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University of Phoenix

University of Phoenix (UoPX) is a private for-profit university headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. Founded in 1976, the university confers certificates and degrees at the certificate, associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree levels. It is institutionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and has an open enrollment admissions policy for many undergraduate programs. The school is owned by Apollo Global Management and Vistria Group.

Foundation and rapid growth (1970s–2000s)
University of Phoenix was founded in 1976 by John Sperling and John D. Murphy. In 1980, it expanded to San Jose, California, and launched its online program in 1989. Much of UoPX's revenue came from employers who were subsidizing the higher education of their managers. Academic labor underwent a process of unbundling, in which "various components of the traditional faculty role (e.g., curriculum design) are divided among different entities, while others (e.g., research) are eliminated altogether".

In 1994, UoPX leaders made the parent company, Apollo Group, public. Its enrollment exceeded 100,000 students by 1999. Senator Tom Harkin, who chaired hearings on for-profit colleges, said, "I think what really turned this company is when they started going to Wall Street." The sentiment was echoed by Murphy in his book Mission Forsaken: The University of Phoenix Affair with Wall Street. In 2004, Murphy thought that "the University of Phoenix abandoned its founding mission of solely serving working adult learners to admit virtually anyone with a high school diploma or GED." In terms of revenue, UoPX began to rely less on corporate assistance and more on government funding. In 2007, The New York Times reported that the school's graduation rate had plummeted and that educational quality had eroded.

In 2000, the federal government fined the university $6 million for including study-group meetings as instructional hours. In 2002, the Department of Education relaxed requirements on instructional hours.

A 2003 lawsuit filed by two former university recruiters alleged that the school improperly obtained hundreds of millions of dollars in financial aid by paying its admission counselors based on the number of students they enrolled, a violation of the Higher Education Act. The university's parent company settled by paying the government $67.5 million, plus $11 million in legal fees, without admitting any wrongdoing.

In 2004, the Department of Education alleged that UoPX violated Higher Education Act provisions that prohibit financial incentives to admission representatives, and pressured its recruiters to enroll students. UoPX disputed the findings but paid a $9.8 million fine as part of a settlement where it admitted no wrongdoing and was not required to return any financial aid funds. The university also paid $3.5 million to the Department of Labor to settle a violation of overtime compensation regarding hours worked by UoPX's recruiters. UoPX settled a false claims suit for $78.5 million in 2009 over its recruiter-pay practices.

In 2008, Pereira & O'Dell became the lead ad agency for UoPX for a reported $220 million. During the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the UoPX student body received more Pell Grant money ($656.9 million) than any other university and was the top recipient of student financial aid funds, receiving almost $2.48 billion.

For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the university's student body received more Pell Grant money than any other university. The university's graduation rate was 17 percent, according to federal data that measures first-time, full-time (FTFT) undergraduate students who complete their programs at 150% of the normal time. University of Phoenix has been the largest recipient of federal G.I. Bill tuition benefits and the largest for-profit recipient by Pell Grant assistance funding.

In 2009, the Department of Education produced a report claiming the untimely return of unearned Title IV funds for more than 10 percent of sampled students. The report also expressed concern that some students register and begin attending classes before completely understanding the implications of enrollment, including their eligibility for student financial aid. In January 2010, the parent company Apollo Group was required to post a letter of credit for $125 million by January 30 of the same year. In 2010, UoPX came under government scrutiny after its Phoenix and Philadelphia campuses were found to have engaged in deceptive enrollment practices and fraudulent solicitation of FAFSA funds.

Enrollment decline, transition to online courses (2010s)
In 2010, UoPX claimed a peak enrollment of more than 470,000 students with a revenue of $4.95 billion. A 2010 report found that its online graduation rate at the time was only five percent. Later in the year, the university paid $154.5 million for 20-year naming rights for advertising purposes of the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The company terminated the naming rights deal on April 11, 2017, and on September 4, 2018, the stadium's naming rights were acquired by State Farm.

In August 2010, an ABC News investigation identified a UoPX recruiter who sought new students from Y-Haven, a homeless shelter in Cleveland, Ohio. Another University of Phoenix recruiter falsely claimed that the university's Bachelor of Science in Education degree would be sufficient to qualify the producer to teach in Texas or New York.

In a December 2010 Bloomberg article, former UoPX senior vice president Robert W. Tucker noted that "at critical junctures, [co-founder] John [Sperling] chose growth over academic integrity, which ultimately diminished a powerful educational model". At its peak, UoPX operated more than 500 campuses and learning sites. The university began to focus on opening new resource centers for online students to provide spaces for alumni to network and current students to seek assistance from professors and peers.

In August 2011, Apollo Group announced it would buy 100% of Carnegie Learning to accelerate its efforts to incorporate adaptive learning into its academic platform. Controversies concerned its marketing and recruitment practices, instructional hours, its status as one of the top recipients of student aid, and a student body carrying the most student debt of any college.

In 2013, the Department of Defense ended its contract with University of Phoenix for military bases in Europe. U.S. military commanders at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, allowed UoPX representatives to advertise and place promotional materials in high-traffic areas. Access was provided in exchange for cash.

Murphy wrote in Mission Forsaken (2013) about the school's degeneration from a provider of working adult continuing education programs to a money making machine whose sole criterion for admission was eligibility for federally funded student loans.

In 2014 the Department of Education's Office of the Inspector General demanded records from the school and Apollo Group going back to 2007 "related to marketing, recruitment, enrollment, financial aid, fraud prevention, [and] student retention". In the same year, Arthur Green, a former UoPX enrollment advisor, sued the school and claimed that it had violated the US False Claims Act. According to Green, he was fired for uncovering billions of dollars in fraud. Five years later, the case was dismissed in 2019 after the US Department of Justice under William Barr decided not to take the case and the records were sealed.

In 2014, UoPX partnered with 47 historically black colleges and universities to offer UoPX classes that transfer to these institutions. 142,500 students enrolled on August 31, 2016, and 119,938 during the 2016–17 school year. During this time, the university continued to spend tens of millions of dollars on marketing and advertising, including $27 million on internet paid search advertising. The Brookings Institution reported that UoPX spent $76 million on advertising in 2017.

From 2009 to 2015, University of Phoenix received an estimated $1.2 billion of federal money issued through the G.I. Bill. The university enrolled almost 50,000 such students in 2014, twice as many as any other institution.

In October 2015, the Department of Defense suspended the school's ability to recruit on U.S. military bases and receive federal funding for educating members of the U.S. military. After protest from senators John McCain, Jeff Flake, and Lamar Alexander, the suspension was lifted in January 2016.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) began investigating the university in 2015 in regards to an advertising campaign it ran from 2012 to 2014. On December 10, 2019, UoPX agreed to pay a settlement of $191 million related to charges that it recruited students using misleading advertisements. NPR reported the amount included $50 million in cash (which was later distributed as checks to more than 100,000 former students), as well as a $141 million cancellation in student debt, though the cancellations "won't affect student borrowers' obligations for federal or private loans". The institution admitted no wrongdoing as part of the settlement, which was at the time the largest FTC settlement against a for-profit school.

In 2015, MarketWatch reported that UoPX students owed more than $35 billion in student loan debt, the most of any US college at the time.

Between 2010 and 2016, enrollment declined by more than 70 percent amid multiple investigations, lawsuits, and controversies.

In 2016, Apollo Education Group shareholders filed a class-action lawsuit against the corporation, arguing that it withheld information leading to large losses in stock prices. Several of the allegations related to UoPX's recruiting of military personnel and veterans.

Ownership by Apollo Global Management (2016–present)
In February 2016, Apollo Group announced its sale to a private investment group comprising Apollo Global Management, the Vistria Group, and the Najafi Companies, for $1 billion. Former U.S. Department of Education deputy secretary Anthony W. Miller, partner and chief operating officer of Vistria, became chairman. The sale was approved by both the Department of Education and the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). In December 2016, the U.S. Department of Education approved of the sale of Apollo Education Group to Apollo Global Management. The company provided a letter of credit for up to $385 million. In February 2017, after the takeover by Apollo Global Management, UoPX laid off 170 full-time faculty members. According to the 2019 academic report, degreed enrollment was 87,400.

In March 2020, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) announced that they had suspended certification for G.I. Bill funds for new students at UoPX, citing a history of deceptive recruiting practices. The VA withdrew its threat of sanctions in July 2020. The same year, UoPX received $6.5 million in CARES Act funding and $7.4 million in the second round of COVID-19 relief funds. In 2020, UoPX began experimenting with micro-campuses, giving the centers a "WeWork vibe".

In 2021, Bloomberg reported that Apollo's higher education investment had gained about 50 percent in value: from its $634 million initial investment to $956 million. UoPX also received $3.4 million in aid through the American Rescue Plan.

In 2021, UoPX continued to close campuses, including Atlanta and Salt Lake City. The Phoenix, Arizona campus was the only location accepting new in-person students. UoPX would later announce that only one campus would remain open in 2025.

The University of Phoenix was one of 153 institutions included in student loan cancellation due to alleged fraud. The class action was brought by a group of more than 200,000 student borrowers in 2019, assisted by the Project on Predatory Student Lending, part of the Legal Services Center of Harvard Law School. A settlement was approved in August 2022, stating that the schools on the list were included "substantial misconduct by the listed schools, whether credibly alleged or in some instances proven." In April 2023, the Supreme Court rejected a challenge to the settlement and allowed to proceed the debt cancellation due to alleged fraud.

On September 20, 2023, the Biden administration canceled nearly $37 million of federal student loan debt for more than 1,200 borrowers who were enrolled at the University of Phoenix between September 21, 2012, and December 31, 2014.

In April 2024, the University of Phoenix and California Attorney General Rob Bonta resolved an investigation into UoPX’s use of military student recruitment tactics from 2012 through 2015 via settlement, where the university agreed to pay out $4.5 million in penalties and other fees.

Multiple acquisition proposals
Apollo Global Management has been attempting to sell the University of Phoenix since 2021. A number of schools and systems were approached, including Tuskegee University, UMass Global, the University of Arkansas System, and the University of Idaho (U of I).

In April 2023, the University of Arkansas System Board voted against the proposed sale.

In May 2023, the University of Idaho announced a deal to acquire the University of Phoenix. The total cost would be $685 million raised through bonds. A new entity was created for the purchase by U of I ultimately named Four Three Education. The Higher Learning Commission approved a "continuation of accreditation" for the school under Four Three Education. The Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (U of I's accreditors) completed a review of the potential acquisition and continued accreditation, determining that the deal “does not constitute a substantive change” for the University of Idaho.

Idaho Attorney General Raúl Labrador sued the University of Idaho, alleging that the acquisition was being pursued in violation of Idaho's Open Meetings Law. The case was brought to trial and dismissed in January 2024. Labrador appealed the decision, taking the case to the Idaho Supreme Court, with oral arguments scheduled for June 2024.

In March 2024, the Idaho legislature passed a resolution urging the Idaho State Board of Education to overturn its May 2023 vote endorsing the acquisition. Later in the month, Idaho's Senate State Affairs Committee brought SB 1450 to the floor, which intended to restructure Four Three Education into an independent body corporate politic rather than a not-for-profit, but the Idaho Senate narrowly voted the bill down, with 14 yes votes to 19 no votes. After passing the May 31st deadline of the original purchase agreement, both sides agreed to an extension, creating a new end date of June 10, 2025. In the agreement, Phoenix will reimburse the U of I $5 million, covering some of the legal fees related to due diligence of the purchase agreement. A non-exclusivity structure was also agreed upon, where Phoenix would be allowed to either seek a new buyer or undergo an initial public offering during negotiations. If Phoenix does not come to an agreement with U of I by the deadline, the university owes the U of I another $5 million. If Phoenix is bought by another school or seeks an IPO, it agreed to pay the U of I $15 million as a "break-up fee".

Academics
UoPX has an open admissions policy by which most of its undergraduate programs are accessible to anyone with a high school diploma, GED, or their equivalent. Prior to 2010, the university recruited students using high-pressure sales tactics, including assertions that classes were filling fast, by admissions counselors who are paid, in part, based on their success in recruiting students. The university recruits students and obtains financial aid on their behalf, such as the Academic Competitiveness Grant, Federal Pell Grant, National Science & Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant (National SMART Grant), Federal Direct Student Loan Program, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, Federal Direct PLUS Loans, Federal Perkins Loan, and the Wounded Warrior Project. In the 2017–18 award year, 51,990 UoPX received the Federal Pell Grant.

Besides postsecondary degree-level programs, the school offers continuing education courses for teachers and practitioners, professional development courses for companies, and specialized courses of study for military personnel. Students spend 20 to 24 hours with an instructor during each course, and are required to collaborate on learning team projects.

Students have access to class-specific online resources, which include an electronic library of textbooks and other course materials. Some academics and former students argue the abbreviated courses and the use of learning teams result in an inferior education. UoPX has been criticized for lack of academic rigor; Henry M. Levin, a professor of higher education at Teachers College at Columbia University, called its business degree an "MBA Lite", saying "I've looked at [its] course materials. It's a very low level of instruction." The university's "corporate articulation agreements" provide an alternative assessment program for people working at other companies to earn college credit for training they have completed at their jobs. To qualify for college credit, students either write an "experiential essay" or create a professional training portfolio, the latter of which is a collection of documents such as transcripts from other schools, certificates, licenses, workshops or seminars.

UoPX has been regionally accredited since 1978 by the HLC. In February 2013, a peer review group recommended to the HLC that the university be put on probation because it "has insufficient autonomy relative to its parent corporation". On May 9, 2013, the Apollo Group filed a report with the Securities and Exchange Commission which stated that the HLC Institutional Actions Council First Committee (IACFC) had recommended to the HLC that the university retain its regional accreditation, but that the university be placed on "notice" for two years. Their concerns centered on the university's governance, student assessment, and faculty scholarship in relation to Ph.D. programs. In July 2015, the HLC removed University of Phoenix from Notice Status.

University of Phoenix has 18 programs with business, healthcare, nursing, counseling and education having programmatic or specialized accreditation. Some individual colleges within University of Phoenix hold specialty accreditation or are pre-accredited by accrediting agencies that are recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.
 * School of Business – accreditation through the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP) including an Associate of Arts with a concentration in accounting or business fundamentals, a Bachelor of Science in business, a Master of Business Administration and a Doctor of Management. Because UoPX's business programs are not accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), some companies will not provide tuition reimbursement for employees attending the university.
 * College of Education – Master of Arts in Education for Elementary, Secondary and Special Education as well as a Master of Arts in Administration and Supervision is accredited by the Teacher Education Accreditation Council.
 * College of Nursing – B.S. and M.S. degree programs are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. Graduates are eligible to take the National Council Licensure Examination, which is required in order to become a practicing registered nurse. Degrees in programs for medical, public health and health administration professionals are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education iMaster of Health Administration.
 * College of Social Sciences – The Master of Science in Counseling program in Community Counseling (Phoenix and Tucson campuses only), the Master of Science in Counseling program in Mental Health Counseling (Utah campuses only), and the Master of Science in Counseling program in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (Phoenix and Tucson campuses only) are accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.

Rankings
UoPX was ranked 386th out of 391 schools in the 2021 Washington Monthly list of national universities. The university is ranked #331-440 in the 2022 edition of the U.S. News & World Report National Universities.

Ownership and leadership
UoPX is a subsidiary of Apollo Global Management and Vistria Group. The president is Chris Lynne and the chief academic officer is John Woods. Lynne previously worked at Arthur Andersen, Education Management Corporation, Northcentral University, and HotChalk. Woods has a PhD in higher education administration from Bowling Green State University.

Student demographics
According to the College Scorecard, the University of Phoenix student body's ethnic composition is 39 percent unknown, 26 percent white, 20 percent black, 11 percent Hispanic, 2 percent multiracial, with 1 percent each for Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. The 2020 Academic Annual Report for UoPX indicated women make up two-thirds of the student body, the average student age is 37, and more than 83 percent of its students are employed while in school. The 2020 report also noted that 21% of the student body were affiliated with the military, of which 41% are women. 26% of 2020 graduates were military-affiliated graduates.

In 2020–21, 1,316 students used Department of Defense Tuition Assistance and 7,380 students used G.I. Bill funds. University of Phoenix has been a partner of U.S. Army University and has had a presence at a few military bases.

Faculty
The institution depends almost entirely on contingent faculty: about 97 percent of Phoenix instructors teach part-time, compared to 47 percent nationwide. This reliance on part-time faculty has been criticized by regulators and academic critics. Most of the classes are centrally crafted and standardized to ensure consistency and to maximize profits. No faculty members get tenure. Adjuncts earn approximately $1000–$2000 per course. Approximately 21 cents of every tuition dollar is spent on instruction.

According to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, the student to faculty ratio is 110 to 1 in the Arizona segment. The university reported 76 full-time and 3,143 part-time faculty in its Arizona segment; full-time faculty make up 2 percent of the total faculty.

Student outcomes
In 2016, a Brookings Institution study estimated University of Phoenix's five-year student loan default rate at 47 percent. The College Navigator lists University of Phoenix's overall graduation rate at 15 percent. According to the College Scorecard, of student debtors two years into repayment, 32 percent were in forbearance, 28 percent were not making progress, 13 percent were in deferment, 11 percent defaulted, 7 percent were making progress, 5 percent were delinquent, 2 percent were paid in full, and 1 percent were discharged.

Alumni and affiliations
Phoenix alumni in the government sector include Howard Schmidt, Mary Peters (1994), and Brad Dee (1991). In the private sector, alumni include former MBA Chair at the Forbes School of Business & Technology and radio host Diane Hamilton. In military and law enforcement, alumni include Kirkland H. Donald and Harold Hurtt (1991). Former MSNBC anchor and a host of NBC's Early Today Christina Brown is also an alumna of the university.

Athletes who have earned degrees from the university include Shaquille O'Neal (2005), Lisa Leslie, Michael Russell (2012), and Larry Fitzgerald (2016). Fitzgerald graduated with a bachelor's degree shortly before his 33rd birthday (he began college in 2002 at the University of Pittsburgh) and was a spokesman for UoPX.

Several American policymakers have been affiliated with University of Phoenix and Apollo Education. Former secretary of the Department of Education, Margaret Spellings, is a member of the Apollo Group Board of Directors. Jane Oates, a former staffer for Senator Ted Kennedy and the Department of Labor, became the Apollo Group's vice president for external relations in 2013. Nancy Pelosi's close friendship with Sperling has been documented by Suzanne Mettler in Degrees of Inequality. University of Phoenix has community partnerships with Boys and Girls Clubs of America, the American Red Cross, and the Junior League. In 2016, University of Phoenix partnered with the ASIS Foundation to provide scholarships for students studying for security-related degrees. In March 2016, the first ten scholarship recipients were announced. In 2017, the Vistria Group was part of the deal with Apollo Global Management to take over the schools. Vistria included two friends of Barack Obama: Miller and Martin Nesbitt. In 2019, the Apollo Education Group was the third largest higher education lobby, and has 18 lobbyists at the federal level. In 2021, UoPX demanded that the Republican Attorneys General Association refund a donation of more than $50,000 after the organization was allegedly involved in instigating the 2021 United States Capitol attack.

title: University of Phoenix


text:
Belarusian Latin alphabet

The Belarusian Latin alphabet or Łacinka (from лацінка, BGN/PCGN: latsinka, ) for the Latin script in general is the common name for writing Belarusian using Latin script. It is similar to the Sorbian alphabet and incorporates features of the Polish and Czech alphabets. Today, Belarusian most commonly uses the Cyrillic alphabet.

Use
Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century. After the annexation of the Belarusian territory by the Russian Empire, Łacinka was completely banned by the Russian authorities during 1859-1905 in order to facilitate the switch to the Cyrillic script and preferably to the Russian language in general. This ban ended in 1905, resulting in the active concurrent use of both Łacinka and the Belarusian Cyrillic script in numerous books and newspapers until the 1930s. Though during the time of the occupation of the western part of Belarus by the German Empire in 1914-1918, the Łacinka script was the only one allowed to be studied on the "native language" lessons because the Cyrillic script was banned there.

Nowadays Łacinka is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Naša Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet.

The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic е can be je or ie, depending on its position in a word. Also, there is no soft sign in Łacinka; palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant.

Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is similar to Łacinka, but transliterates Cyrillic л in different ways: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (geographical), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (geographical), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (geographical). This may become a source of confusion because, for example, the Łacinka spelling of the word "столь" is indistinguishable from the geographical transliteration of a different word "стол" as they both look like "stol". Whereas the changes of the actual Łacinka were never disruptive or ambiguous during its lifetime, digraphs sz/cz were even sometimes used along with their modernized diacritic š/č replacements in the same text.

History
In the 16th century, the first known Latin renderings of Belarusian Cyrillic text occurred, in quotes of Ruthenian in Polish and Latin texts. The renderings were not standardised, and Polish orthography seems to have been used for Old Belarusian sounds.

In the 17th century, Belarusian Catholics gradually increased their use of the Latin script but still largely in parallel with the Cyrillic. Before the 17th century, the Belarusian Catholics had often used the Cyrillic script.

In the 18th century, the Latin script was used, in parallel with Cyrillic, in some literary works, like in drama for contemporary Belarusian.

In the 19th century, some Polish and Belarusian writers of Polish cultural background sometimes or always used the Latin script in their works in Belarusian, notably Jan Čačot, Paŭluk Bahrym, Vincent Dunin-Marcinkievič, Francišak Bahuševič, and Adam Hurynovič. The Revolutionary Democrat Kastuś Kalinoŭski used only the Latin script in his newspaper Peasants’ Truth (Мужыцкая праўда, in Latin script: Mużyckaja prauda, or Mužyckaja praŭda; six issues in 1862–1863).

Such introduction of the Latin script for the language broke with the long Cyrillic tradition and is sometimes explained by the unfamiliarity of the 19th century writers with the history of the language or with the language itself or by the impossibility of acquiring or using the Cyrillic type at the printers that the writers had been using.

The custom of using the Latin script for Belarusian text gradually ceased to be common, but at the beginning of the 20th century, there were still several examples of use of the Latin script in Belarusian printing:

 * Newspaper Naša Dola (1906).
 * Newspaper Naša Niva (the issues during 10.11.1906 – 31.10.1912) — issues in both Cyrillic and Latin (with the subheading: Printed weekly in Russian and in Polish letters (in Latin script: Wychodzić szto tydzień ruskimi i polskimi literami)).
 * Ciotka’s Belarusian Violin (Скрыпка беларуская, Skrypka biełaruskaja), Baptism to Freedom (Хрэст на свабоду, Chrest na swabodu) — books of poetry.
 * Ciotka’s First reading for Belarusian children (Першае чытанне для дзетак-беларусаў, Perszaje czytannie dla dzietak-biełarusaŭ) — an attempt at creating a Belarusian elementary reading book.
 * Janka Kupała’s Zither Player (Гусляр, Huslar; 1910) — book of poetry.
 * rev. Balasłaŭ Pačopka’s Belarusian Grammar (1915, publ. in 1918) — Belarusian grammar, based entirely on Latin script, but is claimed by Belarusian linguists, however, to be prepared unscientifically and breaking the traditions of the Belarusian language. See also Belarusian grammar.

In the 1920s in the Belarusian SSR, like the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926), some suggestions were made to consider a transition of the Belarusian grammar to the Latin script (for example, Źmicier Žyłunovič for "making the Belarusian grammar more progressive"). However, they were rejected by the Belarusian linguists (such as Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski).

From the 1920s to 1939, after the partition of Belarus (1921), the use of a modified Latin script was reintroduced to Belarusian printing in Western Belarus, chiefly for political reasons. The proposed form of the Belarusian Latin alphabet and some grammar rules were introduced for the first time in the 5th (unofficial) edition of Taraškievič's grammar (Vilnia, 1929).

Belarusian was written in the Latin script in 1941 to 1944 in the German-occupied Belarusian territories and by the Belarusian diaspora in Prague (1920s – c.1945).

After the Second World War, Belarusian was occasionally written in the Latin script by the Belarusian diaspora in Western Europe and the Americas (notably in West Germany and the United States). In 1962, Jan Stankievič proposed a completely new Belarusian Latin alphabet.

Today
Nowadays, Łacinka is used rarely apart from some posters and badges. Yet, some books continue to be published in this script. For instance:
 * Uładzimir Arłoŭ. 2015. Patria Aeterna. Apaviadańni [Patria Aeterna: Short Stories]. Minsk: A. N. Varaksin. ISBN 9789857128129
 * Ričardas Gavelis. 2018. Vilenski pokier [Vilnius Poker] (translated from the Lithuanian by Paŭlina Vituščanka). Vilnius: Logvino literatūros namai and Minsk: Lohvinaŭ. ISBN 9786098213249. NB: The paper book was published in Cyrillic in Taraškievica. Yet, the ebook is available in three orthographically and scriptaly different versions, namely, also in Łacinka and official orthography, apart from the faithful copy of the paper edition.
 * Alhierd Bacharevič. 2022. Vieršy Вершы  [Poems]. Prague: Vydaviectva Viasna Выдавецтва Вясна.ISBN 9788090735958, 142pp. NB: Each poem is given in Łacinka and Cyrillic.
 * In Vilnius since 1997 functions a magazine Рунь (Ruń, ISNN 1392-7671), recent issues of which include articles in both Cyrillic Taraškievica and Łacinka.

In late 2021 a VK project of the Latin alphabet-based Belarusian Wikipedia, that is, the Biełaruskaja Wikipedyja łacinkaj, commenced.

On the occasion of the International Mother Language Day (February 21) in 2023, a machine-converted website edition of Naša Niva in Łacinka was launched.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Belarusian Latin alphabet


text:
Piriform cortex

The piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex, is a region in the brain, part of the rhinencephalon situated in the cerebrum. The function of the piriform cortex relates to the sense of smell.

Structure
The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the cerebrum.

In human anatomy, the piriform cortex has been described as consisting of the cortical amygdala, uncus, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus. More specifically, the human piriform cortex is located between the insula and the temporal lobe, anteriorly and laterally of the amygdala.

Function
The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction, which is the perception of smell. This has been particularly shown in humans for the posterior piriform cortex.

The piriform cortex in rodents and some primates has been shown to harbor cells expressing markers of plasticity such as doublecortin and PSA-NCAM which are modulated by the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system.

Clinical significance
The piriform cortex contains a critical, functionally defined epileptogenic trigger zone, "Area Tempestas". From this site in piriform cortex chemical and electrically evoked seizures can be triggered. It is the site of action for the proconvulsant action of chemoconvulsants.

Other animals
Sometimes called the olfactory cortex, olfactory lobe or paleopallium, piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Further along the phylogenic timeline, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallial hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex.

As mammalian brains developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampal regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallial piriform cortex in humans and Old World monkeys.

Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogenically younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of insectivores than in primates. The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion.

title: Piriform cortex


text:
Talk:List of Forbes 500

Needs to be updated.
The Forbes 500 list changes from year to year. What is this page going to be? A list of all companies that have ever been on the Forbes 500? A list of companies currently on the Forbes 500? Maybe there should be years listed next to each company, if the list is going to include more than one year? --Lowellian 06:54, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * There's historic interest in knowing the past so it'll be useful to track them as they change over time. Not sure how to do it - note sure how much the list changes each year. Lets wait and decide next year, when we'll have more data... Jamesday 00:33, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The list changes quite a bit each year. --Lowellian 06:08, Mar 1, 2004 (UTC)

Is this list still updated? I can't see it at. The latest update is which is "a report card on how these big corporations performed in 2002". But this list seems to be older than that, judging from the names, Bethlehem Steel, BankAmerica, Banc One, Citicorp, First Union, Gateway 2000, LTV. Citicorp was renamed in 1998. It could be the 1998 list for 1997 .--Jerryseinfeld 01:53, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I want an updated list as well. And why not contain more stats, just like Fortune 500? User:GaryKing, 2005-02-23t01:55:04z

Tabling multiple years.
Any ideas on improving the table format before we start populating them? — Jeandré, 2005-12-29t11:19z
 * I will try this kind of formatting on a small section of the list. For any disagreements/suggestions, please leave a note on my talk page.

 * Company ABC
 * 1990
 * 1991
 * 1992
 * bgcolor="ffcc00"|1993
 * 1994
 * 1995
 * 1996
 * bgcolor="ffcc00"|1997
 * 1998
 * 1999
 * bgcolor="ffcc00"|2000
 * Company XYZ
 * 1990
 * 1991
 * 1992
 * bgcolor="ffcc00"|1993
 * bgcolor="ffcc00"|1994
 * 1995
 * 1996
 * 1997
 * 1998
 * bgcolor="ffcc00"|1999
 * 2000
 * bgcolor="ffcc00"|1999
 * 2000

 *  Cdcon  20:47, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

100, 358, 500, 779...
From the 2001 list onwards, the 500 top ranked are shown. Before that only the ranking of the top 100 are shown in the alphabetical listings. To add to the confusion, the 2005-12-14t21:41:46z version of this article with the 1998 list had 358 asterisks.

Should we limit our 1998 list to 100, or does someone have access to those 500? Should we split the 2001+ tables? — Jeandré, 2005-12-29t19:26z

title: Talk:List of Forbes 500


text:
President of Guyana

The president of Guyana is the head of state and the head of government of Guyana, as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic, according to the Constitution of Guyana. The president is also the chancellor of the Orders of Guyana. Concurrent with their constitutional role as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the president does not appoint a separate Minister of Defence. That portfolio is held by the president who fulfils all responsibilities designated to a minister of defence under the Defence Act.

History and description
When Guyana was declared a republic in 1970 the president was elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term and possessed largely ceremonial powers. President Arthur Chung was the only person to hold the office under those legal provisions. After a 1980 referendum the constitution was amended to make the presidency an executive post (i.e. the office holder would be both the country's head of state and its head of government) and the office became known as the executive president. Forbes Burnham was the first person to become president following these changes.

Election
Pursuant to article 91 of the constitution, the president is elected by the people on the basis of the votes cast in the parliamentary election (that is, using double simultaneous vote). Each list of contesting parties will on Nomination Day designate a member of their list as that party's presidential candidate. The presidential candidate whose party's list of candidates receives the most votes is deemed to be elected president and holds office for the legislature's duration — which is, in practice, five years.

If two or more candidates who have more votes cast for them than any other candidate receive an equal number of votes, then under article 177(3) of the constitution, the president shall be determined by drawing lots in the presence of the Chancellor of the Judiciary and the public. This process of drawing lots to determine the president has never occurred in the history of Guyana since the creation of the presidency.

Qualification for election
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
 * Be a citizen of Guyana by birth or parentage
 * Have resided in Guyana for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
 * Be qualified to be elected a member of the National Assembly, that is to say:
 * Be a citizen of Guyana 18 years and older
 * Be able to speak, and read the English language to an extent which would allow active participation in the proceedings of the National Assembly, unless an incapacity prevents this. In which case this provision will not apply.

Concurrently, under article 155(1) of the constitution, and reinforced by a 2019 ruling of the Supreme Court of Judicature of Guyana, persons holding citizenship of Guyana and any other country (dual citizens) are not allowed to be members of the National Assembly, and consequently would not be eligible to be president.

Oath of office
Before entering into office, the a person who has been elected or re-elected President must take and sign the following oath of office, the wording of which is specified in the First Schedule to the constitution:

"I (name) do hereby solemnly declare that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the People of Guyana that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that in the execution of the functions of that office I will honour, uphold, and preserve the Constitution of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana."

The phrase 'so help me God' is not specified in the constitution, but may be added at the end of the oath on the personal discretion of the president.

Absence and vacancy of the office
Whenever the president is out of Guyana or is absent from Guyana by reason of illness the prime minister, or - if the Prime Minister is already out of Guyana at the same time - any other Minister designated by the president shall assume the office as Acting President until the president is able to resume office.

The constitution also makes provision for a scenario where a president is too ill to transmit the above instructions. In the event this occurs, the temporary succession would proceed; however, the person acting as president is prevented from dissolving the National Assembly without the advice of the Cabinet, and may not revoke Presidential appointments. The person acting as president will cease to do so when the permanent president informs them that they are well and able to resume office.

The office of president only becomes vacant in the following circumstances:
 * If the holder of the office dies
 * If the holder of the office resigns via a letter under their hand and addressed to the Speaker of the National Assembly
 * If the holder of the office is removed for incapacity (pursuant to article 179 of the constitution)
 * If the holder of the office is removed for violating the constitution or gross misconduct (pursuant to article 180 of the constitution)

Where a vacancy in the office exists in the above circumstances, the Prime Minister becomes the new substantive President rather than being an Acting President.

Order of succession
In the event that there is a vacancy in the office of President, article 95(1) of the constitution makes provision for a 'worst-case scenario' accounting for multiple levels of vacancy and specifies that the order of succession to the presidency shall be: (or if there is no Prime Minister) (or if there is no Prime Minister, and no Cabinet)
 * The Prime Minister
 * Any Minister who is an elected member of the National Assembly as determined by the Cabinet
 * The Chancellor of the Judiciary

Cacique's Crown
The Cacique's Crown is the personal emblem of the president of the Republic. Designated as such in 1970 when Guyana became a republic, the Cacique's Crown has been consistently used by all presidents. It is commonly seen on stationery, the presidential vehicle, at the president's office, and at State House – the president's official residence. While the Cacique's Crown used by the president and on items connected to the president may have slight artistic variations, it always consists of a design containing seven feathers and often coloured in solid gold or in different shades of gold to show relief. Use of the Cacique's Crown in an unauthorized manner is restricted. The Cacique's Crown is also the main feature of the crest of the coat of arms of Guyana.

Arms of the president
The arms of the president was adopted by proclamation on 23 February 1970 when Guyana became a republic. It consists of the shield from the coat of arms of Guyana containing a green inescutcheon bearing a Cacique's Crown in full colour. The overall shield design is surmounted by a predominantly gold coloured Cacique's Crown.

The arms of the president is rarely seen in use. Successive presidents have used the Cacique's Crown more frequently and consistently than the arms of the president. During the David Granger presidency (2015-2020), the arms of the president was used more frequently when it formed the main charge of his presidential standard.

Independence constitution
Independent Guyana's first constitution, a modified version of the 1961 constitution, took effect on the first day of independence, May 26, 1966. It reaffirmed the principle that Guyana was a democratic state founded on the rule of law. The titular head of the country was the British monarch, represented in Guyana by the governor general, who served in a largely ceremonial capacity. Real executive power rested in the prime minister, appointed by the majority party in the renamed National Assembly, and his ministers. The first post-independence elections in 1968 confirmed the dominant role of the PNC and its leader, Forbes Burnham. On February 23, 1970, the Burnham government proclaimed the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. This move had both economic and political ramifications. The government argued that the country's many resources had been controlled by foreign capitalists and that organizing the population into cooperatives would provide the best path to development.

The 1970 proclamation severed Guyana's last significant constitutional tie to Britain. The governor general, heretofore the ceremonial head of state, was replaced by a Guyanese, was the country's first president.

Although its ties to the British monarch were broken, Guyana remained within the Commonwealth of Nations. Membership in the Commonwealth allowed Guyana to reap the benefits of access to markets in Britain and to retain some of the defence arrangements that Britain offered its former colonies. In particular, the British defence umbrella was seen as a deterrent to Venezuelan claims on Guyanese territory.

In 1978 a constitutional referendum was held. The proposed change to Article 73 of the constitution would abolish the need for referendums to change the entrenched provisions of the constitution (including presidential powers, the dissolution of Parliament and the electoral system) and instead allow them to be changed by a two-thirds majority in parliament (which the PNC had at the time). It would also result in the postponement of the elections scheduled for later in the year, and instead the parliament elected in 1973 would be declared a Constituent Assembly.

title: President of Guyana


text:
User talk:Robert Bruce Livingston

Fred W. Friendly
I think there may be some problems with your recent edit of Fred W. Friendly. I don't think this edit should have been flagged as "minor". Please take a look at my comments on Talk:Fred W. Friendly. Thanks. DES 17:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Please note
Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.Cutler (talk) 23:59, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Apologies. I now see what you have (obviously inadvertently) done. There was an existing image of Alexander Cockburn, 12th Baronet which was called "Image:Alexander_Cockburn.jpg". When you created an image of journalist Alexander Cockburn, you gave it the same name and did not heed the warning notice that you were about to overwrite an existing image. I only realised this after I have rewritten over your image and it's too late to undo. Had I realised before I would have uploaded the baronet's image with a different name. I suggest that you recreate your image with the name "Image:Alexander_Cockburn_journalist.jpg".Cutler (talk) 17:57, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

We've had the odd situation where the journalist's article has had the judge's photo and the judge's article has had the journalist's photo! I have deleted the upload of the journalist's photo and removed the judge's photo from the journalist's article, so you'll need to reupload the journalist's photo under a new name, as Cutler suggests. Regards, BencherliteTalk 12:12, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for the excellent image of Matt. bov (talk) 22:06, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Cynthia
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File:Wangari Maathai portrait by Martin Rowe.jpg
Hello! Do you happen to remember your source for this image and where it's indicated that it's been released into the public domain? Apart from publications citing Wikimedia Commons, I was unable to find one. The closest that I saw was this website, which lists the photograph among those that are "available (and have a high enough resolution) for use in print" and states that "credit should be applied as indicated on the photo." Thanks! —David Levy 01:28, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

I do not recall. Robert B. Livingston (talk) 18:30, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Hampton Roads Military & Federal Facilities Alliance

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title: User talk:Robert Bruce Livingston


text:
User talk:Jerzy/Archive 01

Soviets - frame 1
On User talk:203.5.110.252, i wrote in part (about Soviet)
 * ... For the promotion of the terminology of editing (and not to contest your edits at all), i note in finicky fashion that
 * when i wrote "in accord to Bolshevik understanding of Marxist-Leninist theory", i probably meant to say "in accord with Bolshevik understanding of Marxist-Leninist theory" (and probably wanted no article between "with" and its object), and
 * i'd rather see it said that there's nothing wrong with the grammar tho a slip of the pen made my usage odd and worth changing, and
 * tho the result is fine, you effected a subtle change of meaning.

 * (But on the assumption that i find these a lot more interesting than you, i'll continue at talk user:Jerzy rather than here.)...

Some "editology" comments that seemed better taking up space here than there follow now:

It seems to me that all the parts of speech were in a syntactically acceptable relation to one another. It's true that the parts of speech they teach us all in school are not the full story that linguists recognize (there are languages that recognize not just masculine, feminine, and neuter genders, but also invisible gender and so on), and it's reasonable and i think not a violation of linguistics custom to regard, e.g., the distinction between, say, nouns that can and can't be read and told as a part-of-speech distinction. But it seems to me more useful to speak of "in accord to" (my typo) as a usage error than a grammar one.

These particular verbs, prepositions, and nouns are subject to some "rules" (such as "'accord with' and 'according to' but not 'accord to'") that are better understood as reflecting which constructions have familiar interpretations and which are rare enough to be make the ambiguity an effort to resolve.

As to the change of meaning that resulted, within a slip of the pen i wrote (without conscious choice of words) "organized in accord [with] Bolshevik understanding..." rather than "organized according to the Bolshevik understanding..." to imply "organized in a way consistent with the body of different understandings among Bolsheviks" as opposed to "organized as required by the single clearcut Bolshevik understanding".

(Now, of course that may have been naïve of me; the Bolsheviks are famous for emphasizing the "centralism" aspect to the near exclusion of the "democratic" one in "democratic centralism" -- even if
 * Dr. Zhivago 's portrayal of contention between the commander and the political officer of Zhivago's guerrilla unit (in the movie at least) and
 * his encounter with a locally instituted 10-day week, with various trades each having a different day off (in the novel only)

suggest substantial pluralism in this period.) --Jerzy 07:34, 2003 Oct 29 (UTC)

Soviets - Frame 2: A reply about Soviets
Jerzy. I pictured "Soviets organised in accord with Bolshevik principles" as the Soviets forming an equal alliance and voluntarily choosing Bolshevik principles. "...according to..." is more neutral. It doesn't seem to indicate who did the organising and how. I'd suggest adding a sentance on that, or clarifying the parenthesis on independent soviets. As far as a plurality of Bolshevik views, I think it would be simpler to pluralise the "principles" or "ideologies" of the Bolsheviks. Pluralism certainly was present, but its a bit confused in the article at the moment. Vi chitaete pa Ruskij? Ya nye ochen chitaete pa Ruskij.

Soviets - Frame 3 - Jerzy again
Sorry if i seemed to be questioning yr edit; i was more interested in the existence of the nuances in my own edit -- which escaped me until you drew attention to them by choosing a completely different way from mine, of correcting my mis-chosen preposition. (Mis-chosen or, probably, suited to my first wording of that bullet, and becoming unsuitable when i changed something else w/o changing the preposition (without then proof-reading adequately).

Don't let my musings upset yr plan for the article or related ones; i'm happy to have contributed what i did, and no doubt will be happy to watch it evolve into something probably much better than mine. FWIW, you should know that i reached that page either from a Random Page or by a nearly random wander from something now forgotten; when i got to Soviet, it looked spotty to me (not, e.g., what i assume you would have written), and from J. Reed some 30 years ago, my trick memory (why should anyone recall "Smolny Institute" that long w/o using it?) came up with stuff which i worked into what you found & fixed.

But i lack the depth of knowledge to judge whether you've POVed the level of diversity among the Bolsheviki of that period. And i'm far from any position of ability to judge whether you've "answered" my seeming "complaints" abt the implications of what you editted in. Pls treat it more like a bemused interest in how little changing of my words it took, to replace my nuances with others (whether or not some (not me) might see them as crucial to the subject). (Think of that as why it was on this talk page, rather than yours or the articles', that i continued: i'm talking far more abt how we all use language than abt s- & S- oviets, or the article on them.)

(Temp) Deletion of Soviet
Erm...yeah, good point. Who would delete such a thing? It went through the new transwiki system rather than VfD, which I think I've just proven is a rather bad system. If you look at the Transwiki log, you can see that Smack moved the article to Wiktionary. As this had been done, it makes the article instantly deletable, which I did. This is obviously not a Good Thing. I've undeleted it and, when I'm a bit more awake, I'll rewrite transwiki and the Deletion policy to reflect these issues. Sorry for any disturbance this caused you. I don't personally think it should be deleted anyway. Angela. 20:24, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * A disambiguation notice at the bottom of the page would probably be a good idea. Angela. 20:36, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Re: Family-name-first Names
I wish I could get clear direction on the ordering of Japanese names. I know that the last name is traditionally put first, but I've always known Haruomi (or Harry) to use that order. I'm in the dark, and you can look at the history and see that I wasn't sure one way or the other. Any advice you have would be great. - sugarfish 05:14, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Intel 4004
Hi Jerzy, to keep things nice'n'tidy I like to discuss subjects in one place, so feel free to come on over. --Wernher 05:43, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

IFF
Jerzy, I forget why I got involved with this one - it's not something I have any expertise on, it just linked to something I was working on and I noticed the duplication and try to sort it out. So I'm very happy for you and Bryan (? - can't go back to check) to manage it between you. Thanks for asking. seglea 19:51, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Old Miscellany
moin!, my answer to your posting on de:Benutzer Diskussion:Pit: Yes, I can change it anytime.. so did I, now. Now its Denmark not Danmark. thank you for taking notice! -- pit

for the explanation of moin just click! *g* its a typical greeting in Bremen.. greetings! - pit

You can sign your name with ~. When does his term end? Let's not assume he will complete his term. We dont go to the George W. Bush article adding that "he is the President of the United States until 2005" and change it to 2009 if he gets reelected. That's ridiculous. We just state that he is the president. Unlike other encyclopedias, WP articles can be updated/edited regularly. --Jiang

Reading your comment on Hawaii I wonder what law exists on a federal level that prevents North Dakota from changing its name to Dakota. I couldn't find anything on google. Rmhermen 02:49, Nov 11, 2003 (UTC)
 * I just read the act of admision of Hawaii and don't see that it notes a legal opinion in 1961 that would negate deals like that which forced Utah to ban polygamy. I still haven't seen that states don't have the power to change their own names. At worst you would have a situation like Newfoundland where until recently the federal government called it a different name than the provincial government used for itself. Rmhermen 14:12, Nov 11, 2003 (UTC)

(reply to Jiang)
 * I owe an apology, as part of a longer response, left over from our discussion about Sen. Akaka, but if i don't get it on here w/in 30 min., i'm not confident of getting it taken care of before the new week.

 * Tnx again; you are being helpful. --Jerzy 02:12, 2003 Nov 15 (UTC)

Thanks for pointing out the "VfD" thing. Silly me, probably b/c I'd been away from the computer a while and forgot my normal routine. Not sure to what you're referring w/ the "tilde" comment. I thought it was spelled "tilda," but I can't recall ever doing anything on wikipedia involving the spelling of it. --zandperl 21:38, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Stopped editing as a reasonable hour? As if I'd do thing like that ;) The users you mentioned seem to have made two edits and gone away, but I'll check again later to see if they return. Most vandals do go away quite quickly, so I think you right here not to bother listing them on ViP. Sometimes that encourages them. Angela. 03:03, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Note: User:Jimbo Wales page already says he is the 'Benevolent Dictator' of Wikipedia, so I thought I'd put it in. I have no opinion either way about him, I just thought it would be funnier that way.

--Rfc1394 20:53, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

No problem. I agree it's an unusual standard. - Hephaestos 02:53, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

-- Custom messages --

and will produce the same thing. Like with article titles, the first letter of capitalisation doesn't matter, but the capitalisation of the rest of the word does. How do you mean it doesn't work? It seems to work for me: The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. Angela. 03:57, Jan 12, 2004 (UTC)

Nation-State
(Hmm, i must have put a copy here, later, for context, of what i edited into DQ's Talk page:) You wrote on VfD that
 * 'nation-state' means something else.

but it sounds to me like the recent history of how it has been used in List of nation states and Nation state is consistent. (Or did i screw up interpreting the page-histories of the pages and redirect?) I intend, unless someone else starts a discussion of this on Talk:Nation state or somewhere else off VfD, to do so and reference it by responding to you on VfD. I'll undertake that from a library, with The Oxford Companion to Politics (or is it something like "...World Politics of the World "?) at my side. Of course a sketch of the differences you have in mind would be helpful. --Jerzy 16:01, 2003 Dec 13 (UTC)

 * It seems like a very fuzzy definition indeed. I'm not really sure the word is used in this way or applied to those countries in this way now. I've always seen the word used in the context of historical earlier forms of states. The fuzziness and possible non-NPOV of our definition and how it is being applied concerns me more, though.  Daniel Quinlan 22:07, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

List of people - Response from Paul (User Rfc1394)
[Content under this heading, about 2 KB, moved to (for now, top of) User talk:Jerzy/Top Arc LoPbN under same heading. --Jerzy(t) 16:39, 2004 Sep 3 (UTC)]

title: User talk:Jerzy/Archive 01


text:
Prime Minister of Guyana

The prime minister of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana is an elected member of the National Assembly of Guyana who is the principal assistant and advisor to the president as well as the leader of government business in the Assembly, but is not the head of government in Guyana. The prime minister assumes the office of president if the presidency becomes vacant.

Background
The office of Prime Minister of Guyana was established in 1966 upon Guyana becoming independent. The office is the direct successor to that of the Premier and Chief Minister of British Guiana. In 1964, the last elections in British Guiana were held. With the next elections slated to occur after independence, the Premier of British Guiana automatically became Prime Minister of Guyana on Independence Day.

From 1966 to 1980 the prime minister was the head of government, exercising executive power and general direction and control of the government. During this time the country’s head of state was Elizabeth II (represented by a governor-general) from 1966 to 1970, and then a ceremonial president from 1970 to 1980 after Guyana became a republic.

The 1980 constitution abolished the ceremonial presidency and created an executive president who became head of state and head of government. Under the constitution the prime minister before the commencement of the constitution became the president with full executive powers. The office of Prime Minister was retained and now included the permanent subsidiary office of First Vice-President to further highlight the constitutional role of the prime minister as the president’s successor. However the powers and influence of the office and of individual prime ministers has varied depending on the responsibilities delegated by the president.

Appointment and responsibilities
The prime minister is appointed by the president from among the elected members of the National Assembly of Guyana. As a result of the political structure of the government of Guyana where an election for the members of the National Assembly concurrently serves as an election of the president, the prime minister is always drawn from the party or coalition the president belongs to. Despite it being the practice of almost all political parties or coalitions to designate a presidential and prime ministerial candidate in the event they secure the most votes over any other parties or coalitions in the election, only a presidential candidate is legally required to be designated in advance of the election.

The selection, appointment, and removal of the prime minister is therefore constitutionally at the discretion of the president; however, only a member of the National Assembly who is eligible to become president may be appointed prime minister. This ensures that the requirements for a person to become president is met in case circumstances result in the prime minister having to accede to the office.

Under Article 101 of the Constitution of Guyana, the prime minister is described as the president’s principal assistant in the discharge of the functions of the president. The responsibilities of the prime minister include:
 * Serving as Acting President whenever the President is temporarily absent or unable discharge the functions of the office.
 * Acceding to the Presidency on the event of the death, removal, or resignation of a President.
 * Chairing the meetings of the Cabinet in the absence of the President.
 * Serving as the Leader of Government Business in the National Assembly (this is a legislative role and not akin to being Head of Government).
 * Heading the office of the Prime Minister and having oversight of the subordinate agencies of that office.
 * Serving as the subject Minister of any additional ministerial portfolios designated by the President.

The Constitution also mandates that the prime minister – being first vice-president – has precedence over any additional vice president(s).

Oath of office
Prior to the appointment of a Prime Minister, the President will issue an ‘Instrument Appointing a Prime Minister’ under the Seal of Guyana which sets out the name of the person to be appointed, and the section of the constitution utilized to make the appointment.

The Prime Minister designate then takes the following oath of office of the form specified in the Schedule to the Constitution of Guyana: "I (name) do hereby solemnly declare that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the People of Guyana that I will faithfully execute the office of Prime Minister of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that in the execution of the functions of that office I will honour, uphold, and preserve the Constitution of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana." The phrase 'so help me God' is not specified in the constitution, but may be added at the end of the oath on the personal discretion of the prime minister. The oath is then signed by the prime minister and countersigned by the president, after which, the instrument of appointment is handed over to the prime minister.

Symbols of office
There are no distinctive symbols of the office of prime minister as the coat of arms of Guyana is used. The prime minister is one of only two officials in Guyana – the other being the president – who do not use regular vehicle plates. The vehicle containing the prime minister displays a gold image of the coat of arms of Guyana.

List of prime ministers
This is a list of the prime ministers of Guyana, from the establishment of the office of Chief Minister of British Guiana in 1953 to the present day. After the creation of the vice presidency in 1980, the title became the Prime Minister and First Vice President of Guyana.

title: Prime Minister of Guyana


text:
President of Suriname

The president of the Republic of Suriname (President van de Republiek Suriname) is, in accordance with the Constitution of 1987, the head of state and head of government of Suriname, and commander-in-chief of the Suriname National Army (SNL). The president also appoints a cabinet.

The current president is Chan Santokhi, a former chief of police. He is affiliated with the Progressive Reform Party (VHP). Santokhi was elected on 13 July 2020 as president by acclamation in an uncontested election, and inaugurated on 16 July on the Onafhankelijkheidsplein in Paramaribo in a ceremony without the public presence due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History
The office of president was created upon independence from the Netherlands in 1975. Until 1987, the presidency was mostly a ceremonial post, discharging most of the functions previously vested in the monarchy of the Netherlands. For all intents and purposes, real power was vested in the prime minister.

The first officeholder was Johan Ferrier, a schoolteacher and veteran politician who had served as governor since 1968. He resigned as president in August 1980, several months after a coup d'état. From then until 1988, the presidents were essentially army-installed puppets of army commander Dési Bouterse, who ruled as a de facto military dictator with few practical checks on his power.

Bouterse allowed multiparty elections in 1987, shortly after the current constitution was approved in a referendum. The presidency became an executive post, with duties and responsibilities similar to those of presidents in semi-presidential republics. On 24 December 1990, two days after Bouterse's resignation as army commander, the army called president Ramsewak Shankar to inform him that he and his cabinet were removed from office, in another coup d'état; police chief and acting army commander Ivan Graanoogst was appointed acting president. On 27 December 1990, Johannes Kraag became the president. The army returned power to civilians in 1991, and the president has been freely elected ever since.

Election
The president and a vice president are elected by no less than a two-thirds supermajority of members in the National Assembly to a five-year mandate and are accountable to the Assembly. During their time in office, the president must forfeit any additional posts in politics or business.

Qualification
A candidate must be a Surinamese national (resident in the country for at least six years) who is at least 30 years of age. A candidate must win at least two-thirds of the votes in the Assembly to be elected. If no candidate wins two-thirds after three rounds, the vote then goes to the United People's Congress, composed of the Assembly and local government officials. In this case, a simple majority is required.

Powers and duties
The president is vested with extensive functional powers. The president names and dismisses ministers, signs bills, and names and dismisses diplomatic staff. He declares war and states of emergency with the ratification of the National Assembly. He concludes foreign treaties and agreements, again with the assent of the Assembly. He also exercises ceremonial duties such as conferring awards, receiving foreign diplomats, and granting pardons.

List of presidents
{{legend||National Party of Suriname (NPS)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Nationalist Republican Party (PNR)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Progressive Reform Party (VHP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Democratic Party (NDP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Independent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties

title: President of Suriname


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 1

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1327 – Fourteen-year-old Edward III was crowned King of England, but with the country ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
 * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn was signed, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
 * 1662 – Sino-Dutch conflicts: The Dutch East India Company's rule in Taiwan ended after a siege by the Ming loyalist Koxinga.
 * 1896 – Giacomo Puccini's opera La bohème premiered at the Teatro Regio in Turin, Italy, eventually becoming one of the most frequently performed operas internationally.
 * 1942 – Voice of America, the official external radio and television service of the United States federal government, began broadcasting to Germany during World War II.
 * 1957 – Invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, the first working prototype of the Wankel rotary engine ran for the first time at the research and development department of NSU Motorenwerke AG.
 * 1960 – Four African American students staged the first Greensboro sit-ins at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.
 * 1972 – Kuala Lumpur (pictured), the capital of Malaysia, was granted city status.
 * 1978 – After having served 42 days in prison for the sexual assault of a 13-year-old girl, Polish film director Roman Polanski fled the United States before the formal sentencing hearing.
 * 1985 – Aeroflot Flight 7841 crashed shortly after takeoff from Minsk National Airport, killing fifty-eight people on board.
 * 2001 – The Timor Leste Defence Force was established from the erstwhile anti-Indonesian independence movement Falintil.
 * 2003 – All seven crew members aboard Space Shuttle Columbia were killed when the orbiter disintegrated over Texas during reentry.
 * 2012 – Following an Egyptian Premier League match in Port Said, Al Masry fans rioted and violently attacked Al Ahly supporters, resulting in 74 deaths.
 * 2021 – The Burmese military staged the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, which deposed the democratically-elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi, and sparked nationwide protests and a civil war.

 * Born/died this day: | Alexios I of Trebizond |d|1222| Francesco Maria Veracini |b|1690| Thomas Campbell |b|1763| Erik Adolf von Willebrand |b|1870|  Clara Butt |b|1872|  Stanley Matthews |b|1915| Hassan Al-Turabi |b|1932  Michelle Akers |b|1966| George Whipple |d|1976|  Wojdan Shaherkani |b|1996


text:
Here's Humphrey

Here's Humphrey was an Australian children's television series produced by Banksia Productions for the Nine Network, which first aired on 24 May 1965 and last went to air in 2008.

It features an anthropomorphic brown bear character (a person in a costume) known as Humphrey B. Bear, and was produced in Adelaide, South Australia. In September 2013, community station, West TV, began airing repeats of Here's Humphrey in Perth. The character still exists, owned by Ozpix Entertainment as of 2020.

Here's Humphrey became one of the most successful programs for preschoolers in Australia, was sold internationally, and is one of the longest-running children's television programs in the world. The program received multiple Logie Television Awards.

Format
The series features anthropomorphic brown bear character known as Humphrey B. Bear, who is mute. Set in a magical forest, Humphrey is paired with a human presenter, who narrates their adventures. The series takes place in Humphrey's tree house, where he partakes in magical adventures.

One of the central ideas presented in the show is the importance of taking part and not always being successful at everything.

Humphrey B. Bear
Several performers portrayed the role of Humphrey.
 * Edwin Duryea (1965)
 * Ross Hutchinson
 * John Maclean
 * Tom Fairlie
 * Aaron Dubois (1992-1994)
 * Tony Balzan (1985–2008)
 * Bec Schembri (2002-2007)

Production
Here's Humphrey was originally aired exclusively in Adelaide on NWS-9, premiering on 24 May 1965, before airing nationally two years later. Filmed in Adelaide and produced by Banskia Productions, the character of Humphrey was initially known as "Bear Bear" until he was renamed as a result of a competition. The program was created as a result of Humphrey's previous popularity on the afternoon program The Channel Niners. Here's Humphrey was granted a P classification, deeming it specifically designed to meet the needs and interests of pre-schoolers and allowing it to be broadcast on the Nine Network with a 30-minute runtime commercial-free. Classification deals allowed the Nine Network to repeat each episode three times.

The Nine Network almost cancelled the series in 2000, which led to protests and comments from the Prime Minister. The network responded to popular public demand and allowed its continuation. The series was commissioned for 180 new episodes in May 2000. New episodes aired until 2003.

In February 2007, Nine commissioned a new series of Here's Humphrey, filming episodes for the first time since 2003. This followed negotiations with the network, after speculation they would not renew the series approaching the end of its contract. The episodes started airing in December 2007 and concluded in 2009 when Banksia Entertainment was wound up.

In September 2019, it was revealed OZPIX were planning to revive Here's Humphrey with a pitch to broadcasters at MIPCOM in France. The production company expressed interest in integrating live action characters with virtual technology. The production team for the project was led by Julie Greene, former executive producer of Hi-5, and included Catherine Martin and Helen Martin, early childhood specialists who also worked on the program.

Ozpix Entertainment owns the character, whose "home" is at Village Roadshow Studios on the Gold Coast, Queensland.

Episodes
More than 3,000 episodes of Here's Humphrey have been produced. It has also been stated that only 1,776 episodes were filmed.

Reception
In 2019, TV Week listed Here's Humphrey at #96 in its list of the 101 greatest Australian television shows of all time, which appeared in its monthly TV Week Close Up publication. The magazine said young viewers loved watching Humphrey leave his tree house for adventures in the magic forest.

It has been stated that Here's Humphrey is one of the most successful programs for preschoolers of all time. It is one of the longest running children's programs in the world.

Awards and nominations
The program received multiple Logie Television Awards, and the character won a special "Citizen of the Year" Award at the 1994 Australia Day celebrations.

title: Here's Humphrey


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February 2

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 506 – Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, promulgated a collection of Roman law known as the Breviary of Alaric.
 * 1101 – By descending from a window while his gaolers were getting drunk, Ranulf Flambard, the first recorded prisoner in the Tower of London (pictured), became the first to escape the building.
 * 1438 – Nine leaders of the Transylvanian peasant revolt were executed at Torda.
 * 1659 – Jan van Riebeeck, the founder of Cape Town, produced the first bottle of South African wine (vineyard pictured).
 * 1850 – Ute Wars: Brigham Young announced his decision to go to war against the Timpanogos, who were hostile to the Mormon settlement at Fort Utah.
 * 1913 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, the world's largest train station by number of platforms, opened immediately after midnight.
 * 1920 – The signing of the Treaty of Tartu ended the Estonian War of Independence, with Soviet Russia agreeing to recognize the country's independence and renounce in perpetuity all rights to its territory.
 * 1942 – The first act of the Norwegian resistance movement took place with the bombing of Oslo East Station by the Osvald Group to protest the inauguration of Vidkun Quisling.
 * 1943 – World War II: The Soviet Red Army captured 91,000 tired and starving German soldiers, ending the Battle of Stalingrad, one of the bloodiest battles in human history.
 * 1963 – 113 alleged communists were arrested and detained without trial by Singapore's security agencies.
 * 1972 - Protestors burned the British Embassy in Ireland following the massacre of 14 civilians in Derry by British forces.
 * 2007 – Following a Derby di Sicilia match in Catania, football violence caused the death of police officer Filippo Raciti, leading to new safety regulations at Italian sporting events.
 * 2009 – Omid, Iran's first domestically made satellite, was successfully launched from Semnan Space Center.
 * 2012 – The passenger ferry MV Rabaul Queen capsized and sank in rough conditions in the Solomon Sea, resulting in at least 88 deaths.
 * Born/died this day: | Piotr Skarga |b|1536| Alix Le Clerc |b|1576| Isaac Titsingh |d|1812| Vincenzo Dimech |d|1831|  José Guadalupe Posada |b|1852| Frederick William Vanderbilt |b|1856|  Alexander Cameron Rutherford |b|1857|  Julia Nava de Ruisánchez |b|1883|  Alfred Delp |d|1945 |  Abraham Iyambo |bd|1961; 2013| Peter Lundgren  |b|1963|  Mary Docherty |d|2000| Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri |d|2021

February 2: Candlemas (Western Christianity); Groundhog Day in Canada and the United States

 * 1709 – Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk was rescued by English captain Woodes Rogers and his crew after spending four years as a castaway on an uninhabited island in the Pacific, providing the inspiration for Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe.
 * 1934 – The Export–Import Bank of the United States, the country's official export credit agency, was established.
 * 1974 – The F-16 Fighting Falcon (pictured), the most numerous fixed-wing aircraft currently in military service, made its first flight.
 * 2004 – Swiss tennis player Roger Federer became the top-ranked men's singles player, a position he held for a record 237 consecutive weeks.


text:
User talk:George Kontopoulos

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! If you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

You wanted to claim an edit you made anonymously. You can do that by following the instructions at Changing attribution for an edit.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 07:10, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Amalia Fleming
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title: User talk:George Kontopoulos