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Anime Expo

Anime Expo, abbreviated AX, is an American anime convention held in Los Angeles, California and organized by the non-profit Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation (SPJA). The convention is traditionally held annually on the first weekend of July, spanning the course of four days. Anime Expo is regularly hosted at the Los Angeles Convention Center but has also been held in other cities such as Anaheim, San Jose, New York, and Tokyo.

Events and programming
Anime Expo features many events and activities during the convention for attendees to take part in such as guest panels, tabletop gaming, competitions, an arcade, and concerts.

Top attractions include the Masquerade cosplay contest, Anime Music Video (AMV) competition, Battle of the Bands, and Charity Auction. Anime Expo hosts a multitude of industry Guests of Honor (GoH), including notable music artists who often hold large concerts at Anime Expo. Anime Expo holds a large variety of focus panels, workshops, and events, some of which are fan or industry-sponsored. Numerous film and video rooms also show anime screenings that run all day and night.

Much like other conventions, Anime Expo also features a large-scale exhibit hall where attendees can purchase a variety of products from a wide range of exhibitors. This exhibit hall also features an artist alley where attendees can purchase fan-created artwork, as well as other varieties of crafts such as wigs, pins, and cosplay material.

History
The first Anime Expo was held from July 3–6, 1992 at the Red Lion Hotel in San Jose, California. Many of its original staff came from Anime Con, an anime convention held in San Jose in 1991, and later absorbed by the SPJA in 1992. In 1994, Anime Expo made a strategic relocation to the Southern California area and all subsequent conventions have taken place there since.

The convention continues to thrive due to the growing popularity of anime and Japanese popular culture and maintains a strong draw due to the many notable Japanese guests it hosts. It currently holds the title of North America's largest anime convention, a title which it has consistently held every year except in 2003, in which its attendance was slightly edged out by the east coast anime convention Otakon. From 1,750 attendees in 1992, Anime Expo's size has increased to over 107,658 in 2017, making Anime Expo the largest anime and manga convention in North America.

In March 2009, chief executive officer Trulee Karahashi, who had been a part of Anime Expo and SPJA in various capacities for 11 years, left the organization. In September, former Universal Studios executive Michael Lattanzio was later hired as the SPJA's new CEO.

In January 2010, eight members of Anime Expo's upper management team (ConCom) publicly resigned because of disagreements over the organization's new direction set forth by Lattanzio. One significant point of contention was Lattanzio's decision to refocus and restructure the SPJA's marketing efforts, starting with the dismissal of a PR and marketing contractor that the organization had a close working relationship with since 2004. Additionally, two other personnel had already left for other reasons, leaving only the vice-chair and two others as returning members of the previous year's team.

In September 2010, Lattanzio was released from his CEO position. Then SPJA Chairman of the Board Marc Perez became acting CEO; In August 2011 he stepped down from the board of directors to take over as a full-time CEO (as required by the SPJA bylaws).

In early 2012, Anime News Network reported that Anime Expo suffered a $1.2 million loss in 2010. The 2011 convention saw a $100,000 profit and reduced the outstanding debt to $700,000. The article also stated that one of the creditors, IDG World Expo, will be taking over several aspects of the organization, with guest selection and programming remaining under SPJA control. Additionally, Takayuki Karahashi has been elected as chairman of the board of directors.

The convention continued to be located at the LACC through 2019. In April 2016, Marc Perez left the company, with Ray Chiang becoming acting CEO of SPJA.

On June 30, 2017, the first Pre-Show Night was added to the Anime Expo, which included the Neon District, hosting the World Cosplay Summit U.S. Finals, and premieres.

As the convention's attendance has grown, it's seen long lines for entry into the convention hall, which organizers said was due to safety and security concerns.

In the months leading to the 2020 event, a global coronavirus outbreak created concerns related to large gatherings, such as Anime Expo. On April 17, 2020, the SPJA announced that it was cancelling Anime Expo 2020, citing "health and safety" concerns. However, the SPJA stated it still planned to hold the 2021 event on its normal July dates. On May 27, 2020, they announced a two-day online convention, titled Anime Expo Lite, which took place on July 3 and 4, 2020. On March 3, 2021, the SPJA canceled the 2021 live convention, and announced that the Anime Expo Lite would instead be held on the 2021 schedule, citing "continued uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic." Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, Anime Expo returned in-person in 2022; Anime Expo 2022 began on July 1 and ended on July 4 as an in-person event for the first time since 2019.

Anime Expo in 2023 suffered from serious overcrowding issues, and also occurred during a hotel staff strike.

Other Anime Expos
The SPJA twice ran conventions outside California: Anime Expo New York in 2002, and Anime Expo Tokyo in 2004.

Anime Expo New York
Anime Expo New York (AXNY) was held in 2002 in the Times Square district of New York City, New York. The event was originally a joint effort with Central Park Media and its industry event, Big Apple Anime Fest (BAAF). Due to differences, the event ran as separate entities within the same time frame and venues, with BAAF hosting the theatrical film screenings, and Anime Expo New York hosting the convention. The events shared some resources, with notable guests listed in the program guides of both events. The SPJA ran the event in order to demonstrate that it could run events outside its home state of California. The event was a precursor to Anime Expo Tokyo which ran in Tokyo, Japan in 2004. The SPJA has not run any events outside California since 2004.

Anime Expo Tokyo
Anime Expo Tokyo (AX Tokyo) was held in 2004 at the Sunshine City Convention Center in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Japan. It was not technically organized directly by the SPJA, but rather was organized by the Japanese Association for Science Fiction International Communication (www.jasfic.or.jp)(JASFIC) with assistance from the SPJA. JASFIC had two goals for Anime Expo Tokyo. The first goal was to establish in Japan a non-corporate-sponsored convention dedicated to anime. The second goal was to demonstrate to the organizers of the World Science Fiction Convention (WorldCon) that Japan could serve as a suitable venue for conventions that attract foreigners. Although Anime Expo Tokyo did not go on to a second year, JASFIC was ultimately successful in attracting the 65th World Science Fiction Convention to Japan in 2007.

Anime Expo Tokyo had a list of over 40 guests such as manga artist Ken Akamatsu, MiQ, Under17, Hiroshi Aro, and many others, although a small handful had to make last-minute cancellations. Anime Expo Tokyo was also the very first Anime Expo that officially hosted guests from the U.S. anime industry such as webcomic artist Fred Gallagher and voice actor Crispin Freeman.

Of Anime Expo Tokyo's 4,249 attendees, approximately 300 of that number were estimated to have traveled from abroad. In addition to the attendance numbers were 240 members of the press, 40 of which were from overseas. An additional 430 people were composed of dealers, guests, or staff.

No plans to host another official Anime Expo outside California have been announced.

Anime Expo Chibi
Anime Expo Chibi (formerly Anime Expo Ontario) is an annual two-day anime convention held during November at Ontario Convention Center in Ontario, California. Organized by Anime Expo, it is designed to be a smaller convention that focuses on the artist alley and exhibit hall. The programming also features an arcade, cosplay contest, karaoke, live music, Maid Cafe, manga lounge, tabletop gaming, and workshops.

Anime Conji
In 2010, Anime Conji began as an annual anime convention in San Diego. In 2013, it began to be run by SPJA. Anime Conji 2016 was cancelled due to event quality concerns. Anime Conji 2017 was also cancelled. The convention returned in 2018 under its original organizers, the San Diego Speculative Fiction Society (SanSFiS). Anime Conji held no event in 2020 due to financial and location problems.

Organizational structure
The Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation (SPJA), the parent organization which produces Anime Expo, is a federal and California state registered 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable organization. Before January 1, 2020, they were registered as a 501(c)(6) non-profit trade benefit organization.

The operation of the Anime Expo is divided into two groups: Entertainment & Operations. Entertainment has the following divisions: AV Tech, Entertainment Hall, Guest Relations, Interactive Events and Programming. Operations have the following divisions: Exhibit Hall & Registration and Facilities. As of 2013, the SPJA employed 11 employees and over 1,000 volunteers for Anime Expo.

Anime Expo's parent company, the SPJA, has several additional paid positions whose roles are to conduct the organization's year-round operations. Such positions also include the: Administration Director, chief executive officer, Finance Manager, HR Director, marketing director, and Technology Director. The SPJA also hires consultants for outsourced functions such as: Marketing consultation, Governance & Strategic training, Legal Representation, Vending, and other matters on an as-needed basis.

title: Anime Expo


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Paul II

Paul II may refer to:

 * Paul the Black of Alexandria, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 550 to 575
 * Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople, Patriarch of Constantinople from 641 to 653
 * Pope Paul II, Pope from 1464 to 1471
 * Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy in 1721–1762
 * Paul II Cheikho, patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1958–1989
 * Paul II, Serbian Patriarch, Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch from 1990 to 2009

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul II


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Talk:Certified first responder

Untitled
Are there certified first responders outside the United States? If this is a US term only, this fact should be mentioned in the very first paragraph. THe article itself is interesting.  21:29, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The term first responder is used in much of the United States. I first heard the term certified first responder in reference to the East Coast where volunteer services are more often used, but I've also seen references to its use in the UK, and a UK contributor to the EMS article let it slide without comment. 13:32 2 Mar 2004 (PST)

 * Thanks!  21:41, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

CFR and EMT-B
Hello,

can someone tell a poor french boy whether there is a difference between a CFR and an EMT-B? I read that "The first responder training is intended to fill the gap between First Aid and EMT-Basic", but which are these differences?

Cdang 13:06, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This varies from state to state in the USA. In NJ, the only procedure that EMTs are permitted to do that CFRs are not is to apply a particular type of splint to a femur fracture. The real difference is that EMTs have much more background training than CFRs and are more prepared to recognize signs and symptoms. One must be an EMT to be in charge of an ambulance crew, although a CFR can be part of the crew. CFRs are subordinate to all higher medical authorities present, including EMTs. EMTs almost always have more experience than CFRs. EMTs are required to continue their education by a certain number of points worth of classes every year. CFRs must take a refresher course and pass a test every two years. This makes it much easier to continue as a CFR than as an EMT.PyroNemisis 20:15, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

France
This starts off with US DOT, then we have a big section on France. Wouldn't it be more appropriate to have that in the equivalent article on fr.wikipedia? --Gadget850 04:16, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * On fr:, you might find things at fr:secourisme; the specific French part is developped in fr:Secourisme en France.
 * cdang| write me 16:20, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I read this again and think I might have misunderstood. Fr.wikipedia means that the language is franch, not that it is related to french stuff. Thus, you will get information about US CFR on fr, and you will have either information about french CFR on en.
 * The question is: is the "certified first responder" term specific to some countries, and if so, what is the generic term for the equivalent in other countries ?
 * cdang| write me 15:23, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

"Certified First Responder" is a legal term in the USA. A person who is a CFR has legal rights and responsibilities. The rights include some protection from being sued under "Good Samaritan Laws". The responsibilities include a duty to act which means under certain legal conditions a CFR must assist a victim. To be a CFR, one must be trained, pass an exam and be certified as a first responder by an accredited agency.PyroNemisis 20:26, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Nasopharyngeal Airway
This technique is no longer taught in most if not all first responder courses. Mike (T C) 05:07, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Don't know what course you're referring to, but it is still taught as part of the standard First Responder course through St. John Ambulance in Canada, and is taught in the Emergency Medical Responder through the Canadian Red Cross. Could you say more about where your information comes from? Frmatt (talk) 06:26, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Sorry, should add that I'm certified by both St. John Ambulance Canada and the Canadian Red Cross as a First Responder, and am a Red Cross First Responder/Emergency Medical Responder instructor. And...having reviewed my CRC materials, NPAs are not taught as a standard part of the First Responder course, but is included in the Emergency Medical Responder Course. Frmatt (talk) 04:43, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Red Cross Emergency Response in the United States continues to teach both oral and nasal airways. 19 Nov 2009. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.231.134.48 (talk) 01:47, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

 * NYC EMT-B here. I was certified in 2019 and I was taught the use of Nasopharyngeal Airways by my instructor. Our New York State protocols were renewed on 25 February 2022. According to the state protocols, Nasopharyngeal Airways (NPA) are still considered a viable airway intervention. According to our city protocols, also referred to as REMAC Pre-Hospital Treatment Protocols, which went into effect on 1 January 2022, the use of an NPA when needed is encouraged unless contraindicated. Contraindications include when there is significant facial trauma or any facial burns. KMorales34 (talk) 17:29, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

Outside the U.S.
The American Red Cross conducts a course titled "Emergency Response" that fits this definition.

...advanced first aid (as taught by the Red Cross) ...

...associations, including the French Red cross, ...

Slight bias IMHO :-/ If there is no objection, May we investigate and add other providers ? exit2dos2000 14:46, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree with the bias call- It's present in the Canadian section- specifically, there is no such thing as "Duty To Act" as a concept in Canadian law regarding first aid and emergency cases- it's provincially managed, and doesn't always apply to people who don't have training or a specific mandate. Quebec civil law is pretty specific about how and when people are expected to come to the aid of others, and I assume the other (common law) provinces have similar passages. This article still needs a cleanup.206.126.83.12 (talk) 03:43, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Oral Glucose and Activated Charcoal
At this point, the First Responders in my unit and myself are trained to administer Activated Charcoal and Oral Glucose. We are also trained to 'assist' with a varying amount of other things which would normally be beyond our certifications. For instance, if a patient is not quite conscious to administer EPI himself, we can place the auto injector in his hand, hold his hand with him, and administer it under the pretense of assisting him. However, we would not be able to do this to a patient who we suspected had anaphylaxis who was unconscious, we would need to wait for and EMT-B or other higher certification to arrive while attempting to do the best we could to maintain BLS. To my knowledge, none of CFRs in our unit have had the additional classes the article states for the ability to administer it ourselves. Kotetsu131 00:55, February 20 2007 (UTC)

Removed globalize tag
The article lists the CFR in four countries now and has extensive info on some, so it's not US centric anymore. Change if you disagree. Fr33kMan (talk) 03:07, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Renamed the article to First Responder?
Different adjectives are added prior to the term "First Responder" depending on the country or class of responder (such as Certified, Medical or Advanced). Consequently, I think this thread should be moved to First Responder but alas I am a lowly IP and can do little. Also, the amount of training required can vary more than 40 to 60 hours. In Canada, St. John Ambulance has three different levels of First Responder which require 24, 40 and 80 hours of training respectively.--72.1.222.61 (talk) 01:52, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Oxygen
The administration of emergency oxygen is a common skill for First Responders. The inaccurate statement "First responders are allowed to administer oxygen under an EMT basic or higher only." has been removed. Review of the source link reveals that the PDF document referenced was not paginated sequentially but by section, and no reference to EMT-Basics supervising first responders was found in the document. The authority to use emergency medical oxygen in the USA derives from Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines as well as local and state EMS agencies and guidelines. I encourage the unknown person, presumably an EMT, who contributed this statement to look at their nearest O2 tank and read the O2 label where it says "For emergency use only when administered by properly trained personnel for oxygen deficiency and resuscitation. For all other medical applications, Rx Only." See also http://www.lifecorporation.com/cder.html. 19 Nov 2009. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.231.134.48 (talk) 01:52, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I was the person who inserted that reference which clearly showed that Oxygen therapy was not part of the DOT First Responder Protocols, thereby implying that any oxygen therapy would have to be done under the supervision of an EMT or higher. For the record, I am not an EMT, I am a First Responder Instructor in Canada where First Responders are allowed to administer Oxygen (which leaves me wondering why American First Responders aren't!) Frmatt (talk) 02:04, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Israel
Certified first responders are very important in Magen David Adom (Israel's ambulance service). Many a time the ambulances in Israel have at least one CFR, quite often more. It is also important to note that CFRs with MDA are always (I believe) volunteers. Perhaps there should be an addition explaining how MDA uses CFRs as this would most likely be unique to other countries as these CFRs might be considered by some as being treated as 'almost' paramedics. HostDavid (talk) 20:38, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Merge "Emergency Medical Responder" with "Certified First Responder"
I've already edited the Certified first responder page with other names they are called (Emergency Medical Responders, Medical First Responders, First Responders). Most of the info is on that page anyway. Let's get the admins to merge the two topics. (I actually edited that...don't steal my work - Bostonguy2000)

 * I don't think these topics are necessarily the same, and it is not as easy as just adding all of these names to this one article and claiming them as synonymous. They probably should not be merged. EMR is a NREMT certification, and deserves an article in its own right. CFR is a certification specific to NY State. There are 3 questions that need to be answered before merging/deleting/renaming articles takes place:
 * What is the name of the people who provide first aid response for emergencies?
 * Are these people all "certified?"
 * What is a generalized term to include all people who respond to medical emergencies (first responders, EMT, paramedic, etc)?
 * Before changing around the content and articles, additional articles including First responder, Community first responder, Certified first responder, and Emergency medical responder need to be considered, and scope/purpose/topic of each should be defined.
 * Currently, Emergency medical responder serves as a generalized term referring to any person who responds to an emergency. There is no specific location where the NREMT EMR certification is housed. Certified first responder is mostly about medical first responders. Is the term "certified first responder" even in common use? (Google doesn't have too many hits for it once you exclude New York.) Does it imply "medical" or "first aid?" Perhaps "Medical first responder" is a better title for this article, as not all first responders to medical emergencies are certified. Or maybe move most of this content into the recently resurrected First responder article under a medical section, and have a separate section for types of certifications. Once all of this is sorted out, all of these articles could be made better while reducing overlap of content. --Scott Alter (talk) 08:23, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

In Florida, the term "First Responder" carried little to no meaning in EMS and fire service. The state prerequisites for EMT-B and FF-I now specifically state Emergency Medical Responder. If anything, The "Certified First Responder" article may need to be changed to reflect this. While many colleges and companies will offer "EMR" classes/certifications, the State of Florida Department of Health does not recognize these certificates. According to EMS.gov The First Responder Curriculum was established in 1995, but advises that new information is available in the EMS Education Standards. These standards point to a PDF document That states the instructional guidelines for this designation. It would seem that EMS.gov has changed the name. As for definition of certification, any course that follows these guidelines would satisfy the title of EMR. This would identify a higher trained responder. First responders could include anyone that arrives that can give care and build a hierarchy of training: Bystander-->First Aid/CPR (AHA or ARC)-->EMR-->EMT-B-->EMT-P-->Hospital providers.

Another thought would be to create an article for the levels of training that EMS.gov recognizes and have subheadings for the different levels of training: Emergency Medical Responder, Emergency Medical Technician, Advanced Emergency Medical Technician, Paramedic. Firestic (talk) 14:34, 16 July 2016 (UTC) Mark (talk)

title: Talk:Certified first responder


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Lebombo Mountains

The Lebombo Mountains, also called Lubombo Mountains (Montes Libombos), are an 800 km, narrow range of mountains in Southern Africa. They stretch from Hluhluwe in KwaZulu-Natal in the south to Punda Maria in the Limpopo Province in South Africa in the north. Parts of the mountain range are also found in Mozambique and Eswatini.

Description
Geologically, the range is considered a monocline; part of a rifted volcanic margin. The Lebombo monocline was aligned with the Explora Escarpment off-shore Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, before the break-up of Gondwana. The Lebombo monocline strikes N-S and dips to the east. It is composed of a sequence of Jurassic age volcanic rock, both basaltic lavas and rhyolitic flows and tuffs. The sequence rests on essentially horizontal Karoo Supergroup sedimentary rocks of the Kalahari Craton to the west and is overlain by Cretaceous to recent sediments to the east. The alternating resistant rhyolite and easily eroded basalts produce a series of parallel sharp cuesta ridges separated by savanna plains.

The range is relatively low with heights between 400 m and less than 800 m. The highest peak is the 776 m Mount Mananga. The 480 m Longwe is the highest point in the Lebombo Range north of the Letaba River.

The mountains dominate Lubombo District in Eswatini. Towns in the area include Siteki in the centre, Lubhuku in the west and Mayaluka and Big Bend in the south with the Lusutfu River running past the southern region of the mountain range. At the north lie the towns of Simunye, Tambankulu and Namaacha, and the Mlawula Nature Reserve as well as the Mbuluzi River.

A number of rivers, including the Pongola, Mkuze, and Lusutfu, cross the mountains from west to east.

The name of the mountains is derived from the Zulu word ubombo meaning "big nose ie trunk".

Protected areas
Kruger National Park and Phongolo Nature Reserve protect part of the range.

title: Lebombo Mountains


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Alaska North Slope

The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow, and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern. With the exception of the highway connecting Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay, the region is disconnected from the rest of the Alaskan road system and relies mostly on waterways and small airports for transportation due to the Brooks Range secluding the region from the rest of the state.

The entire Arctic coastal plain of Alaska with its Arctic coastal tundra has tremendous ecological importance with the densest concentration of birds in the Arctic, along with housing substantial amounts of large mammals such as whales, walrus, seals, caribou, and moose. The region includes the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge as well as the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska.

Topography

Within the North Slope, only a surface "active layer" of the tundra thaws each season; most of the soil is permanently frozen year-round. On top of this permafrost, water flows out to sea via shallow, braided streams or settles into pools and ponds. Along the bottom of the Landsat 7 image on the right, the rugged terrain of the Brooks Range mountains is snow-covered in places (blue areas) and exposed (pink areas) in others.

Much of the region is located politically in North Slope Borough, and geographically in the Alaska North Slope basin.

On August 12, 2018, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake hit the region, the most powerful recorded for the Alaskan North Slope.

Ecology
The region includes the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The entire coastal plain of Alaska has tremendous ecological importance with the densest concentration of birds in the Arctic.

Petroleum resources

Under the North Slope is an ancient seabed, which is the source of the oil. Within the North Slope, there is a geological feature called the Barrow Arch — a belt of the kind of rock known to be able to serve as a trap for oil. It runs from the city of Utqiaġvik to a point just west of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

Ira Harkey quotes Noel Wien as stating that in the 1920s, "To keep warm and to cook with, the Eskimo was burning hunks of dark stuff he just picked up on the ground all around his tent. This was oil from seepage under the tundra.  The Eskimos had always known about the oil, long before there was any drilling for it."

The North Slope region includes the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, which was established by President Warren G. Harding in 1923 as an oil supply for the US Navy, though the presence of oil in the region had been known by American whalers for some time. It contains the bulk of Alaska's known petroleum until the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered (outside the NPRA) in 1968, followed by the Kuparuk River oil field in 1969. The petroleum extracted from the region is transferred south by means of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System to Valdez on the Pacific Ocean.

In 2005 the USGS estimated that the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, encompassing all the lands and adjacent Continental Shelf areas north of the Brooks Range-Herald arch (see map) held more than 50 billion bbl of oil and natural-gas liquids and 227 trillion cubic feet of gas.

The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for unconventional tight oil and shale gas – possibly containing "up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report."

However Alaska North Slope (ANS) is a more expensive waterborne crude oil. Since 1987, Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude production has been in decline.

As of 2020, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated 3.6 billion barrels of oil and 8.9 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Mississippian through Paleogene strata in the central North Slope of Alaska, which are undiscovered and technically recoverable.

title: Alaska North Slope


text:
List of television shows set in London

This is a list of television shows set in London.

 * 24: Live Another Day
 * 2point4 Children - Chiswick
 * Absolute Power
 * Absolutely Fabulous
 * The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
 * Are You Being Served?
 * As If
 * As Time Goes By - Holland Park
 * Ashes to Ashes
 * The Avengers and The New Avengers
 * Babes in the Wood - St John's Wood
 * Bad Girls - HMP Larkhall (fictional), South London
 * Between the Lines
 * Big Deal
 * The Bill - London borough of Canley (fictional)
 * The Black Adder, Blackadder II, Blackadder the Third (but not Blackadder Goes Forth)
 * Black Books - Bloomsbury
 * Black Mirror- mainly set throughout the United Kingdom, with first episode of the series, “The National Anthem”, set in London.
 * Bless This House - Putney
 * Bottom - Hammersmith
 * Bridgerton
 * Brush Strokes - Motspur Park
 * The Buddha of Suburbia
 * Bugs - Docklands
 * Call the Midwife
 * Capital City
 * Citizen Smith - Tooting
 * Cleaning Up- Canary Wharf
 * Crapston Villas - fictional postcode of SE69
 * The Crown
 * Danger Mouse
 * Desmond's - Peckham
 * Dixon of Dock Green
 * Doctor Who — numerous episodes, most notably "Rose", "Aliens of London" and "The Christmas Invasion"; also classic serials "An Unearthly Child" (Shoreditch), "The Dalek Invasion of Earth", "The War Machines", "The Talons of Weng-Chiang" and "Survival" (Perivale)
 * Drop the Dead Donkey
 * The Duchess of Duke Street
 * EastEnders - London borough of Walford (fictional)
 * Extraordinary - London borough of London Borough of Tower Hamlets
 * Family Affairs - London borough of Charnham (fictional) (from 1999 until 2005)
 * Footballers' Wives
 * Friday Night Dinner - Mill Hill
 * Garrow's Law
 * George and Mildred - Hampton Wick
 * Gimme Gimme Gimme - Camden
 * Giri/Haji - "Duty/Shame" (2019)
 * The Gnomes of Dulwich - Dulwich
 * The Goodies - Cricklewood
 * The Good Life - Surbiton (suburb)
 * Goodnight Sweetheart set in Cricklewood of the 1990s, with time travel back to World War II
 * Grange Hill - east London (up until 2003)
 * Hancock's Half Hour - Cheam
 * Hardware
 * Hotel Babylon
 * The House of Cards trilogy - Westminster
 * Hustle
 * The Inbetweeners
 * The I.T. Crowd
 * Jeeves and Wooster - Berkeley Square, Mayfair W1 area mostly
 * Keen Eddie
 * The Kumars at No. 42 - Wembley
 * The Last Detective - Willesden
 * Law & Order: UK
 * Lead Balloon
 * London's Burning - Blackwall
 * London Bridge
 * Lucy in London
 * Luther
 * Marcella (2016 - now)
 * May to December - Pinner
 * Men Behaving Badly
 * Metrosexuality - Notting Hill
 * The Mighty Boosh
 * Minder
 * Mongrels - Isle of Dogs
 * My Family - Chiswick
 * My Hero - Northolt
 * Nathan Barley - Shoreditch
 * Neverwhere - "London Below", a fictional realm co-existing with London
 * The New Statesman - Whitehall
 * New Tricks
 * Not Going Out
 * NY-LON
 * One Foot in the Grave - though most location shots were filmed in Bournemouth
 * Only Fools and Horses - Peckham
 * 'Orrible
 * Orson and Olivia
 * Paddington Bear
 * Peep Show
 * Penny Crayon
 * Penny Dreadful
 * PhoneShop - Sutton
 * Porkpie - Peckham
 * Pulling - Penge
 * Pure (British TV series)
 * The Professionals
 * QB VII
 * Rentaghost - Ealing
 * Ripper Street
 * River (2015)
 * Rumpole of the Bailey
 * Secret Diary of a Call Girl
 * Sherlock (2011)
 * Skins - Series 7 episodes "Skins Fire" and "Skins Pure" were set in London
 * Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em
 * Spaced - Tufnell Park
 * Spooks
 * Spotless
 * Stath Lets Flats - Edgware
 * Steptoe and Son - Shepherd's Bush
 * The Chelsea Detective
 * The Sweeney
 * Terry and June - Purley, London Borough of Croydon
 * The Thick of It - Westminster
 * The Thin Blue Line - London borough of Gasforth (fictional)
 * This Life - South London
 * The Tomorrow People
 * Tony Bennett at the Talk of the Town
 * Top Boy
 * Trust - City of London
 * Upstairs, Downstairs - London townhouse of the Bellamy family at 165 Eaton Place
 * Upstart Crow - Central London
 * W1A - the London postal district of the BBC HQ.
 * Waking The Dead
 * Whitechapel
 * William and Mary
 * The Wombles - Wimbledon
 * Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister - Whitehall
 * The Young Ones - North London
 * You (TV series)- its fourth season takes place in London

Miniseries, specials or individual episodes

 * Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!
 * "What a Night for a Knight"
 * Ben 10: Omniverse
 * "An American Benwolf in London"
 *  Friends (The one with Ross's wedding)
 * The Legend of Tarzan
 * ""The Hidden World"
 * Totally Spies!
 * "Totally Dunzo"
 * Transformers: The Headmasters
 * "Terror! The Six Shadows"
 * Danger Rangers
 * "Water Works"
 * "Chem Gems"
 * Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?
 * "Elementary, My Dear Shaggy!"
 * Doki
 * "Happy New Year... Again!"
 * World of Winx
 * "Shattered Dreams"
 * Bailey's Comets
 * "Ghost of a Clue"
 * The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures
 * "Those Amazing Mice in Their Flying Machines"
 * Liberty's Kids
 * "The Intolerable Acts"

title: List of television shows set in London


text:
Sevenoaks District

Sevenoaks is a local government district in west Kent, England. Its council is based in the town of Sevenoaks.

The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of Sevenoaks Urban District, Sevenoaks Rural District and part of Dartford Rural District.

Geography
The area is approximately evenly divided between buildings and infrastructure on the one hand and woodland or agricultural fields on the other. It contains the upper valley of the River Darenth and some headwaters of the River Eden.

The vast majority of the district is covered by the Metropolitan Green Belt.

In terms of districts, it borders Dartford to the north, Gravesham to the northeast, Tonbridge and Malling to the east, briefly Tunbridge Wells to the southeast. It also borders two which, equal to it, do not have borough status, the Wealden district of East Sussex to the south and the Tandridge district of Surrey to the southwest. It borders the London Boroughs of Bromley and Bexley to the northwest.

In the 2011 Census, the district had a population of 114,893.

Governance
Sevenoaks District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Kent County Council. The whole district is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

In 2009 the Audit Commission named Sevenoaks District Council as one of the four best-run and most efficient councils in the country.

Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The leaders of the council since 1999 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election the composition of the council was as follows:

Two of the independent councillors sit together as the "Sevenoaks Independents". The next election is due in 2027.

Elections
Since the last full review of boundaries in 2003 the council has comprised 54 councillors, representing 26 wards. Elections are held every four years.

Premises
The council is based at the Council Offices on Argyle Road. The offices were built for the council on the site of a large house which had served as the offices of one of the council's predecessors, the Sevenoaks Urban District Council. The new building was formally opened on 3 March 1986.

Housing and architecture
The layout of the district is dual-centred:
 * A well-buffered suburban town itself, which spreads into suburban villages (St Johns, Riverhead, Dunton Green, Sevenoaks Weald).
 * Swanley and smaller, equally buffered Hextable and Crockenhill within the M25 motorway.

In all areas low-rise dominates: the incidence of flats exceeding two storeys is rare.

The number of listed buildings in the district exceeds 150. This includes 16 churches listed in the highest grading in the national listing system (Grade I). Castles and English country houses of the wealthiest in society from the 16th to 18th centuries form part of this district.

Examples at Grade I include Knole House, Chartwell, Penshurst Place and Chevening House, most of which have their own produce-selling farms. Older with original stone walls are Hever Castle with its 16 acre-wooded island in a listed parkland. A folly exists at Lullingstone Castle which is a reconstruction of its gatehouse and separate modern house.

Towns and parishes
The whole district is covered by civil parishes. The parish councils for Sevenoaks and Swanley are styled as town councils.

 * Ash-cum-Ridley
 * Badgers Mount
 * Brasted
 * Chevening
 * Chiddingstone
 * Cowden
 * Crockenhill
 * Dunton Green
 * Edenbridge
 * Eynsford
 * Farningham
 * Fawkham
 * Halstead
 * Hartley
 * Hextable
 * Hever

 * Horton Kirby and South Darenth
 * Kemsing
 * Knockholt
 * Leigh
 * Otford
 * Penshurst
 * Riverhead
 * Seal
 * Sevenoaks (Town)
 * Sevenoaks Weald
 * Shoreham
 * Sundridge with Ide Hill
 * Swanley (Town)
 * Westerham
 * West Kingsdown

title: Sevenoaks District


text:
Borough of Ashford

The Borough of Ashford is a local government district with borough status in Kent, England. It is named after its largest town, Ashford, where the council is based. The borough also includes the town of Tenterden and an extensive surrounding rural area including numerous villages; with an area of 580 km2, it is the largest district in Kent. Parts of the borough lie within the designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty of High Weald and the Kent Downs.

The neighbouring districts are (clockwise from west) Tunbridge Wells, Maidstone, Swale, Canterbury, Folkestone and Hythe, and Rother. The latter is in East Sussex, the rest are in Kent.

History
The parish of Ashford was made a local government district in 1863, run by an elected local board. Such districts were converted into urban districts under the Local Government Act 1894.

The modern district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, covering the area of five former districts, which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named Ashford after its largest town. The district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor.
 * Ashford Urban District
 * East Ashford Rural District
 * Tenterden Rural District
 * Tenterden Municipal Borough
 * West Ashford Rural District

Governance
Ashford Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Kent County Council. Much of the district is covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government for their areas.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since 2022. Following the 2023 election a coalition of the Ashford Independents and the Green Party took minority control of the council, led by Ashford Independent councillor Noel Ovenden.

The first elections to the council were held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Ashford. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1999 have been:

Compositions
Following the 2023 election and subsequent changes of allegiance up to July 2024, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Elections
Since the last full review of boundaries in 2019 the council has comprised 47 councillors representing 39 wards, with each ward electing one or two councillors. Elections are held every four years.

Premises
The council is based at the Civic Centre on Tannery Lane in Ashford, which was purpose-built for the council and opened in 1983. The council has announced plans to move during 2024 to International House, a 1972 office building opposite Ashford International railway station, which the council bought in 2014.

Expansion and growth
In 1961, the population of the districts which make up the present borough was as follows:

Forty years later the population had almost doubled: the 2001 census recorded a population of 102,661.

From the 1960s onwards Ashford has experienced phases of rapid urban growth, creating new suburbs such as Stanhope and, more recently, Singleton. Today's urban growth is partially shaped by the de facto corridors created by the M20 motorway, the High Speed 1 line and several other rail lines which converge on the town's railway station.

The 2011 census reported Ashford as having:
 * 117,956 residents
 * 47,787 households (an increase of just under 6,000 since 2001)
 * 83% of residents describing their health as 'good' or 'very good'
 * 13% of residents describing their health as 'fair'
 * 16.8% of those over the age of 16 having no qualifications
 * an unemployment rate of 2.6% of all economically active people aged 16–74 (an increase since 2001 of 0.2%)

Economy and Infrastructure
The area's economy, once strongly dominated by agriculture and associated activities such as brewing and food production as well as some quarrying of ragstone and brick manufacture, evolved into a centre for rail engineering in the 19th century, and is now primarily light industrial and commercial, with the notable exception of Hitachi's rail depot. The borough's local plan ("Local Plan to 2030") continues to plan for new housing in and around the town, such as the development at Finberry.

From the historic town centre, roads radiate out in the following directions: NW to Charing and Maidstone and SE to Hythe and Folkestone (A20/M20 in each direction); south to Hamstreet, Lydd and Romney Marsh and then westwards to Hastings (A2070); SW to Tenterden and NE to Wye and Canterbury (A28) and finally north to Ashford's historic port at Faversham (A251).

Historic buildings and landscape character
There are more than 400 listed buildings in the district. This includes 33 churches listed in the highest grading in the national listing system (Grade I) as well as many oast houses and pubs dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, along with some even earlier buildings such as the Black Horse at Pluckley built in the 1470s as a dry-moated farmhouse by the Dering family (see also: Little Chart).

Well-known examples of Grade I listed buildings include: the Archbishop's palace at Charing, Chilham Castle and Godinton House, as well as more domestic examples such as the row of 17th century Flemish weavers' cottages which stretches the full length of the south side of Biddenden High Street.

See also the listings: Grade I listed buildings in Ashford (borough).

Beyond the town of Ashford, most of the borough's land area is rural, with fields, woodland and fruit orchards. Much of the woodland is coppiced. Changes in rural land use over the past century mirror those in the rest of the present County. The north-east of the borough, including the villages of Wye and Chilham, is within the Kent Downs AONB, whilst the south-west, including Rolvenden and the Isle of Oxney, is part of the High Weald AONB. In addition to these national landscape areas, the borough has many smaller Local Nature Reserves such as Hothfield Common.

Towns and parishes
As of April 2023 there were 44 civil parishes within the borough. The parish council for Tenterden has declared that parish to be a town, allowing it to take the style "town council". Much of the built-up area of Ashford itself is unparished, although some suburbs fall within parishes.

 * Aldington
 * Appledore
 * Bethersden
 * Biddenden
 * Bilsington
 * Bonnington
 * Boughton Aluph
 * Brabourne
 * Brook
 * Challock
 * Charing
 * Chilham
 * Crundale
 * Eastwell
 * Egerton
 * Godmersham
 * Great Chart with Singleton
 * Hastingleigh
 * High Halden
 * Hothfield
 * Kenardington
 * Kennington
 * Kingsnorth
 * Little Chart
 * Mersham
 * Molash
 * Newenden
 * Orlestone
 * Pluckley
 * Rolvenden
 * Ruckinge
 * Sevington with Finberry
 * Shadoxhurst
 * Smarden
 * Smeeth
 * South Willesborough and Newtown
 * Stanhope
 * Stone-cum-Ebony
 * Tenterden
 * Warehorne
 * Westwell
 * Wittersham
 * Woodchurch
 * Wye with Hinxhill

title: Borough of Ashford


text:
Outrigger (nautical)

An outrigger is a projecting structure on a boat, with specific meaning depending on types of vessel. Outriggers may also refer to legs on a wheeled vehicle that are folded out when it needs stabilization, for example on a crane that lifts heavy loads.

Powered vessels and sailboats
An outrigger describes any contraposing float rigging beyond the side (gunwale) of a boat to improve the vessel's stability. If a single outrigger is used it is usually but not always windward. The technology was originally developed by the Austronesian people. There are two main types of boats with outriggers: double outriggers (prevalent in maritime Southeast Asia) and single outriggers (prevalent in Madagascar, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia). Multihull ships are also derived from outrigger boats.

In an outrigger canoe and in sailboats such as the proa, an outrigger is a thin, long, solid, hull used to stabilise an inherently unstable main hull. The outrigger is positioned rigidly and parallel to the main hull so that the main hull is less likely to capsize. If only one outrigger is used on a vessel, its weight reduces the tendency to capsize in one direction and its buoyancy reduces the tendency in the other direction.

On a keelboat, "outrigger" refers to a variety of structures by which the running rigging (such as a sheet) may be attached outboard (outside the lateral limits) of the boat's hull. The Racing Rules of Sailing generally prohibit such outriggers, though they are explicitly permitted on specific classes, such as the IMOCA Open 60 used in several major offshore races.

Fishing
In fishing from vessels, an outrigger is a pole or series of poles that allow boats to trawl more lines in the water without tangling and simulates a school of fish.

Rowing
In a rowing boat or galley, an outrigger (or rigger) is a triangular frame that holds the rowlock (into which the oar is slotted) away from the saxboard (or gunwale in gig rowing) to optimize leverage. Wooden outriggers appear on the new trireme around the 7th or 6th centuries BC and later on Italian galleys around AD 1300, while Harry Clasper (1812–1870), a British professional rower, popularised the use of the modern tubular-metal version and the top rowing events accepted the physiological and ergonomic advantages so acceded to its use in competitions. In recent decades, some manufacturers of racing shells have developed wing-riggers which are reinforced arcs or flattened tubular projections akin to aircraft wings, instead of conventional triangular structures.

title: Outrigger (nautical)


text:
Abdullah I

Abdullah I may refer to:

 * Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi (844–912), Emir of Córdoba
 * Abdullah I of the Maldives, Sultan of the Maldives from 1374 to 1376
 * Abdullah I Al-Sabah (1740–1814)
 * Abdullah bin Saud, leader of the House of Saud from 1814 to 1818
 * Abdullah I of Jordan (1882–1951), emir of Transjordan (1921–1946), then King of Transjordan (1946–1949), then King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1949–1951)

title: Abdullah I


text:
Mario Molina

Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez (19 March 1943 –7 October 2020) was a Mexican physical chemist. He played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and was a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in discovering the threat to the Earth's ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases. He was the first Mexican-born scientist to receive a Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the third Mexican-born person to receive a Nobel prize.

In his career, Molina held research and teaching positions at University of California, Irvine, California Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of California, San Diego, and the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Molina was also Director of the Mario Molina Center for Energy and Environment in Mexico City. Molina was a climate policy advisor to the President of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto.

Early life
Molina was born in Mexico City to Roberto Molina Pasquel and Leonor Henríquez. His father was a lawyer and diplomat who served as an ambassador to Ethiopia, Australia and the Philippines. His mother was a family manager. With considerably different interests than his parents, Mario Molina went on to make one of the biggest discoveries in environmental science.

Mario Molina attended both elementary and primary school in Mexico. However, before even attending high school, Mario Molina had developed a deep interest in chemistry. As a child he converted a bathroom in his home into his own little laboratory, using toy microscopes and chemistry sets. Ester Molina, Mario's aunt, and an already established chemist, nurtured his interests and aided him in completing more complex chemistry experiments. At this time, Mario knew he wanted to pursue a career in chemistry, and at the age of 11, he was sent to a boarding school in Switzerland at Institut auf dem Rosenberg, where he learnt to speak German. Before this, Mario had initially wanted to become a professional violinist, but his love for chemistry triumphed over that interest. At first Mario was disappointed when he arrived at the boarding school in Switzerland due to the fact that most of his classmates did not have the same interest in science as he did.

Molina's early career consisted of research at various academic institutions. Molina went on to earn his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1965. Following this, Molina studied polymerization kinetics at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, West Germany, for two years. Finally, he was accepted for graduate study at the University of California, Berkeley. After earning his doctorate he made his way to UC Irvine. He then returned to Mexico where he kickstarted the first chemical engineering program at his alma mater. This was only the beginning of his chemistry endeavors.

Career
Mario Molina began his studies at the University of California at Berkeley in 1968, where he would obtain his PhD in physical chemistry. Throughout his years at Berkeley, he participated in various research projects such as the study of molecular dynamics using chemical lasers and investigation of the distribution of internal energy in the products of chemical and photochemical reactions. Throughout this journey is where he worked with his professor and mentor George C. Pimentel who grew his love for chemistry even further. After completing his PhD in physical chemistry, in 1973, he enrolled in a research program at UC Berkeley, with Sherwood Rowland. The topic of interest was Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The two would later on make one of the largest discoveries in atmospheric chemistry. They developed their theory of ozone depletion, which later influenced the mass public to reduce their use of CFCs. This kickstarted his career as a widely known chemist.

Between 1974 and 2004, Molina variously held research and teaching posts at University of California, Irvine, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he held a joint appointment in the Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and the Department of Chemistry. On 1 July 2004, Molina joined the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at University of California, San Diego, and the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In addition he established a non-profit organization, which opened the Mario Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and the Environment (Centro Mario Molina para Estudios Estratégicos sobre Energía y Medio Ambiente) in Mexico City in 2005. Molina served as its director.

Molina served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 2000 to 2005. He also served on the board of directors of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (2004–2014), and as a member of the MacArthur Foundation's Institutional Policy Committee and its Committee on Global Security and Sustainability.

Molina was nominated to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences as of 24 July 2000. He served as a co-chair of the Vatican workshop and co-author of the report Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change (2017) with Veerabhadran Ramanathan and Durwood Zaelke. The report proposed 12 scalable and practical solutions which are part of a three-lever cooling strategy to mitigate climate change.

Molina was named by US president Barack Obama to form a transition team on environmental issues in 2008. Under President Obama, he was a member of the United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.

Molina sat on the board of directors for Xyleco.

He contributed to the content of the papal encyclical Laudato Si'.

In 2020, Mario Molina contributed to research regarding the importance of wearing face masks amid the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. The research article titled "Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19" was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Journal in collaboration with Renyi Zhang, Yixin Li, Annie L. Zhang and Yuan Wang.

Work on CFCs
Molina joined the lab of Professor F. Sherwood Rowland in 1973 as a postdoctoral fellow. Here, Molina continued Rowland's pioneering research into "hot atom" chemistry, which is the study of chemical properties of atoms with excess translational energy owing to radioactive processes.

This study soon led to research into chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), apparently harmless gases that were used in refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and the making of plastic foams. CFCs were being released by human activity and were known to be accumulating in the atmosphere. The basic scientific question Molina asked was "What is the consequence of society releasing something to the environment that wasn't there before?"

Rowland and Molina had investigated compounds similar to CFCs before. Together they developed the CFC ozone depletion theory, by combining basic scientific knowledge about the chemistry of ozone, CFCs and atmospheric conditions with computer modelling. First Molina tried to figure out how CFCs could be decomposed. At lower levels of the atmosphere, they were inert. Molina realized that if CFCs released into the atmosphere do not decay by other processes, they will continually rise to higher altitudes. Higher in the atmosphere, different conditions apply. The highest levels of the stratosphere are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet light. A thin layer of ozone floating high in the stratosphere protects lower levels of the atmosphere from that type of radiation.

Molina theorized that photons from ultraviolet light, known to break down oxygen molecules, could also break down CFCs, releasing a number of products including chlorine atoms into the stratosphere. Chlorine atoms (Cl) are radicals: they have an unpaired electron and are very reactive. Chlorine atoms react easily with ozone molecules (O3), removing one oxygen atom to leave O2 and chlorine monoxide (ClO).

 * Cl· + → ClO· +

ClO is also a radical, which reacts with another ozone molecule to release two more O2 molecules and a Cl atom.

 * ClO· + → Cl· + 2

The radical Cl atom is not consumed by this pair of reactions, so it remains in the system.

Molina and Rowland predicted that chlorine atoms, produced by this decomposition of CFCs, would act as an ongoing catalyst for the destruction of ozone. When they calculated the amounts involved, they realized that CFCs could start a seriously damaging chain reaction to the ozone layer in the stratosphere.

In 1974, as a postdoctoral researcher at University of California, Irvine, Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland co-authored a paper in the journal Nature highlighting the threat of CFCs to the ozone layer in the stratosphere. At the time, CFCs were widely used as chemical propellants and refrigerants. Molina and Rowland followed up the short Nature paper with a 150-page report for the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which they made available at the September 1974 meeting of the American Chemical Society in Atlantic City. This report and an ACS-organized press conference, in which they called for a complete ban on further releases of CFCs into the atmosphere, brought national attention.

Rowland and Molina's findings were disputed by commercial manufacturers and chemical industry groups, and a public consensus on the need for action only began to emerge in 1976 with the publication of a review of the science by the National Academy of Sciences. Rowland and Molina's work was further supported by evidence of the long-term decrease in stratospheric ozone over Antarctica, published by Joseph C. Farman and his co-authors in Nature in 1985. Ongoing work led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol (an agreement to cut CFC production and use) by 56 countries in 1987, and to further steps towards the worldwide elimination of CFCs from aerosol cans and refrigerators. By establishing this protocol, the amount of CFCs being emitted into the atmosphere decreased significantly, and while doing so, it has paced the rate of ozone depletion and even slowed climate change. It is for this work that Molina later shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland. The citation specifically recognized him and his co-awardees for "their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone."

Following this in 1985, after Joseph Farman discovered a hole in the ozone layer in Antarctica, Mario Molina led a research team to further investigate the cause of rapid ozone depletion in Antarctica. It was found that the stratospheric conditions in Antarctica were ideal for chlorine activation, which ultimately causes ozone depletion.

Honors
Molina received numerous awards and honors, including sharing the 1995 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland for their discovery of the role of CFCs in ozone depletion.

Molina was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1993. He was elected to the United States Institute of Medicine in 1996, and The National College of Mexico in 2003. In 2007, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He was also a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences. Molina was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and co-chaired the 2014 AAAS Climate Science Panel, What We Know: The reality, risks and response to climate change.

Molina won the 1987 Esselen Award of the Northeast section of the American Chemical Society, the 1988 Newcomb Cleveland Prize from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the 1989 NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Advancement and the 1989 United Nations Environmental Programme Global 500 Award. In 1990, The Pew Charitable Trusts Scholars Program in Conservation and the Environment honored him as one of ten environmental scientists and awarded him a $150,000 grant. In 1996, Molina received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He received the 1998 Willard Gibbs Award from the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society and the 1998 American Chemical Society Prize for Creative Advances in Environment Technology and Science. In 2003, Molina received the 9th Annual Heinz Award in the Environment.

Asteroid 9680 Molina is named in his honor.

On 8 August 2013, US president Barack Obama announced Molina as a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, saying in the press release:

"Mario Molina is a visionary chemist and environmental scientist. Born in Mexico, Dr. Molina came to [The United States] to pursue his graduate degree. He later earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering how chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.  Dr. Molina is a professor at the University of California, San Diego; Director of the Mario Molina Center for Energy and Environment; and a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Molina was one of twenty-two Nobel Laureates who signed the third Humanist Manifesto in 2003."

Mario Molina is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award (Champions of the Earth) in 2014.

On 19 March 2023, Molina was the subject of a Google Doodle in Mexico, the United States, Brazil, India, Germany, France, and other countries.

Honorary degrees
Molina received more than thirty honorary degrees.
 * Yale University (1997)
 * Tufts University (2003)
 * Duke University (2009)
 * Harvard University (2012)
 * Mexican Federal Universities: National of Mexico (1996), Metropolitana (2004), Chapingo (2007), National Polytechnic (2009)
 * Mexican State Universities: Hidalgo (2002), State of Mexico (2006), Michoacan (2009), Guadalajara (2010), San Luis Potosí (2011)
 * U.S. Universities: Miami (2001), Florida International (2002), Southern Florida (2005), Claremont Graduate (announced 2013)
 * U.S. Colleges: Connecticut (1998), Trinity (2001), Washington (2011), Whittier (2012), Williams (2015)
 * Canadian Universities: Calgary (1997), Waterloo (2002), British Columbia (2011)
 * European Universities: East Anglia (1996), Alfonso X (2009), Complutense of Madrid (2012), Free of Brussels (2010),

Personal life
Molina married fellow chemist Luisa Y. Tan in July 1973. They had met each other when Molina was pursuing his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley. They moved to Irvine, California in the fall of that year. The couple divorced in 2005. Luisa Tan Molina is now the lead scientist of the Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and the Environment in La Jolla, California. Their son, Felipe Jose Molina, was born in 1977. Molina married his second wife, Guadalupe Álvarez, in February 2006.

Molina died on 7 October 2020, aged 77, due to a heart attack.

Works

 * Molina, Luisa T., Molina, Mario J. and Renyi Zhang. "Laboratory Investigation of Organic Aerosol Formation from Aromatic Hydrocarbons", Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (August 2006).
 * Molina, Luisa T., Molina, Mario J., et al. "Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter (PM) and Secondary PM Precursor Gases in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area", Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (October 2008).

title: Mario Molina


text: User talk:63.199.37.10

title: User talk:63.199.37.10


text:
Talk:Vandals

About Portugal and Al Andalus
The sentence "The Arabic term for Muslim Spain Al Andalus [...]" shold be changed to "The Arabic term for Muslim IBERIA Al Andalus [...]". Portugal was also part of Al Andalus.

Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2018
In the opening paragraph substitute "Spain" for "the Iberian Peninsula". Spain didn't exist at the time, the vandals also settled in land now under Portuguese administration and since it is followed by North Africa, it would be more consistent to use a geographical area for the European territories too. 5.225.212.61 (talk) 09:11, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done L293D (☎ • ✎) 02:11, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Vandalic Emblem
Salutations to you. I'm new on Wikipedia and a History student focused on the Vandals. I uploaded the "'" to WikiCommons and I suggest it to be used for the Vandals' article's page. The cross clearly appears on many of their sculptures, mosaics and coins. I will later share a source I'm working on, as a History student. And if not to use it, better use the Vandalic Knight of Carthage, it's more emblematic than those jewels. Thanks.

remarks from an unusually comprehensive review
I added this to the bibliography, by Guido M. Berndt, currently based in Berlin and originally promoted under Eugen Ewig in Bonn (not from Vienna or Toronto, as his comments also make clear): Some quotes for comparison to our current article:
 * p.545: Leaving aside the fact that today few would now endorse Mannert's [1785] labelling of the Vandals as a 'Germanic' people, he nevertheless...
 * pp.551-552: The literary sources do not allow a continuous narrative linking the early Vandals of the second century to those who established themselves in Northern Africa. Earlier studies have often attempted to fill in the gap of knowledge through recourse to archaeological 'cultural groups' in order to create the impression of a full-fledged uniform gens moving through modern Poland, to Gaul, Spain, and finally to modern Tunisia. Walter Goffart's criticism of such an approach is of course justified, but hardly novel. The idea of a Vandal urheimat in Scandinavia has long been exposed as little more than late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century wishful thinking.
 * pp.543-544: It is often forgotten that 'ethnogenesis' is a modern construct, which does not appear in any historical source. As long as it is understood as a Weberian ideal type however, the concept can be helpful in the analysis of historical sources. [.....] The concept of ethnogenesis is one of several possible ways to approach historical developments and political thought in the early Middle Ages. As such, it privileges ethnic identities, particularly that of the so-called ethnic gentes, over any other form of identity. [...] By 1960, a consensus seems to have been reached on the importance of self-definition in the emergence of ethnic groups. [...] confidence in numerous scholarly attempts to discover the Urgermanen has quickly evaporated.
 * pp.548-549: A handful of historians and geographers writing in the imperial period provide a handful of fragmentary references to the early Vandals. On the basis of such accounts (and the use of a modern map of Europe), one is led to beleive that the Vandals lived somewhere between the Vistula and the Oder Rivers. But how much can one trust such accounts?
 * p550: Only the Marcomannic Wars brought the Vandals into the focus of Roman writing about northern barbarians. After that, they again disappear for quite some time from the sources. [para] A few Vandals were allowed to settle as foederati in the Roman province of Dacia in 180 or 181. Around the same time, small groups of Vandals began to raid Roman territory. Cassius Dio reports that negotiations were therefore opened with the Hasding Vandals under the leadership of Raus and Raptus. Little else is known about the two men besides their names/According to Cassius Dio, the Vandals wanted money and land. The next bit of information refers to a victory Emperor Aurelian [reign 270-275] obtained against the Vandals, following which he settled the defeated barbarians on Roman territory, as foederati who were now expected to provide troops for Rome's wars, whenever needed. Dexippos knew about Emperor Aurelian's victory over a Vandal army and, through him, so did Jordanes in the sixth century. In addition, Jordanes knew of a Vandal king named Visimar from the Hasding. The Vandals also appear in the Origo gentis Langobardorum, as a Lombard victory over the Vandals seems to have been a key component of the Lombard myth of origin.

Hopefully this helps.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 16:05, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

verification problem: Jordanes and Gutasaga
We currently have:
 * Both Jordanes in his Getica and the Gotlandic Gutasaga tell that the Goths and Vandals migrated from southern Scandinavia[2][3][4]

Two concerns:
 * 2. "Germanic peoples". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 March 2014.[permanent dead link]
 * 3. "History of Europe: Barbarian migrations and invasions: The Germans and Huns". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
 * 4. Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 821–825
 * None of these three sources seems to mention the Getica or Gutasaga. As far I can see, this is not correct, and is original to WP.
 * These are old tertiary sources giving general notes, so not strong sources for anything controversial. However, I can not find any OTHER sources which confirm this sentence we have. (Adding together lots and lots of similar tertiary sources does not improve things in such a case.)
 * We do know from good sources that there was a tradition in older history writing of accepting the general remark of Jordanes that Scandinavia was a "womb of nations" but we also know that this position, even concerning peoples he specifically named, is no longer taken seriously in any simple way any more.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 09:19, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Also there is a related sentence in the lead with the same 3 sources.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 09:21, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I do not think the Vandals are mentioned at all in the Gutasaga. In Jordanes and Paul the Deacon they seem to be first encountered on the mainland. (Meaning Paul the Deacon's Lombard story parallels the older story of Jordanes, as scholars often note.) Again, I post here, hoping that if anyone sees something I am missing, they will mention it.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 12:27, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

I agree with your assessment of Jordanes, in chapter 4 he gives Skadza/ scandinavia as the place of origin for the Goth, who then encountered the Vandals AFTER sailing to the mainland. I believe the issue here might be a mix-up based on similar names: the area the Vandals occupied when first encountering the Goth is given by Jordanes as Gothiscandza, which sounds similar to 'Gothland'/ 'Gothenland' in southern Sweden, but is an entirely different area around the river Vistula. Trekki 200 (talk) 15:50, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

Arianism
In our current article we have this paragraph:
 * Around this time, the Hasdingi had already been Christianized. During the Emperor Valens's reign (364–78) the Vandals accepted, much like the Goths earlier, Arianism, a belief that was in opposition to that of the Nicene orthodoxy of the Roman Empire.[31] Yet there were also some scattered orthodox Vandals, among whom was the famous magister militum Stilicho, the chief minister of the Emperor Honorius, although this may be because Stilicho's mother was Roman.

The footnote in the middle is citing Schütte, which is a book that was really published in 1929. (We are using a date of 2013.) While I can not see the exact page on Google Books, p.54 looks like it is part of a compressed summary, not a detailed discussion of Vandals. I have already looked at Jordanes as the possible source but he apparently only says the Visigoths spread the word to Gepids and Ostrogoths. Anyone have a better source or should we remove (or at least tag) this paragraph?

 * A much more recent scholarly work is this one by Berndt: https://books.google.be/books?redir_esc=y&id=8RsGDAAAQBAJ . It indicates that the Vandals adopted Arianism in Spain in the 420s under Visigothic influence.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 08:38, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Also Castritius: https://books.google.be/books?id=a7lDJrsozUkC&pg=PA72 --Andrew Lancaster (talk) 08:51, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * So it seems like the above-mentioned paragraph of ours should probably just be deleted.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 08:39, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

Verification problem: Scoringa, Orosius
We have this: I find that Scoringa in this old 18th century edition of Orosius is mentioned in an 18th century endnote p.255, which is citing Paul the Deacon, who is the real source of Scoringa. But Scoringa in Paul the Deacon is on the mainland, being the place where the Lombards arrived after coming from Scandinavia, and fought the Vandals. From what I can see, we have this quite wrong, but if anyone sees an error in my reading please say so.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 10:16, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * According to Paulus Orosius, the Vandals, who lived originally in Scoringa, near Stockholm, Sweden, were of the same stock as the Suiones ("Swedes") and the Goths.[16]
 * Citation is to Orosius (1773). The Anglo-Saxon Version, from the Historian Orosius (Alfred the Great ed.). London: Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nichols and sold by S. Baker. https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonversi00barrgoog

2nd century Scandinavia: deleted paragraph
I have for now deleted this paragraph:
 * Around the mid 2nd century AD, there was a significant migration by Germanic tribes of Scandinavian origin (Rugii, Goths, Gepidae, Vandals, Burgundians, and others)[29] towards the south-east, creating turmoil along the entire Roman frontier.[29][30][31][32] The 6th century Byzantine historian Procopius noted that the Goths, Gepidae and Vandals were physically and culturally identical, suggesting a common origin.[33]

Problems: Thus it is possible we will replace the paragraph with another, if we find better sources, but I think it should not look like this paragraph.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 10:04, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * As noted above, Guido M. Berndt writes that The idea of a Vandal urheimat in Scandinavia has long been exposed as little more than late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century wishful thinking. [ALSO Castritius: https://books.google.be/books?id=3Ip4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167]
 * I have not yet found any similarly recent work which still defends this Scandinavian theory.
 * None of these old theories claimed that the migration happened in the second century, which is what our paragraph implies in context.
 * The sourcing we have been using is clearly worrying, with 1 old tertiary source (Encyclopedia Brittanica) being made to look like 4 sources.
 * The second sentence, which superficially is irrelevant, is apparently put there as WP:SYNTH by cherry-picking from an ancient primary source. (Gothic migration from Scandinavia does still have some adherents, and this sentence semi-equates Goths and Vandals. Never mind that Procopius thought the Goths and Vandals came from the east.)

 * Can I add that Walter Goffart's 2006 book Barbarian Tides is a scholarly examination of the idea of a Scandinavian origin for the Vandals, and Goffart rejects it entirely.Thomas Peardew (talk) 12:37, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

Physical appearance section
As on several other WP articles, this one has a "physical appearance" section which is made up of one sentence by a 6th century author (Procopius). I know on other articles there have been calls to remove this as undue etc. I suppose a reason not to remove it is if there is more that could be added in this case. Is that likely?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 12:56, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

Numbers are in wrong order
I‘m not sure that the line „ In 469 the Vandals gained control of Sicily but were forced by Odoacer to relinquish it in 447 except for the western port of Lilybaeum (lost in 491 after a failed attempt on their part to re-take the island).[70]“, makes sense. Probably the number 447 was just written wrong and it should mean 474- that would make sense, because 447 isn‘t possible: the Vandals cannot relinquish something which they even didn‘t hold in 447! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.208.229.243 (talk) 10:38, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

Vandals and Roman Culture
The last sentence of the lead reads:

However, some modern historians regard the Vandals in the transitional period from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages as perpetuators, not destroyers, of Roman culture.

This is a pretty argumentative way to present this point of view, which is very inapropriate for the concluding sentence of lead of a wikipedia article. What about:

However, some modern historians have emphasised the role of Vandals as continuators of other aspects of Roman Culture, in the transitional period from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Nxavar (talk) 13:00, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

 * That seems uncontroversial. I suggest go ahead with that without the word "other", because it does not have a clear referent and is not needed. I don't however see the original sentence as all that shocking?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 13:03, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

 * What I take issue with is that the destruction of artwork that Vandals are infamous for is pushed to insignificance. This is the importance of the word "other": it is there to acknowleadge that the seriousness of this historical fact. Nxavar (talk) 13:10, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The alternative wording was just applied to the article, without the word "other". Nxavar (talk) 15:40, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

Saxo

 * Saxo wrote in Old Norse. But since he used a form Wandali instead of Old Norse Vendill, I guess that Orel concluded that it is a direct borrowing from an East Germanic language (by contrast, OE has Wendel- and OHG has Wentil-). Alcaios (talk) 08:50, 30 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thought he wrote in Latin? I already posted on your talk page, but the simpler concern I have is with the word "attested". Clearly this implies Saxo wrote in East Germanic, because we can only see what he attested, not his sources. So clearly that seems wrong, and it should be easy to weaken the wording a bit? As to speculations about Saxo having access to an East Germanic text that would be a very remarkable claim, so indeed it would be best practice to find clear and strong sourcing for this, which should ideally show how the proposal (if there is one) has been digested by the field. Without that I would propose that we must be cautious about making this a simple statement of fact in "Wikipedia voice". (If the reason for not calling this a proposal is because the proposal is really just implied in your source, not clearly spelled out, then converting into a "fact" would not seem to be the appropriate solution?)--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 09:21, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

removed medieval section
I now removed this after noting the problems more than a year ago. There presumably are things to be said about medieval mentions (Adam of Bremen? Paul the Deacon?) but that would look quite different to this. The information we have been attributing to medieval sources Jordanes etc here does not appear to come from those sources at all.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 23:04, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Grave mistake in the introduction
The Vandals were a slavic, not germanic people; as proven by genetics and their slavic names written in their, and their neighbours' enscriptions found from that time 217.149.173.220 (talk) 09:58, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * If such claims have been made in reputable published sources, then please give the details. OTOH, the reality is going to be complex. The Vandals were certainly in early Roman listings of "Germanic peoples" (which does not necessarily mean that we can be sure what language they spoke). One Byzantine source (Procopius) mentioned explicitly that they spoke the same language as the Goths. You mention "that time" but the Vandals were not one generation or single group of people. It is possible that different Vandal groups in different periods or places spoke different languages. The early Roman-era Vandals were in an area which was heavily Celt-influenced for example. So please explain which time you mean, and which evidence you are talking about. Normally speaking genes can't tell us what language someone spoke though. --Andrew Lancaster (talk) 13:54, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * it seems he is referring to various archeogenetic blogs written on the subject which have observed Y-Dna haplogroups common to central europe(ie R1A-M458(L1029) in southern europe via Spain and Sardinia i believe. We do not have any samples from actual Vandalic peoples as of yet though 2607:FB91:1E73:925B:F09A:EE17:D985:9450 (talk) 23:51, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Sicily (440-491) Lilybaeum zone
They conquered the far western part of Sicily in 440. The siege of Palermo in 440 was a failure as was the second attempt to invade Sicily near Agrigento in 442 (the Vandals initially occupied the far western part of the island; and the entire island from 468 to 476 when a large part was ceded to Odoacer, and the extreme western part remained in their possession until 491). 151.57.121.9 (talk) 14:48, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vandals


text:
Talk:Mario Molina

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 20 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nheyer.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:25, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Comment
I need to log off to hand something in. However, my copyvio sense is tingling strongly about this one, can someone check around? Thanks. Pakaran. 21:42, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC) (You're WHAT?!)

 * Now it's a stub -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 21:50, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Your sense was correct, it was taken from Molina's autobiography in Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation retains copyright to all material in that publication, and does not allow redistribution without permission.
 * The Auto-bio
 * Nobel copyright policy page
 * --Cyrius 22:33, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

what did you study? where did you study? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.176.18.156 (talk) 23:33, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

"his mother was a family manager"- LOL! Aren't ALL mothers? You mean she was unemployed and stayed at home to raise children. Did she ever get a job? Remove 'His mother was a family manager'.

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Requested move 8 October 2020
Mario J. Molina → Mario Molina – Most commonly known as such; target exists as redirect. Moscow Mule (talk) 03:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved as a technical request. If anyone actually disagrees with this, the discussion may be reopened. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:03, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: General Chemistry I
— Assignment last updated by Yonderling (talk) 00:44, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

C-I-FCs?
Why are CFCs written as CIFCs on first mention? Today's Google on Molina brought me here. 37.201.33.222 (talk) 10:31, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Q: also why "CFC's" rather than "CFCs"?

Q: generalized query to higher level editorial leadership... is there any way to perform a sweep for "CIFCs" & "CFC's" across all of wikipedia? this is one of those typos likely to recur along with "tot he" (a staggerly frequent misspelllllling of "to the") which nobody seems able to run a full sweep to check for Howard from NYC (talk) 11:42, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

protected edit request on 19 March 2023
protected Mario Molina answered yes State Unambiguously your suggested changes below this line, preferably in a change X to Y" format. Other editors need to know what to add or remove. Blank edit requests will be declined. --> Write your request ABOVE this line and do not remove the tildes and curly brackets below. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.101.213.183 (talk) 15:43, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mario Molina


text:
Dover District

Dover is a local government district in Kent, England. It is named after its largest town, the port town of Dover. The council is based in Whitfield on the outskirts of Dover. The district also covers the towns of Deal, Sandwich and Walmer as well as the surrounding rural areas.

The district borders Thanet District to the north, the City of Canterbury to the west, and Folkestone and Hythe District to the south-west. To the south and east, it faces the Strait of Dover.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the whole area of four former districts and part of a fifth, all of which were abolished at the same time: The new district was named Dover after its largest town.
 * Deal Municipal Borough
 * Dover Municipal Borough
 * Dover Rural District
 * Eastry Rural District (except five parishes which went to Thanet)
 * Sandwich Municipal Borough

Governance
Dover District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Kent County Council. The whole district is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
Since the 2023 election the council has been under Labour majority control.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The leaders of the council (formally the chair of the policy and resources committee prior to 2001) have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Premises
The council's main offices are at the White Cliffs Business park in the parish of Whitfield, to the north of the town of Dover itself.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2019 the council has comprised 32 councillors representing 17 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

Geography
The northern boundary of the district is the River Stour; on its western side is the district of Canterbury; to the south the parish of Capel-le-Ferne; and to the east the Straits of Dover. The southern part of the latter is the point where the North Downs meets the sea, at the White Cliffs of Dover. Further north along the coast, from Deal onwards, the land is at sea level, where the River Stour enters the sea by a circuitous route. It is here, on the sand-dunes, that the Royal St George's Golf Club, founded in 1887, and of international repute, is situated.

In the district are industrial remains of the erstwhile Kent coalfield, situated around Tilmanstone and Betteshanger. Half of the underwater section of the Channel Tunnel is under British Sovereignty and thus part of the district.

Parishes
There are 35 civil parishes covering the whole district. The parish councils of Deal, Dover, Sandwich and Walmer take the style "town council".

 * Alkham
 * Ash
 * Aylesham
 * Capel-le-Ferne
 * Deal (town)
 * Denton with Wootton
 * Dover (town)
 * Eastry
 * Eythorne
 * Goodnestone
 * Great Mongeham
 * Guston
 * Hougham Without
 * Langdon
 * Lydden
 * Nonington
 * Northbourne
 * Preston
 * Ringwould with Kingsdown
 * Ripple
 * River
 * Sandwich (town)
 * Shepherdswell with Coldred
 * Sholden
 * St Margaret's at Cliffe
 * Staple
 * Stourmouth
 * Sutton
 * Temple Ewell
 * Tilmanstone
 * Walmer (town)
 * Whitfield
 * Wingham
 * Woodnesborough
 * Worth

Communications
Deal Timeball is a Victorian maritime Greenwich Mean Time signal located on the roof of a waterfront four-storey tower. It was established in 1855 by the Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in collaboration with Charles V. Walker.

Crossing Dover district are the Roman roads of Watling Street and that leading from Richborough. Today the main road, the A2, closely follows Watling Street to Dover.

title: Dover District


text:
Paul Bins, comte de Saint-Victor

Paul Bins, comte de Saint-Victor (11 July 1827 in Paris – 9 July 1881 in Paris), known as Paul de Saint-Victor, a French author and critic. He is likely most known today as a French cultural figure mentioned by Marcel Proust in the novel In Search of Lost Time.

Personal
Saint-Victor was born in Paris. His father Jacques Bins, comte de Saint-Victor (1772–1858), is chiefly remembered for his poem L'Espérance, and for an excellent verse translation of Anacreon.

He had an affair with Lia Félix, a sister of the famous actress Rachel Félix. They had a girl, Claire, on 26 October 1860, whose godfather was Edmond de Goncourt.

Saint-Victor died in Paris on 9 July 1881.

Career
Saint-Victor ceased using his title as he found it out of keeping with his democratic principles. He began as a drama critic on the Pays newspaper in 1851, and in 1855 he succeeded Théophile Gautier on the Presse. In 1866 he migrated to the Liberté, and in 1869 joined the staff of the Moniteur universel. In 1870, during the last days of the Second Empire, he was made inspector-general of fine arts.

Almost all of Saint-Victor's work consists of articles, the best known being the collection entitled Hommes et Dieux (1867). His death interrupted the publication of Les Deux Masques, in which he intended to survey the whole of ancient and modern dramatic literature. Saint-Victor's critical faculty was considerable, though rather one-sided. He owed a good deal to Théophile Gautier, but his writing was more florid than Gautier's.

title: Paul Bins, comte de Saint-Victor