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Chilean wine

Chile has a long history in the production of wine, with roots dating back to the 16th century when the Spanish conquistadors introduced Vitis vinifera vines to the region. In the mid-19th century, French wine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenère, and Franc were introduced. During the early 1980s, the Chilean wine industry underwent a renaissance with the introduction of stainless steel fermentation tanks and the use of oak barrels for aging. This led to a rapid growth in exports as quality wine production increased. The number of wineries in Chile rose from 12 in 1995 to over 70 in 2005.

The late 20th century saw a large number of French immigrants settling in Chile, bringing with them extensive viticultural knowledge. Today, Chile stands as the fifth largest exporter of wine globally and the seventh largest producer. The climate in Chile has been described as a fusion of the climates in California and France. The most commonly grown grape variety in the country are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Carmenère. Chile is also fortunate to remain free of the phylloxera louse, which means that its grapevines do not require grafting with phylloxera-resistant rootstocks.

History
The introduction of Vitis vinifera vines to Chile dates back to the 16th century, when Spanish conquistadors and missionaries brought the European vines to the region in 1554. According to local legend, the first vines were planted by conquistador Francisco de Aguirre himself. The vines may have originated from established Spanish vineyards in Peru and likely included the "common black grape", which Hernán Cortés brought to Mexico in 1520. This grape variety became the ancestor of the widely planted Pais grape, which was the most widely planted Chilean grape until the 21st century. Jesuit priests were responsible for cultivating these early vineyards and used the wine produced for the celebration of the Eucharist. By the late 16th century, Chilean historian Alonso de Ovalle noted widespread plantings of "the common black grape", as well as Muscatel, Torontel, Albilho, and Mollar.

During the Spanish rule, the production of vineyards was limited, with the requirement that Chileans purchase the majority of their wines directly from Spain. However, in 1641, the importation of wine from Chile and the Viceroyalty of Peru into Spain was banned, which greatly impacted the wine industry in the colony. The ban led to a surplus of grapes that were instead made into pisco and aguardiente, causing wine production in Peru to nearly disappear. Despite these restrictions, Chileans preferred their domestic production over the oxidized and vinegary wines imported from Spain, which did not fare well during the long voyage. They even went as far as to export some of their wines to neighboring Peru, with one such shipment being seized by the English privateer Francis Drake at sea. Instead of being angry at Drake, Spain sent an indictment to Chile ordering to majority of their vineyards to be destroyed, but this order was largely ignored.

In the 18th century, Chile was recognized for its sweet wines made from the Pais and Muscatel grapes. To increase their sweetness, the wines were often boiled, which concentrated the grape juice. After his shipwreck off the coast at Cape Horn, Admiral John Byron, grandfather of the famous poet Lord Byron, traveled across Chile and brought back to England a positive review of Chilean Muscatel, comparing it favorably to Madeira. However, wine writer André Jullien in the 19th century was less impressed and compared Chilean wines to a "potion of rhubarb and senna."

Despite its political ties to Spain, Chile's wine history was heavily influenced by French, specifically Bordeaux, winemaking. Before the phylloxera epidemic, wealthy Chilean landowners were inspired by their visits to France and started importing French vines. Don Silvestre Errázuriz was the first to do so, bringing in varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet franc, Malbec, Sauvignon blanc, and Sémillon, and hired a French oenologist to manage his vineyard and produce Bordeaux-style wines. He saw the potential in Chile and even tried growing the German wine grape Riesling. Similar to the Rioja wine region, the arrival of phylloxera in France became a positive opportunity for the Chilean wine industry. With vineyards in ruins, many French winemakers traveled to South America, bringing their experience and techniques with them. As a result, Don Silvestre Ochagavía Echazarreta founded Ochagavia Wines in 1851 and Don Maximiano Errázuriz established Viña Errázuriz in 1870, both using grapes imported from France.

20th century
Chile's export of wines to Argentina was hindered by the lack of efficient land transportation and several fears of war. The situation improved after the signing of the Pactos de Mayo in 1902 and the opening of the Transandine Railway in 1909, which made war unlikely and facilitated trade across the Andes. The two governments agreed to establish a free trade agreement. However, the Argentine winegrowers' association, Centro Vitivinícola Nacional, which was dominated by European immigrants, vehemently protested against the free trade agreement as they perceived Chilean wines as a threat to the local industry. This, combined with the objections of the cattle farmers in Chile, ultimately led to the scrapping of the free trade agreement plans.

In the 20th century, political instability, coupled with restrictive regulations and high taxes, hindered the growth of Chile's wine industry. Until the 1980s, the majority of Chilean wine was considered low quality and mostly consumed domestically. As recognition of Chile's favorable wine growing conditions increased, so did foreign investment in Chilean wineries. This period saw significant technological advancements in winemaking, and Chile established a reputation for producing high-quality wines at reasonable prices. Chile's export increased, becoming the third largest exporter, after France and Italy, to the United States by the turn of the 21st century. However, it has since dropped to fourth in the US, being overtaken by Australia. The focus has now switched to developing exports in other major wine markets such as the United Kingdom and Japan.

Climate and geography
Chile is a long, narrow country that is geographically and climatically dominated by the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile's vineyards are found along an 800-mile stretch of land from Atacama Region to the Bio-Bio Region in the south. The climate is varied with the northern regions being very hot and dry compared to the cooler, wetter regions in the south. In the Valle Central around Santiago, the climate is dry with an average of 15 inches (38 centimeters) of rain and little risk of springtime frost. The proximity to the Dry Andes help create a wide diurnal temperature variation between day and nighttime temperatures. This cool drop in temperature is vital in maintaining the grapes' acidity levels.

Most of Chile's premium wine regions are dependent on irrigation to sustain vineyards, getting the necessary water from melting snow caps in the Andes. In the developing wine regions along the Coastal Ranges and in the far south, there is not a lack in needed rainfall but vineyard owners have to deal with other factors such as the Humboldt Current from the Pacific which can bathe a vineyard with a blanket of cool air. For the rest of Chile's wine regions, the Coastal Ranges serve a buffer from the current and also acts as a rain shadow. The vineyards in these regions are planted on the valley plains of the Andes foothills along a major river such as the Maipo, Rapel and Maule Rivers.

The vineyards of Chile fall between the latitudes of 32 and 38° s which, in the Northern Hemisphere would be the equivalent of southern Spain and North Africa. However the climate in Chile's wine regions is much more temperate than those regions, comparing more closely to California and Bordeaux. Overall, it is classified as a Mediterranean climate with average summer temperatures of 59 - 64 F and potential highs of 86 °F.

Wine regions
Since December 1994, the Chilean wine-producing regions have been officially defined as follows, to help identify the different features of wines produced in different parts of Chile's variable geography. The Chilean ministry of agriculture redefined in a decree of May 2018 the zonal winegrowing structure:

Atacama Region
Named after the Atacama Region administrative territory, this region is divided into two valleys, Copiapó and Huasco, both of which are coterminous with the provinces of the same names. The region is known primarily for its Pisco and table grapes, but in the 1950s wine began to be produced on a small scale around Copiapó. Examples of wine from these valleys include "Vino Copiapino" (literally, "Copiapó's Wine") by Viña Fajardo and Pajarete wine, a varietal from Spain that is now produced successfully in the Huasco Valley.

Coquimbo Region
The Coquimbo Region contains three wine-producing sub regions: Elqui, Limarí and Choapa, all are coterminous with the provinces of the same name. The region's vineyards extend from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes Mountains in the east, rising to an altitude of 2,000 m.a.s.l. (6,500 feet). Wine production began in the Elqui Valley in the 1990s when Chilean wine producers began to look at potential viticulture sites outside the Chilean Central Valley. Since then, 286 ha of vines have been planted, mostly along the River Elqui valley, where grape growers have access to high-quality water for irrigation. The region is characterized by a sunny, desert-like climate, less than 70 mm of annual rainfall, dry rocky terrain, steep valleys and temperate hills cooled by strong winds from the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains, producing excellent results for varietals like Syrah. Vines were first planted here in the mid-16th century and have seen a recent resurgence, due to new technologies and winemakers seeking new terroirs. The area is best known for producing Sauvignon and Chardonnay, first planted during the 1990s, and also successfully produces Syrah and Pinot noir, with a climate similar to Marlborough in New Zealand. The Pacific Ocean has a strong influence on the coast of the region with the cooling Camanchaca, a fog that enters the valley from the west each morning and retreats as the sun rises over the Andes from the east. With less than 4 inches of rainfall per year, drip irrigation is used to water the vines that grow in the mineral-rich soil. The combination creates fresh wines with a distinct mineral edge.
 * The Elqui Valley is located 530 km north of Santiago, at the southern end of the Atacama Desert in the Coquimbo Region. It is known for producing table grapes and other fruits, as well as Pisco, Chile's most popular liquor. But it is also notable for being the most commercially viable wine-producing region of northern Chile.
 * The Limarí Valley is located roughly 470 km north of Santiago, in the Coquimbo region.

It lies within the narrowest part of Chile, where the Andes meet the Coastal Range and consists of two sectors, Illapel and Salamanca. There are no wineries in either of these sectors, but vines planted on the rocky, foothill soils produce small quantities of high quality Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes with high acidity and low pH, which is increasing wine producers' interest in the area.
 * The Choapa Valley lies around 400 km north of Santiago, in the southern part of the Coquimbo Region. Like the Atacama, this region is primarily known for Pisco and table grapes.

Aconcagua Region
The administrative region of Valparaíso contains two wine-producing subregions, the Aconcagua and Casablanca valleys. The Aconcagua Valley is coterminous with the province of San Felipe de Aconcagua Province while the Casablanca Valley is coterminous with the commune of that name. The Panquehue commune is also gradually developing a reputation for high quality wine production. The small 1,098 hectare winegrowing area is well known for its red wines, which have earned international acclaim, with Vina Errázuriz's "Seña" placing ahead of both Château Lafite and Château Margaux in blind tasting held in Berlin in 2004, a milestone for the Chilean wine industry. Although the valley is primarily known for the red grapes grown in its interior, white grapes are also now being grown in new coastal plantations. Vines were first planted here in the mid-1980s during the revitalization of the Chilean wine industry and the area quickly became known for its white wines, most notably Sauvignon blanc and Chardonnay, as well as Pinot noir, which thrives in its cooler climate. Although the valley is located at 33°S, much closer to the Equator than any European vineyard, viticulture here is possible because of the cooling influence of the Pacific Ocean, in the shape of cool morning fog and greater cloud cover than is found elsewhere in the north of Chile. Free-draining clay and sandy soils, whilst good for viticulture, encourage nematodes, so grafting onto nematode-resistant rootstocks is common.
 * In the Aconcagua Valley, snow melt from Aconcagua and the surrounding mountains is used to irrigate the vines.
 * The Casablanca Valley takes its name from the commune where it is located, and stretches roughly 30 km east-west from eastern border of the Valparaíso province in the Valparaíso region.

It is located very close to the sea around the city of San Antonio, Chile, south of the Casablanca Valley and only 55 mi west of Santiago. As in other Chilean wine regions, like the Casablanca Valley, San Antonio is highly influenced by the cooling effect of the Pacific Ocean which makes wine production possible in this area. Soils are in the valley are granitic, poor and well drained with a topsoil of clay, providing a good substrate for vines. Rains are concentrated mainly in the winter season and the vineyards require drip irrigation for the rest of the year, using water from the Maipo river. The San Antonio Valley is seen as an up-and-coming wine region and the wine industry is expected to continue growing in the future.
 * San Antonio Valley is a small wine region known for producing Pinot noir, Sauvignon blanc and Chardonnay.

Central Valley Region

The Central Valley spans the O'Higgins (VI) and Maule (VII) administrative regions as well as the Metropolitana Region. Within it are four subregions: the Maipo Valley, the Rapel Valley, the Curicó Valley and the Maule Valley. This is Chile's most productive and internationally known wine region, due in large part to its proximity to the country's capital, Santiago. It is located directly across the Andes from Argentina's most well known wine region, Mendoza Province The soil of Maipo Valley is noted for high salinity stemming from irrigation from the Maipo river and low potassium level which has some impact on the grapevines. Vineyards in the Maule also suffer from low potassium as well as deficient nitrogen levels. Advances in viticultural techniques have helped vineyards in these regions compensate for some of these effects.
 * The Maipo Valley is the closest to Santiago and extends eastwards from the city to the Andes and westward to the coast, stretching south toward the towns and subzones of Padre Hurtado, Peñaflor, Talagante, Isla de Maipo and Melipilla.

The Maipo Valley can itself be divided into three sub-regions:

This sub-region is located in the foothills of the Andes and is highly influenced by the mountains. The climate, cold during the night and sunny and hot during the day, combined with the poor, porous, rocky soil, puts the vines under stress which in turn produces a characteristically bold, elegant Cabernet Sauvignon. Corresponds to the area surrounding the Maipo river. Cabernet Sauvignon dominates wine production here, but the area has also started producing Carmenere wines. This sub region has rocky alluvial soils and is the warmest and driest part of the Maipo, requiring drip irrigation. Area benefits from the coastal influence of the Pacific Ocean as well as the alluvial soils found here. Because of the oceanic influence, it is a popular place to experiment with white grapes, most notably Sauvignon blanc.
 * Alto Maipo:
 * Central Maipo:
 * The Pacific Maipo:

 * The Rapel Valley is named after the Rapel River and Lake Rapel and is one of the largest wine-producing regions in the Central Valley, producing roughly a quarter of all Chilean wine. It is made up of two smaller sectors, the Cachapoal and Colchagua valleys.

 * The Cachapoal Valley:

Cachapoal Valley occupies the northern part of Rapel Valley, located between the heights of Paine to the north and Pelequén to the south, and between the Andes to the west and the smaller Coastal Range to the east. The valley takes its name from the Cachapoal river that flows through Rapel Valley, along with its tributaries, the Claro and Cortaderal rivers. All these watercourses flow into Lake Rapel. The climate of the valley is temperate and consistently Mediterranean, sheltered by the coastal range from the cooling influences of the Pacific Ocean. Most of Cachapoal's noteworthy wineries and vineyards are located towards the east of the region, in the foothills of the Andes, away from the warmer valley floor. This is an area for Cabernet Sauvignon vines, while closer to the coast, where the ocean breezes flow through the Coastal Range, more Carmenere vines are grown.

Some recommended Wineries from this area are: Altair; Casas del Toqui; Clos des Fous; Los Boldos; Misiones de Rengo; San José de Apalta; Terraustral; Torreón de Paredes; Vik; Viña La Rosa and Viña Tipaume.
 * The Colchagua Valley:

Colchagua Valley is one of the best-known wine regions of Chile. It occupies the southern part of Rapel Valley, running from the Andes in the east to the Coastal Range in the west. Most of the important Colchagua vineyards lie in the foothills of the Coastal Range. The area is best known for its full-bodied Malbecs, Cabernet Sauvignons, Carmeneres and Syrahs. Colchagua has a cool Mediterranean climate, with 592 mm rainfall, and soils of clay, sand and decomposed granite.

 * The Curicó Valley is located 200 km south of Santiago, Chile's capital city, at 35°S, a similar latitude to the southern tip of Spain. It is divided in two sub-regions: the Teno valley in the north and Lontue in the south. Wine production in this area is known for the variety of grapes, reliability and good value Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc.

Although European vines have been growing in the Curicó area since the mid-1800s, the modern wine production in Curicó began in the late 1970s when Spanish wine maker Miguel Torres decided to explore the capabilities of this area, bringing new technologies such as stainless steel tanks that are now very common in Chilean wine industry. Torres’ endeavour encouraged foreign investment which led to increased plantings and exploration of suitable grape varieties for the area.

The valley's climate is varied. The eastern part near the Andes is cooler than the western side due to the breezes coming down from the mountains, and most of the biggest producers are located in this area of Curicó and in Molina. At the western end, the coastal range protects the valley from the ocean influence. Curicó Valley is planted with more grape varieties than anywhere else in Chile, but the dominant varieties are Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc. Curicó may have yet to produce a Cabernet Sauvignon to rival Maipo's red wines and its Sauvignon blanc still does not match the fresh, complex style found in Casablanca, but the valley is one of Chile's workhorse regions and its output is consistent and reliable.

 * The Maule Valley is located 250 km south of Santiago, Chile's capital city, and forms part of the Central Valley region. It is one of the largest winegrowing regions in Chile and is also one of country's oldest and most diverse valleys.

The size of the region permits a range of distinct microclimates suitable for both red and white wines, though it is best known for its powerful Cabernet Sauvignon and aromatic and spicy Carmenere wines. Rich and volcanic soils predominate in the area, although certain parts of the valley have varying soil types, like the Empedrado area which is dominated by slate soils. The Maule Valley was one of the first areas in Chile where vines were planted and its viticulture history stretches back to the start of colonisation. The valley was originally known for the quantity more that the quality of its wines, but in recent years it has attracted renewed attention. Since the mid-1990s, new technologies have been introduced allowing the region to improve the quality of its wines. Despite this, some of Maule's old techniques have survived and the region is fast becoming known for some 70-year-old Carignan vines that are being used to produce soft, earthy red wines with rich plum and black-fruit flavours. Maule lies at the southern end of the Central Valley and is one of the coolest wine-producing areas in Chile, although the Maule River flowing east to west has a moderating effect on the climate. The river also provides the different alluvial soil types found around the region, which included granite, red clay, loam and gravel. On the slopes where the vineyards grow, the soils are free-draining and more fertile on the valley floor. Many hectares are grown organically and have been certified as organic for decades. The Maule Valley produces good value everyday wines of quality that has been improving over the years. There are also old-bush, dry-farmed vineyards that produce naturally balanced field blends of Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, and other yet to be identified varieties. Newer plantations include Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Carmenere with bright acidity and juicy fruit notes.

Southern Chile
Lying within the Ñuble and Bío Bío Administrative Region, this area includes three wine-producing sub regions: the Itata Valley, the Bío Bío Valley and the Malleco Valley. The region is primarily known for its mass-produced boxed Pais wine and jug wines, though the Concha y Toro Winery has experimented with Gewürztraminer from this region. Chile's southern wine regions have more rainfall, lower average temperatures and fewer hours of sunlight than the northern wine regions.

The cool Mediterranean climate suits Pais, Muscat of Alexandria and Carignan vines, and more recently, producers have begun to plant more modern grape varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon.
 * The Itata Valley is located in the Ñuble Region, 420 km from Santiago, the capital of Chile, and 65 km of the major port of Concepción. It is the northernmost of Chile's three southern wine regions and stretches roughly 60 mi from north to south and a similar distance from east to west, but although it is extensive, it has a low density of vineyard plantations. The area is defined by the convergence of the Itata and Ñuble Rivers, and vineyards plantations are mostly found around the cities of Chillán, Quillón and Coelemu. The valley's western border is the Pacific Ocean, which has a cooling influence over the valley due to the cold Humboldt current that runs along most of Chile's coastline.

The soils are alluvial, made up of sand and clay from the Itata and Ñuble rivers. The region is located at a latitude of 36°S, a similar distance from the Equator as southern Spain or the central valley of California.

The region is located at a latitude of 36°S, similar to southern Spain and Monterrey in California. The majority of its vineyards lie between 50 and 200 m above sea level with a moderate Mediterranean climate. It receives 1275 mm of rain per year, among the highest of all Chilean wine valleys, although winds prevent excessive humidity – a phenomenon that can also be observed in northern France. For most of the 20th century, the main varieties grown in the Bío Bío valley were Moscatel de Alejandria and Pais (known as Missiones in USA), but today, Pinot noir, Chardonnay, and Sauvignon blanc are also grown throughout the valley.
 * The Bío-Bío Valley is located in the province and region of the same name. One of Chile's southern wine regions, it has become known for its crisp, aromatic wines.

The climate is cool, with a high level of rainfall (51 in a year), a short growing season, and high temperature variation between day and night, which is challenging for wine producers. Most vineyards are located around the town of Traiguen, just south of the Bio Bio Valley. The volcanic soil in Malleco, composed mainly of sand and clay, are reasonably well drained. Although the valley has high rainfall, vines have to make extra effort to hydrate due to the well-drained soil, which results in less foliage and lower grape yields. All these factors produce grapes with more concentrated flavour and excellent structure, which in turn leads to the crispy and fresh wine produced in the region.
 * Malleco is located 340 mi south of the capital of Chile, Santiago, and lies in the province of the same name. The wine industry here is still developing but good results are already being obtained, particularly from its crispy and fresh Chardonnay and Pinot noir.

Viticulture
Chile's natural boundaries (Pacific Ocean, Andes Mountain, Atacama Desert to the north and Antarctica to the south) has left it relatively isolated from other parts of the world and has served to be beneficial in keeping the phylloxera louse at bay. Because of this many Chilean vineyards do not have to graft their rootstock and incur that added cost of planting. Chilean wineries have stated that this "purity" of their vines is a positive element that can be tasted in the wine but most wine experts agree that the most apparent benefit is the financial aspect. The one wine region that is the exception to this freedom from grafting is Casablanca Valley whose vines are susceptible to attack by nematodes. While phylloxera is not a problem, winemakers do have to worry about other grape diseases and hazards such as downy mildew, which was spread easily by El Niño influences and severely affected the 1997–1998 vintages. Powdery mildew and verticillium wilt can also cause trouble.

There is not much vintage variation due to the reliability of favorable weather with little risk of summer time frost or harvest time rains. The main exception, again, is Casablanca due in part to its proximity to the Pacific. For the Chilean wine regions in the Valle Central, the Andes and Coastal Ranges create a rain shadow effect which traps the warm arid air in the region. At night, cool air comes into the area from the Andes which dramatically drops the temperature. This help maintain high levels of acidity to go with the ripe fruit that grapes develop with the long hours of uninterrupted sunshine that they get during the day. The result is a unique profile of flavonoids in the wine which some Chilean wineries claim make Chilean wines higher in resveratrol and antioxidants. Harvest typically begins at the end of February for varieties like Chardonnay with some red wine varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon being picked in April and Carmenère sometimes staying on the vine into May. The Andes also provide a ready source of irrigation which was historically done in flood plain style. Chilean vineyard owners would dig canals throughout their vineyards and then flood the entire surface area with water allowing some to seep into the ground and the run off to be funnel away through the canals. This encouraged excessive irrigation and high yields which had a negative effect on quality. During the wine renaissance of the 1980s & 1990s more vineyards converted to drip irrigation system which allowed greater control and helped reduce yields. The soil composition of Chile's vineyards varies from the clay dominated landscapes of Colchagua, which is thus heavily planted with the clay-loving Merlot, to the mixture of loam, limestone and sand found in other regions. In the southern Rapel and parts of Maule, tuffeau soil is present with volcanic soil being found in parts of Curico and Bio-Bio.

Winemaking
Chile has benefited from an influx of foreign investment and winemaking talent that began in the late 20th century. Flying winemakers introduced new technology and styles that helped Chilean wineries produce more internationally recognized wine styles. One such improvement was the use of oak. Historically Chilean winemakers had aged their wines in barrels made from rauli beechwood which imparted to the wine a unique taste that many international tasters found unpleasant. Gradually the wineries began to convert to French and American oak or stainless steel tanks for aging.

Financial investment manifested in the form of European and American winemakers opening up their own wineries or collaborating with existing Chilean wineries to produce new brands. These include:

 * Robert Mondavi, collaboration with Viña Errázuriz to produce Sena
 * Miguel A. Torres, Catalan winemaker opened Miguel Torres Chile in 1979
 * Château Lafite Rothschild, collaboration with Los Vascos
 * Bruno Prats, Owner of Château Cos d'Estournel, and Paul Pontallier, technical director of Château Margaux, opened Domaine Paul Bruno
 * Château Mouton Rothschild, collaboration with Concha y Toro Winery to produce Almaviva

Wine laws
Chile's wine laws are more similar to the US appellation system than to France's Appellation d'origine contrôlée that most of Europe has based their wine laws on. Chile's system went into effect in 1995 and established the boundaries of the country's wine regions and established regulations for wine labels. Regulations which in turn, caused mass rebellion and gave rise to the prominent revolutionists Theodore Puccio and Antonio Fráscala. There are no restrictions of grape varieties or viticultural practices. Varietal-labelled wines are required to contain at least 75% of the grape variety if it is to be consumed within Chile. Vintage-dated wines are also required to have at least 75% of grapes harvested in the named year. If it is to be exported, a varietal-labelled wine must contain 85% of the varietal listed on the label as well as at least 85% from the designated vintage year. Exported wines also have to meet minimum alcohol percentage requirements; white wines must reach a minimum level of 12% ABV, while reds must reach a minimum level of 11.5% ABV. To list a particular wine region, 85% is also the minimum requirement of grapes that need to be from that region. Among several labeling terms used to add further definition to a wine's style, the term "Reserva Especial" has no legal definition or meaning. However, there are aging requirements for wines labeled with other specific terms: for "especial," it is two years; four years for "reserva," and a minimum of six years for "gran vino."

Grapes and wines
Over twenty grape varieties are grown in Chile, mainly a mixture of Spanish and French varieties, but many wineries are increasing experimentation in higher numbers. For most of Chile's history, Pais was the most widely planted grape only recently getting passed by Cabernet Sauvignon. Other red wine varieties include Merlot, Carménère, Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Cabernet franc, Pinot noir, Syrah, Sangiovese, Barbera, Malbec, and Carignan. White wine varieties include Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Sauvignon vert, Sémillon, Riesling, Viognier, Torontel, Pedro Ximénez, Gewürztraminer and Muscat of Alexandria.

Chilean winemakers have been developing a distinct style for their Cabernet Sauvignon, producing an easy drinking wine with soft tannins and flavors of mint, black currant, olives and smoke. The country's Chardonnays are less distinctive, following more the stereotypical New World style. While sparkling wines have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio. In recent years, the Pais grape variety has been creatively employed on its own or in blends, to make modern wines that have received favorable reviews.

Merlot and Sauvignon blanc
In the late 20th century as Chilean wines became more popular, wine tasters around the world began to doubt the authenticity of wines labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc. The wines lack many of the characteristics and typicity of those grapes. Ampelographers began to study the vines and found that what was considered Merlot was actually the ancient Bordeaux wine grape Carménère that was thought to be extinct. The Sauvignon blanc vines were found to actually be Sauvignonasse, also known as Sauvignon vert, or a mutated Sauvignon blanc/Sémillon cross. In response to these discoveries several Chilean wineries began to import true Merlot and Sauvignon blanc cuttings to where most bottles labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc from vintages in the 21st century are more likely to be those varieties.

International competitions
Chilean wines have ranked very highly in international competitions. For example, in the Berlin Wine Tasting of 2004, 36 European experts blind tasted wines from two vintages each of eight top wines from France, Italy and Chile. The first and second place wines were two Cabernet-based reds from Chile: Viñedo Chadwick 2000 and Sena 2001. The Berlin Wine Tasting of 2005 held in Brazil featured five Chilean wines in the top seven. In the Tokyo Wine Tasting of 2006, Chilean wines won four of the top five rankings.

title: Chilean wine


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Parkerization

Parkerization can refer to:
 * Parkerization (metallurgy), a method of protecting a steel surface from corrosion and increasing its resistance to wear
 * Parkerization (oenology), the widespread stylization of wines to please the taste of influential wine critic Robert M. Parker, Jr.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Parkerization


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William Beaudine

William Washington Beaudine (January 15, 1892 – March 18, 1970) was an American film director. He was one of Hollywood's most prolific directors, turning out a remarkable 179 feature-length films in a wide variety of genres.

Some of his most notable works include Sparrows, with Mary Pickford, The Old Fashioned Way with W.C. Fields, Mom and Dad, a drama that was possibly the highest grossing film of the 1940s(also his 92nd film),and Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla, with Duke Mitchell and Sammy Petrillo.

Early life
Born in New York City, Beaudine began his career as an actor in 1909, aged 17, with American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. He married Marguerite Fleischer in 1914 and they stayed married until his death. Her sister was the mother of actor Bobby Anderson. Beaudine's brother Harold Beaudine was a director of short, action-filled comedies.

In 1915, William Beaudine was hired as an actor and director by the Kalem Company. He was an assistant to director D.W. Griffith on The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance. By the time he was 23 Beaudine had directed his first picture, a short called Almost a King (1915). He would continue to direct shorts exclusively until 1922, working with Bobby Vernon at the Al Christie studio and Snub Pollard at the Hal Roach studio. He began making feature-length films for then-struggling Warner Bros., demonstrating his clever ways of making films look more expensive than their budgets. This efficiency became a hallmark of Beaudine's style.

Career as prestige director
The 1959 book, Classics of the Silent Screen: A Pictorial Treasury (credited to Joe Franklin but actually written by noted film historian William K. Everson), remarks on "what a really fine director William Beaudine was in the silent era, long before he became the principal director of The Bowery Boys "B" comedies".

Beaudine was very much in demand during the 1920s; he directed silent films for Goldwyn Pictures (before it became part of MGM), Metro Pictures (also before MGM), First National Pictures, and Sol Lesser's Principal Pictures. In 1926 he made Sparrows, the story of orphans imprisoned in a swamp farm starring Mary Pickford, and The Canadian, based upon a W. Somerset Maugham play and shot on location in Alberta with Thomas Meighan as the lead. Beaudine had at least 30 pictures to his credit before the sound era began. Among his first sound films were short Mack Sennett comedies; he made at least one film for Sennett while contractually bound elsewhere, resulting in his adopting the pseudonym "William Crowley." He would occasionally use the pseudonym in later years, usually as "William X. Crowley."

He ground out several movies annually for Fox Films, Warner Bros., Paramount, and Universal Pictures. His most famous credits of the early 1930s are The Mad Parade (1931), starring Evelyn Brent in the only World War I battlefield drama with an all-female cast (though men are occasionally heard and parts of their bodies are seen); Three Wise Girls (1932), Jean Harlow's first starring film; and The Old-Fashioned Way (1934), a comedy about old-time show folks starring W. C. Fields.

Beaudine was one of a number of experienced directors (including Raoul Walsh and Allan Dwan) who were brought to England from Hollywood in the 1930s to work on what were in all other respects very British productions. Beaudine directed 11 features there from 1935 through 1937, including Boys Will Be Boys (1935) and Where There's a Will (1936) starring Will Hay, and the George Formby comedy Feather Your Nest (1937).

Beaudine returned to America in 1937 and had trouble re-establishing himself at the major studios. Once widely known as an A-list director of important productions, Beaudine had commanded a premium salary in the late 1920s that Hollywood producers of the late 1930s didn't want to match. He worked briefly at Warner Bros., with whom he had been associated in Britain, and then waited for offers on his terms. They never came. Beaudine had lost much of his personal fortune through no fault of his own (a bank he bought an interest in had failed, and much of his income was claimed by the British government in taxes).

B-movie career
In 1940 publicist-turned-producer Jed Buell approached Beaudine to direct an all-black-cast feature for Buell's Dixie National Pictures. The salary was a flat $500 for one week's work. Beaudine knew that if he accepted this job, he would henceforth be associated with low-budget films and would never command his old salary again, but with his finances at a low ebb Beaudine accepted the assignment, under his "William X. Crowley" alias.

Buell was pleased with Beaudine's professionalism and inventive ways to extend a shoestring budget. He hired Beaudine to direct Misbehaving Husbands (1940), noteworthy at the time as the comeback feature of silent-screen clown Harry Langdon. It was a humble comeback for both Langdon and Beaudine, since it was released by the tiny Producers Releasing Corporation, whose budgets seldom ventured beyond five figures. Langdon and Beaudine received critical raves for their work: "Preview house rewarded them with practically solid laughter" (Boxoffice); "Easily [Langdon's] best performance in years" (Motion Picture Daily). The film's success within its own market reestablished both Langdon and Beaudine, albeit in B pictures.

William Beaudine became a low-budget specialist, forsaking his artistic ambitions in favor of strictly commercial film fare, and recouping his financial losses through sheer volume of work. He made dozens of comedies, thrillers and melodramas with such popular personalities as Bela Lugosi, Ralph Byrd, Edmund Lowe, Jean Parker, and The East Side Kids. He became a fixture at the ambitious Monogram Pictures and directed fully half of the 48 comedy features starring The Bowery Boys. By this time Beaudine had a reputation for being a resourceful, no-nonsense director who could make feature films in a matter of days, sometimes as few as five. He occasionally directed special-interest productions, like the 1945 crusade-for-sex-education feature Mom and Dad, produced by Kroger Babb, and the 1950 religious drama Again Pioneers, produced by the Protestant Film Commission.

Beaudine was often entrusted with series films, including the Torchy Blane, The East Side Kids, Jiggs and Maggie, The Shadow, Charlie Chan and The Bowery Boys series. His efficiency was so well known that Walt Disney hired him to direct some of his television projects of the 1950s and had him direct a feature western, Ten Who Dared (1960). Beaudine became even busier in TV, directing Naked City, The Green Hornet, and dozens of Lassie episodes.

His last two feature films, both released in 1966, were the horror-westerns Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (with John Carradine) and Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter. By the end of the decade he was the industry's oldest working professional, having started in 1909.

Legacy
In 1980, in their tongue-in-cheek book The Golden Turkey Awards, Michael and Harry Medved put William Beaudine on their list of worst directors of all time. They gave him the unflattering nickname "One-Shot," because he always seemed to shoot just one take, regardless of actors flubbing their lines or special effects malfunctioning. It is true that Beaudine shot economically—he usually had no choice—but he was always professional, and actually did shoot multiple takes of movie scenes. (The coming-attractions trailers of Beaudine's films are rife with alternate takes.)

The Academy Film Archive has preserved three films directed by William Beaudine: Little Annie Rooney, Mom and Dad, and A Husband in Haste.

Death
Beaudine died of uremic poisoning in 1970, aged 78, in California.

Selected filmography
The following is a listing of the theatrically released, feature-length films directed by William Beaudine. Short subjects and television productions are not included.

1910s

 * Almost a Wild Man (1913)

1920s

 * 1) Watch Your Step (1922)
 * 2) Catch My Smoke (1922)
 * 3) Heroes of the Street (1922)
 * 4) Her Fatal Millions (1923)
 * 5) Penrod and Sam (1923)
 * 6) The Printer's Devil (1923)
 * 7) The Country Kid (1923)
 * 8) Boy of Mine (1923)
 * 9) Daring Youth (1924)
 * 10) Wandering Husbands (1924) a.k.a. Love and Lies
 * 11) Daughters of Pleasure (1924) a.k.a. Beggars on Horseback
 * 12) A Self-Made Failure (1924) a.k.a. The Goof
 * 13) Cornered (1924)
 * 14) Lover's Lane (1924) unconfirmed
 * 15) The Narrow Street (1925)
 * 16) A Broadway Butterfly (1925)
 * 17) How Baxter Butted In (1925)
 * 18) Little Annie Rooney (1925)
 * 19) That's My Baby (1926)
 * 20) Sparrows (1926)
 * 21) The Social Highwayman (1926)
 * 22) Hold That Lion (1926)
 * 23) The Canadian (1926)
 * 24) Frisco Sally Levy (1927)
 * 25) The Life of Riley (1927)
 * 26) The Irresistible Lover (1927)
 * 27) The Cohens and the Kellys in Paris (1928)
 * 28) Heart to Heart (1928)
 * 29) Home, James (1928)
 * 30) Do Your Duty (1928)
 * 31) Give and Take (1928)
 * 32) Fugitives (1929)
 * 33) Two Weeks Off (1929)
 * 34) Hard to Get (1929) a.k.a. Classified
 * 35) The Girl from Woolworth's (1929)
 * 36) Wedding Rings (1929) a.k.a. The Dark Swan

1930s

 * 1) Those Who Dance (1930)
 * 2) Road to Paradise (1930)
 * 3) Father's Son (1931)
 * 4) Misbehaving Ladies (1931)
 * 5) The Lady Who Dared (1931)
 * 6) The Mad Parade (1931) a.k.a. Forgotten Women
 * 7) Penrod and Sam (1931)
 * 8) Men in Her Life (1931)
 * 9) Three Wise Girls (1932)
 * 10) Make Me a Star (1932)
 * 11) The Crime of the Century (1933)
 * 12) Her Bodyguard (1933)
 * 13) The Old Fashioned Way (1934)
 * 14) Two Hearts in Harmony (1935)
 * 15) So You Won't Talk (1935)
 * 16) Dandy Dick (1935)
 * 17) Boys Will Be Boys (1935)
 * 18) Get Off My Foot (1935)
 * 19) Mr. Cohen Takes a Walk (1935)
 * 20) Where There's a Will (1936)
 * 21) Educated Evans (1936)
 * 22) It's in the Bag (1936)
 * 23) Windbag the Sailor (1936)
 * 24) Feather Your Nest (1937)
 * 25) Said O'Reilly to McNab (1937)
 * 26) Take It from Me (1937)
 * 27) Torchy Gets Her Man (1938)
 * 28) Torchy Blane in Chinatown (1939)

1940s

 * 1) She Done Him Right (1940)
 * 2) Four Shall Die (1940) a.k.a. Condemned Men
 * 3) Misbehaving Husbands (1940)
 * 4) Up Jumped the Devil (1941)
 * 5) Emergency Landing (1941)
 * 6) Federal Fugitives (1941) a.k.a. International Spy
 * 7) Desperate Cargo (1941)
 * 8) Mr. Celebrity (1941)
 * 9) The Miracle Kid (1941)
 * 10) Blonde Comet (1941)
 * 11) Duke of the Navy (1942)
 * 12) Broadway Big Shot (1942)
 * 13) Lucky Ghost (1942) a.k.a. Lady Luck
 * 14) Professor Creeps (1942)
 * 15) The Panther's Claw (1942)
 * 16) Men of San Quentin (1942)
 * 17) Gallant Lady (1942) a.k.a. Prison Girl
 * 18) One Thrilling Night (1942)
 * 19) Phantom Killer (1942)
 * 20) Foreign Agent (1942)
 * 21) The Living Ghost (1942)
 * 22) The Ape Man (1943)
 * 23) Clancy Street Boys (1943)
 * 24) Spotlight Scandals (1943) a.k.a. Spotlight Revue (reissue title)
 * 25) Ghosts on the Loose (1943)
 * 26) Here Comes Kelly (1943)
 * 27) Mr. Muggs Steps Out (1943)
 * 28) Mystery of the 13th Guest (1943)
 * 29) What a Man! (1944)
 * 30) Voodoo Man (1944)
 * 31) Hot Rhythm (1944)
 * 32) Detective Kitty O'Day (1944)
 * 33) Follow the Leader (1944)
 * 34) Leave It to the Irish (1944)
 * 35) Oh, What a Night (1944)
 * 36) Shadow of Suspicion (1944)
 * 37) Bowery Champs (1944)
 * 38) Crazy Knights (1944) a.k.a. Murder in the Family (TV title)
 * 39) Mom and Dad (1945)
 * 40) Adventures of Kitty O'Day (1945)
 * 41) Fashion Model (1945)
 * 42) Blonde Ransom (1945)
 * 43) Swingin' on a Rainbow (1945)
 * 44) Come Out Fighting (1945)
 * 45) Black Market Babies (1945)
 * 46) Girl on the Spot (1946)
 * 47) The Face of Marble (1946)
 * 48) One Exciting Week (1946)
 * 49) Don't Gamble with Strangers (1946)
 * 50) Below the Deadline (1946) a.k.a. Jumping Joe (TV title)
 * 51) Spook Busters (1946)
 * 52) Mr. Hex (1946)
 * 53) Philo Vance Returns (1947) a.k.a. Infamous Crimes (TV title)
 * 54) Hard Boiled Mahoney (1947)
 * 55) Too Many Winners (1947)
 * 56) Killer at Large (1947) a.k.a. Gangway for Murder and Syndicated Murder
 * 57) Gas House Kids Go West (1947)
 * 58) News Hounds (1947)
 * 59) Bowery Buckaroos (1947)
 * 60) The Chinese Ring (1947)
 * 61) Angels' Alley (1947)
 * 62) Jinx Money (1948)
 * 63) The Shanghai Chest (1948)
 * 64) The Golden Eye (1948)
 * 65) Smugglers' Cove (1948)
 * 66) Incident (1948)
 * 67) Kidnapped (1948)
 * 68) Jiggs and Maggie in Court (1948)
 * 69) The Feathered Serpent (1948)
 * 70) The Lawton Story (1949)
 * 71) Tuna Clipper (1949)
 * 72) Forgotten Women (1949)
 * 73) Trail of the Yukon (1949) as William X. Crowley
 * 74) Jiggs and Maggie in Jackpot Jitters (1949)
 * 75) Tough Assignment (1949)

1950s

 * 1) Blue Grass of Kentucky (1950)
 * 2) Blonde Dynamite (1950)
 * 3) Jiggs and Maggie Out West (1950)
 * 4) Lucky Losers (1950)
 * 5) County Fair (1950)
 * 6) Second Chance (1950)
 * 7) Blues Busters (1950)
 * 8) Again Pioneers (1950)
 * 9) A Wonderful Life (1951)
 * 10) Bowery Battalion (1951)
 * 11) Cuban Fireball (1951)
 * 12) Ghost Chasers (1951)
 * 13) Let's Go Navy! (1951)
 * 14) Havana Rose (1951)
 * 15) Crazy Over Horses (1951)
 * 16) The Congregation (1951)
 * 17) Rodeo (1952)
 * 18) Hold That Line (1952)
 * 19) Jet Job (1952)
 * 20) Here Come the Marines (1952)
 * 21) The Rose Bowl Story (1952)
 * 22) Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla (1952)
 * 23) Feudin' Fools (1952)
 * 24) No Holds Barred (1952)
 * 25) Jalopy (1953)
 * 26) Born to the Saddle (1953)
 * 27) Roar of the Crowd (1953)
 * 28) Murder Without Tears (1953)
 * 29) Yukon Vengeance (1954)
 * 30) Paris Playboys (1954)
 * 31) Pride of the Blue Grass (1954)
 * 32) High Society (1955)
 * 33) Jail Busters (1955)
 * 34) Westward Ho, the Wagons! (1956)
 * 35) Up in Smoke (1957)
 * 36) In the Money (1958)

1960s

 * 1) Ten Who Dared (1960)
 * 2) Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966)
 * 3) Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1966)

Quotes
"These films are going to be made regardless of who directs them. There's a market for them and the studios are going to continue to make them. I've been doing this long enough, I think I can make them as good or better than anyone else."

title: William Beaudine


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Irismeister

"Theresa and Iris"

Shouldn't this ugly gob of data be punctuated, or something? Put another way, is there some not-very-obvious reason for it being te way it is? Arno 06:59, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As you might have guessed from all the + signs, this is a copy-paste from a page diff, rather than an old version of a page. It was originally moved (properly) from conflicts between users, and the person who moved it said he would put it in two places, one of which was this page.  He evidently forgot to move it to this page and Irismeister decided that he was being censored, and made this not very successful copy-paste to preserve the record.  I cannot remember which other page this was supposed to have been moved to, so it might be a good idea to preserve this copy.... but by all means replace it with a correctly formatted version by looking in the page history of Conflicts between users.  :) (did that convoluted explanation make sense?) fabiform | talk 07:18, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Good editing, like good heart is always rewarded ! Assume good will edit you will! Happy editing :-) - irismeister 10:34, 2004 Mar 12 (UTC)

 * Information about the migration of page content from Conflicts between users to Conflicts between users/Irismeister and Requests for comment/Irismeister along with the full, unedited version of the transferred information can be found on the edit at: - MykReeve 11:44, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

OK, I edited out the + and page returns. Enjoy ! - irismeister 17:42, 2004 Mar 12 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's a bit spacious now, but a lot more readable. Thanks. Arno 09:30, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

WHAT'S NEW Irismeister has finished gathering evidence for a monstrously big case against the fascist penchant of Wikipedia against alternative medicine. I hereby publicly thank all those candid or only stupid admin/sysop/police/whatever caring to answer my deliberately provocative and elaborate evidence-gathering process. I've got you, fascists :O)

You bet you'll think twice about your career as Wikipedic "editors" after the facts are made public - Look for legal papers with your usual interest, for they are coming to all of you (you know who you are :O) any time now and soon enough for a public show about the nakedness of Wiki Staff, Emperesses and co-workers! I'm happy I could find such incredible numbers of gullible anglo-american would-be fascists! My friends now have all the data from the trusted third parties, to organize a Nuremberg-like HUGE trial based on the very evidence these wiki "editors" so eagerly supplanted. There is ugliness, censorship and deliberate disinformation in Wikipedia. Things are bad enough to warrant that serious legal consideration which I felt was needed the very moment I experienced censorship. The days of censorship and fake "ban you for personal attack" policies used as a figleaf for brutish force are over. Hang on to your mice, fellas - you'll need them sooo badly :O) Nobody hides truth indefinitely, using the pathethically, terminally diseased pharisean culture - You asked for it! You will be served with the very seed you planted, only for justice! And for those of you who wrote for the record that I "threatened" you with trials - you may breathe again! It's started! Only it's now you who will have to explain just that, for a start: Since when is rendering JUSTICE a THREAT ? May I suggest  JUSTICE for dummies  - an excellent reference you'll find amusing and useful in your future wiki editing careers :O) irismeister 12:23, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)


text:
Little House on the Prairie (TV series)

Little House on the Prairie (Little House: A New Beginning in its ninth and final season) is an American Western historical drama television series about the Ingalls family, who live on a farm on Plum Creek near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, in the 1870s–90s. Charles, Caroline, Laura, Mary, and Carrie Ingalls are respectively portrayed by Michael Landon, Karen Grassle, Melissa Gilbert, Melissa Sue Anderson, and twins Lindsay and Sydney Greenbush. The show is loosely based on Laura Ingalls Wilder's best-selling series of Little House books.

In 1972, with the encouragement of his wife and daughter, television producer and former NBC executive Ed Friendly acquired the film and television rights to Wilder's novels from Roger Lea MacBride and engaged Blanche Hanalis to write the teleplay for a two-hour motion picture pilot. Friendly then asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot; Landon agreed on the condition that he may also play Charles Ingalls. The pilot, which first aired on March 30, 1974, was based on Laura Ingalls Wilder's third Little House book, Little House on the Prairie. The rest of the regular series premiered on the NBC network on September 11, 1974, and last aired on May 10, 1982.

During the 1982–83 television season, with the departure of Landon and Grassle, a sequel series, generally considered Season Nine for syndicated packages, was broadcast with the new title Little House: A New Beginning.

Cast and characters

Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series, a total of 190 of the 204 episodes. Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight, but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House: A New Beginning (season nine).

Main cast

 * Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls (seasons 1–8, guest in 9, two post-series movies)
 * Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls (seasons 1–8, one post-series movie)
 * Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder (seasons 1–9, three post-series movies)
 * Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall (seasons 1–7, guest in 8)
 * Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls (seasons 1–8)
 * Matthew Labyorteaux as young Charles Ingalls and Albert (Quinn) Ingalls (seasons 5–8, guest in 9, one post-series movie)
 * Richard Bull as Nels Oleson (seasons 1–9, three post-series movies)
 * Katherine MacGregor as Harriet Oleson (seasons 1–9)
 * Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton (seasons 1–7, guest in 9)
 * Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson (seasons 1–9, two post-series movies)
 * Victor French as Mr. Edwards (seasons 1–3, guest in 6, 8–9, three post-series movies)
 * Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards (seasons 1–3, guest in 6)
 * Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker (seasons 1–9, three post-series movies)
 * Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden (seasons 1–9, two post-series movies)
 * Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms (seasons 1–4)
 * Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson (seasons 1–5)
 * Radames Pera as John (Sanderson, Jr.) Edwards (seasons 2–4)
 * Brian Part as Carl (Sanderson) Edwards (seasons 2–3)
 * Kyle Richards as Alicia (Sanderson) Edwards (seasons 2–3, guest in 6, 8)
 * Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey (seasons 4–7)
 * Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey (seasons 4–6)
 * Patrick Labyorteaux as Andrew "Andy" Garvey (seasons 4–7)
 * Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall (seasons 4–7, guest in 8)
 * Ketty Lester as Hester-Sue Terhune (seasons 5–9)
 * Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls (seasons 5–8)
 * Queenie Smith as Mrs. Amanda 'May' Whipple (seasons 1–4)
 * Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder (seasons 6–9, three post series movies)
 * Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder (season 6, guest in 7 and 8)
 * Sarah E. and Jennifer Coleman (seasons 8–9), Jennifer and Michele Steffin (three post-series movies) as Baby Rose Wilder
 * Steve Tracy as Percival Dalton (season 6 and 7)
 * Jason Bateman as James (Cooper) Ingalls (seasons 7 and 8)
 * Melissa Francis as Cassandra (Cooper) Ingalls (seasons 7 and 8)
 * Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson (seasons 8 and 9, three post-series movies)
 * Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder (season 9, three post-series movies)
 * Stan Ivar as John Carter (season 9)
 * David Friedman as Jason Carter (season 9)
 * Lindsay Kennedy as Jeb Carter (season 9)
 * Pamela Roylance as Sarah Reed Carter (season 9)

Guest stars
Many actors, who were either well-known or went on to become famous, guest-starred on the show.

• Willie Aames (episode 3.15)

• Anne Archer (episode 1.17)

• Lew Ayres (episode 9.3)

• Hermione Baddeley (3 episodes)

• Jonathan Banks (episode 6.16)

• Billy Barty (2 episodes)

• Richard Basehart (episode 2.17)

• Ralph Bellamy (episode 9.12)

• Ken Berry (episode 6.5)

• Theodore Bikel (episode 2.20)

• Peter Billingsley (episode 8.12)

• John Bleifer (episode 5.15)

• Dirk Blocker (episode 1.9)

• Ray Bolger (episodes 5.5 and 5.17)

• Ernest Borgnine (episode 1.13/14)

• Christopher Bowman (episodes 5.9, 5.18)

• Todd Bridges (episode 3.18)

• Red Buttons (episode 1.19)

• Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash (episode 3.1)

• Charles Cioffi (episode 5.22)

• Michael Conrad (episode 4.8)

• Keith Coogan (episode 7.15)

• Johnny Crawford (episode 3.10)

• James Cromwell (episode 7.1)

• Richard Farnsworth (episode 3.13)

• David Faustino (episode 7.5)

• Ted Gehring (episodes 1.21, 2.3, 2.10, 2.19, 3.1)

• Gil Gerard (episode 4.4)

• Louis Gossett Jr. (episode 2.18)

• Moses Gunn as Joe Kagan (5 episodes)

• Jerry Hardin (episode 5.23)

• Melora Hardin (episodes 8.1/2)

• Mariette Hartley (episode 2.19)

• John Hillerman (episode 5.8)

• Peter Hobbs (episodes 7.10 and 7.19)

• Rance Howard (episode 3.13)

• Beth Howland (episode 2.14)

• Ernie Hudson (episode 8.8)

• Rick Hurst (episode 1.3)

• John Ireland (episodes 3.4 and 5.3)

• Burl Ives (episode 3.10)

• Richard Jaeckel (episodes 2.18, 7.17/18)

• Jack Kruschen (episode 8.6)

• Katy Kurtzman (episodes 3.19, 4.16)

• Michael Landon Jr. (episode 3.20)

• Leslie Landon (4 guest episodes, Season 9 as a regular)

• Shawna Landon (Little House Years / episode 9.15; both uncredited)

• Charles Lane (episode 9.3)

• Sheila Larken (episode 9.13)

• Tammy Lauren (episode 9.4)

• Robert Loggia (episode 9.4)

• Mike Lookinland (episode 4.4)

• Chuck McCann (episode 1.11)

• Vera Miles (episode 9.19)

• Richard Mulligan (episode 2.21)

• Patricia Neal (episode 2.7)

• James Olson (episode 6.10)

• Sean Penn (uncredited student extra)

• Eddie Quillan (7 episodes)

• Ford Rainey (episodes 2.2, 4.21)

• Anne Ramsey (episode 5.1)

• Nick Ramus (episode 4.13)

• Kim Richards (episode 1.7)

• Wendy Schaal (episode 6.5)

• Kathryn Leigh Scott (episode 5.16)

• James Shigeta (episodes 3.16 and 3.17)

• James B. Sikking (episode 3.17)

• Raymond St. Jacques (episode 4.10)

• Jan Sterling (episode 3.6)

• Sherri Stoner (episodes 9.21 and 9.22)

• Madeleine Stowe (episode 7.6)

• Barbara Tarbuck (episode 7.22)

• Robert Torti (episode 8.6)

• Mitch Vogel (episodes 1.5, 1.23)

• M. Emmet Walsh (episode 8.8)

• Ray Walston (episode 6.9)

• Collin Wilcox (episode 4.7)

• Harris Yulin (episode 1.20)

Development
Of the 204 episodes, Michael Landon directed 87 episodes; producer William F. Claxton directed 68 episodes, while co-star Victor French helmed 18 episodes. Maury Dexter (who was often an assistant director) directed 21 episodes, and Leo Penn directed the remaining three episodes.

Interior shots were filmed at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles, while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley, where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed. Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series, including Old Tucson Studios and Sonora, California. Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series include noticeable mountainous terrain in the background scenery. In reality, however, the southern Minnesota landscape where the show is supposed to take place includes no tall mountains.

The series theme song was titled "The Little House" and was written and conducted by David Rose. The ending theme music, also written by Rose, originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later-season episode of Michael Landon's previous long-running series, Bonanza.

Themes
Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption, alcoholism, faith, poverty, blindness, and prejudice of all types, including racism. Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction (e.g. Albert's addiction to morphine), leukemia, child abuse, animal abuse, and even rape. Although predominantly a drama, the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments, as well.

Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza. Season two's "A Matter of Faith" was based on the Bonanza episode "A Matter of Circumstance"; season five's "Someone Please Love Me" was based on the Bonanza episode "A Dream To Dream"; season seven's "The Silent Cry" was based on the Bonanza episode "The Sound of Sadness"; season eight's "He Was Only Twelve" was based on the Bonanza episode "He Was Only Seven"; and season nine's "Little Lou" was based on the Bonanza episode "It's A Small World".

In 1997, TV Guide ranked the two-part episode "I'll Be Waving as You Drive Away" at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list; the episode was about Mary going blind.

Broadcast
Little House on the Prairie ran on NBC from September 11, 1974 to March 21, 1983. From September 1974 to September 1976, it was aired on Wednesday nights from 8:00-9:00 EST. Beginning September 27, 1976, it was moved to Monday nights in the same time slot.

Syndication
In the United States, NBC originally licensed syndication rights for Little House on the Prairie to Worldvision Enterprises, since networks could not own syndication arms at the time. Through successor companies and mergers, those rights are currently held by CBS Media Ventures.

In syndicated reruns (where both original series are part of the same package for purposes of syndication), the show has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its network screenings. In addition to airing on local stations, it has been airing multiple times each day on Cozi TV, Up TV, and Hallmark Drama (now Hallmark Family). In the past, it has aired on WPIX, WPHL, TV Land, TBS, INSP, and Hallmark Channel, as well as other stations worldwide. In Canada, reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS, a Christian-based network, as of September 1, 2008. Amazon Prime Video's Freevee digital channel is also currently airing the series, using the mostly uncut video masters provided by Lionsgate.

Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series, it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E/I programming guidelines. The show is typically stripped (run five days a week) in syndication, which is enough to completely cover a TV station's E/I requirements and more.

NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for home entertainment rights as well. Sister company NBCUniversal Television Distribution (now renamed as NBCUniversal Syndication Studios since 2021) also distributes the series internationally with MGM Television handling international distribution sales.

Home media
The entire series has been released on standard-definition DVD, high-definition Blu-ray, and on both standard and high-definition Digital Copy. In addition, some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS. Starting with Season 7, the Blu-rays are available exclusively through Amazon.com.

There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another. The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released in conjunction with NBC Enterprises (later NBC Universal in 2004) by Imavision Distribution, a company based in Quebec. A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes—these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises, the series' former distributor. Other episodes (especially in Season Eight) were time compressed and are NTSC-converted video prints from UK PAL masters, while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints, also from Worldvision. Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions. The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality, such as tracking lines, as well as audio problems, though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons. The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed captioning.

These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim, Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler. For the original movies & complete series sets, Imavision provided numerous additional special features, including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson, as well as specials highlighting Michael Landon, the casting of the show, and more. Imavision also released a French-language version of the series. Both versions are in NTSC color and are coded for all regions. Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision, but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below. The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback (a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label); this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2. Unlike the original North American DVD sets, the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes.

In 2014, Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD, and also for the first time, in high definition on Blu-ray, as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video. These new releases, which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters, contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound. The Blu-rays, with their high bitrate, high definition 1080p picture (as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available. The first six seasons on Blu-ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs. Starting with Season 7, Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu-rays exclusively through Amazon.com. In the process, they made several other changes to the Blu-rays including compressing the audio (though with a relatively high bitrate), simplifying the on-screen disc menus, and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons.

The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English, French, and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles. They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases, but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called "The Little House Phenomenon". Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie. Season 7 contains no special features. Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras, with "Look Back to Yesterday" and "The Last Farewell" appearing on Season 8, and "Bless All The Dear Children" appearing on Season 9. Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this, both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline, and also because they included "The Last Farewell" on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending. Lionsgate's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order, since "Bless All The Dear Children" was the last episode broadcast even though "The Last Farewell" was the last one produced. None of the available releases of the series contain "The Little House Years", which was a three-hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips.

While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available, there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems. The most significant of these, affecting all formats of the remastered releases, include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode, "Divorce, Walnut Grove Style," almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9's "Home Again," and extremely low volume of the townspeople's singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie, "The Last Farewell."

List of releases
In Australia, Region 4, the first releases were released by Magna Pacific (NBC Home Entertainment) on October 22, 2004 (Season 1 Parts 1 & 2) and November 12, 2004 (Season 2 Parts 1 & 2) and re-released early 2008. No further seasons were released. On April 29, 2008 Universal starting releasing the series beginning with Season 3 (Parts 1 & 2) and Series 4 (Parts 1 & 2) on July 1, 2008, and then Season 1 (Parts 1 & 2), Season 2 (Parts 1 & 2) and Season 3 (Parts 1 & 2) on March 8, 2010 and followed by the remaining series with the finale season being released on May 2, 2012. Via Vision then acquired the rights to the series and began releasing Uncut & Digitally Remastered version on May 6, 2015 and the final season on April 20, 2016. Also released are Complete Season boxset, the first two being non remastered and the latest version being the remastered Deluxe Edition.

Reception
The pilot movie ranked at number 3 for the ratings in early 1974. The first two seasons the series aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm. Season 1 had moderate ratings, while season 2 was the lowest ranked season of the series. In 1976, the series was moved to a Monday night time slot. From season three through season seven it was one of NBC's highest rated scripted series, though it lost this title after season eight as ratings began to decline.

 * Season 1 (1974–75): No. 13, 23.5 rating
 * Season 2 (1975–76): No. 33
 * Season 3 (1976–77): No. 16, 22.3 rating
 * Season 4 (1977–78): No. 7, 24.1 rating
 * Season 5 (1978–79): No. 14, 23.1 rating
 * Season 6 (1979–80): No. 16, 21.8 rating
 * Season 7 (1980–81): No. 10, 22.1 rating
 * Season 8 (1981–82): No. 25, 19.1 rating (tied with: The Facts of Life)
 * Season 9 (1982–83): No. 29, 17.4 rating

Accolades

 * 1976: TP de Oro, Spain, Mejor Actriz Extranjera (Best Foreign Actress), Karen Grassle
 * 1978: Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series, Ted Voigtlander, episode "The Fighter"
 * 1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series, Ted Voigtlander, episode "The Craftsman"
 * 1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series, David Rose, episode "The Craftsman"
 * 1980: TP de Oro, Spain, Mejor Actriz Extranjera (Best Foreign Actress), Melissa Sue Anderson
 * 1981: Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script, Michael Landon, episode "May We Make Them Proud"
 * 1982: Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore), David Rose, episode "He Was Only Twelve" (Part 2)
 * 1983: Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series, Melissa Gilbert
 * 1984: Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series, Melissa Gilbert

Little House: A New Beginning
When Michael Landon decided to leave the show (though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director), a spin-off sequel show was created, the focus now placed on the characters of Laura and Almanzo, and more characters were added to the cast. A new family, the Carters (Stan Ivar as John, Pamela Roylance as Sarah, Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb, and David Friedman as younger son Jason), move into the Ingalls house. Meanwhile, Almanzo and Laura take in their niece, Jenny Wilder (played by Shannen Doherty), when Almanzo's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter, Rose. The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes, while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters. The explanation given for the original characters' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak, Iowa, to pursue a promising life. The show lost viewers, because the Ingalls family (except Laura) left the series.

Backdoor pilot
The spin-off's finale episode, Hello and Goodbye, in which Laura and Almanzo finish renovating the late Mrs. Flannery's home into a boardinghouse and start to take in residents, was meant as a backdoor pilot for an entirely new spinoff alongside what was supposed to have been another few seasons of the original show.

In that episode, Mr. Edwards moved in after his mute son Matthew left with his father and he realized that not only was his cabin falling down, it was situated a considerable distance from all his friends.

Willie and Rachel, wanting their own space and to be out from under Harriet's thumb in the rooming house upstairs of the hotel and restaurant elected to move in with Laura and Almanzo, as well, while Willie cooked and ran the restaurant with Rachel.

Writer Sherwood Montague rounded out the ensemble and the show was supposed to have covered his attempts to bring sophistication to Walnut Grove, but low viewership led to cancellation of both the sequel show and the intended spinoff.

The three movie specials listed below were produced to tie up loose ends to storylines on both the two main series and those opened up in Hello and Goodbye.

Movie specials
Three made-for-television post-series movies followed during the 1983–84 television season: Little House: Look Back to Yesterday (1983), Little House: The Last Farewell (1984), and Little House: Bless All the Dear Children (1984).

In The Last Farewell, Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove. They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township, and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain. Despite their best efforts, the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away. At a town meeting, John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has. Each man takes a turn blowing up his own building in an emotional farewell to the town.

When asked why the set was blown up, the show's producer, Kent McCray, said that when the series started, he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state. When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings, Michael Landon thought for a while and said, "What if we blow up the town? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away." He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings, except for the little house and the church. Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up.

Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell, but ended up being the last of the three movies to air. Given its Christmas-related content, NBC made a last-minute decision to change the broadcast order, airing it during the Christmas season. A voice-over was added explaining the events occurred prior to the destruction of the town to resolve the continuity problem.

Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series: the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years (1979), a Thanksgiving special/clip show that aired in the middle of season six.

The pilot film inspired a miniseries in 2005 which was also heavily inspired by the novels of the same name.

Film adaptation
In October 2012, Sony Pictures announced that a film adaptation of the Little House on the Prairie novel was under development. In early 2016, it was widely reported that Paramount Pictures had picked up the project in turnaround, but an agreement was never reached. In December 2020, it was announced that Paramount Television Studios and Anonymous Content were developing a reboot as a one-hour dramatic series adaptation.

title: Little House on the Prairie (TV series)


text:
UNIVAC LARC

The UNIVAC LARC, short for the Livermore Advanced Research Computer, is a mainframe computer designed to a requirement published by Edward Teller in order to run hydrodynamic simulations for nuclear weapon design. It was one of the earliest supercomputers.

LARC supported multiprocessing with two CPUs (called Computers) and an input/output (I/O) Processor (called the Processor). Two LARC machines were built, the first delivered to Livermore in June 1960, and the second to the Navy's David Taylor Model Basin. Both examples had only one Computer, so no multiprocessor LARCs were ever built. Both were decommissioned in the period 1968 to 1969, with Livermore decomissioning their LARC in December 1968 and the Navy's LARC been turned off in April 1969.

The LARC CPUs were able to perform addition in about 4 microseconds, corresponding to about 250 kIPS speed. This made it the fastest computer in the world until 1962 when the IBM 7030 took the title. The 7030 started as IBM's entry to the LARC contest, but Teller chose the simpler Univac over the riskier IBM design.

Description
The LARC was a decimal mainframe computer with 60 bits per word. It used bi-quinary coded decimal arithmetic with five bits per digit (see below), allowing for 11-digit signed numbers. Instructions were 60 bits long, one per word. The basic configuration had 26 general-purpose registers, which could be expanded to 99. The general-purpose registers had an access time of one microsecond.

LARC weighed about 115000 lb.

The basic configuration had one Computer and LARC could be expanded to a multiprocessor with a second Computer.

The Processor is an independent CPU (with a different instruction set from the Computers) and provides control for 12 to 24 magnetic drum storage units, four to forty UNISERVO II tape drives, two electronic page recorders (a 35mm film camera facing a cathode-ray tube), one or two high-speed printers, and a high-speed punched card reader.

The LARC used core memory banks of 2500 words each, housed four banks per memory cabinet. The basic configuration had eight banks of core (two cabinets), 20,000 words. The memory could be expanded to a maximum of 39 banks of core (ten cabinets with one empty bank), 97,500 words. The core memory had one parity bit on each digit for error checking, resulting in 60 bits per memory word. The core memory had an access time of 8 microseconds and a cycle time of 4 microseconds. Each bank operated independently and could begin a new access in any 4-microsecond cycle when it was not already busy. By properly interleaving accesses to different banks the memory could sustain an effective access time of 4 microseconds on each access (e.g., instruction access in one bank data in another).

The data transfer bus connecting the two Computers and the Processor to the core memory was multiplexed to maximize throughput; every 4-microsecond bus cycle was divided into eight 500-nanosecond time slots:

 * 1) Processor - instructions and data
 * 2) Computer 1 - instructions
 * 3) Computer 2 - data
 * 4) I/O DMA Synchronizer - data
 * 5) Not Used
 * 6) Computer 2 - instructions
 * 7) Computer 1 - data
 * 8) I/O DMA Synchronizer - data

The core memory system enforces a system of interlocks and priorities to avoid simultaneous access of the same memory bank by multiple sections of the system (the Computers, Processor, and I/O DMA Synchronizers) without conflicts or deadlocks. A memory bank is unavailable for one 4-microsecond cycle after being addressed by any section of the system. If another section attempts to address the same memory bank during this time it is locked out and must wait then try again in the next 4-microsecond cycle. To prevent deadlocks and timeouts in the I/O system the following priorities are enforced:

 * 1) I/O DMA Synchronizer - highest
 * 2) Processor
 * 3) Computers - lowest

If a higher-priority section is locked out in one 4-microsecond cycle, when it tries again in the next 4-microsecond cycle, all lower-priority sections are prevented from beginning a new cycle on that memory bank until the higher-priority section has completed its access.

The LARC's Computers wrote lists of Summary Orders in memory for the Processor to read and interpret by the Processor Control Program (written and supplied by UNIVAC with each system), to request needed I/O.

The LARC was built using surface-barrier transistors, which were already obsolete by the time the first system was delivered. The LARC was a very fast computer for its time. Its addition time was 4 microseconds, multiplication time was 8 microseconds, and the division time was 28 microseconds. It was the fastest computer in 1960–61, until the IBM 7030 took the title.

LARC one-digit numeric code
In the basic five-bit biquinary code of the UNIVAC-LARC, 15 combinations are allowed, any one of which may be stored may be stored in any digit position in storage.

title: UNIVAC LARC


text:
Jon Erpenbach

Jon B. Erpenbach (born January 28, 1961) is an American politician that served as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing the 27th District from 1999 to 2023.

Early life, education and career
Erpenbach was born in Middleton, Wisconsin and graduated from Middleton High School. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh from 1979 to 1981. He worked as a radio personality on two Madison area radio stations and also worked for a Milwaukee station. He subsequently worked in both the State Assembly and Senate in media relations and as communications director.

Wisconsin Senate
Erpenbach was elected to represent the 27th Senate District in November 1998 and was re-elected in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018. He retired from the Senate in 2023. He served as the Democratic Minority Leader from 2003 to 2005. He authored Wisconsin's No Call List legislation that was passed and signed into law in 2001. The legislation was a forerunner of the federal government's Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003.

Bills and policy positions
The achievement that Senator Erpenbach is most well known for is his extremely successful and popular Do Not Call legislation, passed and signed into law in 2001. The bill had bipartisan support in both the Senate and Assembly. The consumer protections in the bill include: allowing consumers to add their land or cellular telephones to the Do Not Call list, creating a prohibition for unsolicited faxes, and Increasing the penalties for violations from the current maximum of $100 to amounts between $1,000 and $10,000. The bill was a forerunner of the federal government's Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003.

Erpenbach is well known for his Healthy Wisconsin bill.

Erpenbach authored the Traveling Sales Crew Regulation bill, also known as Malinda's Law, which would give traveling sales crew members similar employment rights that part-time workers in Wisconsin are currently guaranteed by state law. The bill would also require all crews to register with the Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection before going door to door in state communities. By registering members of the crew, alerts for members with outstanding warrants in other states can be identified and criminals detained. The bill passed last session in the State Senate but was stopped in the Assembly. It is expected that the bill will become law this legislative session.

2011 Wisconsin protests
During the protests in Wisconsin, Erpenbach fled to Illinois along with the 13 other Democratic State Senators to attempt to deny the State Senate a quorum on Governor Scott Walker's Budget Repair legislation, ultimately unsuccessfully.

title: Jon Erpenbach


text:
User talk:Cshenorr

welcome aboard. You are encouraged to sign your comments on discussion pages with four tilda signs. Don't hesitate to ask for help. --Humus sapiens Talk 07:09, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cshenorr


text:
User:Jackol

[Personal site here].

title: User:Jackol