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Baron Rothschild

Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertfordshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1885 for Sir Nathan Rothschild, 2nd Baronet, a member of the Rothschild banking family. He was the first Jewish member of the House of Lords not to have previously converted to Christianity. The current holder of the title is Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild, who inherited the barony in February 2024.

History
The Rothschild baronetcy, of Grosvenor Place, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1847 for Anthony de Rothschild, a banker and politician, with remainder to the male issue of his elder brother, Lionel de Rothschild, the first ever practicing Jewish Member of Parliament. Both Anthony and Lionel were sons of the influential financier Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), founder of the English branch of the Rothschild family.

The first Baronet was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew, the aforementioned second Baronet, who was created Baron Rothschild in 1885. Although other ethnic Jews such as Sampson Eardley and Benjamin Disraeli had already received peerages, both were brought up as Christians from childhood, and Eardley's Irish peerage did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords. Rothschild was thus the first practicing Jew to sit in the House of Lords.

He was succeeded by his eldest son, Walter, the second Baron. He was a banker and politician but is best remembered for his interest in zoology. He died without male issue and his brother had predeceased him, so upon his death, the titles passed to his nephew Victor, the third Baron. He was the only son of the Hon. Charles Rothschild.

, the titles are held by the fourth Baron's son, Nathaniel, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 2024.

Austrian title
In 1822, the hereditary title of Freiherr (baron) of the Austrian Empire was granted in the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria to the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild. In 1838, Queen Victoria authorized the use of this Austrian baronial title in the United Kingdom by Lionel de Rothschild and certain other members of the Rothschild family. However, the use of such foreign titles in the United Kingdom was subsequently limited by a warrant of 27 April 1932.

Rothschild baronets, of Grosvenor Place (1847)

 * Sir Anthony Nathan de Rothschild, 1st Baronet (1810–1876)
 * Sir Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 2nd Baronet (1840–1915) (created Baron Rothschild in 1885)

Baron Rothschild (1885)

 * Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (1840–1915)
 * Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (1868–1937)
 * Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild (1910–1990)
 * Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild (1936–2024)
 * Nathaniel Philip Victor James Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild (born 1971)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's first cousin, James Amschel Victor Rothschild (born 1985). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, born in 2022.

There are no other living male-line descendants of the first Baron. If the line of the first Baron fails, the barony will become extinct, but the baronetcy will fall to a descendant of the first Baron's younger brother, Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917). That descendant is currently his great-grandson Nicholas David Rothschild (born 1951).

Line of succession
Those in positions (3) to (8) below are in remainder to the baronetcy only.

 * Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836)
 * Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1808–1879)
 * Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, 2nd Baronet (1840–1915)
 * Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg (Lionel) Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, 3rd Baronet (1868–1937)
 * Hon. (Nathaniel) Charles Rothschild (1877–1923)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg (Nathaniel Mayer) Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild, 4th Baronet (1910–1990)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg (Nathaniel Charles) Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, 5th Baronet (1936–2024)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Nathaniel Philip Victor James Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild, 6th Baronet (born 1971)
 * Hon. Amschel Mayor James Rothschild (1955–1996)
 * (1) James Amschel Victor Rothschild (born 1985)
 * (2) a son (born 2022)
 * Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917)
 * Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882–1942)
 * Edmund Leopold de Rothschild (1916–2009)
 * (3) Nicholas David Rothschild (born 1951)
 * (4) David Lionel Rothschild (born 1955)
 * (5) Leopold James Rothschild (born 1994)
 * (6) Amschel Nathaniel Rothschild (born 1995)
 * Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961)
 * Sir Evelyn Robert Adrian de Rothschild (1931–2022)
 * (7) Anthony James de Rothschild (born 1977)
 * (8) David Mayer de Rothschild (born 1978)
 * Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Ulster.svg Sir Anthony Nathan de Rothschild, 1st Baronet (1810–1876)

title: Baron Rothschild


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Talk:Khamûl - Talk:Khand - Talk:Khazad - Talk:Khazad-dûm - Talk:Kheled-zâram - Talk:Khîm - Talk:Khuzdul - Talk:Kibil-nâla - Talk:Kili - Talk:King under the Mountain - Talk:King's Men - Talk:King's Riders - Talk:Kingdom of Rhovanion - Talk:Kings of Arnor - Talk:Kings of Arthedain - Talk:Kings of Gondor - Talk:Kings of Rohan - Talk:Kings of Númenor - Talk:Kinslaying - Talk:Kin-strife - Talk:Kôr

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Talk:Lagduf - Talk:Ladros - Talk:Laiquendi - Talk:Lalaith - Talk:Lake Evendim - Talk:Lake Helevorn - Talk:Lake Mithrim - Talk:Lake Nenuial - Talk:Laketown (Middle-earth) - Talk:Lambengolmor - Talk:Lamedon - Talk:Land of Seven Rivers - Talk:Land of the Sun - Talk:Languages of Middle-earth - Talk:Langflood - Talk:Langwell - Talk:Last Alliance of Elves and Men - Talk:Laurelin - Talk:Lay of Leithian - Talk:Lay of the Children of Húrin - Talk:Lays of Beleriand, The - "Talk:Leaf by Niggle" - Talk:Lebennin - Talk:Lee, Alan - Talk:Lefnui - Talk:Legendarium - Talk:Legolas - Talk:Legolin - Talk:Lembas - Talk:Lenwë - Talk:Léod - Talk:Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, The - Talk:Lhammas - Talk:Lhammoth - Talk:Lhûn - Talk:Light Elf - Talk:Limlight - Talk:Limlîht - Talk:Lindar - Talk:Lindon - Talk:List of female hobbits - Talk:List of Middle-earth characters - Talk:List of Middle-earth peoples - Talk:List of Middle-earth rivers - Talk:List of Middle-earth writings - Talk:List of rulers of Númenor - Talk:Little Gelion - Talk:Loeg Ningloron - Talk:Lohtûr - Talk:Lond Daer - Talk:Lond Daer Ened - Talk:Lonely Mountain - Talk:Long Lake - Talk:Long Winter - Talk:Lord of the Rings, The - Talk:Lord of the Rings, The (movie trilogy) - Talk:Lord of the Rings, The (animated movie) - Talk:The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series) - Talk:Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game - Talk:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game, The - Talk:Lords of Andúnië - Talk:Lórien - Talk:Lórinand - Talk:Losgar - Talk:Lossarnach - Talk:Lossoth - Talk:Lost Road and Other Writings, The - Talk:Lothlann - Talk:Loudwater - Talk:Lugdush - Talk:Lurtz - Talk:Lúthien

M
Talk:Mablung - Talk:Maedhros - Talk:Maeglin - Talk:Maglor - Talk:Maglor's Gap - Talk:Magor - Talk:Máhanaxar - Talk:Mahtan - Talk:Maiar - Talk:Malach - Talk:Malduin - Talk:Mallor - Talk:Mallorn -Talk:Malvegil - Talk:Man in the Moon - "Talk:Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late, The" - Talk:Manwë - Talk:Marach - Talk:March of Maedhros - Talk:Mardil Voronwë - Talk:Master of Buckland - Talk:Mauhúr - Talk:Mayor of Michel Delving - Talk:Mearas - Talk:Meduseld - Talk:Melian - Talk:Mellyrn - Talk:Melkian - Talk:Melkor - Talk:Men - Talk:Menegroth - Talk:Meneldil - Talk:Meneldur, Tar- - Talk:Meneltarma - Talk:Mering Stream - Talk:Methedras - Talk:Michel Delving - Talk:Middle-earth - Talk:Middle-earth canon - Talk:Middle Earth Role Play - Talk:Middle Men - Talk:Mîm - Talk:Min-Rimmon - Talk:Minalcar - Talk:Minardil - Talk:Minas Anor - Talk:Minas Ithil - Talk:Minas Morgul - Talk:Minas Tirith (First Age) - Talk:Minas Tirith (Third Age) - Talk:Minastir, Tar- - Talk:Mindeb - Talk:Mindolluin - Talk:Minhiriath - Talk:Minyatur, Tar- - Talk:Míriel - Talk:Mirkwood - Talk:Mirror of Galadriel - Talk:Mirrormere - Talk:Misty Mountain Hop - Talk:Misty Mountains - Talk:Mitheithel - Talk:Mithlond - Talk:Mithrandir - Talk:Mithrellas - Talk:Mithril - Talk:Mithrim - Talk:Moon - Talk:Morannon - Talk:Mordor - Talk:Morenor - Talk:Morgoth - Talk:Morgoth's Ring - Talk:Morgul blade - Talk:Morgulduin - Talk:Moria - Talk:Moria (computer game) - Talk:Moriquendi - Talk:Morthond - Talk:Morwen - Talk:Morwen Steelsheen - Talk:Mount Dolmed - Talk:Mount Doom - Talk:Mount Gram - Talk:Mount Gundabad - Talk:Mount Methedras - Talk:Mount Rerir - Talk:Mount Taras - Talk:Mountains of Moria - Talk:Mouth of Sauron - Talk:Mouths of Sirion - Talk:Mumakil - Talk:Music of the Ainur - Talk:Muster of Rohan - Talk:Muzgash

N
Talk:Nanduhirion - Talk:Nahar - Talk:Náin - Talk:Náin I - Talk:Náin II - Talk:Namo - Talk:Nandor - Talk:Nan Elmoth - Talk:Nan-Tathren - Talk:Narchost - Talk:Nardol - Talk:Nargothrond - Talk:Narmacil I - Talk:Narmacil II - Talk:Narn i Chîn Húrin - Talk:Narog - Talk:Narsil - Talk:Narvi - Talk:Nauglafring - Talk:Nauglamír - Talk:Narya - Talk:Nazgûl - Talk:Neldoreth - Talk:Nen Hithoel - Talk:Nenning - Talk:Nenya - Talk:Nerdanel - Talk:Nessa - Talk:Nevrast - Talk:New Shadow, The - Talk:Nienna - Talk:Nienor - Talk:Nightfall in Middle-Earth - Talk:Nibin-Noeg - Talk:Nimloth - Talk:Nimphelos - Talk:Nimrodel - Talk:Nîn-in-Eilph - Talk:Nindalf - Talk:Nine Rings - Talk:Ninglor - Talk:Níniel - Talk:Nirnaeth Arnoediad - Talk:Nivrim - Talk:Noegyth Nibin - Talk:Nogrod - Talk:Noirinan - Talk:Noldoli - Talk:Ñoldor - Talk:Nóm - Talk:Nori - Talk:Northfarthing - Talk:Northmen - Talk:Notion Club Papers, The - Talk:Núath - Talk:Númenor - Talk:Nunduinë

O
Talk:Oath of Eorl - Talk:Oath of Fëanor - Talk:Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age - Talk:Óin - Talk:Old Man Willow - Talk:Old Forest - Talk:Old Forest Road - Talk:Oldbuck - Talk:Olog-hai - Talk:Oliphaunt - Talk:Olórin - Talk:Olwë - Talk:Ondoher - Talk:One Ring - "Talk:On Fairy-Stories" - Talk:Onodló - Talk:Orc - Talk:Orcrist - Talk:Ori - Talk:Ormal - Talk:Ornendil - Talk:Orocarni - Talk:Orodreth - Talk:Orodreth (Steward) - Talk:Orodruin - Talk:Oromë - Talk:Oromëan - Talk:Oropher - Talk:Orophin - Talk:Orthanc - Talk:Osgiliath - Talk:Ossë - Talk:Ossiriand - Talk:Ost-in-Edhil - Talk:Ostoher

P
Talk:Pallando - Talk:Palantir, Tar- - Talk:Palantír - Talk:Parth Galen - Talk:Pass of Aglon - Talk:Paths of the Dead - Talk:Pelargir - Talk:Pelendur - Talk:Pelennor Fields - Talk:Pelóri Mountains - Talk:Pengolodh - Talk:Peoples of Middle-earth, The - Talk:Petty-dwarves - Talk:Peredhil - Talk:Pharazôn, Ar- - Talk:Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien - Talk:Poros - Talk:Prancing Pony - Talk:Primitive Quendian - Talk:Princes of Dol Amroth

Q
Talk:Queen Berúthiel - Talk:Quendi - Talk:Quendian - Talk:Quendi and Eldar - Talk:Quenta Silmarillion - Talk:Quenya - Talk:Quest of Erebor, The

R
Talk:Radagast - Talk:Rammas Echor - Talk:Rangers of the North - Talk:Rathlóriel - Talk:Rauros - Talk:Realms of Arda - Talk:Red Arrow - Talk:Red Book of Westmarch - Talk:Redhorn Pass - Talk:Region - Talk:Regions of the Shire - Talk:Rerir - Talk:Return of the King (book),The - Talk:Return of the King, The (movie) - Talk:Return of the King, The (animated movie) - Talk:Return of the Ñoldor - Talk:Return of the Shadow, The - Talk:Reunited Kingdom - Talk:Rhimdath - Talk:Rhosgobel - Talk:Rhovanion - Talk:Rhudaur - Talk:Rhûn - Talk:Riddle Game - Talk:Ringbearer - Talk:Ring-inscription - Talk:Ring of Barahir - Talk:Ring of Doom - Talk:Rings of Power - Talk:Rings of the Elves - Talk:Rían - Talk:Ringló - Talk:Ringwil - Talk:Ringwraith - Talk:Rivendell - Talk:River Brithon - Talk:River Celon - Talk:River Gelion - Talk:River Narog - Talk:River Nenning - Talk:River Running - Talk:River Sirion - Talk:River Teiglin - Talk:Rivers of Gondor - Talk:Rivil - Talk:Road Goes Ever On, The - Talk:Rohan - Talk:Rohirric - Talk:Rohirrim - Talk:Rómendacil - Talk:Rómendacil I - Talk:Rómendacil II - Talk:Rómenna - Talk:Romenor - Talk:Round World - Talk:Ruin of Doriath - Talk:Ruffian - Talk:Ruling Queens of Númenor - Talk:Ruling Ring - Talk:Rúmil - Talk:Rushdown

S
Talk:Sackville-Baggins, Lobelia - Talk:Sackville-Baggins, Lotho, Talk:Sakalthôr, Ar- - Talk:Salmar - Talk:Sarn Ford - Talk:Sarn Gebir - Talk:Saruman - Talk:Sauron - Talk:Sauron Defeated - Talk:Scatha - Talk:Scouring of the Shire - Talk:Sea of Helcar - Talk:Sea of Núrnen - Talk:Sea of Rhûn - Talk:Second Age - Talk:Secret Fire - Talk:Serech - Talk:Serni - Talk:Sernui - Talk:Seven Rivers of Gondor - Talk:Shadowfax - Talk:Shagrat - Talk:Shaping of Middle-earth, The - Talk:Sharkey -  Talk:Shelob - Talk:Shire - Talk:Shire Calendar - Talk:Shire Reckoning - Talk:Shirebourn - Talk:Sickle of the Valar - Talk:Siege of Angband - Talk:Silmariën - Talk:Silmaril - Talk:Silmarillion, The - Talk:Silvan Elves - Talk:Silverlode - Talk:Silvertine - Talk:Sindar - Talk:Sindarin - Talk:Singollo - Talk:Sîr Ninglor - Talk:Sirannon - Talk:Siril - Talk:Sirion - Talk:Siriondil - Talk:Sirith - Talk:Sketch of the Mythology - Talk:Smaug - Talk:Sméagol - Talk:Snowbourn -  Talk:Snowmane - Talk:Snowmen of Forochel - Talk:Solisimpi - Talk:Sons of Fëanor - Talk:Soronto - Talk:Southfarthing - Talk:Southrons - Talk:Spring of Arda - Talk:Star of Eärendil - Talk:Star of Elendil - Talk:Star of the Dúnedain - Talk:Starkhorn - Talk:Stewards during the Watchful Peace - Talk:Stewards of Gondor - Talk:Sting -  Talk:Stoors - Talk:Straight Road - Talk:Strider - Talk:Summoning - Talk:Sun - Talk:Sundering of the Elves - Talk:Sundering Sea - Talk:Súrion, Tar- - Talk:Swanfleet

T
Talk:Taeglin - Talk:Tal-Elmar - Talk:Tale of Adanel, The - Talk:Talath Dirnen - Talk:Taliska - Talk:Taniquetil - Talk:Tarcil - Talk:Tarondor - Talk:Tarondor of Arnor - Talk:Tarannon Falastur - Talk:Tarmasundar - Talk:Tarnost - Talk:Tarostar - Talk:Tarn Aeluin - Talk:Tata - Talk:Taur-e-Ndaedelos - Talk:Taur-en-Faroth - Talk:Taur-im-Duinath - Talk:Taur-nu-Fuin - Talk:Teiglin - Talk:Telchar - Talk:Telemmaitë, Tar- - Talk:Telemnar - Talk:Telemnar, Tar- - Talk:Teleri - Talk:Telperiën, Tar- - Talk:Telperion - Talk:Telumehtar - Talk:Tengwar - Talk:Thain - Talk:Thains of the Shire - Talk:Thalos - Talk:Thangorodrim - Talk:Tharbad - Talk:Thargelion - Talk:Thengel - Talk:Théoden - Talk:Théodred - Talk:Théodwyn - Talk:Thingol - Talk:Third Age - Talk:Thorin I - Talk:Thorin II Oakenshield - Talk:Thorin III Stonehelm - Talk:Thorondir - Talk:Thorondor - Talk:Thráin I - Talk:Thráin II - Talk:Thrall-Ñoldorin - Talk:Thranduil - Talk:Three Houses of Men - Talk:Three Rings - Talk:Thrór - Talk:Thuringwethil - Talk:Tilion - Talk:Timeless Halls - Talk:Timeline of Arda - Talk:Tindomiel - Talk:Tinúviel - Talk:Tirion - Talk:Tol Eressëa - Talk:Tol Galen - Talk:Tolfalas - Talk:Tol-in-Gaurhoth - Talk:Tol Fuin - Talk:Tol Morwen - Talk:Tol Sirion - Talk:Tolkien, Christopher - Talk:Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel - Talk:Tolkien-based MUSH - Talk:Tolkien Metal - Talk:Tolkien Society of Sweden - Talk:Tolkienist - Talk:Tom Bombadil - Talk:TOME (computer game) -  Talk:Took - Talk:Took clan - Talk:Took, Adalgrim - Talk:Took, Belladonna - Talk:Took, Bullroarer - Talk:Faramir Took - Talk:Took, Ferumbras III - Talk:Took, Fortinbras II - Talk:Took, Gerontius - Talk:Took, Isumbras - Talk:Took, Paladin - Talk:Took, Paladin II - Talk:Took, Pearl - Talk:Took, Peregrin - Talk:Took, Pervinca - Talk:Took, Pimpernel - Talk:Tower Hills - Talk:Treason of Isengard, The - Talk:Tree and Leaf - Talk:Treebeard - Talk:Trees of the Valar - Talk:Troll -  Talk:Trollshaws - Talk:Trotter -  Talk:Tuckborough - Talk:Tulkas - Talk:Tumladen - Talk:Tumunzahar - Talk:Túna - Talk:Tuor - Talk:Turgon - Talk:Turgon (Steward) - Talk:Turambar - Talk:Túrin - Talk:Túrin I - Talk:Túrin II - Talk:Two Lamps - Talk:Two Towers, The - Talk:Two Towers, The (book) - Talk:Two Towers, The (movie) - Talk:Two Towers: The Purist Edit, The - Talk:Two Trees - Talk:Tyrn Gorthad - Talk:Two Trees of Valinor

U
Talk:Udun - Talk:Ufthak - Talk:Uglúk - Talk:Uinen - Talk:Uldor - Talk:Ulfang - Talk:Ulfast - Talk:Ulwarth - Talk:Ulmo - Talk:Úmanyar - Talk:Umbar - Talk:Umbardacil - Talk:Undómiel - Talk:Undying Lands - Talk:Unfinished Tales - Talk:Ungoliant - Talk:Union of Maedhros - Talk:Uolë Kúvion - Talk:Upbourn - Talk:Uruk-hai - Talk:Urulóki - Talk:Urwen - Talk:Utter West - Talk:Utumno

V
Talk:Vairë - Talk:Vaiya - Talk:Valacar - Talk:Valacirca - Talk:Valandil - Talk:Valandur - Talk:Valaquenta - Talk:Valar - Talk:Valaraukar - Talk:Valarin - Talk:Valinor - Talk:Valimar - Talk:Valmar - Talk:Vána - Talk:Vanimeldë, Tar- - Talk:Vanyar - Talk:Varda - Talk:Vardamir Nólimon - Talk:Variags of Khand - Talk:Vilya - Talk:Vidugavia - Talk:Vidumavi - Talk:Vingilótë - Talk:Vinyalondë - Talk:Vinyamar - Talk:Vinyarion - Talk:Vista - Talk:Void, The - Talk:Vorondil the Hunter - Talk:Voronwë

W
Talk:Wainriders - Talk:Walda - Talk:Wall of the Sun - Talk:Walls of Night - Talk:Wanderings of Húrin - Talk:War of the Dwarves and Orcs - Talk:War of the Elves and Sauron - Talk:War of the Jewels - Talk:War of the Jewels, The - Talk:War of the Last Alliance - Talk:War of the Ring - Talk:War of the Ring, The - Talk:War of Wrath - Talk:Warg - Talk:Warning beacons of Gondor - Talk:Watcher in the Water - Talk:Watchful Peace - Talk:Water, The - Talk:Weathertop - Talk:Werewolves - Talk:West Beleriand - Talk:Westfarthing - Talk:Westmarch - Talk:Westron - Talk:White Council - Talk:White Downs - Talk:White Mountains - Talk:White Tree of Gondor - Talk:Wilderland - Talk:Witch-king of Angmar - Talk:Withywindle - Talk:Wizards - Talk:Wood-elves - Talk:Wormtongue - Talk:Woses - Talk:Wulf

Y
Talk:Yale - Talk:Yavanna - Talk:Years of the Lamps - Talk:Years of the Sun - Talk:Years of the Trees

Z
Talk:Zimraphel, -Ar - Talk:Zimrathôn, Ar- - Talk:Zirakzigil

Categories
Category_talk:LOTR Movie Trilogy only - Category_talk:Middle-earth - Category_talk:Middle-earth battles - Category_talk:Middle-earth books - Category_talk:Middle-earth languages - Category_talk:Middle-earth places - Category_talk:Middle-earth rivers - Category_talk:Middle-earth towns and cities Category_talk:Mountains of Middle-earth Category_talk:Realms of Middle-earth - Category_talk:Middle-earth swords - Category_talk:Middle-earth characters - Category_talk:Middle-earth Dwarves - Category_talk:Middle-earth Elves - Category_talk:Ents - Category_talk:Middle-earth Hobbits - Category_talk:Middle-earth Maiar - Category_talk:Middle-earth Men - Category_talk:Middle-earth Dúnedain - Category_talk:Rulers of Númenor - Category_talk:Middle-earth Edain - Category_talk:Middle-earth Rohirrim - Category_talk:Middle-earth Orcs - Category_talk:Middle-earth Ringwraiths - Category_talk:Middle-earth Valar - Category_talk:Middle-earth weapons - Category_talk:Tolkien stub - Category_talk:Middle-earth rings and jewels - Category_talk:Grey Elves - Category_talk:Middle-earth Half-elven - Category_talk:High Elves - Category_talk:Dúnedain of the North

Family trees
Template_talk:Elendil - Template_talk:Fëanor - Template_talk:Finarfin - Template_talk:Fingolfin - Template_talk:Half-elven

Subject lists
Template_talk:Ainur - Template_talk:Dragons - Template_talk:Dwarves - Template_talk:Ents - Template_talk:History of Arda - Template_talk:Lotr - Template_talk:Mecanon - Template_talk:Mehorses - Template_talk:Meweapons - Template_talk:Middle-earth - Template_talk:Silmarillion - Template_talk:Tolkienstub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Nyack

Nyack may refer to:

 * Nyack, New York, a village
 * Nyack College, whose main campus is in the village
 * Nyack Mountain, a summit in Montana, US
 * Nyack Pippin, or Nyack, a form of pippin apple
 * USS Nyack, the name of two U.S. Navy vessels
 * Nyack, Montana, a location in Flathead County, Montana

title: Nyack


text:
Selby District

Selby District was a local government district of North Yorkshire, England, from 1974 to 2023. Its council was based in the town of Selby. The district had a population of 83,449 at the 2011 Census. The southernmost district of North Yorkshire, it bordered the City of York unitary authority, the Borough of Harrogate in North Yorkshire, the City of Leeds and City of Wakefield districts in West Yorkshire, the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, and the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of Selby Urban District, Selby Rural District and parts of Derwent Rural District, Hemsworth Rural District, Osgoldcross Rural District and Tadcaster Rural District. Of them, Derwent Rural District was in the historic East Riding of Yorkshire, while the rest were in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

On 1 April 1996, the parishes of Acaster Malbis, Askham Bryan, Askham Richard, Bishopthorpe, Copmanthorpe, Deighton, Dunnington, Elvington, Fulford, Heslington, Kexby, Naburn and Wheldrake were all transferred from the district to form part of the new City of York unitary authority area. According to the 2001 census, those parishes had a population of 22,873.

Towns and villages
Settlements in the district of Selby included:

 * Balne, Barlby, Barlow, Biggin, Bilbrough, Bolton Percy, Burn, Burton Salmon, Brayton, Brotherton
 * Camblesforth, Carlton, Cawood, Church Fenton, Cliffe, Chapel Haddlesey, Cridling Stubbs
 * Drax
 * Eggborough, Escrick
 * Fairburn
 * Gateforth
 * Hambleton, Hemingbrough, Hensall, Hillam, Hirst Courtney
 * Kelfield, Kellington, Kirk Smeaton
 * Long Drax, Lumby
 * Monk Fryston
 * Newthorpe, North Duffield
 * Osgodby
 * Riccall
 * Selby, Sherburn in Elmet, Skipwith, Stutton, South Milford, Stillingfleet
 * Tadcaster, Temple Hirst, Thorganby, Thorpe Willoughby, Towton
 * Ulleskelf
 * Walden Stubbs, West Haddlesey, Whitley, Wistow, Womersley

Council
In the final elections to the council in 2019, the Conservative Party held a majority on the council, with Labour in opposition.

Abolition
In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, the non-metropolitan county would be reorganised into a unitary authority. Selby District Council was abolished and its functions were transferred to a new single authority for the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire.

title: Selby District


text:
Baron Revelstoke

Baron Revelstoke, of Membland in the County of Devon, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 30 June 1885 for the businessman Edward Baring, head of the family firm of Barings Bank and a member of the Baring family. Baring was the son of Henry Baring, third son of Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, and the nephew of Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton, the second cousin of Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook, the elder brother of Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer and the uncle of Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son John, the second Baron. John was a partner in Baring Brothers and Co. Ltd, a Director of the Bank of England, and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex. On his death the title passed to his younger brother Cecil, the third Baron. He acquired Lambay Island, north of Dublin, in 1904. the title is held by his great-grandson, the seventh Baron, who succeeded his father in 2012.

The man-of-letters Maurice Baring was the fifth son of the first Baron.

The city of Revelstoke in British Columbia, Canada, was renamed in honour of Edward Charles Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke, commemorating his role in securing the financing necessary for completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

The family seat is Lambay Castle, in Lambay Island, County Dublin.

Barons Revelstoke (1885)

 * Edward Charles Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke (1828–1897)
 * John Baring, 2nd Baron Revelstoke (1863–1929)
 * Cecil Baring, 3rd Baron Revelstoke (1864–1934). Married Maude Lorillard of New York, daughter of the tobacco millionaire, Pierre Lorillard IV.
 * Rupert Baring, 4th Baron Revelstoke (1911–1994)
 * John Baring, 5th Baron Revelstoke (1934–2003)
 * James Cecil Baring, 6th Baron Revelstoke (1938–2012)
 * Alexander Rupert Baring, 7th Baron Revelstoke (b. 1970)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother Thomas James Baring (b. 1971)

Line of succession

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Edward Charles Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke (1828–1897)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] John Baring, 2nd Baron Revelstoke (1863–1929)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Cecil Baring, 3rd Baron Revelstoke (1864–1934)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Rupert Baring, 4th Baron Revelstoke (1911–1994)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] John Baring, 5th Baron Revelstoke (1934–2003)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] James Cecil Baring, 6th Baron Revelstoke (1938–2012)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Alexander Rupert Baring, 7th Baron Revelstoke (born 1970)
 * (1) Hon. Thomas James Baring (b. 1971)
 * Major Hon. Hugo Baring (1876–1949)
 * Francis Anthony Baring (1909–1940)
 * (2) Nicholas Hugo Baring (b. 1934)
 * (3) Francis Charles Baring (b. 1973)
 * (4) Tobias Keith Alexander Baring (b. 1976)
 * (5) Edward Randal Baring (b. 1979)
 * (6) Peter Baring (b. 1935)
 * (7) Guy Francis Baring (b. 1965)
 * (8) Max Maurice Baring (b. 1967)
 * (9) Hugo John Baring (b. 1970)
 * (10) Francis Baring (b. 1999)
 * (11) Jim Baring (b. 2003)
 * (12) William Ajax Baring (b. 2004)

title: Baron Revelstoke


text:
User:Yke

My contributions

title: User:Yke


text:
Oberlin

Oberlin may refer to:
 * Places in the United States
 * Oberlin Township, Decatur County, Kansas
 * Oberlin, Kansas, a city in the township
 * Oberlin, Louisiana, a town
 * Oberlin, Ohio, a city
 * Oberlin, Licking County, Ohio, a ghost town
 * Oberlin, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place
 * Mount Oberlin, Glacier National Park, Montana

 * Schools
 * Oberlin University, a private university in Machida, Tokyo, Japan
 * Oberlin College, a liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio
 * Oberlin High School (Louisiana), Oberlin, Louisiana, United States
 * Oberlin High School (Ohio), Oberlin, Ohio, United States
 * Oberlin High School, Jamaica
 * Oberlin Middle School, (North Carolina)
 * People
 * Oberlin (surname)
 * Oberlin Smith (1840–1926), American engineer

title: Oberlin


text:
José Montoya

José Montoya (May 28, 1932 – September 25, 2013) was a poet and an artist from Sacramento, California. He was one of the most influential Chicano bilingual poets. He has published many well-known poems in anthologies and magazines, and served as Sacramento's poet laureate.

Biography
He was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico and raised, along with his brother, Malaquias Montoya, in the San Joaquin Valley in California. He and his family were migrant farm workers and Montoya started helping in the fields at age nine. The experience made Montoya decide that "farm work would not be his destiny." His mother was an artist herself, stenciling images for churches and homes and creating her own pigments and his experiences assisting her helped him think about becoming an artist.

From 1951 to 1955, he served in the United States Navy. After the Korean War, he used his G.I. Bill to go to college. He entered San Diego City College as an art student, Montoya later transferred to the California College of Arts & Crafts in Oakland, California. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1962. He began his career by teaching at Wheatland Union High School. Later, he earned his MA in 1971 from California State University, Sacramento. He taught Chicana/o studies in the Department of Art at California State University, Sacramento. Here, he worked for over twenty five years and started a unique program called the "Barrio Art Program." This program worked with student teachers who went into neighborhoods that were traditionally "under-served" in order to teach art to young people.

In the early 1970s, Montoya joined his students and members of the Chicano community to found the Rebel Chicano Art Front, later renamed the Royal Chicano Air Force, which supported the activities of Cesar Chavez and helped to advance the cause of the United Farm Worker's movement. The RCAF under Montoya and his artist comrades produced countless silk screen posters and organized numerous cultural, educational, and political activities in the Sacramento area and well beyond. They also did community work, such as the "Breakfast for Niños" program that served food to children in poor neighborhoods.

His poetic career was said to have begun with the publication of his poem, "La Jefita" (1969) in El Grito: A Journal of Contemporary Mexican-American Thought. His poetry was noted for using code switching, barrio slang and for its themes about struggling against injustice.

His son Richard Montoya is a member of the performance troupe Culture Clash.

"El Louie"
Hoy enterraron al Louie. And San Pedro o san pinche Are in for it. And those Times of the forties And the early fifties Lost un vato de atolle.

 * — El Louie, 1969

"El Louie" is probably Montoya's most famous and most often anthologized poem. With compassion and anger, it tells the story of Louie, a pachuco from San José and California's Central Valley who is a popular local figure. After he comes back from the war in Korea his life disintegrates as he continues coming into conflict with the white-dominated world of California; he is a hero and a loser, hocking his combat medals for booze and drugs; he dies alone in squalid conditions. Louie is not elevated to gangster sainthood, but he is "recognized as a normative model" rather than portrayed as deviant, dangerous or insignificant.

Works

 * Montoya, José. El Sol y Los De Abajo and other R.C.A.F. poems por José Montoya. San Francisco: Ediciones Pocho-che, 1972.
 * Montoya, José. In Formation: 20 Years of Joda. Chusma House Publications, 1992.
 * Trio Casindio and the Royal Chicano Air Force. 20 Years of Songs by José Montoya.
 * Montoya, José. Los Compas: Chale Gallego y'l Xorty. Copilot Press, 2010.

title: José Montoya


text:
Institute of Contemporary Arts

The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) is an artistic and cultural centre on The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. Located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps and Admiralty Arch, the ICA contains galleries, a theatre, two cinemas, a bookshop and a bar.

History
The ICA was founded by Roland Penrose, Peter Watson, Herbert Read, Peter Gregory, Geoffrey Grigson and E. L. T. Mesens in 1946. The ICA's founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers and scientists could debate ideas outside the traditional confines of the Royal Academy. The model for establishing the ICA was the earlier Leeds Arts Club, founded in 1903 by Alfred Orage, of which Herbert Read had been a leading member. Like the ICA, this too was a centre for multi-disciplinary debate, combined with avant-garde art exhibition and performances, within a framework that emphasised a radical social outlook.

The first two exhibitions at the ICA, 40 Years of Modern Art and 40,000 Years of Modern Art, were organised by Penrose, and reflected his interests in Cubism and African art, taking place in the basement of the Academy Cinema, 165 Oxford Street. The Academy Cinema building included the Pavilion, a restaurant, and the Marquee ballroom in the basement; the building was managed by George Hoellering, the film, jazz and big band promoter. In 1968 Jasia Reichardt curated the exhibition on computer generated art and music: Cybernetic Serendipity at the ICA.

With the acquisition of 17 Dover Street, Piccadilly, in May 1950, the ICA was able to expand considerably. Ewan Phillips served as the first director. It was the former residence of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson. The gallery, clubroom and offices were refurbished by modernist architect Jane Drew assisted by Neil Morris and Eduardo Paolozzi. Paolozzi decorated the bar area and designed a metal and concrete table with student Terence Conran.

Ewan Phillips left in 1951, and Dorothy Morland was asked to take over temporarily, but stayed there as director for 18 years, until the move to the more spacious Nash House. The critic Reyner Banham acted as assistant Director during the early 1950s, followed by Lawrence Alloway during the mid- to later 1950s. In its early years, the Institute organised exhibitions of modern art including Picasso and Jackson Pollock. A Georges Braque exhibition was held at the ICA in 1954. The first woman to exhibit there was Fahrelnissa Zeid in 1956. It also launched Pop art, Op art, and British Brutalist art and architecture. The Independent Group met at the ICA in 1952–1962/63 and organised several exhibitions, including This Is Tomorrow.

With the support of the Arts Council, the ICA moved to its current site at Nash House in 1968. For a period during the 1970s the institute was known for its often anarchic programme and administration. Norman Rosenthal, then director of exhibitions, was once assaulted by a group of people who were living in the upper floors of the building: a bloodstain on the wall of the administrative offices is preserved under glass, with a note reading "this is Normans's blood". Rosenthal claims the group which assaulted him included the actor Keith Allen.

Bill McAllister was ICA Director from 1977 to 1990, when the Institute developed a system of separate departments specializing in visual art; cinema; and theatre, music and performance art. A fourth department was devoted to talks and lectures. Iwona Blazwick was Director of Exhibitions from 1986 to 1993. Other notable curatorial and programming staff have included Lisa Appignanesi (deputy director of ICA and Head of Talks, 1980–90), James Lingwood (Exhibition Curator, 1986–90), Michael Morris (Director of Theatre), Lois Keidan, (Director of Live Arts, 1992–97), Catherine Ugwu, MBE (deputy director of Live Arts, 1991–97), Tim Highsted (deputy director of Cinema, 1988–95) and Jens Hoffmann (Director of Exhibitions, 2003–07).

Mik Flood took over as director of the ICA in 1990 after McAllister's resignation. Flood announced that the Institute would have to leave its Mall location and move to a larger site, a plan that ultimately came to nothing. He also oversaw a sponsorship scheme whereby the electrical goods company Toshiba paid to have their logo included on every piece of ICA publicity for three years, and in effect changed the name of the ICA to ICA/Toshiba. He was replaced as Director in 1997 by Philip Dodd. In 2002, the then ICA Chairman Ivan Massow criticised what he described as "concept art", leading to his resignation.

From 2003 to 2009, the ICA hosted Comica, the London International Comics Festival, usually during periods when the ICA had no other events or exhibitions scheduled.

Following the departure of Dodd, the ICA appointed Ekow Eshun as artistic director in 2005. Under Eshun's directorship the Live Arts Department was closed down in 2008, the charge for admission for non-members was abandoned (resulting in a reduction of membership numbers and a cash shortfall), the Talks Department lost all its personnel, and many commentators argued that the Institute suffered from a lack of direction. A large financial deficit led to redundancies and resignations of key staff. Art critic JJ Charlesworth saw Eshun’s directorship as a direct cause of the ICA's ills; criticizing Eshun's reliance on private sponsorship, his cultivation of a "cool" ICA brand, and his focus on a cross-disciplinary approach that was put in place "at the cost", Charlesworth wrote "of a loss of curatorial expertise." Problems between staff and Eshun, sometimes supported by the Chairman of the ICA Board, Alan Yentob, led to fractious and difficult staff relations. Eshun resigned in August 2010, and Yentob announced he would leave.

In January 2011, the ICA appointed as its Executive Director Gregor Muir, who took up his post on 7 February 2011. Muir stepped down in 2016 and was replaced by former Artists Space director Stefan Kalmár. Kalmár was the first non-British Director of the ICA and made the cinemas fully independent. He announced his departure from the role after five years in August 2021 saying 'the moment now feels right for me to hand over to the next generation,' but also citing concerns around the loss of the 'arm's length principle' in UK arts funding and increasing Right-Wing attacks in the UK post-Brexit. The ICA was hit hard by closures due to the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns from mid-March 2020 and reopened in July 2021 with War Inna Babylon: the Community’s Struggle for Truths and Rights, an exhibition focused on the “various forms of state violence and institutional racism targeted at Britain’s Black communities."

Notable exhibitions, talks, film festivals and music events

 * 1948: 40 Years of Modern Art, the ICA's first exhibition organised by Herbert Read and Roland Penrose (10 February to 8 March, at Academy Hall, Oxford Street, W1).
 * 1948: 40,000 Years of Modern Art, the ICA's second exhibition organised by Herbert Read and Roland Penrose.
 * 1948: The ICA and Mars Group organise a symposium on architecture.
 * 1950: London-Paris: New Trends in Painting and Sculpture launched the Geometry of Fear sculptors.
 * 1950: James Joyce: His Life and Work, first show in Dover Street at the ICA.
 * 1951: Growth and Form, organised by Richard Hamilton.
 * 1951: First ICA film screenings at the French Institute.
 * 1952 Sixteen Young Sculptors, organised by David Sylvester.
 * 1952: Formation of the Young Group, consisting of artists Nigel Henderson, Toni del Renzio, Reyner Banham and Richard Lannoy, facilitated by the ICA Director Dorothy Morland.
 * 1953: Herbert Read delivers four lectures under the title "The Aesthetics of Sculpture".
 * 1953: Alfred Barr, Director of New York City's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) delivers a lecture entitled "They hate Modern Art or Patterns of Philistine Power".
 * 1953: The Independent Group, including the sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi, begins meeting at the ICA. This leads ultimately to the launch of British Pop Art. The leading theorist of the group, Lawrence Alloway, lectures on "The Human Head in Modern Art".
 * 1953: Pierre Schaeffer performs Musique Concrète.
 * 1953: Parallel of Life and Art, organised by Nigel Henderson, Eduardo Paolozzi and Alison and Peter Smithson.
 * 1953: Jackson Pollock features in a show called Opposing Forces.
 * 1954: Man Ray gives a talk on 'Painting of the Future and the Future of Painting'.
 * 1955: UK Premiere of Kenneth Anger films.
 * 1955: Public discussion on the works of Francis Bacon with Lawrence Alloway and Victor Willing.
 * 1955: Man, Machine and Motion, curated by Richard Hamilton.
 * 1956: Richard Wollheim delivers a lecture entitled "Art and Theory".
 * 1956: Meyer Shapiro delivers a lecture entitled "Recent Abstract Painting in America".
 * 1956: Ernst Gombrich delivers a lecture entitled "Aspects of Communication through Painting".
 * 1956: Reyner Banham gives a talk on Revaluation and Futurism.
 * 1956: Richard Hamilton, Anthony Hill and Colin St. John Wilson in public discussion "Revaluation of Duchamp", the first revaluation of Marcel Duchamp in Britain after the Second World War.
 * 1957: First UK screening of the French film Hurlements en Faveur de Sade by Guy Debord, which caused riots when shown in Paris because it mostly featured a black screen and silence.
 * 1957: Paintings by Chimpanzees, curated by future ICA director Desmond Morris.
 * 1958: British Caribbean Writers talk by Stuart Hall and V.S Naipaul.
 * 1966–68: Yoko Ono contributes to Destruction in Art Symposium orchestrated by Gustav Metzger.
 * 1967: Ian Dury, Pat Douthwaite, Herbert Kitchen and Stass Paraskos exhibition Fantasy and Figuration. Dury was to become a celebrated punk rock musician, and Stass Paraskos had, in 1966, been the last artist in Britain to be successfully prosecuted for showing obscene paintings under the Vagrancy Act 1838.
 * 1968: The inaugural exhibition in the Nash building The Obsessive Image features a waxwork model of a dead hippie by Paul Thek. The Cybernetic Serendipity exhibition features computers, pulsing TV screens and a mosaic floor made of coloured lights.
 * 1976: Mary Kelly exhibits the first part of Post-Partum Document, an exploration (developed between 1973 and 1979) of the mother-child relationship. Each section highlights a formative moment in her son’s mastery of language, along with the artist's sense of loss. Informed by feminism and psychoanalysis, the work alternately adopts the voice of the mother, the child, and an analytic observer. The installation provoked tabloid newspaper outrage because of stained (but laundered) nappy liners incorporated in "Documentation I".
 * 1976: A retrospective of COUM Transmissions (a performance group whose core subsequently formed Throbbing Gristle) entitled Prostitution features sanitary towels and explicit photographs. The exhibition was held concurrently with Mary Kelly's Post-Partum Document.
 * 1977: Adam and the Ants, at this point known simply as The Ants, perform their official debut concert in the restaurant. Singer Adam Ant's stage costume at this point includes a bondage hood and other leather garments. The performance is aborted by venue staff after one song, "Beat My Guest" (later the B-side of major hit single "Stand and Deliver"), but is resumed and completed later that day in the main theatre during the interval of a performance by John Dowie and Victoria Wood.
 * 1980: Sees several important feminist art exhibitions:
 * 4–26 October, Women's Images of Men (curated by Joyce Agee, Jacqueline Morreau, Catherine Elwes, Pat Whiteread);
 * 30 October–9 November: About Time: Video, Performance and Installation by 21 Women Artists (curated by Catherine Elwes, Rose Garrard, Sandy Nairne);
 * 14 November–21 December: Issue: Social Strategies by Women Artists (curated by Lucy R. Lippard).
 * 1981: Roger Westman exhibited his scheme Walls: A Framework for Communal Anarchy.
 * 1986: Helen Chadwick’s artwork Carcass, consisting of composting vegetation in a perspex tower, is removed after the gasses from the compost caused the tower to give way. The smell led to complaints from neighbours and a visit by health inspectors. The main part of the exhibition, 'The Oval Court' (a major installation of sculptural forms, photocopies of animals, vegetation and the artist's body) was bought by the Victoria and Albert Museum for its permanent collection.
 * 1988: Taking Liberties: AIDS and Cultural Politics, organised by Erica Carter and Simon Watney, tackles cultural and activist responses to the AIDS crisis. A book of the same name is published by Serpent's Tail in 1989.
 * 1989: Gerhard Richter shows black-and-white oil paintings of the Baader-Meinhof gang inspired by contemporary newspaper and police photographs.
 * 1990: Vaclav Havel launches Censored Theatre, a programme of readings of suppressed plays. The first reading of Death and the Maiden by the young Chilean playwright Ariel Dorfman is performed by actors including Juliet Stevenson. Harold Pinter, in the audience, said the play "felt like it was a sequel to his own 1984 play One for the Road, which also revolved around a woman who had been raped and tortured".
 * 1991: Damien Hirst’s International Affairs, his first solo exhibition in a public gallery, features glass cases containing items such as a desk, cigarette packets and an ashtray.
 * 1992: The conference Preaching to the Perverted, organised with The Spanner Trust asks: "Are fetishistic practices politically radical?"
 * 1993: The exhibition Bad Girls, curated by Kate Bush and Emma Dexter, celebrates a new spirit of playfulness, tactility and perverse humour in the work of six British and US women artists: Helen Chadwick, Dorothy Cross, Rachel Evans, Nicole Eisenman, Nan Goldin and Sue Williams.
 * 1994: A video camera is set up in the men’s toilets of the ICA, and real-time images of urinating visitors are relayed to a screen in the theatre in a piece by Rosa Sanchez.
 * 1994: The world's first cybercafe is held in the ICA theatre.
 * 1995: Bear and Five Easy Pieces, films by future Turner Prize-winning artist Steve McQueen, are included in the exhibition Mirage: Enigmas of Race, Difference and Desire, curated by David A. Bailey and organised with InIVA. Other artists whose work is included are Sonia Boyce, Eddie George and Trevor Mathison of Black Audio Film Collective, Renée Green, Lyle Ashton Harris, Isaac Julien, Marc Latamie, and Glenn Ligon. An accompanying symposium, Working with Fanon, debates the legacy of Frantz Fanon within the context of art and visual representation. Speakers include Homi K. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, Stuart Hall, bell hooks, Isaac Julien, Kobena Mercer, Raoul Peck, Ntozake Shange, Françoise Versages, and Lola Young.
 * 1996: Jake and Dinos Chapman display Tragic Anatomies, sculptures of children with genitalia in place of facial features, as part of their exhibition Chapman World.
 * 1996: The Onedotzero digital film festival is hosted at the ICA for the first time.
 * 1996: Incarcerated with Artaud and Genet traces the legacies of the avant-garde French writers in a weekend event with participants including the writer and musician Patti Smith, writer Tahar Ben Jelloun, film maker Alejandro Jodorowsky, and theatre director Peter Sellars.
 * 1997: Four female models, naked apart from high-heeled shoes, stand in mute silence in an upstairs gallery for a piece by Italian artist Vanessa Beecroft as part of the show Made in Italy.
 * 2000: The annual Beck’s Futures prize is set up to celebrate the work of emerging artists, and continues at the ICA until 2005.
 * 2006: The Alien Nation exhibition is presented with inIVA, exploring the complex relationship between science fiction, race and contemporary art. Among the featured artists are Laylah Ali, Hew Locke and Yinka Shonibare.
 * 2008: Over a six-month period, and as part of the ICA's 60th-birthday year, the exhibition Nought to Sixty presents 60 emerging artists based in Britain and Ireland.
 * 2010: The first major solo exhibition of cult figure, artist, musician and writer Billy Childish is presented at the ICA.
 * 2011: The ICA hosts Bruderskriegsoundsystem, a project from Edwin Burdis, Mark Leckey, Kieron Livingston and Steven Claydon. Pablo Bronstein's exhibition Sketches for Regency Living takes over the entire ICA building for the first time in its history.
 * 2015: The ICA hosts fig-2, a one-year series of week-long exhibitions curated by Fatoş Üstek that included the artists Laura Eldret, Charles Avery, Rebecca Birch, Annika Ström, Young In Hong, Beth Collar, Tom McCarthy, Shezad Dawood, Suzanne Treister, Jacopo Miliani, Kathryn Elkin, Marjolijn Dijkman, Ben Judd, Karen Mirza, Oreet Ashery, Eva Grubinger, Melanie Manchot, Bruce McLean, Vesna Petresin, and duo Wright and Vandame.
 * 2016: The first edition of FRAMES of REPRESENTATION (FoR) film festival was launched on the 20th of April 2016. FoR was conceived to engage with new visions of cinema through the presentation of innovative and politically aware cinematic languages situated at the intersection between fiction and non-fiction. Throughout its ongoing annual event, the festival presented international and UK premieres of films by Roberto Minervini, Khalik Allah, Salome' Lamas, Wang Bing, Clement Cogitore, Teddy Williams, Nele Wohlatz, Betzabe' Garcia, Anna Zamecka, Gürcan Keltek, Pietro Marcello, Zhao Liang, Yalda Afsah, Rosa Barba, Ana Vaz, Isabel Pagliai, Dorian Jespers, Alexander Abaturov, Zhu Shengze to mention a few; masterclasses, workshops and conversations with speaker guests such as Walter Murch, Gianfranco Rosi, Laura Poitras, Joshua Oppenheimer and Carlos Reygadas amongst many others. The fifth edition of the festival originally planned for April 2020 was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic but due to taking place at the end of 2020.
 * 2019: Image Behaviour with works from Nora Turato, Marianna Simnett, Hannah Quinlan + Rosie Hastings, Keiken, Lawrence Lek + Clifford Sage, Andros Zins-Browne, Lexachast (Amnesia Scanner, Bill Kouligas, Harm van den Dorpel), Ken Okiishi, Julie Béna, Patrick Staff, and others.
 * 2019: I, I, I, I, I, I, I, Kathy Acker, the first UK exhibition dedicated to the American writer Kathy Acker (1947 – 1997), and her written, spoken and performed work. With works and contributions by: Reza Abdoh, Carl Gent, Leslie Asako Gladsjø, Bette Gordon, Penny Goring, Johanna Hedva, Caspar Heinemann, Every Ocean Hughes, Bhanu Kapil, Ghislaine Leung, Sophie Lewis, Candice Lin, Stephen Littman, Rosanna McNamara, Reba Maybury, The Mekons, D. Mortimer, Precious Okoyomon, Genesis P-Orridge, Raúl Ruiz, Sarah Schulman, Nancy Spero, David Wojnarowicz, and others.
 * 2020: Since January 2020, INFERNO queer techno rave have held regular parties and events at the ICA, with DJs and performance commissions including by Lewis G. Burton, Samantha Togni and Sweatmother. In 2022 INFERNO commissioned Sweatmother to make Dyke, Just Do It, which was further developed into a full-length live performance debuting at the ICA in October 2023.

Organisation
Membership of the ICA is available to the general public. The ICA is constituted as a private limited company and registered charity, run by a 13-member Board and led by a Director.

ICA Directors

 * Ewan Phillips 1948–1951
 * Dorothy Morland 1951–1967
 * Desmond Morris 1967–1968
 * Michael Kustow 1968–1970
 * Peter Cook 1970–1973
 * Ted Little 1973–1977
 * Bill McAlister 1977–1990
 * Mik Flood 1990–1997
 * Philip Dodd 1997–2004
 * Ekow Eshun 2005–2010
 * Gregor Muir 2011–2016
 * Stefan Kalmar 2016–2021
 * Bengi Unsal 2022–present.

title: Institute of Contemporary Arts


text:
Setup man

In baseball, a setup man (or set-up man, also sometimes referred to as a setup pitcher or setup reliever) is a relief pitcher who regularly pitches before the closer. They commonly pitch the eighth inning, with the closer pitching the ninth.

As closers were reduced to one-inning specialists, setup men became more prominent. Setup pitchers often come into the game with the team losing or the game tied. They are usually the second best relief pitcher on a team, behind the closer. After closers became one-inning pitchers, primarily in the ninth inning, setup pitchers became more highly valued. A pitcher who succeeds in this role is often promoted to a closer, and often fill in for the regular closer when the regular closer needs a day off for rest. Setup men are paid less than closers and mostly make less than the average Major League salary.

The most common statistic used to evaluate relievers is the save. Due to the definition of the statistic, setup men are rarely in position to record a save even if they pitch well, but they can be charged with a blown save if they pitch poorly. The hold statistic was developed to help acknowledge a setup man's effectiveness, but it is not an official Major League Baseball (MLB) statistic.

Historically, setup men were rarely selected to MLB All-Star Games, with the nod usually going to closers with large save totals. From 1971 through 2000, only six relievers with fewer than five saves at midseason were selected as All-Stars. There were 10 such players from 2001 through 2009. In 2015, the majority of the American League's All-Star relievers were not closers, outnumbered 4–3. Setup men who have been named All-Stars multiple times include Justin Duchscherer, Tyler Clippard, Dellin Betances, and Andrew Miller.

Francisco Rodriguez, who was a setup pitcher for the Anaheim Angels in 2002, tied starting pitcher Randy Johnson's Major League Baseball record for wins in a single postseason after recording his fifth victory in the 2002 World Series.

In 2018, Josh Hader of the Milwaukee Brewers became the first setup man to win the Reliever of the Year Award, an award traditionally given to closers. Hader was then promoted to closer the following year. In 2020, Devin Williams became the second setup man to win the award, pitching as the seventh to eighth inning man for Hader.

Tim McCarver wrote that the New York Yankees in 1996 "revolutionized baseball" with Mariano Rivera, "a middle reliever who should have been on the All-Star team and who was a legitimate MVP candidate." He finished third in the voting for the American League (AL) Cy Young Award, the highest a setup man has finished. That season, Rivera primarily served as a setup pitcher for closer John Wetteland, typically pitching in the seventh and eighth inning of games before Wetteland pitched in the ninth. Their effectiveness gave the Yankees a 70–3 win–loss record that season when leading after six innings. McCarver said the Yankees played "six-inning games" that year, with Rivera dominating for two innings and Wetteland closing out the victory.

Illustrating the general trend, both Rivera and Rodriguez were moved to closer soon after excelling as setup men. On January 22, 2019, Rivera became the first player unanimously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, having been inducted his first eligible year on the ballot.

title: Setup man


text:
Talk:Chico MacMurtrie

Untitled
i put this article in. i am not a anonymous user. yes, i worked with him. chico is not only of local interest. his last intallation ended march 7-04 in lille(f), the cultural capital of europe. please be fair and get infos before voting for delete. --rene rossi 23:05, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The definition of an anonymous user is one who does not have a registered account. You made this entry as an anonymous user. - Texture 22:30, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

yes. sorry. i was logged into de.wikipedia and did not know that i have to register again. rene --rene rossi 23:05, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chico MacMurtrie


text:
City of Lancaster

The City of Lancaster, or simply Lancaster, is a local government district with city status in Lancashire, England. It is named after its largest settlement, Lancaster, and also includes the towns of Carnforth, Heysham and Morecambe and a wider rural hinterland. The district has a population of, and an area of undefined km2.

Much of the district's rural area is recognised for its natural beauty; it includes part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and parts of the designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty of Arnside and Silverdale and the Forest of Bowland. The neighbouring districts are Westmorland and Furness, North Yorkshire, Ribble Valley and Wyre.

History
The town of Lancaster was an ancient borough, with its earliest known charter dating from 1193. A later charter in 1337 gave it the right to appoint a mayor. It was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836, governed by a body formally called the "mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Lancaster", but generally known as the corporation or town council. In 1937 the borough was awarded city status.

The modern district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, covering the territory of five former districts which were abolished at the same time: The new district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Lancaster's series of mayors dating back to 1337. The city status which had been held by the old municipal borough of Lancaster since 1937 was also transferred to the new district on its creation.
 * Carnforth Urban District
 * Lancaster Municipal Borough
 * Lancaster Rural District
 * Lunesdale Rural District
 * Morecambe and Heysham Municipal Borough

Since 1 August 2016 the district has included a small part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

Governance

Lancaster City Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Lancashire County Council. Much of the district is covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

In the part of the district within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, town planning is the responsibility of the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. The city council appoints one of its councillors to serve on the 25-person National Park Authority.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since 2019. Since the 2023 election a coalition of Labour, the Greens and Liberal Democrats has formed the council's administration.

The first election to the city council as enlarged by the Local Government Act 1972 was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Lancaster, with political leadership instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1993 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election and subsequent by-elections up to July 2024, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2023 the council has comprised 61 councillors representing 27 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

The district comprises two parliamentary constituencies: Lancaster and Fleetwood, and Morecambe and Lunesdale. Since 2015, Lancaster and Fleetwood has been held by Labour, and Morecambe and Lunesdale has been held by the Conservatives since 2010.

Premises
The council has two main meeting places, both inherited from predecessor authorities: Lancaster Town Hall and Morecambe Town Hall. Full council meetings are held in the larger council chamber of Morecambe Town Hall, but Lancaster Town Hall is also used for committee meetings and houses administrative functions.

Demography
At the 2011 UK census, the City of Lancaster had a total population of 138,375. Of the 57,822 households in the city, 33.5% were married couples living together, 31.9% were one-person households, 7.8% were co-habiting couples and 10.0% were lone parents. These figures were similar to the national averages.

The population density was 233 /km2 and for every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. Of those aged 16–74 in Lancaster, 26.7% had no academic qualifications, lower than 28.9% in all of England. The city of Lancaster had a higher proportion of white people than England.

Population change
The table below details the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the City of Lancaster has existed as a district since 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the city.

Religion
At the 2011 UK census, 65.9% of Lancaster's population reported themselves as Christian, 1.3% Muslim, 0.4% Buddhist, 0.3% Hindu, 0.1% Jewish, and 0.1% Sikh. 24.5% had no religion, 0.5% had an alternative religion and 7.1% did not state their religion. The city is covered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster, and the Church of England Diocese of Blackburn.

Economy
At the United Kingdom Census 2001, the City of Lancaster had 97,365 residents aged 16 to 74. Of these people, 4.0% were students with jobs, 9.6% students without jobs, 5.1% looking after home or family, 6.0% permanently sick or disabled and 2.8% economically inactive for other reasons.

In 2001, of the 55,906 residents of the City of Lancaster in employment, the industry of employment was 16.7% retail and wholesale, 14.2% health and social work, 11.4% education, 11.2% manufacturing, 7.8% property and business services, 6.7% construction, 6.7% hotels and restaurants, 6.5% transport and communications, 5.7% public administration and defence, 2.5% finance, 2.4% energy and water supply, 2.2% agriculture, 0.4% mining, and 5.3% other. This was roughly in line with national figures, although the proportion of jobs in agriculture which was more than the national average of 1.5% and the percentage of people working in finance was below the national average of 4.8%; the proportion of people working in property was well below the national average of 13.2%.

Media
The area is served by BBC North West and ITV Granada with television signals received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter and the Lancaster relay transmitter.

Radio stations for the area are:
 * BBC Radio Lancashire on 104.5 FM
 * BBC Radio Cumbria can also be received on 96.1 FM
 * Heart North West on 96.9 FM
 * Smooth North West on 100.4 FM
 * Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire on 96.5 FM
 * Beyond Radio is a voluntary, non-profit community radio station for Lancaster and Morecambe that broadcasts on 103.5 FM, 107.5 FM and online.

Civil parishes
Most of the district's area is covered by civil parishes. The parish councils for Carnforth and Morecambe have declared their parishes to be towns, allowing them to take the style "town council".

 * 1) Aldcliffe-with-Stodday
 * 2) Arkholme-with-Cawood
 * 3) Bolton-le-Sands
 * 4) Borwick
 * 5) Burrow-with-Burrow
 * 6) Cantsfield
 * 7) Carnforth
 * 8) Caton-with-Littledale
 * 9) Claughton
 * 10) Cockerham
 * 11) Ellel
 * 12) Gressingham
 * 13) Halton-with-Aughton
 * 14) Heaton-with-Oxcliffe
 * 15) Hornby-with-Farleton
 * 16) Ireby
 * 17) Leck
 * 18) Melling-with-Wrayton
 * 19) Middleton
 * 20) Morecambe
 * 21) Nether Kellet
 * 22) Over Kellet
 * 23) Over Wyresdale
 * 24) Overton
 * 25) Priest Hutton
 * 26) Quernmore
 * 27) Roeburndale
 * 28) Scotforth
 * 29) Silverdale
 * 30) Slyne-with-Hest
 * 31) Tatham
 * 32) Thurnham
 * 33) Tunstall
 * 34) Warton
 * 35) Wennington
 * 36) Whittington
 * 37) Wray-with-Botton
 * 38) Yealand Conyers
 * 39) Yealand Redmayne

Most of the area of the pre-1974 city of Lancaster is an unparished area, as is the Heysham area of the former borough of Morecambe and Heysham.

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇷 Perpignan, France (since 1962)
 * 🇩🇪 Rendsburg, Germany (since 1968)
 * Aalborg, Denmark (since 1982)
 * 🇵🇱 Lublin, Poland (since 1994)
 * 🇸🇪 Växjö, Sweden (since 1996)

Associate towns

 * Almere, Netherlands
 * Viana do Castelo, Portugal

title: City of Lancaster