinwaris such as Mirdad Khel migrated to the Swat Valley in 1935 and then settled there.

British assessment (1885)
In 1885, a British author described the Shinwari ("Shanwari" in his text):

 * The Shanwari inhabit a portion of the Khaibar mountains, some of the eastern valleys of the Safed Koh, and are also found on the borders of Bajaur. They have five sections -  Mandizai/Manduzai, Abdul Rahim, Sangu, Sipai, and Ali Sher.  They have been continuously predatory since the British approached their borders.  They are the most industrious carriers between Peshawur and the other marts on the way to Kabul, using mules and camels for carriage.  They are brave, hospitable, stalwart and hardworking. They are well-educated people

Feuds and alliances
The Shinwari tribe has been known to form alliances with the Mohmands, the Safis, and the Afridis.

However, some sources indicate that the Mohmand tribe is frequently in a state of conflict with the Shinwari tribe.

The Shinwari tribe has historically feuded with the Khogyani tribe, which is a Karlani sub-tribe. There are some historical inter-tribal feuds over land.

Role in the Anglo-Afghan War
During the First Afghan War, a raid on the Shinwarree valley was conducted in Nangarhar, on the 24th of July 1842 Shinwari tribesmen skirmished with the British invaders and another action occurred in the 26th of July where a larger British Artillery force engaged the tribesmen.

Role in the Khost Rebellion
During the Khost rebellion, the Shinwari aligned themselves with the Afghan Government and helped quell the revolt.

Role in 1929 Afghan Civil War
During the late 1928 riots, the Shinwari tribe were the first to openly rebel against king Amanullah Khan's imposition of various new laws, including the requirement to wear European dress, the rule that required them to send a quota of their daughters to Kabul for education and the impositions of taxes (they had never previously paid tax). The Shinwaris attacked Jalalabad, cutting off its water supply and closing the Kabul–Peshawar road. Amanullah responded by using his fledgling Air Force, including Soviet pilots, to bomb the Shinwaris. The use of foreign "infidels" to subjugate Muslims roused other tribes to revolt and the country descended into what would become the 1929 Afghan Civil War.

Tribe
The Shinwaris are derived from the Kasi tribe, and are further distributed into sub-tribes:

Notable Shinwari

 * Ghalib Hassan, leader in the anti-Taliban resistance under Abdul Haq, appointed District Commander of Shinwar, Afghanistan by Hamid Karzai, held in extrajudicial detention in the United States' Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba
 * Rashid Khan Arman, sportsman, member of the Afghanistan national cricket team from Nangarhar
 * Abdul Qayum Sher, Pakistan Army war hero
 * Amir Hamza Shinwari, poet
 * Faisal Ahmad Shinwari, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan 2001–2006
 * Malalai Shinwari, advocate
 * Rafiq Shinwari, singer
 * Samiullah Shinwari, sportsman, member of the Afghanistan national cricket team
 * Usman Khan Shinwari, sportsman, member of the Pakistan national cricket team.
 * Prof. Dr. Zabta Khan Shinwari, Pakistani botanist and researcher.
 * Baseerat Khan Shinwari, Becomes The First Woman To Be a Member of Provissional Assembly (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2019 to 2023.

title: Shinwari


text:
Christian music

Christian music is music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith. Common themes of Christian music include praise, worship, penitence and lament, and its forms vary widely around the world. Church music, hymnals, gospel and worship music are a part of Christian media and also include contemporary Christian music which itself supports numerous Christian styles of music, including hip hop, rock, contemporary worship and urban contemporary gospel.

Like other forms of music the creation, performance, significance and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context. Christian music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes or with a positive message as an entertainment product for the marketplace.

Worship services

Among the most prevalent uses of Christian music are in church worship or other gatherings. Most Christian music involves singing, whether by the whole congregation (assembly), or by a specialized subgroup—such as a soloist, duet, trio, quartet, madrigal, choir, or worship band— or both. It is frequently accompanied by instruments, but some denominations such as some Exclusive Brethren, the Churches of Christ, the Primitive Baptists and the Free Church of Scotland prefer unaccompanied or a cappella singing. Other denominations such as Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians sing alongside some form on accompaniments. Some groups, such as the Bruderhof, sing songs both with religious and non-religious meanings and words. For them, the act of singing is important. One of the earliest forms of worship music in the church was the Gregorian chant. Pope Gregory I, while not the inventor of chant, was acknowledged as the first person to order such music in the church, hinting the name "Gregorian" chant. The chant reform took place around 590–604 CE (reign of Pope Gregory I) (Kamien, pg. 65–67). The Gregorian chant was known for its very monophonic sound. Believing that complexity had a tendency to create cacophony, which ruined the music, Gregory I kept things very simple with the chant.

Instrumental accompaniment
In the West, the majority of Christian denominations use instruments such as an organ, piano, electronic keyboard, guitar, or other accompaniment, and occasionally by a band or orchestra, to accompany the singing. But some churches have historically not used instruments, citing their absence from the New Testament. During the last century or so several of these groups have revised this stance.

The singing of the Eastern Orthodox is also generally unaccompanied, though in the United States organs are sometimes used as a result of Western influence.

Instrumental music
Some worship music may be unsung, simply instrumental. During the Baroque period in Europe, the chorale prelude (for organ) was widely used, generally composed by using a popular hymn tune thematically, and a wide corpus of other solo organ music began to develop across Europe. Some of the most well-known exponents of such organ compositions include Johann Sebastian Bach, Dieterich Buxtehude, George Frideric Handel, François Couperin, César Franck and Charles-Marie Widor to name a few. Up to the present time, various composers have written instrumental (often organ) music as acts of worship, including well known organ repertoire by composers like Olivier Messiaen, Louis Vierne, Maurice Duruflé, and Jean Langlais.

The church sonata (for orchestra and chamber group) and other sacred instrumental musical forms also developed from the Baroque period onwards.

Chants
A chant is the iterative speaking or singing of words or sounds, often primarily on one or two main pitches called reciting tones. Chants may range from a simple melody involving a limited set of notes to highly complex musical structures, often including a great deal of repetition of musical subphrases, such as Great Responsories and Offertories of Gregorian chant. Chant may be considered speech, music, or a heightened or stylized form of speech. In the later Middle Ages some religious chant evolved into song (forming one of the roots of later Western music).

Mostly used in Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox churches. Some examples of chants are:
 * Ambrosian chant
 * Anglican chant
 * Armenian chant
 * Celtic chant
 * Ethiopian chant
 * Galician chant
 * Gregorian chant
 * Kievan chant
 * Mozarabic chant
 * Old Roman chant
 * Syriac chant

Metrical Psalters
A metrical psalter is a kind of Bible translation: a book containing a metrical translation of all or part of the Book of Psalms in vernacular poetry, meant to be sung as hymns in a church. Some metrical psalters include melodies or even harmonisations. The composition of metrical psalters was a large enterprise of the Protestant Reformation, especially in its Calvinist manifestation.

Mostly used in reformed churches, and anabaptists. Some examples of psalters are:
 * Genevan Psalter
 * German Psalter "des Königlichen Propheten David"
 * Dutch Psalter
 * Scottish Metrical Psalter (1650)

Hymns
A Reformation approach, the normative principle of worship, produced a burst of hymn writing and congregational singing. Martin Luther is notable not only as a reformer, but as the author of hymns including "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" ("Praise be to You, Jesus Christ"), and many others. Luther and his followers often used their hymns, or chorales, to teach tenets of the faith to worshipers. The first Protestant hymnal was published in Bohemia in 1532 by the Unitas Fratrum. Mostly used by Protestant churches, principally Lutheran, Methodist, and Hussite traditions, but in some areas also by Roman Catholic and Anabaptists. Some examples of famous hymnals are:
 * Ausbund, oldest Anabaptist hymnal
 * Baptist Hymnal
 * Evangelisches Kirchengesangbuch, the first hymnal in German speaking churches
 * Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland
 * Jistebnice hymn book, Czech hymnal from around 1430

Contemporary Christian music
From the latter half of the 20th century to the present day in Western Christendom—especially in the United States and in other countries with evangelical churches—various genres of music originally often related to pop rock, have been created under the label of Contemporary Christian Music ("CCM") for home-listening and concert use. It can be divided into several genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. These genres (sometimes referred to as "style") like other forms of music may be distinguished by the techniques, the styles, the context and the themes, or geographical origin. Specific subgenres of CCM may include (but are not limited to): Christian country music, Christian pop, Christian rock, Christian metal, Christian hardcore, Christian punk, Christian alternative rock, Christian R&B, Christian electronic dance music and Christian hip hop.

In the 1980s and 1990s, contemporary Christian music played a significant role in Evangelical Christian worship. A great variety of musical styles has developed traditional praise.

Other languages
Similar developments took place in other language, for example the German Neues Geistliches Lied and Korean Contemporary Christian music.

Industry
Christian music is supported by a segment of the general music industry which evolved as a parallel structure to the same. Beginning in the 1970s and developing out of the Jesus movement, the Christian music industry subsequently developed into a near-billion dollar enterprise. By the 1990s the genre had eclipsed classical, jazz, and new-age music, and artists began gaining acceptance in the general market. There are several programs of schooling that have been created to create new christian artists such as Hillsong College in Norwest, Australia, and Visible Christian College in Memphis, TN U.S.A. Hillsong United is the band out of Hillsong college and they took the worship music scene by storm in 2016 with the song "What a Beautiful Name" which won the GMA Dove song of the year in 2017. Other famous artists include Chris Tomlin, Casting Crowns, Amy Grant, and Skillet.

Media
Today, Christian music is available through most available media. Christian music is broadcast over the radio, television, or the Internet. Christian Albums and video recordings (CD, LP, digital download, DVD, etc.) have been increasingly more popular and have continued to increase in sales.

Christian Musicals is another growing area, especially with the help of the internet. Church drama groups frequently enjoy performing musical dramas which can be downloaded on-line for free use.

There are Christian tv shows and movies. One example of a Christian tv show is the drama series called The Chosen, and children's shows such as VeggieTales. There is a whole series of Christian movies by the Kendrick Brothers production company, who have created movies such as Fireproof, Overcomer, and Courageous.

Music festivals and conferences
In the US several Christian music festivals have been organized. They are common in the summertime and draw many different people, specifically those from organized groups such as church youth groups and campus groups. In addition to music festivals like those that are part of the Christian Festival Association, there are also many Christian conferences which focus more on speakers, but usually also have musical performances, especially for a Worship service.

The Ichthus Music Festival started in 1970. Today festivals are held annually around the world, and may draw upwards of 100,000 people.

New Zealand's Parachute Music Festival, the largest Christian music festival in the Southern Hemisphere, began in 1989 and is held annually at Mystery Creek Events Centre outside the city of Hamilton.

England's Big Church Day Out Festival began in 2009 and has annual attendance of approximately 20,000.

Concerts
Like any musical group or act, many Christian musical artists perform concerts in concert halls, bars & clubs, or outdoor venues, as well as in church-related venues. Sometimes it may be for pure entertainment, other times with the intention of witnessing (evangelizing by bearing witness of one's faith), and other times may be part worship as well.

title: Christian music


text:
Champigny-sur-Marne

Champigny-sur-Marne (, literally Champigny on Marne) is a major city in the region of Île-de-France, France. It is located 12.5 km from the centre of Paris.

Name
Champigny-sur-Marne was originally called simply Champigny. The name Champigny ultimately comes from Medieval Latin Campaniacum, meaning "estate of Campanius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.

In 1897 the name of the commune officially became Champigny-sur-Marne (meaning "Champigny upon Marne"), in order to distinguish it from other communes of France also called Champigny.

Transport
Champigny-sur-Marne is served by Les Boullereaux – Champigny station on Paris RER line E.

Champigny-sur-Marne is also served by Champigny station on Paris RER line A. This station, although administratively located on the territory of the neighboring commune of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, lies immediately across the river Marne from the town center of Champigny-sur-Marne and is thus used by people in Champigny.

The Paris Métro is planned to eventually serve the center of Champigny; the new station will be located along RN4, near the railway bridge known as Pont de la Plage.

Education
Primary schools:
 * Preschools: Nine for the 9e circonscription and 7 for the 18e circonscription
 * Elementary schools: Seven for the 9e circonscription and 6 for the 18e circonscription

Secondary schools: In addition Lycée professionnel et technologique Samuel-de-Champlain is in nearby Chennevières-sur-Marne
 * Junior high schools: Collège Willy-Ronis and Collège Paul-Vaillant-Couturier
 * Senior high schools: Lycée Louise Michel, Lycée Marx-Dormoy, Lycée Langevin-Wallon, Lycée professionnel Gabriel-Péri

Notable people

 * Djamel Belmadi (born 27 March 1976) is a retired Algerian footballer and is the current manager of Algeria National Football Team.
 * Jeff Reine-Adélaïde (born 17 January 1998) is a professional footballer, currently plays as a midfielder for Nice, on loan from Lyon.
 * Yan Valery (born 22 February 1999) is a French-Tunisian professional footballer, currently plays as a right-back for Birmingham City, on loan from Southampton.
 * Adrien Regattin, (born 22 August 1991) is a Moroccan professional footballer, currently plays as a midfielder for Altay.
 * Samuel Benchetrit (born 26 June 1973) is a French writer, actor, scenarist and director[1]. He is of Moroccan-Jewish descent.
 * Nicolas Senzemba (born 25 March 1996) is a French footballer playing for CS Sedan Ardennes.

International relations
Champigny-sur-Marne is twinned with:

 * Alpiarça, Portugal
 * 🇩🇪 Bernau bei Berlin, Germany
 * 🇳🇮 Jalapa, Nicaragua
 * Musselburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * 🇮🇹 Rosignano Marittimo, Italy

title: Champigny-sur-Marne


text:
Nurse Ratched

Nurse Ratched (full name Mildred Ratched in the movie, also known as "Big Nurse") is a fictional character and the main antagonist of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, first featured in Ken Kesey's 1962 novel as well as the 1975 film adaptation. A cold, heartless tyrant, Nurse Ratched has become the stereotype of the nurse as a battleaxe. She has also become a popular metaphor for the corrupting influence of institutional power and authority in bureaucracies such as the psychiatric treatment center in which the novel is set.

Nurse Ratched is the head administrative nurse at the Salem State Hospital, a mental institution where she exercises near-absolute power over the patients' access to medications, privileges, and basic necessities such as food and toiletries. She capriciously revokes these privileges whenever a patient displeases her. Her superiors turn a blind eye because she maintains order, keeping the patients from acting out, either through antipsychotic and anticonvulsant drugs or her own brand of psychotherapy, which consists mostly of humiliating patients into doing her bidding. Her tyrannical rule and her cruel personality stems from her time as an army nurse during World War II.

Origin
Author Kesey stated that he based Ratched on the head nurse of the psychiatric ward where he worked. He later ran into her at an aquarium, realizing "She was much smaller than I remembered, and a whole lot more human." The 1940s hairstyle was, according to Louise Fletcher, "a symbol that life had stopped for her (Ratched) a long time ago".

Appearance
In Ken Kesey's novel, Ratched "the Big Nurse" is described by Chief Bromden according to him: "She had a face that is smooth, calculated, and precision-made, like an expensive baby doll, skin like flesh-colored enamel which is a blend of white and cream, with baby-blue eyes, and a small nose with pink little nostrils. The only features that does not match Ratched's appearance are her lips and fingernails that are both an "odd" or "funny" red-orange, like the tip of a soldering iron, a color that looks so hot or so cold that if she touches someone with it, no one could tell which."

She is also most noted for carrying breasts that are described as either "massive" or "over-sized". Ratched's uniform is a white, heavily starched, nurse attire that she uses to conceal her top-heavy bosom as she is ashamed and embittered of them. She wears her hair in a tight bun and high heels where she walks stiffly everywhere she goes, and sometimes carries a woven wicker bag that contains pills, needles, wire, and forceps.

To everyone else, she is a dull-looking middle-aged woman and is mainly an intimidating nurse who comes off as a twisted maternal figure to her patients. Milos Forman's depiction of the character, who is played by Louise Fletcher, however, is based on the stage-play performances of the character in Broadway, New York.

Character biography
When Randle McMurphy arrives at the hospital, he flouts her rules with impunity and inspires other patients to follow. Her attempts to cow him into submission—at first with threats and mild punishments, then with shock therapy—are unsuccessful, serving only to fuel his defiance.

McMurphy helps organize an unauthorized party late one evening, and they invite two prostitute friends, Sandra and Candy, into the asylum. After noticing fellow patient Billy Bibbitt has a crush on Candy, McMurphy encourages her to have sex with him. Ratched catches Billy and Candy in the act. Furious, she threatens to tell his mother. He begs her not to, blaming McMurphy and the other patients for orchestrating the event.

Ratched sends him to wait in the ward doctor's office as the authorities are called. When Dr. Spivey finally arrives, he finds Billy has killed himself. When Ratched tells the inmates that "the best thing we can do is to go on with our daily routine", McMurphy attacks her in a fit of rage, nearly strangling her. Despite having McMurphy lobotomized in retribution, the attack leaves Ratched weakened and bruised, now unable to control the ward any longer because the patients no longer fear her.

Other portrayals
A stage adaptation by Dale Wasserman made its Broadway debut in 1963 with Joan Tetzel as Nurse Ratched. Amy Morton portrayed Ratched in the 2001 Broadway revival.

The character was famously portrayed by Louise Fletcher in the film adaptation, whose performance earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress. Fletcher, who, up to that point, had only had a brief television career in the 1950s and early 1960s and had only appeared in two films (one uncredited), was cast after Anne Bancroft, Angela Lansbury, Geraldine Page, Colleen Dewhurst, and Ellen Burstyn turned down the role. Director Miloš Forman considered Fletcher for Ratched when he saw her in the 1974 film Thieves Like Us.

Nurse Ratched was a recurring character in the ABC series Once Upon a Time from 2012 through 2017. She was portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and works for the Evil Queen as a nurse in the Storybrooke Sanitarium.

Nurse Ratched is played by actor Michael St Michaels and its featured in the music video called Choosing Mental Illness by the metal band Philip H. Anselmo & The Illegals. The band is fronted by Pantera singer Phil Anselmo. Anselmo plays Jack Nicholson's character in the music video.

Sarah Paulson portrays Nurse Ratched in Ryan Murphy's Netflix television series Ratched, a prequel to the One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest film, the first season of which debuted September 18, 2020. Isabelle JoLynn Murphy portrays a young Ratched.

Legacy
Fletcher won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ratched in the film. Ratched was named the fifth-greatest villain in film history (and second-greatest villainess, behind the Wicked Witch of the West of The Wizard of Oz) by the American Film Institute in their series 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains.

title: Nurse Ratched


text:
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude

"Ueber [sic] die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse [sic]" (usual English translation: "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude") is a seminal 9-page paper by Bernhard Riemann published in the November 1859 edition of the Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.

Overview
This paper studies the prime-counting function using analytic methods. Although it is the only paper Riemann ever published on number theory, it contains ideas which influenced thousands of researchers during the late 19th century and up to the present day. The paper consists primarily of definitions, heuristic arguments, sketches of proofs, and the application of powerful analytic methods; all of these have become essential concepts and tools of modern analytic number theory.

Among the new definitions, ideas, and notation introduced:
 * The use of the Greek letter zeta (ζ) for a function previously mentioned by Euler
 * The analytic continuation of this zeta function ζ(s) to all complex s ≠ 1
 * The entire function ξ(s), related to the zeta function through the gamma function (or the Π function, in Riemann's usage)
 * The discrete function J(x) defined for x ≥ 0, which is defined by J(0) = 0 and J(x) jumps by 1/n at each prime power pn. (Riemann calls this function f(x).)

Among the proofs and sketches of proofs:
 * Two proofs of the functional equation of ζ(s)
 * Proof sketch of the product representation of ξ(s)
 * Proof sketch of the approximation of the number of roots of ξ(s) whose imaginary parts lie between 0 and T.

Among the conjectures made:
 * The Riemann hypothesis, that all (nontrivial) zeros of ζ(s) have real part 1/2. Riemann states this in terms of the roots of the related ξ function, "... es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass alle Wurzeln reell sind. Hiervon wäre allerdings ein strenger Beweis zu wünschen; ich habe indess die Aufsuchung desselben nach einigen flüchtigen vergeblichen Versuchen vorläufig bei Seite gelassen, da er für den nächsten Zweck meiner Untersuchung entbehrlich schien." That is, "it is very probable that all roots are real. One would, however, wish for a strict proof of this; I have, though, after some fleeting futile attempts, provisionally put aside the search for such, as it appears unnecessary for the next objective of my investigation." (He was discussing a version of the zeta function, modified so that its roots are real rather than on the critical line.)

New methods and techniques used in number theory:
 * Functional equations arising from automorphic forms
 * Analytic continuation (although not in the spirit of Weierstrass)
 * Contour integration
 * Fourier inversion.

Riemann also discussed the relationship between ζ(s) and the distribution of the prime numbers, using the function J(x) essentially as a measure for Stieltjes integration. He then obtained the main result of the paper, a formula for J(x), by comparing with ln(ζ(s)). Riemann then found a formula for the prime-counting function $\pi$(x) (which he calls F(x)). He notes that his equation explains the fact that π(x) grows more slowly than the logarithmic integral, as had been found by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt.

The paper contains some peculiarities for modern readers, such as the use of Π(s − 1) instead of Γ(s), writing tt instead of t2, and using the bounds of ∞ to ∞ as to denote a contour integral.


text:
Venture

Venture may refer to:

Music

 * The Ventures, an American instrumental rock band formed in 1958
 * "A Venture", 1971 song by the band Yes
 * Venture, a 2010 EP by AJR

Games

 * Venture (video game), a 1981 arcade game
 * Venture, a strategic card game by Sid Sackson
 * Venture (Overwatch), a playable character from the video game Overwatch 2

Film

 * SS Venture, a ship in King Kong and its 2005 remake
 * SS Venture, an InGen-owned ship featured in The Lost World: Jurassic Park

Other uses

 * Venture (TV series), a Canadian business television show

Magazines

 * Venture Science Fiction, defunct US science fiction magazine
 * Venture (magazine), a management magazine

Business

 * Business venture
 * Venture (department store), a defunct discount department store operating across Australia
 * Venture Stores, a former retail chain

Transportation

 * Chevrolet Venture, a General Motors minivan
 * Yamaha Venture, Yamaha touring motorcycles
 * Siemens Venture, family of railroad passenger cars

Other uses

 * Venture Scout, a section of the Scout Movement, mostly in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations
 * VENTURE NOTC, the Canadian Naval Officer Training Centre based in CFB Esquimalt, British Columbia

title: Venture


text:
Red Hook

Red Hook may refer to:

Places

 * Red Hook, Brooklyn, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York City, United States
 * Red Hook graving dock, a graving dock formerly located in Red Hook, Brooklyn
 * Red Hook, New York, a town in Dutchess County in the State of New York, United States
 * Red Hook (village), New York, a village in the Town of Red Hook, New York, United States
 * Red Hook, USVI, an area of Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands

Other

 * Red Hook (FBI), a surveillance tool developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
 * Red Hook, a novel by Reggie Nadelson

title: Red Hook


text:
Methuselah (disambiguation)

Methuselah, a Biblical figure, was known for living a long time.

Methuselah may also refer to:

Fictional characters and creatures

 * Methuselah (Redwall), a character in the Redwall novels by Brian Jacques
 * Methuselah (Trinity Blood), a fictional offshoot of humanity that appear in the anime Trinity Blood
 * Methuselah (World of Darkness), an ancient and manipulative vampire in White Wolf's novels, RPGs and playable cards
 * Methuselah, the nickname of Rain Jewlitt, a 624-year-old character in the Immortal Rain manga
 * Methuselah, the Price family's pet parrot in Barbara Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible
 * Methuselah, a Titan from the MonsterVerse film Godzilla: King of the Monsters

Music

 * Methuselah (band), an English 1960s rock band
 * Methuselah (album), a 1969 rock album by Methuselah
 * Methuselah, the sixth track on San Fermin's 2013 album San Fermin

Science and technology

 * Methuselah (cellular automaton), a long-surviving pattern in Conway's Game of Life
 * Methuselah-like proteins, insect proteins that extend the life span of the animal
 * Methuselah (planet), nickname for PSR B1620-26 b, one of the oldest exoplanets
 * Methuselah star, nickname for HD 140283, one of the oldest stars known
 * The Methuselah Foundation, a biomedical charitable organization dedicated to extending healthy life

Long-lived organisms

 * Methuselah (Judean date palm), a palm tree grown from a 2000-year-old seed at Ketura, Israel
 * Methuselah (pine tree), the second oldest known Great Basin bristlecone pine tree in the White Mountains of California, the second oldest known living tree
 * Methuselah (sequoia tree), the 27th largest tree in the world, in Sequoia National Forest, California

Other uses

 * Methuselah (bond), a financial instrument with a 50-year maturity
 * Methuselah (unit), a UK bottle size for wine

title: Methuselah (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Andrew W Fortun

Hi, welcome to the Wikipedia! I noticed your comment about the article on Ronald Reagan. Generally, our policy here is to be bold in editing, but be prepared to have someone edit your work as well. That's just the way things go here. Anyway, we're glad to have you. There are some links you might find helpful, about our policies, practices, and etc.:

 * NPOV describes our neutrality policy
 * Manual of Style for style
 * Village pump for general questions

Or feel free to ask me at my talk page. Cheers!

Meelar 06:36, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrew W Fortun


text:
User:Wmahan

Hi, I've been editing Wikipedia since 2004-03-18.

Contact
NOTE: if you are sending me a message about an external link I removed, please read my page about external links first.

Leaving a message on my talk page is the preferred way of contacting me about Wikipedia.

If you aren't familiar with Wikipedia, you can send me an email using this link (or by going here if you don't have an account).

About
I think Wikipedia is interesting due to the following dichotomy:
 * it's a free and open collaboration of people around the world, and nothing like it has existed before; but
 * it's just a website, and the contents of any particular page or the contributions of any one person are unimportant.

I'm a proponent of free software, and I think the fact that Wikipedia is free is as important as its openness.

I see spam as a greater long-term threat to Wikipedia than vandalism. Vandalism is usually motivated by a desire for amusement or attention, and in most cases it is readily recognized. By contrast, spammers have a direct financial interest in developing more sophisticated methods of self-promotion, and I expect that they will become more organized and harder to detect over time.

Links
Here are few miscellaneous links:
 * a list of spammed external links (help is welcome)
 * a tool for making spelling corrections
 * a list of pages that link to redirects in Category:Redirects from misspellings
 * my page on the Toolserver: http://tools.wikimedia.de/~wmahan/
 * barnstars that people have given me
 * my obligatory boring website. There's not anything notable there yet.

Notice
''This is my Wiki pedia  user page. If you are reading this on any site other than Wiki pedia, you are viewing a mirror site that I am not affiliated with in any way.''

title: User:Wmahan


text:
User:Kukkurovaca

कुक्कुरोवाच

'''Update:Okay, consider me back-ish. I'm not going to have time to go over the changes I've missed, so hopefully nobody slipped anything by me. I know I left at least one conversation hanging, and I'll get back to that as soon as I can, and try to keep up with new events. Let me know about anything I should know about.'''

Intro
I'm a student currently on leave from Brown University; I'm originally from Oakland, CA, and currently reside in Berkeley. My first and enduring loves are the studies of education and religion. My main educational interests are John Dewey (generally) and particularly the problems of philosophy of education which occur in democratic education. My religious interests are broad, though I have soft spots for early Christianity, existential Christianity (Søren Kierkegaard, Simone Weil), Buddhism (esp. Earliest Buddhism, Nagarjuna, and Lin-chi), and the Taoism of Zhuang zi. I've also got three years of Sanskrit and a related interest in Pali and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.

By temperment and choice, I'm more or less a pragmatist, an empiricist, and an anti-foundationalist, though I am not uncritical in my acceptance of these tendencies; particularly, I'm conscious of the underrepresentation of the tragic in american pragmatism (cf. Cornel West's The American Evasion of Philosophy]]) and of the difficulties that occasionally arise in integrating the religious into them. My pragmatic allegiance is thus more through James than through Dewey, despite my background in education.

My Heroes

 * Toby Ziegler
 * William James
 * Simone Weil
 * Jorj X. McKie
 * Burble

My necessary enemies

 * Hannah Arendt
 * John Dewey

My username
"Kukkurovaca"; कुक्कुरोवाच in Devanagari; Kukkurovāca with the appropriate macron. This is usually glossed by those who were familiar with its creation as "Dog Say," the ungrammaticality of which we can get to in a second, but it can't be anything like "Dog Say" or "The Dog Says", because "kukkurovāca" is totally unresolvable with the dog as the subject: the only sandhi which will produce that "o" is a+u, and since the uvāca can't be in fine compositum (am I spelling that correctly? I don't do latin), the only possible sentence is with the dog in the vocative: "O, (you) dog, (some third party) said (something)."

But the whole thing is just a sort of self-deprecatory in-joke between myself and a classmate. What we were shooting for and missed when we invented the term was "kukkuro brute", "The dog said," which is a quote from the Hitopadesha. It was a reference to a sentence I translated as "Dog say: repetition of my business how by you doable"--which should really read something like "The dog said, 'Who are you to worry about my business.'" (Both the error and the original translation are, of course, a function of doing your Sanskrit homework exclusively in all-nighters.)

So, "kukkurovāca" defines my translation style--drastically literal. Or it was supposed to. But given that we forgot both the correct vocabulary and regular sandhi rules, "kukkurovaca" stands as both a testament to my absurd literality and a caution against error-prone laziness. I habitually use it a username because it's unique and I kind of like the sound of it. Plus, I enjoy the anecdote.

Wikiffiliations
I am probably classifiable as an inclusionist and eventualist, and my interpretation of NPOV (coupled to some bad experiences with Dvaita fundamentalism) leads me to be a devout ::cough:: secularist as well, though this doesn't appear to be a recognized wiki-"faction".

 * Wikipedians by favorite color:  Powder blue (See: powder blue)
 * Vegetarian Wikipedians
 * List of Wikipedians by religion (Crypto-Buddhist)
 * Wikipediholics (Addicted to that Wikipedihol)
 * Wikipedians/California Oakland
 * List of Wikipedians by fields of interest Education, Religion
 * Wikipedians by birthday 10/26
 * Instant Messaging Wikipedians AIM: ElmoCmrley
 * Wikipedians_by_MBTI_type#INTP
 * Wikipedians by favorite writers and works (several)
 * Wikipedians who like to be categorised
 * Wikipedians by astrological sign (Scorpio)

Meaningless rankings

 * List of Wikipedians by number of edits 757, as of end-of-November 2004
 * List of Wikipedians by number of edits: 576, as of end-of-November 2004

Now, what does this say about the nature of my contributions to Wikipedia? ::grin::

My People

 * Ryguasu, able interlocutor, co-creator of the space phone and small countries theory, and probably the best native philosopher (i.e., most naturally philosophical person) I've ever encountered.

 * Wackyslav, fellow Sanskritist and glossator. Yeah, that's right. Glossator.

 * FireCatcher, Mother.

Links

 * FOAF via FoaF Explorer
 * Unlikely Glossary (Intellectually onanistic in-joke and cultural reference indexing; takes the form of a Zwiki)
 * Something vaguely like a blog--new version; something vaguely like an RSS feed for something vaguely like a blog. (cf. Wikipedians who blog

Quotes

 * Simone Weil
 * Reality comes into view when we see that nature is not only an obstacle which allows us to act in an ordered way but it is also an obstacle which infinitely transcends us.-- Lectures on Philosophy, p.111 (Emphasis added)
 * The mind is not forced to believe in the existence of anything (subjectivism, absolute idealism, solipsism, skepticism: cf. The Upanishads, the Taoists, and Plato, who, all of them, adopt this philosophical attitude by way of purification). That is why the only organ of contact with existence is acceptance, love. That is why joy and the sense of reality are identical.-- in The Simone Weil Anthology, ed. George A. Panichas.

 * William James
 * In the deepest heart of all of us there is a corner in which the ultimate mystery of things works sadly...--"Is Life Worth Living?"

 * Zhuangzi
 * Those who dream of the banquet wake to lamentation and sorrow.
 * Those who dream of lamentation and sorrow wake to join the hunt.--(tr. Giles)

 * Misc.
 * There's a thing that you must know concerning the jewels of laughter. They always turn again to tears a fortnight after.-- James Thurber, The Thirteen Clocks

 * Random
 * Elmo Crmley (7:05:16 PM): I dont' think Wikipedia has a currently in-built policy for moderating conflicts of the type, "X is a prissy bitch who's stalking me"
 * wackyslav (7:06:13 PM): No, although you'd think it would have come up.

Articles
That I'm wholly or partly responsible for: User:Kukkurovaca/Articles

That need creation and/or improvement: User:Kukkurovaca/Kartavya

That I find amusing:

 * Nihilartikel

 * Chessboxing

 * Crushing by elephant

 * Parish (town), New York

 * Alasdair Milne

 * Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

 * Pearl milk tea -- "Boba literally means the "dominatrix of balls" in the Chinese language, connoting the image of a busty woman."

 * Project Xanadu

Buddhism Apparatus
User:Kukkurovaca/Buddhism

Wiki Apparatus
User:Kukkurovaca/Wiki

SandBox

title: User:Kukkurovaca