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Southern Vermont College

Southern Vermont College was a private college on the 371 acre former Edward Everett Estate (originally The Orchards) near Bennington, Vermont. The college closed in 2019.

History
Southern Vermont College was founded in 1926 as St. Joseph Business School, an institution offering certificates of proficiency in secretarial accounting, finance, shorthand and typewriting. Eleven students were in the first graduating class. In 1962, it became an accredited junior college, St. Joseph College, awarding associate degrees in business and secretarial science.

Twelve years later, in 1974, the college moved to the Edward Hamlin Everett Estate and became Southern Vermont College, a nonsectarian college. In the years immediately following this change of location, the college earned bachelor's degree authority from the Vermont Department of Education and full accreditation with the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE).

In 2019, NECHE placed the college on "show-cause" status and asked the college to provide additional information about its financial stability to retain its accreditation. The college's only alternative was to lower the admission numbers of its incoming freshman class. This option would leave the school with a financial deficit. The college's president, David Rees Evans, announced the closure in March 2019 and the college after finishing the academic year in May 2019.

Campus
The 27-room Everett Mansion, listed (along with most of the campus) on the National Register of Historic Places, served as the college's primary administrative and academic building. It was built 1911–14 for Edward H. Everett, a successful businessman from Cleveland, Ohio, and is architecturally a distinctive combination of Beaux-Arts and Norman Revival styles. The architect, George Oakley Totten Jr., also designed Everett's Washington, DC residence, (formerly the Turkish embassy and now the Residence of the Ambassador of Turkey). It hosts the library, theatre, Center for Teaching and Learning (academic support), Burgdorff Gallery, eight classrooms, plus administrative offices. From 1977 to 1994, the theatre served as the residence for the regionally acclaimed Oldcastle Theatre Company.

The college had five residence halls, as well as a residence hall complex, Hunter Hall, that was completed in 2009 and accommodates 110 residential students. This residence hall, situated on the slopes of Mt. Anthony with views of the Green Mountains, is both a living and learning facility, with science and computer labs, study rooms, and an atrium overlooking a pond. Other buildings include the Dining Hall, Mountaineer Athletic Center with Fitness Center, and a 24-hour computer lab.

Academics
Southern Vermont College offered 16 academic degree programs in five academic divisions: The McCormick Division of Business, The Hunter Division of Humanities, The Division of Nursing, The John Merck Division of Science and Technology, and The Donald Everett Axinn Division of Social Sciences.

It was a member of the Association of Vermont Independent Colleges (AVIC) and the Vermont Campus Compact, affiliated with the national association of colleges that include community service, hands-on learning and civic engagement as part of their academic requirements. All first-year students at Southern Vermont College took "Quest for Success," a course that combined classroom instruction with off-campus community projects in such fields as environmental restoration, research on historic objects in the local museum work with a local theater company, and media studies with Community Access Television.

In the fall of 2013, Southern Vermont College partnered with the College Steps Program, joining two other Vermont colleges engaged in this program aimed at supporting students with cognitive impairments (e.g., autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disabilities). It provided them with an opportunity to participate in a modified two-year college experience.

In January 2014, Southern Vermont College established the Veterans' Scholar Program (VSP). The program worked with veterans and military-connected family members.

Athletics
The Southern Vermont athletic teams were called the Mountaineers. The college was a member of the NCAA Division III ranks, primarily competing in the New England Collegiate Conference (NECC) from 2008–09 to 2018–19. The Mountaineers previously competed in the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC) from 1998–99 to 2007–08.

Southern Vermont competed in 13 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, track & field (outdoor) and volleyball; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field (outdoor) and volleyball.

Accomplishments
In the fall of 2012, the women's volleyball team won the NECC Championship for the third consecutive year.

In 2015, their Men's basketball team went undefeated in NECC regular season play before losing to Regis College in the NECC championship game 74-72. However, the Mountaineers came back with another undefeated regular season in 2016 and went on to win the NECC championship against Becker College.

title: Southern Vermont College


text:
Cytokine release syndrome

In immunology, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that can be triggered by a variety of factors such as infections and certain drugs. It refers to cytokine storm syndromes (CSS) and occurs when large numbers of white blood cells are activated and release inflammatory cytokines, which in turn activate yet more white blood cells. CRS is also an adverse effect of some monoclonal antibody medications, as well as adoptive T-cell therapies. When occurring as a result of a medication, it is also known as an infusion reaction.

The term cytokine storm is often used interchangeably with CRS but, despite the fact that they have similar clinical phenotype, their characteristics are different. When occurring as a result of a therapy, CRS symptoms may be delayed until days or weeks after treatment. Immediate-onset CRS is a cytokine storm, although severe cases of CRS have also been called cytokine storms.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms include fever that tends to fluctuate, fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rashes, fast breathing, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, seizures, headache, confusion, delirium, hallucinations, tremor, and loss of coordination.

Lab tests and clinical monitoring show low blood oxygen, widened pulse pressure, increased cardiac output (early), potentially diminished cardiac output (late), high levels of nitrogen compounds in the blood, elevated D-dimer, elevated transaminases, factor I deficiency and excessive bleeding, higher-than-normal level of bilirubin.

Cause
CRS occurs when large numbers of white blood cells, including B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes are activated and release inflammatory cytokines, which activate more white blood cells in a positive feedback loop of pathogenic inflammation. Immune cells are activated by stressed or infected cells through receptor-ligand interactions.

This can occur when the immune system is fighting pathogens, as cytokines produced by immune cells recruit more effector immune cells such as T-cells and inflammatory monocytes (which differentiate into macrophages) to the site of inflammation or infection. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines binding their cognate receptor on immune cells results in activation and stimulation of further cytokine production.

Adoptive cell transfer of autologous T-cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cell therapy) also causes CRS. Serum samples of patients with CAR-T associated CRS have elevated levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-10, GM-CSF, MIP-1α/β, MCP-1 (CCL2), CXCL9, and CXCL10 (IP-10). The most predictive biomarkers 36h after CAR-T infusion of CRS are a fever ≥38.9 °C (102 °F) and elevated levels of MCP-1 in serum. Many of the cytokines elevated in CRS are not produced by CAR-T cells, but by myeloid cells that are pathogenically licensed through T-cell-mediated activating mechanisms. For example, in vitro co-culture experiments have demonstrated IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1 are not produced by CAR-T cells, but rather by inflammatory myeloid lineage cells. In vivo models have demonstrated NSG (NOD/SCID/γ-chain deficient mice) with defects of both lymphocyte and myeloid lineage compartments do not develop CRS after CAR-T cell infusion.

In addition to adoptive T-cell therapies, severe CRS or cytokine reactions can occur in a number of infectious and non-infectious diseases including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, Ebola, avian influenza, smallpox, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is sufficiently cleared by the early acute phase anti-viral response in most individuals, some progress to a hyperinflammatory condition, often with life-threatening pulmonary involvement. This systemic hyperinflammation results in inflammatory lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the lung and the heart, causing ARDS and cardiac failure. Patients with fulminant COVID-19 and ARDS have classical serum biomarkers of CRS including elevated CRP, LDH, IL-6, and ferritin.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Epstein-Barr virus-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis are caused by extreme elevations in cytokines and can be regarded as one form of severe cytokine release syndrome.

Medications
Cytokine reaction syndrome may also be induced by certain medications, such as the CD20 antibody rituximab and the CD19 CAR T cell tisagenlecleucel. The experimental drug TGN1412—also known as Theralizumab—caused extremely serious symptoms when given to six participants in a Phase I trial. A controlled and limited CRS is triggered by active fever therapy with mixed bacterial vaccines (MBV) according to Coley; it is used for oncological and certain chronic diseases. CRS has also arisen with biotherapeutics such as COVID-19 vaccines (Frontiers of Immunology 2022 13: 967226) and monoclonal antibodies intended to suppress or activate the immune system through receptors on white blood cells. Muromonab-CD3, an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody intended to suppress the immune system to prevent rejection of organ transplants; alemtuzumab, which is anti-CD52 and used to treat blood cancers as well as multiple sclerosis and in organ transplants; and rituximab, which is anti-CD20 and used to treat blood cancers and auto-immune disorders, all cause CRS.

Diagnosis
CRS needs to be distinguished from symptoms of the disease itself and, in the case of drugs, from other adverse effects—for example tumor lysis syndrome requires different interventions. As of 2015, differential diagnoses depended on the judgement of doctor as there were no objective tests.

Classification
CRS is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and is an adverse effect of some drugs.

The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events classifications for CRS as of version 4.03 issued in 2010 were:

Prevention
Severe CRS caused by some drugs can be prevented by using lower doses, infusing slowly, and administering anti-histamines or corticosteroids before and during administration of the drug.

In vitro assays have been developed to understand the risk that pre-clinical drug candidates might cause CRS and guide dosing for Phase I trials, and regulatory agencies expect to see results of such tests in investigational new drug applications.

A modified Chandler loop model can be used as a preclinical tool to assess infusion reactions.

Management
Treatment for less severe CRS is supportive, addressing the symptoms like fever, muscle pain, or fatigue. Moderate CRS requires oxygen therapy and giving fluids and antihypotensive agents to raise blood pressure. For moderate to severe CRS, the use of immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids may be necessary, but judgment must be used to avoid negating the effect of drugs intended to activate the immune system.

Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, was FDA approved for steroid-refractory CRS based on retrospective case study data.

Lenzilumab, an anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody, is also clinically proven to be effective at managing cytokine release by reducing activation of myeloid cells and decreasing the production of IL-1, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1, and IP-10. Additionally, as a soluble cytokine blockade, it will not increase serum levels of GM-CSF (a phenomenon seen with tocilizumab and IL-6).

Although frequently used to treat severe CRS in people with ARDS, corticosteroids and NSAIDs have been evaluated in clinical trials and have shown no effect on lung mechanics, gas exchange, or beneficial outcome in early established ARDS.

Epidemiology
Severe CRS is rare. Minor and moderate CRS are common side effects of immune-modulating antibody therapies and CAR-T therapies.

Research
Key therapeutic targets to abrogate hyper-inflammation in CRS are IL-1, IL-6, and GM-CSF. An in vivo model found that GM-CSF knockout CAR-T cells do not induce CRS in mice. However, IL-1 knockout and IL-6 knockout hosts (whose myeloid cells are deficient in IL-1 and IL-6, respectively) were susceptible to CRS after the administration of wild-type CAR-T cells. It is thought this may be because while blockade of IL-1 and IL-6 are myeloid-derived cytokines are thus too far downstream of the inflammatory cascade. Moreover, while tocilizumab (anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody) may have an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect, it has been shown to increase serum levels of IL-6 by saturating the receptor, thus driving the cytokine across the blood brain barrier (BBB) and worsening neurotoxicity. Monoclonal antibody blockade of GM-CSF with lenzilumab has been demonstrated to protect mice from CAR-T associated CRS and neurotoxicity while maintaining anti-leukemic efficacy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cytokine release syndrome


text:
Máni

Máni (Old Norse: ; "Moon" ) is the Moon personified in Germanic mythology. Máni, personified, is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Both sources state that he is the brother of the personified sun, Sól, and the son of Mundilfari, while the Prose Edda adds that he is followed by the children Hjúki and Bil through the heavens. As a proper noun, Máni appears throughout Old Norse literature. Scholars have proposed theories about Máni's potential connection to the Northern European notion of the Man in the Moon, and a potentially otherwise unattested story regarding Máni through skaldic kennings.

Poetic Edda
In the poem Völuspá Odin recounts the history of the universe and foretells the future. In doing so, he recounts the early days of the universe:

In stanza 23 of the poem Vafþrúðnismál, the god Odin (disguised as "Gagnráðr") tasks the jötunn Vafþrúðnir with a question about the origins of the Sun and the Moon, whom he describes as journeying over mankind. Vafþrúðnir responds that Mundilfari is the father of both Sól and Máni, and that they must pass through the heavens every day to count the years for mankind:

In stanza 39 of the poem Grímnismál, Odin (disguised as Grímnir) says that both the Sun and the Moon are pursued through the heavens by wolves; the Sun, referred to as the "shining god" is pursued by Sköll to the "protecting woods", while the moon is pursued by Hati Hróðvitnisson. In stanza 13 of the poem Alvíssmál, the god Thor questions the dwarf Alvíss about the Moon, asking him what the Moon is called in each of the worlds. Alvíss responds that it is called "moon" by mankind, "fiery one" by the gods, "the whirling wheel" in Hel, "the hastener" by the jötnar, "the shiner" by the dwarves, and "the counter of years" by the elves.

Prose Edda
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, Máni is referenced in three chapters. In chapter 8, the enthroned figure of High quotes stanza 5 of Völuspá, and the figure of Third, also enthroned, adds that this occurred prior to the creation of the Earth. In chapter 11, High says that Máni and his sister Sól are the children of a man by the name of Mundilfari. The children were so fair that Mundilfari named them "moon" and "sun". Perceiving this as arrogance, the gods were so angered that they placed the brother and sister in the heavens. There, Máni "guides the path of the moon and controls its waxing and waning."

Additionally, Máni is followed through the heavens by the brother and sister children Hjúki and Bil "as can be seen from the earth", whom he took from the Earth while they fetched water from a well. In chapter 51, High foretells the events of Ragnarök, including that Máni will be consumed by one of two wolves chasing the heavenly bodies.

In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, Sól is referred to in chapter 26 as "sister of Máni", and in chapter 55 names are given for the Moon: "lune", "waxer", "waner", "year-counter", "clipped", "shiner", "gloam", "hastener", "squinter" and "gleamer".

Theories
Kennings in the skaldic corpus for female jötnar have been identified (such as "desired woman of Máni" used by the 10th century skald Guthormr sindri) as pointing to a potential marriage or sexual union between Máni and a female jötunn. John Lindow states that if a story about Máni having such a relationship with a female jötunn existed, then "it has left no other trace in the extant mythology. Rudolf Simek states that in two skaldic kennings "Máni is apparently a gigantic being in a myth of which we otherwise know nothing".

John Lindow theorizes on Máni's fate at Ragnarök in that "as part of the creation of the æsir, that is, the cosmos, Máni must be destroyed at Ragnarök, but this is not explicitly stated, except perhaps by Snorri, who tells about Mánagarm, who will swallow a heavenly body that may be the moon".

Rudolf Simek connects the account of Máni, and Hjúki and Bil (featuring, as Simek states, "a man with a pole and a woman with a bushel") found in chapter 11 of Gylfaginning with modern accounts of the Man in the Moon found in modern folklore in Scandinavia, England, and North Germany. Simek additionally points out that a stanza appearing early in the poem Völuspá states that the Æsir had set up the Moon "in order to be able to reckon the year", which Simek connects with Germanic computation of time having been directed towards the Moon rather than the Sun, and that shorter amounts of time were given in nights rather than days.

title: Máni


text:
Talk:Yongsan Garrison

Untitled
It seems that the narrative about the two dead schoolgirls is far too long, given that it is only incidentally related to the subject of the article [Yongsan Base]. Suggest it be cut down to two or three sentences and the bulk of it relocated to an article on US Forces Korea. any disagreement with that? Shirokuma1 04:01, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * sounds reasonable to me.Rockford1963 03:34, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me as well Queerbubbles (talk) 02:28, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * additionally, this does not deal exclusively with yongsan itself... demonstrations occur outside all foreign military installations on the peninsula. suggest moving the dead schoolgirls section to new page Clown (talk) 04:33, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * no more suggesting... DONE! Clown (talk) 09:47, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

The reference to the traffic accident in Area I (Uijeongbu) should be removed or extremely limited. Although it caused some demonstrations and anti-Americanism in Seoul, it didn't happen at Yongsan Garrison.--D200guy (talk) 23:11, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Wrong year on the map
The map cites 1990, yet the article claims the golf course was given to the city in 1992. The golf course is not on the map, which means it's from after 1992. Granted, it's before 2004 when the bridge was built and before the Helipad near Lombardo Field was constructed, but the date on the imageS caption is the inaccuracy I wish to point out. ZsinjTalk 10:03, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

I sure would like to see some photos of Yongsan Garrison rather than a map. For force protection reasons, the map should not be there. Photos of Yongsan are in the public domain at the USAG-Yongsan Flickr Site.--D200guy (talk) 23:08, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for removing the map! I am the PAO for Yongsan Garrison ~ thanks for telling the Yongsan story! --D200guy (talk) 07:22, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Without disclosing the nature of my work on Yongsan Garrison, I can verifiably state that the map in question, while filled with building numbers and labels to public facilities on the installation, does not violate any force protection guidelines. It is my opinion that this image did not need to be removed and adds content to the article. ZsinjTalk 05:44, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The map is (or at least was) a public handout from Morale Welfare and Recreation and I'm sure North Korea got all the copies it needed years ago. It is not even "official use only".  Removing it for "force protection" reasons is a little presumptuous.  If you all want it, it's at . -Rolypolyman (talk) 14:24, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Demonstrations
Yes, the section is written badly. Yes, it doesnt deserve that much weight. But seriously... do not clear cut it out. Either clean it up, or leave it be. But do not simply select and hit delete. This happened. It is very notable in the Seoul and greater ROK community.  Qb | your 2 cents  12:38, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

The incident listed did not occur at Yongsan Garrison. To say there are demonstrations at Yongsan is fine, but nobody today is demonstrating about this incident that happened near Uijeongbu (far north of Yongsan). --D200guy (talk) 07:17, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Then change the wording to reflect such... but do not clear cut it completely out.  Qb  | your 2 cents  09:41, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Additional History
Yongsan (formerly Ryongsan, before grammatical/diction changes in Hangul were instituted in the early 20th century) has more history than what is indicated here and at the Yongsan Gu article. Ryongsan was a river crossing point (not as big as Mapo maybe), and had both a smaller palace for royal family members and a fairly significant temple in its precints (Korean Repository - 1893-1895 - can't remember the exact dates. Also see Bishop, Korea and her Neighbors). Additionally, it had been the site of truce talks between the Japanese and Koreans during the Imjin Waerin (1592-1598, or thereabouts). From 1884 to 1894 the Chinese were dominant in Korea and they actually had a military presence near Seoul. From conversations with Korean military officers, I believe the Chinese were encamped at the current site of Yongsan Army Garrison. I think the Japanese took over the site after their victory over the Chinese in 1894/5 but didn't start erecting permanent buildings until after defeating the Russians in 1905, when they began stationing large-scale military units into the country.

With the watercourse that runs east to west (aka "Perfume River") through the current garrison site this would make it a reasonable location for a military encapment of some size.

So, does anyone out there have info on the use of what is now the Yongsan Army Garrison prior to 1905? 144.59.12.230 (talk) 03:43, 31 October 2008 (UTC)Thomas Aidan Bothwell

Moving out
I thought that the US military was finally moving out of Seoul to another base to the south-west some time within the next few years. No mention of it in the article.--Jeff79 (talk) 15:36, 10 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Done.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 02:38, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Burke Towers
Not to be completely pedantic here, but then-1LT Burke was not "posthumously" awarded the Medal of Honor. His own Wikipedia page and numerous other MOH-related sites are clear that he survived the battle, lived to collect the award, and retired from the Army as a colonel in 1978. He died at home of a heart attack in 1999.

Now Burke Towers was named for him after his death, but it was not a posthumous award.72.171.0.138 (talk) 15:37, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Re-structure of article
The topic of the article is (and should be) the area known as Yongsan Garrison. It will remain so when HQ USFK moves out. What happens to the area is another question which can be answered as the facilities are closed. USAG-Yongsan is the military unit which occupies and operates the area. What happens to USAG-Y, as a military unit, is another question as well. (Perhaps a new article for the military unit can be developed.) I've done some restructuring of the article to reflect proper topic focus. More work is needed, especially to remove some of the PAO-type material. – S. Rich (talk) 17:10, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101030214709/http://yongsan.korea.army.mil/housingdiv.asp to http://yongsan.korea.army.mil/housingdiv.asp
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110101052438/http://www.seoul-es.pac.dodea.edu/ to http://www.seoul-es.pac.dodea.edu/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101022095425/http://www.dragonhilllodge.com/main.html to http://www.dragonhilllodge.com/main.html

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Founded October 2006?
Why does the infobox say this? It doesn't seem to be in the article.--Jack Upland (talk) 05:59, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * SeoulTowerYongsan.jpg

Yongsan in the 1980's
In the middle 80s, I served at the American Embassy in Seoul. We routinely shopped, enjoyed bowling, went to the movies, and did lots of other things on the US military facility at Yongsan. This article gives the founding date of Yongsan Garrison as 2005. What was the military organization occupying Yongsan before that? Poihths (talk) 18:04, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yongsan Garrison


text:
Talk:Earl of Moray

There are earls of Moray all over Scotland previous to the date stated here as first creation. See Scottish monarchs family tree for examples. Muriel 14:44, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Which of these (if any) is the bonnie Earl o'Moray?

 * That would be James Stewart, 2nd Lord Doune, husband of Elizabeth Stewart, 2nd Countess of Moray, who was Earl of Moray by right of his wife. Proteus (Talk) 13:08, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The earlier Earls here are surely Stewarts rather than Stuarts, although I cannot say for sure at what point the spelling changed, probably during the 16th century.PatGallacher (Talk) 23:40*, 08 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * My source calls them "Stewart" up to and including the 4th Earl, and "Stuart" thereafter, so I've change the article. Proteus (Talk) 23:58, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I added some of the early ones. Ardric47 01:32, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Spelling of Mormaer/Mormaor
I chose to use the spelling "mormaor" because it is closest to the Scottish Gaelic "mórmhaor" and because it is the preferred spelling in the Oxford English Dictionary. Is there a better reason to use the other spelling? Ardric47 05:31, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Numbering of creations
Wait a minute. You may be right that Agnes Dunbar was never Countess of Moray, but if so then this raises questions about the numbering of the creations. Surely then her son John Dunbar was 1st Earl of Moray 2nd Creation, and the subsequent creations all go up one. Or is the numbering well established? Can you quote some serious reference work on the Scottish peerage, preferably an online one? We should avoid original research. PatGallacher 17:24, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

David Stewart?
The article on James II mentions a "David Stewart, Earl of Moray", 1456-1457, who died in infancy. RandomCritic 05:27, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

William Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Buchan
There is a gap of about 100 years between the Moramers of Moray and the first Earls. William Comyn held the title "Warden of Moray" during this gap in time. Does anyone know if he fits in during this period as perhaps a stand in between the two periods? Bobbacon 09:00, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I have also just found another source that specifically states he was appointed "guardian of the Earldom of Moray" in 1222 from Alexander II of Scotland. "Guardian" is not the same as Earl- perhaps this fills in the gap between the Moramers of Moray and the first Earls. The only assumption I can make is that perhaps the Scottish crown appoined people to look after the area during this time, as opposed to giving them a hereditary title? The exisiting Wikipedia article says he became warden of Moray in 1212. I think this is the same as guardian. If he recieved the title from Alexander II my guess is that the 1222 date is more likely than 1212 as he didnt become king until 1214. Bobbacon 08:29, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I have found other "Guardians of Moray" (from Google...) these are "Sir Reginald le Chen" who was appointed by Edward I, I cannot find the dates for him, but I know there where in fact three Sir Reginald le Chens who were grandfather, father and son which confuses things a lot. Bobbacon 08:43, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The holders of the Earldom of Moray between William fitz Duncan and Randolph were the Scottish kings, although they never use the title of any of the earldoms they held. Effective administration of the earldom was conducted by the "thanes" (or toisechs) and the sheriffs in the coastal district, with the Lord of Badenoch controlling the interior (Badenoch was part of the "county" (i.e. Earldom or Mormaerdom) and bishopric of Moray). BTW, Mormaer and Earl were the same thing ... different terminology is just arbitrary convention which suits Moray fine, but is terrible for all the other earldoms/mormaerdoms. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 02:17, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Freemen of Moray
D.J. Gray in William Wallace (Barnes & Noble 1991) at pages 12-13, states: "Moray differed from  other earldoms by reason of a large number of men known as the 'freemen of Moray', who held their lands on condition that they gave the king military aid.  They were, in effect, a company of king's men who owned no feudal superior other than the rightful monarch, and were responsible for the garrisoning of royal castles.  Their lands were called 'castle lands' and were distinct from other Crown lands, whose owners merely raised their vassals in times of war but did not have the honour of garrisoning the king's fortifications.

"The province had a banner of its own--Vexillum Moraviae--which all who were granted their lands from the king were bound to follow."

I have not been able to determine from Gray's text during what era the freemen of Moray were created or to what monarch they owed their lands and duties. Gray cites Evan Macleod Barron's The Scottish War of Independence (Robert Carruthers & Sons, Inverness 1934) at 217, but I do not have access to that book. If anyone can cast any further light on these freemen, a discussion of them could perhaps be added to the article. Caldust55 (talk) 06:16, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * very interesting Caldust55. Thank you for the reference. I can not be sure, but my thinking is that the "freemen" may refer to the Thanes, in Old Norse þegn ("thane, franklin, freeman, man"). located in the region: Brodie, Dyke, Cawdor, Moyness, Cromdale, Kilmalmnock, Rathennech, Fochabers, and Molen. A good ref here: Medieval Scotland, Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays presented to G.W.S. Barrow, Edinburgh University Press, Part 3, Thanes Thanages, from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Centuries, by Alexander Grant, and Appendix: Moray, Nairn. ISBN-10: 0748604189, ISBN-13: 978-0748604180. This reference notes the unusual character of the Moray Thanages (p.46): prior to 1130 did they belong to the crown or to the mormaers and earls? Geoffrey Barrow in "Badenoch and Strathspey, I", p.9 advances that they were Royal thanages, Grant accepts this as "certainly plausible". Accordingly, if they were not under the earls or another, but were directly under the king, they were "freemen" even prior to 1130. Later, according to Barrow/Grant, Scottish thanages were overwhelmingly royal [p.46-46], and the Thanes names were generally Gaelic [p.42] (Macbeth of Dyke, Hywan Macmallothen of Dairsie, etc). They were, in effect, a company of king's men who owned no feudal superior other than the rightful monarch to use your words. I have not been able to back up your reference to "military aid", however "the garrisoning of royal castles" is likely:-- in Barrow/Grant [p.48] the duties of the thanes include the "cain" and the "coveth"; the cain was a tribute to the king (e.g. cattle, cheese, pigs, chickens, etc payed to the king); coveth was hospitality dues to the king, refered to also as "waiting". [p.49] "Providing bases for the royal lordship", and early Scottish kings spent their time travelling from Thanage to Thanage, staying in the thanage's houses/castle (coveth), and collecting their cain. This may be what your references mean by garrisoning of royal castles. Czar Brodie (talk) 13:50, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Lancaster
There is no mention of the earldom Moray ("Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster (d. 1361)") in the article of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and besides - he was English, is it correct that he was made earl of Moray? --FinnWiki (talk) 12:12, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Nothing too in his ODNB biography. I'm removing that error. Regards, PurpleHz (talk) 18:33, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

Erroneous Heraldry
The shield shown is certainly not that of the Earl of Moray, much less the earlier mormaers. It is, however, that of the de Moravia family, and can be seen in the arms of the present chief the Duke of Atholl. For Stewart Earls of Moray, see here http://europeanheraldry.org/royal.html Brendandh (talk) 09:34, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Tinynanorobots (talk) 23:37, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Per WP:CONTENTFORK, Mormaer of Moray should be merged with this page. The mormaer of Moray and the earl of Moray are the same thing; "mormaer" is just the Gaelic word for an earl. Zacwill16 (talk) 13:36, 28 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, I understand your thinking on this one, but I would only endorse it if all of the article information from the Mormaer of Moray article is included, because a lot of hard work has gone into it which I personally contributed to. Obviously there would be some overlap of information which would have to be adjusted but the whole "History" section of the Mormaer of Moray article will need to be preserved.QuintusPetillius (talk) 10:49, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of Moray


text:
William Hathaway

William Dodd Hathaway (February 21, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an American politician and lawyer from Maine. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States senator for Maine from 1973 to 1979, as the U.S. representative for Maine's 2nd congressional district from 1965 to 1973, and as the commissioner of the Federal Maritime Commission from 1990 to 1999.

Early life
Hathaway was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He served in World War II in the United States Army Air Corps, where he was shot down while bombing the Ploiești, Romania oil fields during Operation Tidal Wave and was a prisoner of war for over two months. He was awarded the Air Medal, the Purple Heart, and the Distinguished Flying Cross.

After the war he attended Harvard University, graduating in 1949, and Harvard Law School, graduating in 1953. He then moved to Maine and practiced law in Lewiston.

Political career
He served as Assistant County Attorney for Androscoggin County from 1955 to 1957, and he was a Hearing Examiner for the State Liquor Commission from 1957 to 1961.

A Democrat, in 1964 he was elected to the U.S. House from the 2nd District after incumbent Republican Clifford McIntire ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate, and he served from 1965 until 1973. This was a time of resurgence for Democrats in Maine, at that time a traditionally Republican state. The same period saw the growth of the political careers of Edmund S. Muskie and Kenneth M. Curtis.

In 1972 Hathaway ran for the United States Senate and defeated four-term Republican incumbent Margaret Chase Smith in a considerable upset. In 1973, Hathaway was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. (The other two were fellow Democrats Thomas Eagleton of Missouri and Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin.) One of his Senate aides was future Maine Governor and Senator Angus King. Hathaway was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, losing to his successor in the 2nd District, future Secretary of Defense William Cohen, by 22 percentage points.

Later life
Hathaway resided in the Washington, D.C., area after leaving the Senate and worked as a lobbyist and lawyer. In 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to the Federal Maritime Commission, and he served as chairman from 1993 to 1996.

Hathaway was known and well-liked by the employees of the U.S Senate, especially the Senate elevator operators. He was a constant source of humor and good will to those that worked on the Capitol elevators. "Going Up" is an unpublished manuscript by Kerry Whitney, US Senate Elevator Operator.

He retired in 1996 and continued to live in the Washington, DC, area.

In June 2002, at the age of 78, Hathaway was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for heroism during Operation Tidal Wave.

Hathaway was married to Mary Lee Bird of Horse Shoe, North Carolina, and Akron, Ohio, for over 61 years until her death, in 2007. Hathaway had two children, Susan and Fred.

Hathaway died of pulmonary fibrosis exactly 69 years to the day after he was shot down during World War II.

title: William Hathaway


text:
Anti-lymphocyte globulin

Anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) is an infusion of animal- antibodies against human T cells which is used in the treatment of acute rejection in organ transplantation. Its use was first reported by Thomas Starzl in 1966. Its use in transplant was supplanted by thymoglobulin between 1984 and 1999.

It has also been used in the treatment of aplastic anemia.

It is less commonly used than the similar anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), and like ATG it is associated with cytokine release syndrome in the short term and an increased risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in the long term. ALG is more likely to cause side effects than ATG, but is safer than OKT3.

The product was manufactured by Upjohn and Merieux, as well as the Schweizerisches Serum- und Impfinstitut in Bern, the latter of which was made by injecting horses with human thoracic duct lymphocytes and was called "Lymphoser Berna".

title: Anti-lymphocyte globulin


text:
Vermont Law and Graduate School

Vermont Law and Graduate School (VLGS) is a private law and public policy graduate school in South Royalton, Vermont, and is the only ABA-accredited law school in the state. It offers several degrees, including Juris Doctor (JD), Master of Laws (LLM) in Environmental Law, Master of Environmental Law and Policy (MELP), Master of Food and Agriculture Law and Policy (MFALP), Master of Energy Regulation and Law (MERL), and dual degrees with a diverse range of institutions. According to the school's 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 61.5% of the Class of 2018 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.

History
Vermont Law School was founded in 1972 by Anthony Doria and held its first classes in the summer of 1973 with 113 students in what was then known as the old South Royalton schoolhouse. In December 1973, VLS was certified by the Vermont State Board of Education as an institution of higher learning. Doria resigned as dean of the school in 1974, after it emerged that he had been convicted of embezzlement by a Pennsylvania court in 1958, though the charges were later vacated. Provisional ABA approval came in February 1975, and a full complement of classes were offered in the fall of 1975. The Law School's charter class graduated in spring 1976. Full approval by the ABA came in 1978, and the Law School was accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) in 1980. VLS became a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) in 1981.

Solomon Amendment
From 1982 until 2011, Vermont Law School was one of two law schools in the U.S. to decline to receive federal funding under the Solomon Amendment. That statute passed by Congress required colleges and universities to allow military recruitment on campus or risk losing federal funding. The school is also part of FAIR Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, a consortium of 38 law schools and law faculties that challenged the Solomon Amendment in Rumsfeld v. FAIR, and lost. Following the repeal of 'Don't Ask Don't Tell' in 2011, the school has allowed military recruitment on campus.

Recent history
In 2018, the law school controversially stripped tenure from 75% of its faculty, citing financial exigencies. Vermont Law School was subsequently added to a list of sanctioned institutions by the American Association of University Professors for "serious departures by the administration and/or governing board from generally accepted standards of college and university government."

In 2022, the school added additional graduate programs and rebranded as the Vermont Law and Graduate School. It also added a hybrid JD program.

Academics
Vermont Law School also offers an Accelerated Juris Doctor program that allows JD students to graduate in just two years (as opposed to the traditional three-year JD program), through the completion of two full-time academic semesters during the summer. As well as the Juris Doctor (JD), the Law School offers several degrees and joint-degrees, as well as degrees with other universities. Degrees include Master of Laws (LLM) in American Legal Studies, Environmental Law, Food and Agriculture Law, and in Energy Law

There is also a Master of Environmental Law and Policy (MELP), Master of Energy Regulation and Law (MERL), and Master of Food and Agriculture Law and Policy (MFALP).

In 2022, the ABA's Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar determined VLGS had failed to significantly comply with Standard 316, which was revised in 2019 to provide that at least 75% of an accredited law school's graduates who took a bar exam must pass one within two years of graduation. Graduates in 2019 had a 67.54% bar pass rate. However, VLGS had an 82.84% pass rate in 2018, and the school described the 2019 results as an anomaly. The ABA determined the school was back in compliance by March of 2023.

Joint programs
The Law School has partnered with different domestic and international universities to offer dual-degree programs. Domestic schools include: Yale School of the Environment (JD/Master of Environmental Management), Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth (MELP/Master of Business Administration), the University of Vermont Rubenstein School of Natural Resources (MELP/Master of Science in Natural Resources), Thunderbird School of Global Management (JD/Masters of Business Administration), the University of South Carolina (MELP/JD), University of South Dakota (MELP/JD), and Northeastern University School of Law (MELP/JD). International universities include the University of Cambridge (JD/Master of Philosophy), Cergy-Pontoise University (France), and the University of Seville (Spain).

Julien and Virginia Cornell Library
The Julien and Virginia Cornell Library opened in 1991. The library contains over 250,000 print volumes, including primary and secondary legal materials focusing on state, national, and international law. The library also possesses a collection of microforms including congressional documents, state session laws, and briefs. The library's electronic collection includes access to LexisNexis and Westlaw and other online gateways and databases, as well as a large catalog of full-text electronic journals and books and databases offering primary legal materials.

Vermont Law School maintains "an extensive interdisciplinary environmental collection, including journals, monographs, electronic resources, and other material related to the study of the environment and environmental law and policy."

Campus
Vermont Law and Graduate School's 13 acre campus is located in South Royalton in central Vermont. The campus is set just above the broad banks of the White River.

The oldest and centermost classroom building on the campus is Debevoise Hall, the town's original schoolhouse, built in 1892. In 2005 the former town schoolhouse (the original Law School building in 1973) was renovated and renamed after one of the first deans of the Law School, Thomas M. Debevoise. Practicing what it preaches, the Law School emphasized environmental concerns in the renovation, as well as historical preservation and design efficiency. Debevoise Hall was the only LEED Silver Certified renovation building project in the state of Vermont. Debevoise Hall continues to serve as classroom space and now also houses administration offices, the Environmental Law Center, and the Yates Common Room.

The James L. and Evelena S. Oakes Hall building was constructed and dedicated in 1998. Oakes Hall incorporates "green building" techniques along with the latest classroom technology.

Jonathon Chase, the late former dean of the Law School, liked to joke that South Royalton was the only town in America "with a law school and no stop light." Vermont Law School holds the distinction of being the law school farthest from a traffic light. As of January 2021, South Royalton does not have a stoplight.

In January 2020, VLGS opened a new satellite office in Burlington, which hosts the school's immigration law clinic and additional admissions office.

Law centers and research institutes

 * Environmental Law Center — The Environmental Law Center (ELC) began in 1978 with eight master's degree students. As noted, the ELC's program is consistently top-ranked by U.S. News & World Report. The ELC confers both the Master of Environmental Law and Policy (MELP) and Master of Laws in Environmental Law (LLM) degrees. The Class of 2008 included 87 students receiving these master's degrees.
 * Center for Agriculture and Food Systems (CAFS) — The Center for Agriculture and Food Systems (CAFS) has a dual mission: to train the next generation of food and agriculture advocates and entrepreneurs, and to create innovative legal tools supporting the new food movement. CAFS trains students through a comprehensive array of residential and distance learning courses and a Food and Agriculture Clinic. VLGS offers a JD Certificate in Food and Agriculture, and both Master's and LLM degrees in Food and Agriculture Law and Policy. CAFS' diverse course offerings, law clinic and degree options make it the most comprehensive sustainable food, agriculture, and environmental law graduate program in the country. CAFS also publishes a variety of resources on food and agriculture policy topics.
 * Institute for Energy & the Environment — The Institute for Energy and the Environment (IEE) is a national and international resource for energy law and policy. The Institute offers a full course curriculum and a certificate of concentration during the academic year and through its Energy Summer seminars; distributes scholarly, technical, and practical publications; provides forums and conferences for professional education and issue development; and serves as a center for graduate research on energy issues, with an environmental awareness. The Institute's research team is selected from top students in the energy and environmental programs at Vermont Law School.  The Institute maintains the IEE blog focused on current events and research.
 * Environmental Tax Policy Institute — The Institute analyzes ways in which taxation can address environmental problems. As a resource for the public and private sectors, non-governmental organizations, the press and academia, the Institute seeks to better inform the public policy debate about the role of environmental taxes at the local, state and federal levels.
 * Land Use Institute — The Land Use Institute (LUI) addresses intensifying land use law and policy issues at the local, national, and international levels that critically pertain to the development of a sustainable society. These issues include application of smart growth principles, ecological planning, affordable housing, flood hazard mitigation, improving the confluence of energy and land use regulatory decision-making and other permitting processes, and land conservation strategies. LUI works with VLS faculty and students, and other nonprofit legal and professional planning partners, to provide sound and innovative information, experience, and education to advance the practice of land use law and planning. This mission is served through direct support for local and regional planning agencies, forums and conferences for issue development, preparation of legislation affecting critical land use issues, education and training for state and local land use planners and regulators, practical and scholarly publications, and graduate professional teaching.

Clinics and experiential programs

 * Environmental Advocacy Clinic — The Environmental Advocacy Clinic assists major conservation organizations and local community groups to promote access to justice on important environmental and natural resources issues. In 2019, the National Wildlife Federation selected the Environmental Advocacy Clinic to represent the Federation on its national legal advocacy work.
 * Environmental Justice Clinic — Launched in 2019, the Environmental Justice Clinic became one of the only law clinics specifically devoted to environmental justice, providing legal services to low income communities and communities of color fighting the unjust distribution of pollution sources within those areas.
 * Energy Clinic—Started in 2014, the Energy Clinic is one of the only law clinics in the United States focused on promoting climate justice and renewable energy. The Energy Clinic provides opportunities for students to progressively develop the knowledge, skills, and values integral to the field of energy law and policy, while helping clients meet local energy needs with reliable, clean, and affordable resources.
 * Food and Agriculture Clinic — Students in the Food and Agriculture Clinic collaborate with local, regional, national, and international partners, and engage in law and policy work that addresses challenges related to food and land justice, public health, the economy, food security, and animal welfare.
 * South Royalton Legal Clinic — The South Royalton Legal Clinic serves Vermont residents who are unable to afford counsel and who need assistance with issues such as bankruptcy, children's rights, disability, domestic violence, family law, housing, immigration, veterans issues and wills.
 * Legislative Clinic — In the Legislative Clinic, students to work under the supervision of attorneys supporting the work of the Vermont General Assembly. Under the supervision of the Vermont Legislative Council, students work on bills, amendments, and related research projects. They observe floor debates, attend committee hearings, and participate in hearings as needed by the committees.
 * Immigration Clinic — Expanded alongside the opening of the Burlington satellite office in 2020, this clinic offers assistance to Vermonters on issues of immigration law.
 * General Practice Program — The General Practice Program (GPP) was instituted in 1987. The GPP is recipient of the American Bar Association's E. Smythe Gambrell Award for Professionalism, a national award for law schools and other organizations in recognition for advancing professionalism in the practice of law.
 * Legal Clinic of Petrozavodsk State University — Under the patronage of Vermont School of Law at the Faculty of Petrozavodsk State University opened the first legal clinic in Russia in October 1995, supported by the Council of Judges.

Employment
According to Vermont Law School's official 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 61.5% of the Class of 2018 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. Vermont Law School's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 29%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2013 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Tuition and financial aid
JD tuition for 2018-19 is $48,254. 67.4% percent of students receive some sort of scholarship.

Publications
Vermont Law School students publish two legal journals, the Vermont Law Review and the Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, on a regular basis several times a year in print and online. In addition to regular publication, both journals sponsor annual symposia.

Notable faculty and administrators

 * Peter A. Bradford, professor at Vermont Law School, former member of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
 * Mark Cooper, senior research fellow for economic analysis at VLS' Institute for Energy and the Environment
 * Douglas M. Costle, former Dean of Vermont Law School and former Environmental Protection Agency Administrator
 * Stephen Dycus, professor of National Security Law at Vermont Law School
 * Grant Gilmore, scholar of commercial law and one of the principal drafters of the Uniform Commercial Code, instructor at VLS
 * Molly Gray, elected Lieutenant governor of Vermont in 2020, instructor of international human rights law courses
 * John W. Hennessey Jr., dean and professor at Dartmouth College, interim president of the University of Vermont, member VLS board of trustees from 1999 to 2007
 * Philip H. Hoff, former Vermont Law School Trustee, 1983–1999, Trustee Emeritus beginning in 1999
 * Shirley Jefferson, associate dean and professor at Vermont Law School
 * Denise R. Johnson, first woman appointed to the Vermont Supreme Court, instructor in legal writing, 1978–1980
 * Jonathan Lash, Vermont Commissioner of Environmental Conservation, Secretary of the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, president of Hampshire College, professor at VLS
 * Deborah Markowitz, Secretary of the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, former Vermont Secretary of State, adjunct professor
 * Michael McCann, sports journalist and law professor, director of the Sports Law Institute at Vermont Law School
 * James L. Oakes, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Vermont Law School Board of Trustees (1976–1994)
 * Robert D. Rachlin, partner in Downs Rachlin Martin PLLC, the state's largest law firm, professor at Vermont Law School
 * Norman Redlich, Warren Commission researcher, VLS Board of Trustees (1977–1999)
 * Rodney Smolla, president at Vermont Law School beginning in July 2022
 * Benjamin K. Sovacool, founding Director of the Energy Security & Justice Program at VLS Institute for Energy and Environment
 * Gus Speth, co-founder of Natural Resources Defense Council, professor from 2020 to 2015
 * Steven M. Wise, former president of the Animal Legal Defense Fund and founder and president of the Nonhuman Rights Project, instructor at VLS

Notable alumni

 * Arnie Arnesen, J.D. 1981, member, New Hampshire House of Representatives (1985–1993), Democratic nominee for Governor of New Hampshire, 1992, candidate for United States House of Representatives, 1996
 * Joe Benning, J.D. 1983, member of the Vermont Senate from 2011 to 2023
 * Sarah E. Buxton, J.D. 2010, former member of the Vermont House of Representatives
 * John J. Cavanaugh Jr., J.D./M.A., 2011, member of the Nebraska Legislature since 2021
 * Karen Carroll, J.D. 1988, associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court since 2017
 * Thomas K. Clancy, J.D. 1980, professor emeritus at the University of Mississippi School of Law
 * William D. Cohen, J.D. 1984, associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Harold "Duke" Eaton Jr., J.D. 1980, Vermont Supreme Court Associate Justice (2014–present)
 * Amanda Gourgue MELP 2013, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 2016 to 2022
 * Vincent Illuzzi, J.D. 1978, youngest person ever elected to Vermont State Senate, State Senator 1981–2013, Essex County State's Attorney since 1998, unsuccessful 2012 Republican nominee for Vermont Auditor of Accounts
 * Adam R. Lee, J.D. 2007, member of the Maine House of Representatives
 * Chris Mathias, J.D. 2007, member of the Idaho House of Representatives beginning in 2020
 * Elizabeth MacDonough, J.D. 1998, first woman to serve as Parliamentarian of the United States Senate
 * Richard McCormack, M.S. 2002, member of the Vermont Senate
 * Rodney McLain, J.D. 1987, U.S. Olympic canoe racer
 * Charles A. Murphy, J.D. 1990, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee
 * Tamara Toles, J.D./MELP 2009, president, Environmental Grantmakers Association
 * Sterry R. Waterman, J.D. 1977, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
 * Lucy Weber, J.D. 1985, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives beginning in 2007 and Speaker pro tempore from 2018 to 2020
 * Susanne R. Young, J.D. 1981, Vermont Attorney General from June 2022 to January 2023

title: Vermont Law and Graduate School


text:
List of birds of South Asia: part 1

This item lists those birds of South Asia in the Megapodes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and near passerines.

For an introduction to the birds of the region, see List of birds of the South Asia.

For the rest of the species lists, see:
 * part 2 – remainder of non-passerines
 * part 3 – passerines from pittas to cisticolas
 * part 4 – passerines from Old World warblers to buntings

Craciformes

 * Family: Megapodiidae
 * Nicobar scrubfowl, Megapodius nicobariensis – V r

Galliformes

 * Family: Phasianidae
 * Snow partridge, Lerwa lerwa – r
 * See-see partridge, Ammoperdix griseogularis
 * Tibetan snowcock, Tetraogallus tibetanus – r
 * Himalayan snowcock, Tetraogallus himalayensis – r
 * Buff-throated partridge, Tetraophasis szechenyii – r
 * Chukar, Alectoris chukar – R
 * Black francolin, Francolinus francolinus – R
 * Painted francolin, Francolinus pictus – R
 * Chinese francolin, Francolinus pintadeanus – r
 * Grey francolin, Francolinus pondicerianus – R
 * Swamp francolin, Francolinus gularis – V r
 * Tibetan partridge, Perdix hodgsoniae – r
 * Common quail, Coturnix coturnix – r w
 * Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica – w
 * Rain quail, Coturnix coromandelica – r
 * Blue-breasted quail, Coturnix chinensis – r
 * Jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica – R
 * Rock bush quail, Perdicula argoondah – R
 * Painted bush quail, Perdicula erythrorhyncha – r
 * Manipur bush quail, Perdicula manipurensis – V r
 * Hill partridge, Arborophila torqueola – r
 * Rufous-throated partridge, Arborophila rufogularis – r
 * White-cheeked partridge, Arborophila atrogularis – N r
 * Chestnut-breasted partridge, Arborophila mandellii – V r
 * Mountain bamboo partridge, Bambusicola fytchii – r
 * Red spurfowl, Galloperdix spadicea – r
 * Painted spurfowl, Galloperdix lunulata – r
 * Sri Lanka spurfowl, Galloperdix bicalcarata – r
 * Himalayan quail, Ophrysia superciliosa – C Ex
 * Blood pheasant, Ithaginis cruentus – r
 * Western tragopan, Tragopan melanocephalus – V r
 * Satyr tragopan, Tragopan satyra – N r
 * Blyth's tragopan, Tragopan blythii – V r
 * Temminck's tragopan, Tragopan temminckii – r
 * Koklass pheasant, Pucrasia macrolopha – r
 * Himalayan monal, Lophophorus impejanus – r
 * Sclater's monal, Lophophorus sclateri – V r
 * Red junglefowl, Gallus gallus – R
 * Grey junglefowl, Gallus sonneratii – R
 * Sri Lanka junglefowl, Gallus lafayetii – R
 * Kalij pheasant, Lophura leucomelanos – R
 * Tibetan eared pheasant, Crossoptilon harmani – N V
 * Cheer pheasant, Catreus wallichii – V r
 * Mrs Hume's pheasant, Syrmaticus humiae – V r
 * Grey peacock pheasant, Polyplectron bicalcaratum – r
 * Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus – R
 * Green peafowl, Pavo muticus – r

Anseriformes

 * Family: Anatidae
 * Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor – r
 * Lesser whistling-duck, Dendrocygna javanica – R
 * White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala – E V
 * Mute swan, Cygnus olor – V
 * Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus – V
 * Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus – V
 * Bean goose, Anser fabalis – V
 * White-fronted goose, Anser albifrons – V
 * Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus – V
 * Greylag goose, Anser anser – W
 * Bar-headed goose, Anser indicus – r W
 * Snow goose, Anser caerulescens – V
 * Red-breasted goose, Branta ruficollis – V
 * Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea – R W
 * Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna – w
 * White-winged duck, Cairina scutulata – E r
 * Comb duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos – r
 * Cotton pygmy goose, Nettapus coromandelianus – r
 * Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata – V
 * Gadwall, Anas strepera – W
 * Falcated duck, Anas falcata – V
 * Eurasian wigeon, Anas penelope – W
 * Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos – r W
 * Spot-billed duck, Anas poecilorhyncha – R
 * Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata – W
 * Sunda teal, Anas gibberifrons – r
 * Northern pintail, Anas acuta – W
 * Garganey, Anas querquedula – W
 * Baikal teal, Anas formosa – V V
 * Common teal, Anas crecca – W
 * Marbled duck, Marmaronetta angustirostris – V V
 * Pink-headed duck, Rhodonessa caryophyllacea – C Ex
 * Red-crested pochard, Rhodonessa rufina – w
 * Common pochard, Aythya ferina – W
 * Ferruginous duck, Aythya nyroca – N w
 * Baer's pochard, Aythya baeri – V w
 * Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula – W
 * Greater scaup, Aythya marila – V
 * Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis – V
 * White-winged scoter, Meanitta fusca – V
 * Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula – V
 * Smew, Mergellus albellus – W
 * Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator – V
 * Common merganser, Mergus merganser – R W

Turniciformes

 * Family: Turnicidae
 * Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica – R
 * Yellow-legged buttonquail, Turnix tanki – R
 * Barred buttonquail, Turnix suscitator – R

Piciformes

 * Family: Indicatoridae
 * Yellow-rumped honeyguide, Indicator xanthonotus – N r
 * Family: Picidae
 * Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla – W
 * White-browed piculet, Sasia ochracea – r
 * Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker, Dendrocopos nanus – R
 * Grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, Dendrocopos canicapillus – R
 * Brown-fronted woodpecker, Dendrocopos auriceps – R
 * Fulvous-breasted woodpecker, Dendrocopos macei – R
 * Stripe-breasted woodpecker, Dendrocopos atratus – r
 * Yellow-crowned woodpecker, Dendrocopos mahrattensis – R
 * Rufous-bellied woodpecker, Dendrocopos hyperythrus – r
 * Crimson-breasted woodpecker, Dendrocopos cathpharius – r
 * Darjeeling woodpecker, Dendrocopos darjellensis – R
 * Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major – R
 * Sind woodpecker, Dendrocopos assimilis – r
 * Himalayan woodpecker, Dendrocopos himalayensis – R
 * Rufous woodpecker, Celeus brachyurus – R
 * White-bellied woodpecker, Dryocopus javensis – r
 * Andaman woodpecker, Dryocopus hodgei – N r
 * Lesser yellownape, Picus chlorolophus – R
 * Greater yellownape, Picus flavinucha – R
 * Laced woodpecker, Picus vittatus – r
 * Streak-throated woodpecker, Picus xanthopygaeus – R
 * Scaly-bellied woodpecker, Picus squamatus – R
 * Grey-headed woodpecker, Picus canus – R
 * Himalayan flameback, Dinopium shorii – R
 * Common flameback, Dinopium javanense – R
 * Black-rumped flameback, Dinopium benghalense – R
 * Greater flameback, Chrysocolaptes lucidus – R
 * White-naped woodpecker, Chrysocolaptes festivus – r
 * Pale-headed woodpecker, Gecinulus grantia – r
 * Bay woodpecker, Blythipicus pyrrhotis – r
 * Heart-spotted woodpecker, Hemicircus canente – r
 * Great slaty woodpecker, Mulleripicus pulverulentus – r
 * Family: Megalaimidae
 * Great barbet, Megalaima virens – R
 * Brown-headed barbet, Megalaima zeylanica – R
 * Lineated barbet, Megalaima lineata – R
 * White-cheeked barbet, Megalaima viridis – R
 * Yellow-fronted barbet, Megalima flavifrons – r
 * Golden-throated barbet, Megalaima franklinii – r
 * Blue-throated barbet, Megalaima asiatica – R
 * Blue-eared barbet, Megalaima australis – r
 * Crimson-fronted barbet, Megalaima rubricapilla – r
 * Coppersmith barbet, Megalaima haemacephala – R

Bucerotiformes

 * Family: Bucerotidae
 * Indian grey hornbill, Ocyceros birostris – R
 * Malabar grey hornbill, Ocyceros griseus – R
 * Sri Lanka grey hornbill, Ocyceros gingalensis – R
 * Great hornbill, Buceros bicornis – N R
 * Brown hornbill, Anorrhinus tickelli – N r
 * Rufous-necked hornbill, Aceros nipalensis – V r
 * Wreathed hornbill, Aceros undulatus – r
 * Narcondam hornbill, Aceros narcondami – V r
 * Oriental pied hornbill, Anthracoceros albirostris – r
 * Malabar pied hornbill, Anthracoceros coronatus – N r

Upupiformes

 * Family: Upupidae
 * Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops – R W

Trogoniformes

 * Family: Trogonidae
 * Malabar trogon, Harpactes fasciatus – r
 * Red-headed trogon, Harpactes erythrocephalus – r
 * Ward's trogon, Harpactes wardi – N r

Coraciiformes

 * Family: Coraciidae
 * European roller, Coracias garrulus – r p
 * Indian roller, Coracias benghalensis – R
 * Dollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis – r
 * Family: Alcedinidae
 * Subfamily: Alcedininae
 * Blyth's kingfisher, Alcedo hercules – N r
 * Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis – R
 * Blue-eared kingfisher, Alcedo meninting – r
 * Oriental dwarf kingfisher, Ceyx erithacus – r
 * Subfamily: Halcyoninae
 * Brown-winged kingfisher, Pelargopsis amauroptera – N r
 * Stork-billed kingfisher, Pelargopsis capensis – R
 * Ruddy kingfisher, Halcyon coromanda – r
 * White-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis – R
 * Black-capped kingfisher, Halcyon pileata – R
 * Collared kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris – r
 * Subfamily: Cerylinae
 * Crested kingfisher, Megaceryle lugubris – R
 * Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis – R
 * Family: Meropidae
 * Blue-bearded bee-eater, Nyctyornis athertoni – r
 * Green bee-eater, Merops orientalis – R
 * Blue-cheeked bee-eater, Merops persicus – PS
 * Blue-tailed bee-eater, Merops philippinus – R
 * European bee-eater, Merops apiaster – s P
 * Chestnut-headed bee-eater, Merops leschenaulti – R

Cuculiformes

 * Family: Cuculidae
 * Pied cuckoo, Clamator jacobinus – r S
 * Chestnut-winged cuckoo, Clamator coromandus – r
 * Large hawk cuckoo, Hierococcyx sparverioides – r
 * Common hawk cuckoo, Hierococcyx varius – R
 * Hodgson's hawk cuckoo, Hierococcyx fugax – r
 * Indian cuckoo, Cuculus micropterus – R
 * Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus – R
 * Oriental cuckoo, Cuculus saturatus – r
 * Lesser cuckoo, Cuculus poliocephalus – r
 * Banded bay cuckoo, Cacomantis sonneratii – r
 * Grey-bellied cuckoo, Cacomantis passerinus – r
 * Plaintive cuckoo, Cacomantis merulinus – r
 * Asian emerald cuckoo, Chrysococcyx maculatus – r
 * Violet cuckoo, Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus – r
 * Drongo cuckoo, Surniculus lugubris – r
 * Asian koel, Eudynamys scolopacea – R
 * Green-billed malkoha, Phaenicophaeus tristis – r
 * Blue-faced malkoha, Phaenicophaeus viridirostris – r
 * Sirkeer malkoha, Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii – r
 * Red-faced malkoha, Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus – V r
 * Family: Centropodidae
 * Greater coucal, Centropus sinensis – R
 * Brown coucal, Centropus andamanensis – r
 * Lesser coucal, Centropus bengalensis – r
 * Green-billed coucal, Centropus chlororhynchus – V r

Psittaciformes

 * Family: Psittacidae
 * Vernal hanging parrot, Loriculus vernalis – R
 * Sri Lanka hanging parrot, Loriculus beryllinus – R
 * Alexandrine parakeet, Psittacula eupatria – R
 * Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri – R
 * Slaty-headed parakeet, Psittacula himalayana – R
 * Grey-headed parakeet, Psittacula finschii – R
 * Intermediate parakeet, Psittacula intermedia – r ?
 * Plum-headed parakeet, Psittacula cyanocephala – R
 * Blossom-headed parakeet, Psittacula roseata – R
 * Malabar parakeet, Psittacula columboides – R
 * Layard's parakeet, Psittacula calthropae – r
 * Derbyan parakeet, Psittacula derbiana – r
 * Red-breasted parakeet, Psittacula alexandri – R
 * Nicobar parakeet, Psittacula caniceps – r
 * Long-tailed parakeet, Psittacula longicauda – N R

Apodiformes

 * Family: Apodidae
 * Glossy swiftlet, Collocalia esculenta – R
 * Indian swiftlet, Collocalia unicolor – R
 * Himalayan swiftlet, Collocalia brevirostris – R
 * Black-nest swiftlet, Collocalia maxima
 * Edible-nest swiftlet, Collocalia fuciphaga – R
 * White-rumped needletail, Zoonavena sylvatica – R
 * White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus
 * Silver-backed needletail, Hirundapus cochinchinensis – r
 * Brown-backed needletail, Hirundapus giganteus – R
 * Asian palm swift, Cypsiurus balasiensis – R
 * Alpine swift, Tachymarptis melba – r
 * Common swift, Apus apus – W
 * Pallid swift, Apus pallidus – r
 * Pacific swift, Apus pacificus – r
 * Dark-rumped swift, Apus acuticauda – V r
 * House swift, Apus affinis – R
 * Family: Hemiprocnidae
 * Crested treeswift, Hemiprocne coronata – R

Strigiformes

 * Family: Tytonidae
 * Barn owl, Tyto alba – r
 * Eastern grass owl, Tyto longimembris - r
 * Andaman masked owl, Tyto deroepstorffi
 * Oriental bay owl, Phodilus badius – r
 * Sri Lanka bay owl, Phodilus assimilis - r
 * Family: Strigidae
 * Andaman scops owl, Otus balli – r
 * Mountain scops owl, Otus spilocephalus – r
 * Pallid scops owl, Otus brucei – r
 * Eurasian scops owl, Otus scops – W
 * Moluccan scops owl, Otus magicus – V
 * Indian scops owl, Otus lettia – R
 * Oriental scops owl, Otus sunia – R
 * Collared scops owl, Otus bakkamoena – R
 * Eurasian eagle owl, Bubo bubo – R
 * Rock eagle owl, Bubo bengalensis – R
 * Spot-bellied eagle owl, Bubo nipalensis – r
 * Dusky eagle owl, Bubo coromandus – R
 * Brown fish owl, Ketupa zeylonensis – r
 * Tawny fish owl, Ketupa flavipes – r
 * Buffy fish owl, Ketupa ketupu – r
 * Snowy owl, Nyctia scandiaca – V
 * Mottled wood owl, Strix ocellata – r
 * Brown wood owl, Strix leptogrammica – r
 * Tawny owl, Strix aluco – r
 * Hume's owl, Strix butleri
 * Collared owlet, Glaucidium brodiei – r
 * Asian barred owlet, Glaucidium cuculoides – r
 * Jungle owlet, Glaucidium radiatum – R
 * Chestnut-backed owlet, Glaucidium castanonotum – N r
 * Little owl, Athene noctua – r
 * Spotted owlet, Athene brama – R
 * Forest owlet, Heteroglaux blewitti – r
 * Tengmalm's owl, Aegolius funereus – V
 * Brown hawk owl, Ninox scutulata – r
 * Andaman hawk owl, Ninox affinis – N r
 * Long-eared owl, Asio otus – r w
 * Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus – W
 * Family: Batrachostomidae
 * Sri Lanka frogmouth, Batrachostomus moniliger – r
 * Hodgson's frogmouth, Batrachostomus hodgsoni – r
 * Family: Eurostopodidae
 * Great eared nightjar, Eurostopodus macrotis – r
 * Family: Caprimulgidae
 * Grey nightjar, Caprimulgus indicus – R
 * Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus – r p
 * Egyptian nightjar, Caprimulgus aegyptius – V
 * Sykes's nightjar, Caprimulgus mahrattensis – r
 * Large-tailed nightjar, Caprimulgus macrurus – R
 * Jerdon's nightjar, Caprimulgus atripennis – R
 * Indian nightjar, Caprimulgus asiaticus – R
 * Savanna nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis – r

Columbiformes

 * Family: Columbidae
 * Rock pigeon, Columba livia – R
 * Hill pigeon, Columba rupestris – R
 * Snow pigeon, Columba leuconota – R
 * Yellow-eyed pigeon, Columba eversmanni – V w
 * Common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus – W
 * Speckled wood pigeon, Columba hodgsonii – r
 * Ashy wood pigeon, Columba pulchricollis – r
 * Nilgiri woodpigeon, Columba elphinstonii – V r
 * Sri Lanka wood pigeon, Columba torringtoni – r V
 * Pale-capped pigeon, w Columba punicea – V
 * Andaman wood pigeon, Columba palumboides – N r
 * European turtle dove, Streptopelia turtur – V
 * Oriental turtle dove, Streptopelia orientalis – R W
 * Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis – R
 * Spotted dove, Streptopelia chinensis – R
 * Red collared dove, Streptopelia tranquebarica – R
 * Eurasian collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto – R
 * Barred cuckoo dove, Macropygia unchall – r
 * Andaman cuckoo dove, Macropygia rufipennis – N r
 * Emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica – R
 * Nicobar pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica – r
 * Orange-breasted green pigeon, Treron bicincta – r
 * Pompadour green pigeon, Treron pompadora – r
 * Thick-billed green pigeon, Treron curvirostra – r
 * Yellow-footed green pigeon, Treron phoenicoptera – R
 * Pin-tailed green pigeon, Treron apicauda – r
 * Wedge-tailed green pigeon, Treron sphenura – r
 * Green imperial pigeon, Ducula aenea – r
 * Mountain imperial pigeon, Ducula badia – r
 * Pied imperial pigeon, Ducula bicolor – r

Gruiformes

 * Family: Otididae
 * Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax – N V
 * Great bustard, Otis tarda – V
 * Indian bustard, Ardeotis nigriceps – E r
 * MacQueen's bustard, Chlamydotis macqueeni – N W
 * Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata
 * Bengal florican, Houbaropsis bengalensis – E r
 * Lesser florican, Sypheotides indica – E r
 * Family: Gruidae
 * Siberian crane, Grus leucogeranus – C W
 * Sarus crane, Grus antigone – V r
 * Demoiselle crane, Grus virgo – W
 * Common crane, Grus grus – W
 * Hooded crane, Grus monacha – V
 * Black-necked crane, Grus nigricollis – V r
 * Family: Heliornithidae
 * Masked finfoot, Heliopais personata – V r
 * Family: Rallidae
 * Andaman crake, Rallina canningi – r
 * Red-legged crake, Rallina fasciata – V ?
 * Slaty-legged crake, Rallina eurizonoides – r
 * Slaty-breasted rail, Gallirallus striatus – r
 * Water rail, Rallus aquaticus – r w
 * Corn crake, Crex crex – V
 * Brown crake, Amaurornis akool – r
 * White-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus – R
 * Black-tailed crake, Porzana bicolor – r
 * Little crake, Porzana parva – V
 * Baillon's crake, Porzana pusilla – r w
 * Spotted crake, Porzana porzana – V
 * Ruddy-breasted crake, Porzana fusca – r
 * Watercock, Gallicrex cinerea – r
 * Purple swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio – R
 * Common moorhen, Gallinula chloropus – R
 * Common coot, Fulica atra – R W

title: List of birds of South Asia: part 1


text:
User:Guusbosman

Guus Bosman, Dutch-American software engineering manager.

Please see Guus Bosman.nl, my personal website.

title: User:Guusbosman