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Laura Pausini

Laura Pausini (born 16 May 1974) is an Italian singer and songwriter. She rose to fame in 1993, winning the newcomer artists' section of the 43rd Sanremo Music Festival with her debut single "La solitudine", which became an Italian standard and an international hit. Her self-titled debut album was released in Italy on 23 April 1993 and later became an international success, selling two million copies worldwide. Its follow-up, Laura, was released in 1994 and confirmed her international success, selling three million copies worldwide.

Pausini has released fifteen studio albums, two international greatest hits albums and one compilation album for the Anglophone market only. She speaks four languages: English, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. She mostly performs in Italian and Spanish, but has also recorded and sung songs in Portuguese, English, French, German, Latin, Chinese, Catalan, Neapolitan, Romanian, Romagnol and Sicilian.

Pausini appeared as a coach on both the Mexican and Spanish versions of international reality television singing competition franchise The Voice, was a judge on the first and second series of La banda, and is likewise a judge on the Spanish version of international franchise The X Factor. In 2016, she debuted as a variety show presenter, hosting the television show Laura & Paola, with actress Paola Cortellesi.

In 2004, AllMusic's Jason Birchmeier considered Pausini's sales "an impressive feat for someone who'd never really broken into the lucrative English-language market". In 2014, FIMI certified Pausini's sales of more than 70 million records with a FIMI Icon Award, making her the fourth best-selling female artist in Latin music, and the best-selling female non-Spanish speaking Latin music artist.

Throughout her career, she has won numerous music awards in Italy and internationally. In 2006, she won a Grammy Award, receiving the accolade for Best Latin Pop Album for the record Escucha. In 2021, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song with "Io sì (Seen)" from the film The Life Ahead. The single also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, making it the first Italian-language song to win the award. She has been honoured as a Commander Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and as a World Ambassador of Emilia Romagna.

Early life
The elder of two daughters, Laura Pausini was born in Faenza, in the Province of Ravenna to Fabrizio Pausini and Gianna Ballardini. She grew up in Solarolo, a small comune in the same region. [A] Her father is a former pianist who also played as a sessionman for ABBA's Frida Lyngstad and entered a band whose members later founded the Italian pop group Pooh. After becoming a piano bar artist, he encouraged Pausini to start performing as a singer. Her first live performance was on 16 May 1985, when she sang together with her father in a restaurant in Bologna. Since then, her father started giving her singing lessons and she continued to perform alongside him in local piano bars. In the meanwhile, she also started singing in a church choir.

In 1987 she recorded her first demo album, produced by her father and released to promote her live shows. Titled I sogni di Laura, it consisted of eight covers and five new songs. In 1991 she participated in the Castrocaro Music Festival singing Liza Minnelli's "New York, New York", but she failed to reach the final stage of the competition. During the same year, she took part in another singing competition, Sanremo Famosi, which should have served as a selection for the newcomers' of the following Sanremo Music Festival. Despite being declared the joint winner with another contestant, Pausini was not allowed to compete in the Sanremo Music Festival 1992.

1993: Career breakthrough
Thanks to her performances in local singing competitions, Pausini was noticed by Italian producer and songwriter Angelo Valsiglio, who introduced her to manager Marco Marati. Valsiglio suggested to her "La solitudine", a song he wrote with Pietro Cremonesi and Federico Cavalli. Pausini's rendition convinced Valsiglio and Marati, who wanted Pausini to audition for some major labels. During one of the auditions, she met Fabrizio Giannini of Warner Music Italy's Compagnia Generale del Disco. After impressing him with a performance of an unreleased Mia Martini song, Pausini obtained her first recording contract, becoming one of the first artists discovered by Giannini, who later launched the careers of several Italian acts, including Irene Grandi.

"La solitudine" was selected as one of the entries in the newcomer artists' section of the 43rd Sanremo Music Festival. Pausini performed it for the first time on 23 February 1993, during the first night of the contest. After being admitted to the final, held on 27 February 1993, she won the competition, receiving 7,464 votes from the juries and beating Gerardina Trovato with "Ma non ho più la mia città", who took second place with 7,209 votes. The song also became a commercial success in Italy, and it is still one of Pausini's best-known hits.

Following the success obtained with her debut single, Pausini started working on her first professional album, Laura Pausini. The album was recorded while Pausini was still a high school student at the "Gaetano Ballardini" Institute of Ceramics in Faenza, Italy, where she got her diploma a few months after the release of her debut studio set. Released by CGD Records in May 1993, it sold 400,000 copies in Italy. The album was also promoted through an Italian outdoor tour during the summer of 1993. In September 1993, Pausini received a Telegatto for Revelation of the Year.

In late 1993, the album was released in the rest of Europe, peaking at number three on the Dutch Albums Chart and reaching the top spot in Belgium. It also achieved commercial success in South America, being certified gold in Brazil and Argentina. Worldwide sales of Pausini's debut studio album exceed two million units. Moreover, "La solitudine" became a radio hit in Belgium and the Netherlands, it peaked at number five on the French Singles Chart and it reached the top spot of the Dutch Top 40 and of the Flemish Ultratop 50. The album also spawned the singles "Non c'è" and "Perché non torna più".

1994–1995: Spanish-language debut and international success
In February 1994, Pausini participated for the second time in the Sanremo Music Festival, competing in the "Big Artists" section with her entry "Strani amori". The song ranked third in the competition, behind Aleandro Baldi's "Passerà" and Giorgio Faletti's "Signor tenente", and became a hit in Italy, in the Netherlands and in Flanders. The single launched Pausini's second studio album, Laura, released in February 1994. According to CGD Records, the album sold 150,000 copies in Italy in its first week, with initial shipments of 200,000 units. It also peaked at number one on the Dutch Albums Chart and entered the charts in Belgium and Switzerland, selling three million copies worldwide and achieving gold and platinum status in Brazil and Argentina, respectively. Other singles from the album were "Gente", "Lui non sta con te" and "Lettera". During the summer of 1994, Pausini took part in the Italian itinerant TV show Festivalbar, reaching the final stage of the music competition and receiving the Premio Europa for her international success. In 1994 she was also awarded with her second Telegatto, receiving the prize for Best Female Artist. In the meanwhile, she started an Italian tour to promote her album.

During the same year, Pausini released her first Spanish-language album, Laura Pausini, a compilation of ten adapted versions of hits from her previous albums, issued by Dro Records. The record became the best-selling album of 1994 in Spain, where it was later certified diamond by the Association of Phonographic and Videographic of Spain for sales exceeding one million units. Pausini was the first non-Spanish artist to achieve this result. Following the commercial success obtained in the country, the Spanish Institute of Italian Culture awarded her a "Globo de Platino" for contributing in the spread of Italian culture in Spain.

The album was successful in Latin America too, being certified platinum by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers, the Asociación Colombiana de Productores de Fonogramas and the Chilean division of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Moreover, the first four singles from the album, "La soledad", "Se fue", "Amores extraños" and "Gente", entered the top 30 on the Hot Latin Songs chart compiled by Billboard. Thanks to these results, Billboard ranked Pausini the second female revelation of 1994, after Mariah Carey. In 1995 Pausini also received the World Music Award for Best Selling Italian Recording Artist and the Lo Nuestro Award for Best New Artist of the Year.

Pausini's first record for the British market was a self-titled compilation album released in 1995, including nine Italian-language hits and an English-language version of her first single, "La solitudine (Loneliness)", whose lyrics were adapted by Tim Rice. "La solitudine (Loneliness)" was initially set to be released as a single in the United Kingdom on 19 June 1995, but it was postponed and released in September of the same year. Both the album and the single obtained a very poor commercial reception, failing to enter the charts in the United Kingdom.

1996–1997: Le cose che vivi
Following the success obtained by Pausini's debut Spanish album, her third studio set was released on 12 September 1996 both in Italian and Spanish, under the titles Le cose che vivi and Las cosas que vives, respectively. Starting from that moment, Pausini has recorded most of her songs both in her native language and in Spanish, in a practice that, according to AllMusic's Jason Birchmeier, has "come to define her career and compound her success". A special edition of the album was also released in Brazil, featuring three additional bonus tracks in Portuguese.

The album was preceded by the single "Incancellabile", released to Italian radio stations on 26 August 1996 and titled "Inolvidable" in its version for the Hispanic market. Other singles from the album include the title-track "Le cose che vivi", whose Spanish-language version topped the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart, "Ascolta il tuo cuore", "Seamisai" and "Dos enamorados", which was not released in its Italian-language version. The album sold 3,500,000 copies worldwide and was certified Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, for European sales exceeding 1,000,000 units. At the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards for Latin Music, Pausini was nominated for Pop Female Singer and Video of the Year for the Spanish-language version of "Le cose che vivi".

In December 1996, Pausini was among the artists singing for Pope John Paul II during the Natale in Vaticano concert, a Christmas show held at the Paul VI Audience Hall. During the event, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" and the song "Il mondo che vorrei". In February 1997 she was also invited as a guest to the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. On 1 March 1997, she launched from Geneva the World Wide Tour in support of the album, giving concerts in Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, France, as well as in the United States, Canada and many other American countries, including Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia and Mexico. It was Pausini's first international tour, during which she gave concerts in indoor arenas for the first time. In August of the same year, during the last night of the Festivalbar, she received the International Award for the success she achieved abroad.

1998–1999: La mia risposta / Mi respuesta
In 1998, Pausini released her fourth studio album, La mia risposta, together with its Spanish-language counterpart, Mi respuesta. The album, which included a song penned by Phil Collins, was dubbed by Italian music critics as a mature work, with influences from soul music, but, despite reaching the top spot of the Italian Albums Chart, it was a moderate commercial success, selling two million copies worldwide. The lead single from the album, "Un'emergenza d'amore", was released in September 1998, and was followed by "In assenza di te" and "La mia risposta", the latter being performed during the Festivalbar in 1999.

To promote the album, Pausini began in early 1999 the La Mia Risposta World Tour '99, during which she performed in theatres throughout Europe. On 1 June 1999, she was one of the artists performing along with Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti in Modena during his annual "Pavarotti and Friends" concert. Pavarotti and Pausini duetted in the Italian version of the aria "Dein ist mein ganzes Herz", titled "Tu che m'hai preso il cuor", from Franz Lehár's operetta Das Land des Lächelns. The live performance was later included in the album Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Guatemala and Kosovo. In 1999, she also contributed the Richard Marx composition "One More Time" to the Message in a Bottle soundtrack. The track was produced by David Foster who was featured on piano.

2000–2001: Tra te e il mare / Entre tú y mil mares
In 2000, she recorded the song "The Extra Mile" for the soundtrack of the movie Pokémon 2000: The Power of One. The song was included in the album Tra te e il mare, released on 11 September 2000 and preceded by the homonymous single, written by Italian pop singer Biagio Antonacci. Other singles from the album include "Il mio sbaglio più grande", which was a top 20 hit in Italy, and "Volevo dirti che ti amo", whose Spanish-language version "Quiero decirte que te amo" peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart. The album also features the songs "Viaggio con te", which was composed by her father and which was awarded in 2001 with an Italian Lunezia Award for Best Songwriter of the Year, and "Per vivere", written from the point of view of a homeless child Pausini met in Rio de Janeiro and dedicated to two Brazilian children sponsored by her.

Tra te e il mare received a nomination for Album of the Year at the Premio Italiano della Musica, while Pausini was nominated for Best Female Artist during the same award ceremony, as well as in the first edition of the Italian Music Awards, held in February 2001. A Spanish-language version of the album, titled Entre tú y mil mares, was released shortly before the Italian-language edition, on 11 September 2000. At the 2001 Latin Grammy Awards, the record received two nominations for Best Female Pop Vocal Album and Best Engineered Album, while Pausini and Alfredo Cerruti were in the shortlist for Producer of the Year.

Pausini's first international greatest hits album was released in 2001, both in an Italian-language version and in a Spanish-language edition, titled The Best of Laura Pausini: E ritorno da te and Lo mejor de Laura Pausini: Volveré junto a ti, respectively. The first single, "E ritorno da te"—"Volveré junto a ti" in Spanish—was accompanied by a music video shot by Italian film director Gabriele Muccino. The album also includes the single "Una storia che vale" and features guest appearances by Brazilian singer Gilberto Gil in "Seamisai" and by Italian singer Nek, who plays bass in "Non c'è".

Supported by the 2001/2002 World Tour, which started in Miami on 19 October 2001, the greatest hits became one of Pausini's biggest commercial successes, selling 700,000 copies in Italy and 800,000 copies in France. During the concert she gave in Milan on 2 December 2001 as part of the tour, Pausini also recorded her first live video album, titled Live 2001-2002 World Tour and released on 30 November 2002.

2002–2003: From the Inside
In 2001, Pausini started working with producers such as Patrick Leonard and John Shanks on her first English-language album, From the Inside. Released in Canada, Mexico and the United States by Atlantic Records on 5 November 2002, the album did not get the expected success, selling 50,000 copies in the U.S., according to Nielsen-Soundscan. The album singles "Surrender" and "If That's Love" reached the top spot on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart, but Pausini, disappointed at her English-language debut being ignored in the U.S. outside the club scene, abandoned the promotion for From the Inside due to her label promoting it as a dance album instead of a pop album as she requested. The album was later released in Europe too, selling 800,000 copies worldwide.

In 2003 Luciano Pavarotti invited her for the second time to the "Pavarotti and Friends" concert, where they duetted again in "Tu che m'hai preso il cuor".

2004–2005: Resta in ascolto / Escucha and Grammy wins

In October 2004, Pausini released her eighth studio album, Resta in ascolto, and its Spanish-language counterpart, Escucha. Influenced by international artists including Phil Collins and Celine Dion, the recording is on the subject of a break-up and was written in 2002, during her separation from her ex-boyfriend and producer Alfredo Cerruti.

The album features the song "Mi abbandono a te", co-written by Pausini, Rick Nowels and Madonna. It also includes the Biagio Antonacci-written ballad "Vivimi", whose Spanish-language version, "Viveme", won a Billboard Latin Music Award in 2006 for Female Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year, and the single "Benedetta passione", penned by Italian rock-star Vasco Rossi. Well received by music critics, the album is mainly focused on themes of anger, bitterness, desire for independence and interior peace, but also features a song about the Iraq War, in which Pausini sings about Ali Ismail Abbas, a boy who was severely injured in a nighttime rocket attack near Baghdad in 2003.

The album debuted at number one on the Italian Albums Chart and sold 350,000 copies in Italy. Its Spanish version later won Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005 and Best Latin Pop Album at the 48th Grammy Awards, making Pausini the first Italian female artist to win a Grammy Award. In January 2005, Pausini started a new tour to promote the album. The concerts she gave at the Zénith de Paris on 22 and 23 March 2005 were filmed and released as a live album in November 2005, titled Live in Paris 05.

Pausini made a guest appearance on Michael Bublé's 2005 live album Caught in the Act, singing a duet with Bublé of Lou Rawls' hit "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine". The duet was placed on both the audio CD, and the full concert DVD that aired on PBS as an episode of Great Performances.

At the 2006 Lo Nuestro Award, Pausini was nominated in the sections Album of the Year for Escucha, Song of the Year and Video of the Year for "Viveme" and won the award for Best Female Pop Artist.

2006–2007: Io canto
In November 2006, Pausini released the album Io canto / Yo canto, consisting of covers of Italian pop rock songs. On the album liner notes, Pausini wrote: "here is the music I listen to when I'm at my saddest, or when I feel a moment is special, the songs I used to sing as a young girl when I first started performing, and above all those which taught me to love music, and how music can move you so deeply, regardless of its genre or style".

The album also features duets with Tiziano Ferro, Juanes and Johnny Hallyday. It debuted at number one on the Italian Albums Chart and held the top spot for 8 non-consecutive weeks. It also became the best-selling album of 2006 in Italy, selling 500,000 copies in less than two months. On 8 November 2007, the album won Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards. Laura dedicated the award to the memory of Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti. Later on during the show she sang "Vivere (Dare to Live)" alongside Italian singer Andrea Bocelli.

In Summer 2006, Pausini played a Juntos en concierto tour with Marc Anthony and Marco Antonio Solís, consisting of 20 concerts throughout the United States.

On 2 June 2007, Pausini was the first female artist to play at the San Siro Stadium in Milan, in front of a crowd of 70,000 spectators. On 30 November 2007, the concert was released on CD and DVD, under the title San Siro 2007.

2008–2010: Primavera in anticipo, Amiche per l'Abruzzo, and Laura Live

Pausini spent the first months of 2008 recording her tenth studio album, Primavera in anticipo / Primavera anticipada. The Spanish language edition of the album was released on 11 November 2008, while the Italian language edition was released in Italy on 14 November 2008. The album was preceded by the single "Invece no" / "En cambio no", released on 24 October 2008 and promoted with an appearance in Piazza Trinità dei Monti in Rome on 14 November 2008. The album also features the single "Primavera in anticipo (It Is My Song)" / Primavera anticipada (It Is My Song)", a duet with British singer-songwriter James Blunt. Also in late 2008, French chansonnier Charles Aznavour and Pausini recorded Aznavour's 1965 song "Paris au mois d'août" for Aznavour's Duos album, both in French as well as the Italian version "Parigi in agosto". Pausini grew up listening to Aznavour's songs, and in a January 2009 interview on France 2's Vivement Dimanche hosted by Michel Drucker, Aznavour said of Pausini, seated by his side after a live duet performance of "Paris au mois d'août", that "she knows the lyrics [to my songs] better than me." In November 2009 Primavera in anticipo went on to win Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the Latin Grammy Awards. In 2010 Pausini also won the Lo Nuestro Award for Female Artist of the Year.

On 21 June 2009, Pausini organized a mega-concert in the San Siro Stadium in Milan, raising money to support the victims of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. The concert, named Amiche per l'Abruzzo, involved 43 Italian female singers and was later released on a DVD, which sold 250,000 copies in Italy.

In the meanwhile, on 5 March 2009, Pausini began her World Tour 2009 in Turin, which reached Europe in May 2009 and then South America and the United States in autumn 2009. The last leg of the tour took place in Italy in November 2009. A CD of the tour, along with a DVD, was released on 27 November 2009 with the title Laura Live World Tour 09 / Laura Live Gira Mundial 09. The album also includes three new songs, the singles "Con la musica alla radio" / "Con la musica en la radio", "Non sono lei" / "Ella no soy" and "Casomai" / "Menos mal".

2011–2012: Inedito
On 30 December 2010, Pausini announced her new studio album, Inedito / Inédito, released both in Italian and Spanish on 11 November 2011. The title and the track list of the album were announced through Pausini's website on 10 September 2011. The first single from the album, "Benvenuto" / "Bienvenido", was released on 12 September 2011. To promote the album, Pausini engaged the Inedito World Tour, starting with 11 shows in Italy in late December 2011. The tour reached Latin America in January and February 2012. The European leg of her tour visited the principle arenas of France, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, and concluded at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

The album also spawned the singles "Non ho mai smesso" / "Jamás abandoné", "Bastava" / "Bastaba", "Mi tengo", "Le cose che non-mi aspetto" / "Las cosas que no me espero" and "Celeste". The song "Troppo tempo" was originally chosen as the sixth and last single of the album, but when Pausini discovered her pregnancy she changed her mind to "Celeste". The album has sold 1,000,000 copies worldwide. On 25 June 2012, Pausini took part in the mega-concert Concerto per l'Emilia, organized to raise funds in support of the people affected by the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes. During the show, Pausini duetted with Cesare Cremonini, performing a cover of Lucio Dalla's "L'anno che verrà".

On 27 November 2012, a special edition of Inedito, in both Italian and Spanish, was released, featuring a live DVD recorded during the 2012 Inedito World Tour. The Italian-language version and the Spanish-language version of the DVD were recorded in Bologna on 17 April 2012 and in Madrid on 20 April 2012, respectively. The CD included in the new edition of Inedito also features a live medley performed by Pausini on New Year's Eve 2012, as well as a duet with Venezuelan singer Carlos Baute on the track "Las cosas que no me espero", released as a single in Spain and the Americas.

In 2012 Pausini also recorded an Italian-language duet with Josh Groban, "E ti prometterò", included in his album All That Echoes, released in February 2013.

2013–2014: 20 – The Greatest Hits
On 26 February 2013, to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of her career, Pausini released a medley including the original versions in Italian, Spanish and English of the song which launched her career in 1993, "La solitudine". The track was launched as a limited-edition digital single, available for purchase for a week only. On 1 June 2013 Pausini took part in the Chime for Change concert at Twickenham Stadium in London, supporting the global campaign of the same name for girls' and women's empowerment. Pausini performed the songs "Io canto" and "It's Not Goodbye". During the same year, she appeared as a featured artist on the track "Sonríe (Smile)", included in American singer Gloria Estefan's album The Standards.

In November 2013, Pausini also released a greatest hits album, titled 20 – The Greatest Hits in Italian and 20 – Grandes éxitos in Spanish. The album was preceded by the single "Limpido"—"Limpio" in Spanish—recorded with Australian singer Kylie Minogue. Other singles from the album include the new tracks "Se non te" and "Dove resto solo io", released for the Italian market, and the revamped versions of "Víveme" and "Se fue", featuring Alejandro Sanz and Marc Anthony, respectively.

Starting from December 2013, Pausini promoted her greatest hits album through The Greatest Hits World Tour, giving concerts in her native Italy, as well as in other European countries, in Latin America, in the United States and in Canada. The tour also included performances during the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile and the Feria del Hogar in Peru. The concert she gave in Taormina, featuring several guests, was conceived as the first Italian "one woman show", and it was broadcast by Rai Uno in May 2014. A new version of the album was released in November 2014 for the hispanophone market. The new edition includes a duet with Thalía in "Sino a ti", a new version of "Entre tu y mil mares", featuring Melendi, and a re-recording of "Donde quedo solo yo", performed with Álex Ubago. The latter was also recorded under the title "Jo sempre hi seré", becoming Pausini's first Catalan song. This version was included in El disc de La Marató 2014, a compilation album related to the telethon organized by Catalan channel TV3, with the purpose of raising money against cardiovascular diseases.

On 13 November 2014, Pausini was the first artist to be inducted in the newly created Paseo de las Estrellas in Tijuana, Mexico. In Autumn 2014, Pausini was one of the four coaches of the fourth season of the Mexican reality show and singing competition La Voz. Pausini also served as a coach for the third series of the Spanish version of the competition, La Voz, which debuted on Telecinco in January 2015. During the same year, she continued her tour, which reached Australia and Russia.

2015–2016: Simili, television work, and Laura Xmas
At the 27th Lo Nuestro Awards, Pausini received a special award in recognition of her music career trajectory. After performing a medley of songs including the salsa version of "Se fué" with Marc Anthony, she stated that although she is Italian, "half of my heart beats Latino".

In August 2015, Pausini co-wrote the song "Como yo sabría", with fellow Italian singer-songwriter Virginio Simonelli. The song was recorded by Maverick Lopes, a runner-up in the third season of La Voz Spain, mentored by Pausini herself during the competition. In September of the same year, Pausini, together with singers Alejandro Sanz and Ricky Martin, was a judge in the Univision talent show La banda, created by Simon Cowell.

Pausini's eleventh studio album, Simili, was released on 6 November 2015. The first single from the album, "Lato destro del cuore"—"Lado derecho del corazón" in Spanish—was written by Biagio Antonacci. The album's title track, after being released as its second single, was chosen as the opening song of the third season of the Italian TV series Braccialetti rossi. The album also spawned the singles "En la puerta de al lado", "Innamorata" / "Enamorada", "Ho creduto a me" / "He creído en mi" and "200 note". The Spanish-language version of the album, Similares, received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album.

In April 2016, Pausini hosted with Paola Cortellesi the variety show Laura e Paola, broadcast in Italy by Rai 1. The show included three episodes. Thanks to the show, Pausini received an award at the Premio TV 2016 as TV Personality Revelation of the Year. In June 2016, Pausini became the first Italian female artist to perform a tour in Italian stadiums. Her Pausini Stadi Tour 2016 included concerts at the San Siro Stadium in Milan, at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, and at the Stadio della Vittoria in Bari. The second and third legs of the tour consisted of shows in Latin America and Europe, respectively, and concluded in October 2016. In late 2016, Pausini was also confirmed as a judge on the second series of La banda.

On 4 November 2016, Pausini released her first Christmas album, Laura Xmas, titled Laura Navidad in its Spanish version. The album, produced by Patrick Williams and recorded with his orchestra, was launched with a performance at Disneyland Paris.

2017–2018: Fatti sentire
In autumn 2017, Pausini returned as a coach on the sixth series of La Voz... México. Her new studio album, Fatti sentire, will be released on 16 March 2018, both in its Italian-language version and in its Spanish-language counterpart, titled Hazte sentir. The lead single "Non è detto"—"Nadie ha dicho" in Spanish—was released on 16 January 2018. The single was performed during the final night of the 68th Sanremo Music Festival, where Pausini appeared as a special guest. "Nadie ha dicho" premiered in the United States with a performance during the Lo Nuestro Awards gala on 22 February 2018, which were co-hosted by Pausini herself.

In spring 2018, Pausini also appeared as a judge on the third series of Spanish talent show Factor X, which was won by Pol Granch, one of the contestants she mentored as part of the Boys category. To promote Fatti sentire, she embarked on a worldwide tour, starting with two concerts at the Circus Maximus in Rome, which then passed throughout the United States and Latin America. In the fall, she returned to perform throughout Italy between September and October. The two concerts in Eboli, originally to be done in September, were rescheduled for November. She performed in Europe: Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland.

2019–2021: LB Stadi Tour, Una. Nessuna. Centomila, Golden Globe win, and Academy Award nomination
In summer 2019, Pausini performed 11 concerts throughout Italy, along with Biagio Antonacci, as part of their collaborative show titled LB Stadi Tour. At the end of the tour, she announced a two-year break from recording music.

In 2020, she returned as a coach in the Spanish edition of La Voz. Pausini was set to perform a concert titled "Pausini BeMe" on 5 September 2020, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of her official fan club. The concert was later cancelled, due to the Italian government's decision to prohibit all live concerts through October 2020, as part of the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. In February 2020, while appearing as a guest in the 70th Sanremo Music Festival, she also announced a one-night-only concert in the RCF Campovolo in Reggio Emilia, along with six other Italian female artists—Elisa, Fiorella Mannoia, Alessandra Amoroso, Emma, Gianna Nannini, and Giorgia—to help women suffering from domestic violence. Titled ''Una. Nessuna. Centomila'', the event was later postponed to 11 June 2022 due to the pandemic.

In October 2020, Pausini released "Io sì (Seen)", which was written in collaboration with Diane Warren and Niccolò Agliardi and was created for the Netflix feature film The Life Ahead. Pausini recorded the song in five languages. The music video for the single also features the film's star Sophia Loren. Thanks to the song, Pausini won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, making "Io sì (Seen)" the first Italian-language song to win the prize, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

2022: Laura Pausini – Piacere di conoscerti and Eurovision Song Contest
In July 2021, Pausini announced she has been working on a film since February 2020. The film, directed by Ivan Cotroneo and set to be released on Amazon Prime Video in 2022, is based on an idea by Pausini herself, and will be titled Laura Pausini – Piacere di conoscerti. Pausini will also star in the film, thus debuting as an actress. The song "Scatola"—titled "Caja" in Spanish—was released as a single from the film's soundtrack. After performing "Scatola" during the second night of the Sanremo Music Festival 2022, Pausini was announced to be one of the presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, which was held in Turin in May, alongside Alessandro Cattelan and Mika. On 28 October 2022, Pausini was announced to be one of the four presenters of the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, which were held in Las Vegas in November, alongside Anitta, Luis Fonsi and Thalía. She was the first Italian artist to host the Latin Grammy Awards.

30 years in international music
The Warner Music record company honoured Pausini at the beginning of 2023 for being the most listened to and awarded Italian singer worldwide, with almost a thousand concerts behind her.

On 25 January 2023, Pausini announced two new concerts, to celebrate her 30-year career. Two events in exceptional locations; Piazza San Marco in the Italian city of Venice on 30 June and 1 & 2 July, and a month later in Seville, Spain, in the Plaza de España on 21 & 22 July. On 28 January 2023, she gave a charity concert at the Auditorium Conciliazione in Rome, with Giorgia Todrani and Fiorello, an event created by the Bambino Gesù Onlus Foundation with the sponsorship of the Italian National Olympic Committee and the collaboration of Webuild, whose proceeds were donated to support the campaign (Mi prendo cura di te) I take care of you, for the creation of the Pediatric Palliative Care Center of the Bambino Gesù Hospital.

Pausini will be honoured as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year prior to the 24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards in Seville, Spain in November 2023, making her the first Italian to receive the honour.

The Italian artist celebrated her 30-year career in music with three concerts in the Piazza San Marco in Venice on 30 June, 1 and 2 July 2023 and with two concerts in the Plaza de España, Seville on 21 and 22 July 2023 performing their hits and most iconic songs.

2023: Anime Parallele
Anime Parallele (Parallel Souls) is the fifteenth studio album by Pausini released worldwide on 27 October 2023.

The album contains the song titled Davanti a te, the song that Laura sang together with Paolo Carta, on their wedding day, as their first wedding vows pronounced in the form of a song.

Artistry
Pausini is described as a mezzo-soprano with a classic and powerful voice. Due to her voice, Pausini has been compared by music critics to various female artists, including Milva.

At the beginning of her career, she was considered by music critics as a teen idol mainly singing about adolescent love affairs and problems. She was also strongly criticized for her songs, described as too melancholic and trivial. Starting from her 1998's La mia risposta / Mi respuesta, Italian music critics considered her as a more mature singer and later praised her simplicity and her voice, describing Pausini as an interpreter of her years.

Although Pausini is mainly a melodic pop singer,  her musical style evolved during her career, with influences from various genres, including Latin music, soul music  and rock music. In 2001, David Cazares of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel described Pausini's music as "an assortment of glossy and sentimental pop ballads backed by light rock instrumentation and synthesized strings". In 2006, The Washington Post ' s Achy Obejas wrote that Pausini is distinguished from other Latin pop singers by her sophistication and her European sensibilities. According to Musica e dischi's Antonio Orlando, the key elements in Pausini's style are romanticism, optimism, melancholy and surrounding melodies.

Starting from her 1996 album Le cose che vivi / Las cosas que vives, Pausini has also co-written most of her songs and starting from her 1998's La mia risposta / Mi respuesta she has been involved in the production of her albums.

Personal life
Pausini left her hometown in 1995, when she moved to Milan with her partner, manager and producer Alfredo Cerruti Jr. Their relationship ended in 2002. Between 2002 and 2005 Pausini was romantically involved with her new manager, Gabriele Parisi.

In 2005, Pausini has been in a relationship with Italian guitarist, composer, music producer, and former singer Paolo Carta. At the time, the relationship was controversial as Carta was still married to his first wife, Rebecca Galli, with whom he has three children. Pausini gave birth to their daughter on 8 February 2013. After 18 years together, Pausini and Carta got married on 22 March 2023.

Pausini describes herself as a Catholic woman, but expressed doubts about the Church's position on various themes, including contraception, abortion, divorce, premarital sex and gay rights. In September 2000 she explained her position during an interview to the Italian newspaper la Repubblica:

"I really believe in God, and the Pope is the man that I most want to meet again in the world. I already met him in 1996. I just have a few doubts about the Catholic Church, such as the discrimination against homosexuals. I don't understand how they condemn racism, but at the same time take issue with gay people."

Honours
– Commander Order of Merit of the Italian Republic: Awarded the third highest civil honour in Italy, by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi on 6 February 2006.

Studio albums

 * Laura Pausini (1993)
 * Laura (1994)
 * Laura Pausini (1994)
 * Le cose che vivi / Las cosas que vives (1996)
 * La mia risposta / Mi respuesta (1998)
 * Tra te e il mare / Entre tú y mil mares (2000)
 * From the Inside (2002)
 * Resta in ascolto / Escucha (2004)
 * Io canto / Yo canto (2006)
 * Primavera in anticipo / Primavera anticipada (2008)
 * Inedito / Inédito (2011)
 * Simili / Similares (2015)
 * Laura Xmas / Laura Navidad (2016)
 * Fatti sentire / Hazte sentir (2018)
 * Anime Parallele / Almas Paralelas (2023)

Filmography
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Year !Series !Role !Network !Notes !scope="row"|Due !scope="row"|Laura Pausini 20 – My Story !scope="row"|Stasera Laura: ho creduto in un sogno !scope="row"|La Voz... México !scope="row"|La Voz !scope="row"|La meraviglia di essere simili !scope="row"|La Banda !scope="row"|Laura & Paola !scope="row"|Lo Nuestro Awards !scope="row"|Factor X !scope="row"|La Voz !scope="row"|Laura Pausini – Piacere di conoscerti !scope="row"|Eurovision Song Contest 2022 !scope="row"|La Voz !scope="row"|Latin Grammy Awards
 * Television
 * style="text-align:center;"|2009
 * style="text-align:center;"|2009
 * Herself
 * Rai Due
 * Music TV show – 1 episode as main performer and presenter, shared with Tiziano Ferro
 * rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2014
 * rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2014
 * Herself
 * Sky Italia
 * Autobiographical documentary – 1 episode
 * Herself
 * Rai Uno
 * Music TV show & concert – 1 episode, main performer and presenter
 * style="text-align:center;"|2014, 2017
 * style="text-align:center;"|2014, 2017
 * Herself
 * Canal de las Estrellas
 * Talent show – series 4 and series 6 judge and coach
 * rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2015
 * rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2015
 * Herself
 * Telecinco
 * Talent show – series 3 judge and coach
 * Herself
 * Rai Uno
 * Documentary – 1 episode, TV special documenting her twelfth studio album, Simili
 * style="text-align:center;"|2015–2016
 * style="text-align:center;"|2015–2016
 * Herself
 * Univision
 * Talent show – series 1 and series 2 judge
 * style="text-align:center;"|2016
 * style="text-align:center;"|2016
 * Herself
 * Rai Uno
 * Variety show – 3 episodes, main presenter and performer, shared with Paola Cortellesi
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2018
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2018
 * Herself
 * Univision
 * Music gala – co-host and performer
 * Herself
 * Telecinco
 * Talent show – series 3 judge
 * style="text-align:center;"|2020
 * style="text-align:center;"|2020
 * Herself
 * Antena 3
 * Talent show – series 7 judge and coach
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2022
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2022
 * Herself/Alternative herself
 * Amazon Prime Video
 * Herself
 * European Broadcasting Union
 * Song contest – co-host
 * Herself
 * Antena 3
 * Talent show - series 9 judge and coach
 * Herself
 * Univision, HBO Max
 * Music gala – co-host

Awards

 * - style="background:#ddd;"
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Grammy Awards

 * - style="background:#ddd;"
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Latin Grammy Awards

 * - style="background:#ddd;"
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| Golden Globe Awards

title: Laura Pausini


text:
Owen Willans Richardson

Sir Owen Willans Richardson, FRS (26 April 1879 – 15 February 1959) was a British physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928 for his work on thermionic emission, which led to Richardson's law.

Biography
Richardson was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England, the son of Joshua Henry and Charlotte Maria Richardson. He was educated at Batley Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained First Class Honours in Natural Sciences. He then got a DSc from University College London in 1904.

After graduating in 1900, he began researching the emission of electricity from hot bodies at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, and in October 1902 he was made a fellow at Trinity. In 1901, he demonstrated that the current from a heated wire seemed to depend exponentially on the temperature of the wire with a mathematical form similar to the Arrhenius equation. This became known as Richardson's law: "If then the negative radiation is due to the corpuscles coming out of the metal, the saturation current s should obey the law $$s = A\,T^{1/2}\,e^{-b/T}$$."

Richardson was professor at Princeton University from 1906 to 1913, and returned to the UK in 1914 to become Wheatstone Professor of Physics at King's College London, where he was later made director of research in 1924. In 1927, he was one of the participants of the fifth Solvay Conference on Physics that took place at the International Solvay Institute for Physics in Belgium. He retired from King’s College London in 1944, and died in 1959. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey.

He also researched the photoelectric effect, the gyromagnetic effect, the emission of electrons by chemical reactions, soft X-rays, and the spectrum of hydrogen.

Richardson married Lilian Wilson, sister of his Cavendish colleague Harold Wilson, in 1906, and had two sons and a daughter. Richardson had two sisters. Elizabeth Mary Dixon Richardson married the prominent mathematician Oswald Veblen. Charlotte Sara Richardson married the American physicist (and 1937 Nobel laureate) Clinton Davisson, who was Richardson's PhD student at Princeton. After Lilian's death in 1945, he was remarried in 1948 to Henriette Rupp, a physicist.

Owen Willans Richardson had a son, Harold Owen Richardson, who specialised in Nuclear Physics and was also the chairman of the Physics Department at Bedford College, London University and later on became emeritus professor at London University.

Honours
Richardson was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1910. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1913, and was awarded its Hughes Medal in 1920. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928, "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him". He was knighted in 1939.

Works

 * The emission of electricity from hot bodies (1st edition, 1916)
 * The emission of electricity from hot bodies (2nd edition, 1921)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Owen Willans Richardson


text:
Refresh rate

The refresh rate, also known as vertical refresh rate or vertical scan rate in reference to terminology originating with the cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), is the number of times per second that a raster-based display device displays a new image. This is independent from frame rate, which describes how many images are stored or generated every second by the device driving the display. On CRT displays, higher refresh rates produce less flickering, thereby reducing eye strain. In other technologies such as liquid-crystal displays, the refresh rate affects only how often the image can potentially be updated.

Non-raster displays may not have a characteristic refresh rate. Vector displays, for instance, do not trace the entire screen, only the actual lines comprising the displayed image, so refresh speed may differ by the size and complexity of the image data. For computer programs or telemetry, the term is sometimes applied to how frequently a datum is updated with a new external value from another source (for example; a shared public spreadsheet or hardware feed).

Physical factors
While all raster display devices have a characteristic refresh rate, the physical implementation differs between technologies.

Cathode-ray tubes

Raster-scan CRTs by their nature must refresh the screen since their phosphors will fade and the image will disappear quickly unless refreshed regularly.

In a CRT, the vertical scan rate is the number of times per second that the electron beam returns to the upper left corner of the screen to begin drawing a new frame. It is controlled by the vertical blanking signal generated by the video controller, and is partially limited by the monitor's maximum horizontal scan rate.

The refresh rate can be calculated from the horizontal scan rate by dividing the scanning frequency by the number of horizontal lines, plus some amount of time to allow for the beam to return to the top. By convention, this is a 1.05x multiplier. For instance, a monitor with a horizontal scanning frequency of 96 kHz at a resolution of 1280 × 1024 results in a refresh rate of 96,000 ÷ (1024 × 1.05) ≈ 89 Hz (rounded down).

CRT refresh rates have historically been an important factor in video game programming. In early videogame systems, the only time available for computation was during the vertical blanking interval, during which the beam is returning to the top right corner of the screen and no image is being drawn. Even in modern games, however, it is important to avoid altering the computer's video buffer except during the vertical retrace, to prevent flickering graphics or screen tearing.

Liquid-crystal displays
Unlike CRTs, where the image will fade unless refreshed, the pixels of liquid-crystal displays retain their state for as long as power is provided, and consequently there is no intrinsic flicker regardless of refresh rate. However, the refresh rate still determines the highest frame rate that can be displayed, and despite there being no actual blanking of the screen, the vertical blanking interval is still a period in each refresh cycle when the screen is not being updated, during which the image data in the host system's frame buffer can be updated. Vsync options can eliminate screen tearing by rendering the whole image at the same time.

Computer displays

On smaller CRT monitors (up to about 15 in), few people notice any discomfort between 60–72 Hz. On larger CRT monitors (17 in or larger), most people experience mild discomfort unless the refresh is set to 72 Hz or higher. A rate of 100 Hz is comfortable at almost any size. However, this does not apply to LCD monitors. The closest equivalent to a refresh rate on an LCD monitor is its frame rate, which is often locked at 60 fps. But this is rarely a problem, because the only part of an LCD monitor that could produce CRT-like flicker—its backlight—typically operates at around a minimum of 200 Hz.

Different operating systems set the default refresh rate differently. Microsoft Windows 95 and Windows 98 (First and Second Editions) set the refresh rate to the highest rate that they believe the display supports. Windows NT-based operating systems, such as Windows 2000 and its descendants Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7, set the default refresh rate to a conservative rate, usually 60 Hz. Some fullscreen applications, including many games, now allow the user to reconfigure the refresh rate before entering fullscreen mode, but most default to a conservative resolution and refresh rate and let you increase the settings in the options.

Old monitors could be damaged if a user set the video card to a refresh rate higher than the highest rate supported by the monitor. Some models of monitors display a notice that the video signal uses an unsupported refresh rate.

Dynamic refresh rate
Some LCDs support adapting their refresh rate to the current frame rate delivered by the graphics card. Two technologies that allow this are FreeSync and G-Sync.

Stereo displays
When LCD shutter glasses are used for stereo 3D displays, the effective refresh rate is halved, because each eye needs a separate picture. For this reason, it is usually recommended to use a display capable of at least 120 Hz, because divided in half this rate is again 60 Hz. Higher refresh rates result in greater image stability, for example 72 Hz non-stereo is 144 Hz stereo, and 90 Hz non-stereo is 180 Hz stereo. Most low-end computer graphics cards and monitors cannot handle these high refresh rates, especially at higher resolutions.

For LCD monitors the pixel brightness changes are much slower than CRT or plasma phosphors. Typically LCD pixel brightness changes are faster when voltage is applied than when voltage is removed, resulting in an asymmetric pixel response time. With 3D shutter glasses this can result in a blurry smearing of the display and poor depth perception, due to the previous image frame not fading to black fast enough as the next frame is drawn.

Televisions

The development of televisions in the 1930s was determined by a number of technical limitations. The AC power line frequency was used for the vertical refresh rate for two reasons. The first reason was that the television's vacuum tube was susceptible to interference from the unit's power supply, including residual ripple. This could cause drifting horizontal bars (hum bars). Using the same frequency reduced this, and made interference static on the screen and therefore less obtrusive. The second reason was that television studios would use AC lamps, filming at a different frequency would cause strobing. Thus producers had little choice but to run sets at 60 Hz in America, and 50 Hz in Europe. These rates formed the basis for the sets used today: 60 Hz System M (almost always used with NTSC color coding) and 50 Hz System B/G (almost always used with PAL or SECAM color coding). This accident of chance gave European sets higher resolution, in exchange for lower frame-rates. Compare System M (704 × 480 at 30i) and System B/G (704 × 576 at 25i). However, the lower refresh rate of 50 Hz introduces more flicker, so sets that use digital technology to double the refresh rate to 100 Hz are now very popular. (see Broadcast television systems)

Another difference between 50 Hz and 60 Hz standards is the way motion pictures (film sources as opposed to video camera sources) are transferred or presented. 35 mm film is typically shot at 24 frames per second (fps). For PAL 50 Hz this allows film sources to be easily transferred by accelerating the film by 4%. The resulting picture is therefore smooth, however, there is a small shift in the pitch of the audio. NTSC sets display both 24 fps and 25 fps material without any speed shifting by using a technique called 3:2 pulldown, but at the expense of introducing unsmooth playback in the form of telecine judder.

Similar to some computer monitors and some DVDs, analog television systems use interlace, which decreases the apparent flicker by painting first the odd lines and then the even lines (these are known as fields). This doubles the refresh rate, compared to a progressive scan image at the same frame rate. This works perfectly for video cameras, where each field results from a separate exposure – the effective frame rate doubles, there are now 50 rather than 25 exposures per second. The dynamics of a CRT are ideally suited to this approach, fast scenes will benefit from the 50 Hz refresh, the earlier field will have largely decayed away when the new field is written, and static images will benefit from improved resolution as both fields will be integrated by the eye. Modern CRT-based televisions may be made flicker-free in the form of 100 Hz technology.

Many high-end LCD televisions now have a 120 or 240 Hz (current and former NTSC countries) or 100 or 200 Hz (PAL/SECAM countries) refresh rate. The rate of 120 was chosen as the least common multiple of 24 fps (cinema) and 30 fps (NTSC TV), and allows for less distortion when movies are viewed due to the elimination of telecine (3:2 pulldown). For PAL at 25 fps, 100 or 200 Hz is used as a fractional compromise of the least common multiple of 600 (24 × 25). These higher refresh rates are most effective from a 24p-source video output (e.g. Blu-ray Disc), and/or scenes of fast motion.

Displaying movie content on a TV
As movies are usually filmed at a rate of 24 frames per second, while television sets operate at different rates, some conversion is necessary. Different techniques exist to give the viewer an optimal experience.

The combination of content production, playback device, and display device processing may also give artifacts that are unnecessary. A display device producing a fixed 60 fps rate cannot display a 24 fps movie at an even, judder-free rate. Usually a 3:2 pulldown is used, giving a slight uneven movement.

While common multisync CRT computer monitors have been capable of running at even multiples of 24 Hz since the early 1990s, recent "120 Hz" LCDs have been produced for the purpose of having smoother, more fluid motion, depending upon the source material, and any subsequent processing done to the signal. In the case of material shot on video, improvements in smoothness just from having a higher refresh rate may be barely noticeable.

In the case of filmed material, as 120 is an even multiple of 24, it is possible to present a 24 fps sequence without judder on a well-designed 120 Hz display (i.e., so-called 5-5 pulldown). If the 120 Hz rate is produced by frame-doubling a 60 fps 3:2 pulldown signal, the uneven motion could still be visible (i.e., so-called 6-4 pulldown).

Additionally, material may be displayed with synthetically created smoothness with the addition of motion interpolation abilities to the display, which has an even larger effect on filmed material.

"50 Hz" TV sets (when fed with "50 Hz" content) usually get a movie that is slightly faster than normal, avoiding any problems with uneven pulldown.

title: Refresh rate


text:
Bellmore

Bellmore or Bellmores may refer to:

 * "The Bellmores, New York", a collective term referring to Bellmore and North Bellmore
 * Bellmore, New York, census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, New York, United States
 * North Bellmore, New York, census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, New York, United States
 * Bellmore, Indiana, unincorporated community in Union Township, Parke County, Indiana, United States
 * Bellmore station, a train station in Bellmore, New York
 * 6445 Bellmore, an asteroid

title: Bellmore


text:
User:Andreasp

Hei there! I'm a siviløkonom student at the Norwegian School of Management, currently enjoying my major in strategy.

I am born and raised in Gothenburg, Sweden, but choose to move to the capital city of Oslo in the year of 2000.

title: User:Andreasp


text:
Cuanza River

The Kwanza River, also known as the Coanza, the Quanza, and the Cuanza, is the longest river in Angola. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean just south of the national capital Luanda.

Geography
The river is navigable for about 150 mi from its mouth, located 60 km south of Luanda. Its tributaries include the Cutato and Lucala.

History
The river's navigable lower course was the original route of the Portuguese invasion of northern Angola.

The Capanda Dam in Malanje Province was finished in 2004, providing hydroelectric power to the region and assisting in its irrigation. The Cambambe Dam and the Lauca Dam were also constructed on the river. The Caculo Cabaça Dam is under construction with estimated completion in 2024. The Barra do Kwanza, the mouth of the river, is gradually being developed for tourism, including a golf course.

The Church of Nossa Senhora da Victoria stands near the banks of the Kwanza River in Massanganu, Province of Cuanza-Norte, Angola.

Wildlife
Rich biodiversity has been found in the Angolan river, according to research reported on the Science and Development Network website. Angola's first biodiversity tally of the Kwanza River has so far found 50 fish species. Researchers from the National Fishing Research Institute and the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity say genetic testing may reveal new species. Sportfishing includes tarpon.

Legacy
Angola's currency, the kwanza, is named after the river. The river is also the namesake of the provinces of Cuanza Norte ("Cuanza North") and Cuanza Sul ("Cuanza South").

title: Cuanza River


text:
1962 Quebec general election

The 1962 Quebec general election was held on November 14, 1962, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Jean Lesage, was re-elected, defeating the Union Nationale (UN) led by Daniel Johnson, Sr.

In an unusual move, the election was called just two years after the previous 1960 general election. Lesage sought a mandate for the Nationalization of the electricity industry, with the slogan Maîtres chez nous (Masters in Our Own Home), declaring it a single issue important enough to stake his political career on it.

A few days before the election, the Union Nationale's chief organizer André Lagarde was arrested for fraud. The Liberals claimed this was proof of lingering corruption dating from the Maurice Duplessis era, but the UN cried foul and was vindicated after the election. However, the incident may well have contributed to the UN's defeat.

The Liberal Party won an increased number of seats and a higher percentage of the popular vote, and the nationalization program was carried out. Future Parti Québécois founder René Lévesque served as a cabinet minister in the Lesage government and spearheaded the nationalization of power utilities for a great expansion of Hydro-Québec.

Action provinciale, a new group founded by Hertel Larocque (a former secretary of Camillien Houde), fielded 11 candidates in the election but failed to gather a significant number of votes. Johnson opted not to have the UN join forces with it, keeping in mind the failure the Liberals had had in attempting the same manoeuvre with the Créditistes in 1956. However, Social Credit was still a force to reckon with even while not campaigning on the provincial scene, and Johnson did not hesitate to use its vocabulary in his speeches while on the campaign trail.

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1960 !1962 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Jean Lesage
 * 95 || 52  || 63  || 11  || 1,205,253  || 128,118  || 56.40% || 5.02

 * style="text-align:left;"|Daniel Johnson, Sr.
 * 95 || 42  || 31  || 11 || 900,817  || 76,490 || 42.15% || 4.46

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|95 ! " colspan="2"|2,136,967 ! " colspan="2"| 100%
 * || 9 || 1  || 1  ||  || 13,581  || 8,606 || 0.64% || 0.42
 * rowspan="6" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 10 ||  ||  ||  || 11,209  || 3,001  || 0.52% || 0.13
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 ||  ||  ||  || 4,255  || 4,255  || 0.20% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 11 ||  ||  ||  || 1,445  || 1,445  || 0.07% || New
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 2 ||  ||  ||  || 336  || 10,195 || 0.02% || 0.48
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 ||  ||  ||  || 71  || 465 || 0.00% || 0.03
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 2 ||  ||  ||  || 336  || 10,195 || 0.02% || 0.48
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 ||  ||  ||  || 71  || 465 || 0.00% || 0.03
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
 * 1 ||  ||  ||  || 71  || 465 || 0.00% || 0.03
 * 224||95
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 29,509
 * 4,012
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 2,166,476
 * 36,369
 * 79.59
 * 2.07
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 2,721,933
 * 113,494
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 113,494
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = multiple candidates

title: 1962 Quebec general election


text:
Rotopress

The Rotopress is a waste collection vehicle manufactured by the German company Faun Umwelttechnik and formerly by KUKA. It uses a rotating drum to compact waste, and has its origin in a series of designs built by KUKA since the 1920s. The name "Rotopress" was first used in 1977, and has been used on subsequent models by the company, and by other companies under licence.

Description
The Rotopress is a continuously compacting garbage truck. A massive rotating drum compacts and stores the garbage. The outer edge of the drum acts as the loading hopper, and paddles on the drum convey the waste around an auger of decreasing pitch until it is small enough to be forced through a small ring-shaped gap between the drum and the auger, where it then enters the main section of the drum, which has helically shaped internal paddles which move the now-crushed waste towards the front of the vehicle. When emptying the drum, the direction of rotation is reversed.

History
The German company Keller und Knappich, Augsburg (KUKA), founded in 1898, built its first rotary waste collection vehicle in 1927. Production of the original model continued until 1949, and its replacement, the Type 210, was launched the following year. Subsequent models included the "Shark", introduced to the United States in the 1960s and so-named due to the serrated loading auger which was designed to tear up garbage sacks and other large soft items as they were dragged into the drum. The first model to carry the "Rotopress" name was the Type 215G, in 1977, and the name has been the company's subsequent rotary-drum designs including the 205.

Both the Shark and the Rotopress have been produced under licence by other manufacturers, including the British company, Laird Anglesey Ltd, based in Anglesey.

In 1983 KUKA's municipal vehicles division was acquired by Faun GmbH and production was moved to Osterholz. Manufacturing of waste collection vehicles became part of Faun's Environmental Technology sector, which was sold in 1987 to the Schmidt family (former owners of Faun) as a separate company with the name Faun Umwelttechnik. This was acquired by the Kirchhoff group in 1994. Laird Anglesey was acquired by Faun Eurotec, a subsidiary of Faun Umwelttechnik, in 1996.

By 1999, over 33,500 Rotopress bodies had been built. One of the key market niches which the Rotopress is aimed at is the collection of Green waste, as the continuous tumbling action of the rotary drum system mixes and homogonizes biodegradable material for composting.

FAUN have licensed the design to Fujicar Ltd (a division of Fuji Heavy Industries) who manufacture a smaller scale version of the rotary drum compactor specifically for the Japanese market (where the bodies are typically mounted on small truck or light van chassis). These clone versions are notable for the drum turning in the opposite direction (anticlockwise instead of clockwise) compared to the full-size European versions.

Products
As of 2011, the Rotopress is produced a range of sizes from smallest to largest: 008, 514, 516, 518, 520 and 522, as well as the Rotopress Dualpower hybrid vehicle, and the Rotopress 541 which is produced as either a stationary intermediate waste store or a semi-trailer.

title: Rotopress


text:
Talk:National anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Intermeco and Brahms's Variations on a Theme by Joseph Haydn
To me at least, Intermeco sounds very like the melody of Brahms's Variations on a Theme by Joseph Haydn. I haven't found anything online discussing the resemblance, unfortunately, so this falls foul of the no original research rule.--GagHalfrunt 13:13, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * To me at least, Intermeco sounds like 14 Faber College Theme - "Animal House" - Soundtrack, see on youtube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjcL80OgbkI. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.75.203.22 (talk) 07:27, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The aesthetic similarity to Animal House has been noted in reliable sources like the UK's BBC, so I have added a mention of it to the article. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 21:50, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Unofficial Lyrics
What's this about? Is BH having a contest to find lyrics for its anthem? I haven't heard of this. If this is true, someone should cite a source for the contest, as well as for these lyrics. If no source is posted, then these lyrics are unsubstantiated. I'll delete them, then. Inkan1969 (talk) 16:28, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * A week has passed and no explanation for these lyrics has been presented. I then feel justified in deleting the lyrics.  Inkan1969 (talk) 16:05, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You are very right, there is a "contest" for the lyrics and the lyrics entered here are one proposal and have NOT been adopted as the text of the national anthem. Mujanovic (talk) 19:14, 13 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Has anyone noticed that the proposed Bosnian Cyrillic lyrics are actually written in Bulgarian Cyrillic?128.189.144.184 (talk) 03:38, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:National Anthem of Bolivia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:59, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Not listed as official national anthem on the Bosnia and Herzegovina main page.
Can someone please ask someone to fix that? Both the Bosnia and Herzegovina page and its talk page are locked. And a wrong national anthem is listed there. --89.146.137.74 (talk) 00:19, 10 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Fixed now. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 21:49, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:27, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * National anthem of Bosnia and Hercegobina.ogg


text: Talk:Clitheroe

title: Talk:Clitheroe


text:
Electron gun

An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimated electron beam that has a precise kinetic energy.

The largest use is in cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), used in older television sets, computer displays and oscilloscopes, before the advent of flat-panel displays. Electron guns are also used in field-emission displays (FEDs), which are essentially flat-panel displays made out of rows of extremely small cathode-ray tubes. They are also used in microwave linear beam vacuum tubes such as klystrons, inductive output tubes, travelling wave tubes, and gyrotrons, as well as in scientific instruments such as electron microscopes and particle accelerators.

Electron guns may be classified by the type of electric field generation (DC or RF), by emission mechanism (thermionic, photocathode, cold emission, plasmas source), by focusing (pure electrostatic or with magnetic fields), or by the number of electrodes.

Design

A direct current, electrostatic thermionic electron gun is formed from several parts: a hot cathode, which is heated to create a stream of electrons via thermionic emission; electrodes generating an electric field to focus the electron beam (such as a Wehnelt cylinder); and one or more anode electrodes which accelerate and further focus the beam. A large voltage difference between the cathode and anode accelerates the electrons away from the cathode. A repulsive ring placed between the electrodes focuses the electrons onto a small spot on the anode, at the expense of a lower extraction field strength on the cathode surface. There is often a hole through the anode at this small spot, through which the electrons pass to form a collimated beam before reaching a second anode, called the collector. This arrangement is similar to an Einzel lens.

An RF electron gun consists of a Microwave cavity, either single cell or multi-cell, and a cathode. In order to obtain a smaller beam emittance at a given beam current, a photocathode is used. An RF electron gun with a photocathode is called a photoinjector.

Photoinjectors play a leading role in X-ray Free-electron lasers and small beam emittance accelerator physics facilities.

Applications

The most common use of electron guns is in cathode-ray tubes, which were widely used in computer and television monitors before the advent of flat screen displays. Most color cathode-ray tubes incorporate three electron guns, each one producing a different stream of electrons. Each stream travels through a shadow mask where the electrons will impinge upon either a red, green or blue phosphor to light up a color pixel on the screen. The resultant color that is seen by the viewer will be a combination of these three primary colors.

An electron gun can also be used to ionize particles by adding electrons to, or removing electrons from an atom. This technology is sometimes used in mass spectrometry in a process called electron ionization to ionize vaporized or gaseous particles. More powerful electron guns are used for welding, metal coating, 3D metal printers, metal powder production and vacuum furnaces.

Electron guns are also used in medical applications to produce X-rays using a linac (linear accelerator); a high energy electron beam hits a target, stimulating emission of X-rays.

Electron guns are also used in travelling wave tube amplifiers for microwave frequencies.

Measurement and detection

A nanocoulombmeter in combination with a Faraday cup can be used to detect and measure the beams emitted from electron gun and ion guns.

Another way to detect electron beams from an electron gun is by using a phosphor screen which will glow when struck by an electron.

title: Electron gun