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Northamptonshire County Cricket Club

Northamptonshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Northamptonshire. Its limited overs team is called the Northants Steelbacks – a reference to the Northamptonshire Regiment which was formed in 1881. The name was supposedly a tribute to the soldiers' apparent indifference to the harsh discipline imposed by their officers. Founded in 1878, Northamptonshire (Northants) held minor status at first but was a prominent member of the early Minor Counties Championship during the 1890s. In 1905, the club joined the County Championship and was elevated to first-class status, since when the team have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England.

The club plays the majority of its games at the County Cricket Ground, Northampton, but has used outlier grounds at Kettering, Wellingborough, Rushden and Peterborough (historically part of Northamptonshire, but currently governed with Cambridgeshire) in the past. It has also used grounds outside the county for one-day games: for example, at Luton, Tring and Milton Keynes.

During the 2022 season, Northamptonshire played in Division One of the County Championship. They also played in the North Division of the Royal London One-Day Cup and the North Division of the T20 Blast.

First XI: Honours/Achievements

 * County Championship (1905-1999)
 * Runners-up (4): 1912, 1957, 1965, 1976

 * CC Division One (From 2000)
 * Best placing - 6th: 2022

 * CC Division Two (From 2000)
 * Winners (1) - 2000
 * Runners-up (3): 2003, 2013, 2019

 * NatWest t20 Blast
 * Winners (2) – 2013, 2016
 * Runners-up (1): 2015

 * National League/Pro40
 * Division One
 * Runners-up (1): 2006
 * Division Two
 * Runners-up (1): 1999
 * 3rd place/promoted (1): 2003

 * NatWest Trophy
 * Winners (2) – 1976, 1992
 * Runners-up (5): 1979, 1981, 1987, 1990, 1995

 * Benson and Hedges Cup
 * Winners (1) – 1980
 * Runners-up (2): 1987, 1996

 * Minor Counties Championship
 * Winners (2) – 1903, 1904
 * Shared (2): 1899, 1900

Second XI: Honours

 * Second XI Championship
 * Winners (2) – 1960, 1998

 * Second XI Trophy
 * Winners (2) – 1986, 1998

Records
Most first-class runs for Northamptonshire

Qualification – 20,000 runs

Most first-class wickets for Northamptonshire

Qualification – 800 wickets

Team totals

 * Batting

Record partnership for each wicket

 * Bowling

 * Wicket-keeping

Earliest cricket
Cricket had probably reached Northamptonshire by the end of the 17th century and the first two references to cricket in the county are within a few days of each other in 1741. On Monday 10 August, there was a match at Woburn Park between a Bedfordshire XI and a combined Northants and Huntingdonshire XI. Woburn Cricket Club under the leadership of the Duke of Bedford was on the point of becoming a well known club. On Tuesday 18 August, a match played on the Cow Meadow near Northampton between two teams of amateurs from Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire is the earliest known instance of cricket being played in Northamptonshire county.

Origin of club
On 31 July 1878, the official formation of Northants CCC took place at a meeting in the George Hotel, Kettering based on an existing organisation that dated back to 1820. The 1820 date, if it could be verified, would make Northants the oldest club in the present-day County Championship. The club came to prominence in the Minor Counties Championship during the 1890s as, between 1900 and 1904, the bowling of George Thompson and William East was much too good for almost all batsmen at that level. The county applied for first-class status in 1904 and was promoted the following year when it joined the County Championship. They played its inaugural first-class match versus Hampshire CCC at Southampton on 18, 19 & 20 May 1905 when making its County Championship debut.

Stepping up to first-class
Although Thompson and East proved themselves to be bowlers of high class, a weak batting line-up meant that the team remained close to the bottom of the championship table until Sydney Smith arrived in 1909. After three years in the middle of the table, Northants surprisingly improved to finish second in 1912 and fourth in 1913. Thompson, Smith and William "Bumper" Wells formed one of the strongest attacks in county cricket at the time, whilst Smith and Haywood were the county's best batsmen.

Thompson and Smith finished playing after World War I and, during the inter-war period, Northamptonshire were regularly one of the weaker championship sides. This was exacerbated when Vallance Jupp declined due to age and, despite the arrival of Nobby Clark, a young left arm fast bowler from Huntingdonshire who burst onto the scene at the age of 20 in 1922 with 20 wickets at an average of 17.10 and Fred Bakewell, an exciting batsman who regularly exceeded 1000 runs a season,  Northamptonshire could only finish above second from last four times between 1923 and 1948, finishing last every year from 1934 to 1938 and enduring a run of 99 matches from 14 May 1935 to 29 May 1939 without a single championship victory, a record that has never been beaten and doesn't look like being beaten in the future. Things got worse for Northamptonshire during this time when Bakewell's career ended due to a broken arm in a car crash that also resulted in the fatality of teammate, Reginald Northway.

The post-war recovery
After the Second World War, things could only get better for Northamptonshire and they started by recruiting widely from other counties and countries, bringing in Freddie Brown from Surrey; the Australians Jock Livingston, George Tribe and Jack Manning; the New Zealander Peter Arnold; and the Cambridge University opening bat and leg-spinner Raman Subba Row. Brown joined as captain in 1949, and led the team to six place in his first season after previous years of disappointment. Under the new leadership of Dennis Brookes (a stalwart batsman for over 20 years), finished second in 1957, their best finish for 45 years. This was mainly due to the bowling attack of Frank Tyson, Vincent Broderick, Michael Allen, George Tribe and Manning. Northamptonshire were widely considered the best team in England in the late 1950s and early 1960s, during this time Keith Andrew, Northants best ever Wicket-keeper broke the records of most victims in an innings and a season.

Subsequently, the club has seen mixed fortunes. The club has had intermittent success in one-day competitions, but it has still not won the County Championship, although second place was achieved in each of 1957, 1965 and 1976. Nonetheless, it has included several famous players qualified for England, including the South African-born batsman Allan Lamb; fast bowler David Larter; the hard hitting opener Colin Milburn, whose career was cut tragically short by an eye injury sustained in a car crash; the reliable batsmen David Steele and Rob Bailey; opening batsman Wayne Larkins; and all-rounders Peter Willey and David Capel.

Several notable overseas players such as Matthew Hayden, Curtly Ambrose, André Nel, Kapil Dev, Mike Hussey, Sarfraz Nawaz, Mushtaq Mohammad, Anil Kumble, Dennis Lillee and Bishen Bedi have starred for the club, which was particularly formidable as a one-day batting outfit in the late 1970s and early 1980s. More recently, Lance Klusener and Monty Panesar have been notable players.

Northants have recently been criticised for the number of Kolpak players in the team, but for the 2009 season there were only three in Andrew Hall, Johan van der Wath and Nicky Boje, and only one in 2013 in Hall.

Ground history
As with all county cricket clubs, Northamptonshire CCC represents the historic county and not any modern or current administrative unit. In Northamptonshire's case, this means the county of Northamptonshire and the Town of Northampton, although the club have in the past played some home matches outside the historic borders such as in Luton and Milton Keynes.

Northamptonshire first played at the county ground in Northampton in 1905, and continue to do so till this day even though Northampton Town F.C. shared the ground up until 1994 when the Cobblers moved to Sixfields Stadium. After the football club moved, the ground at the Abington Avenue was demolished and replaced by a new indoor school which includes seating looking on to the ground. In 2009, Northants cricket announced plans to improve the ground by building two new stands on the scoreboard side of the ground, there will also be a permanent commentary box with a view to have a 'mini Lord's' style media centre.

This following table gives details of every venue at which Northamptonshire have hosted a first-class, List A or Twenty20 cricket match:

Current officials

 * President: The Rt Hon. the Lord Naseby
 * Chairman: Gavin Warren
 * Chief Executive: Ray Payne
 * Scorer: Terry Owen
 * Head Groundsman: Craig Harvey

Coaching staff
& Medicine Lead Coach: Nick Allen & Conditioning Coach: Chris Lorkin
 * Head coach: John Sadler
 * Assistant coach Rory Kleinveldt
 * Academy director Kevin Innes
 * Batting Coach: Greg Smith
 * Bowling Coach: Rory Kleinveldt
 * Pathway Performance coach: Adil Arif
 * 2nd XI & Fielding Coach: Graeme White
 * Performance Cricket Coach: James Maby
 * Head physiotherapist/Science
 * Head Strength

Current squad
The Northamptonshire squad for the 2023 season consists of (this section could change as players are released or signed):
 * No. denotes the player's squad number, as worn on the back of their shirt.
 * ‡ denotes players with international caps.
 * denotes a player who has been awarded a county cap.

Notable players
This list is compiled of international cricketers who have played Test and/or ODI cricket. It also includes players who have been mentioned in the '100 Greats: Northamptonshire County Cricket Club' book. Therefore, making them notable to the county and international cricket scene.

England
 * 🏴 Usman Afzaal
 * 🏴 Michael Allen
 * 🏴 Keith Andrew
 * 🏴 Rob Bailey
 * 🏴 Fred Bakewell
 * 🏴 Desmond Barrick
 * 🏴 Bill Barron
 * 🏴 Benjamin Bellamy
 * 🏴 Robin Boyd-Moss
 * 🏴 Vincent Broderick
 * 🏴 Dennis Brookes
 * 🏴 Freddie Brown
 * 🏴 David Capel
 * 🏴 Bob Carter
 * 🏴 Nobby Clark
 * 🏴 Geoff Cook
 * 🏴 Nick Cook
 * 🏴 Bob Cottam
 * 🏴 Brian Crump
 * 🏴 Ben Duckett
 * 🏴 John Dye
 * 🏴 John Emburey
 * 🏴 Alan Fordham
 * 🏴 Frederick Jakeman
 * 🏴 Vallance Jupp
 * 🏴 Allan Lamb
 * 🏴 Wayne Larkins
 * 🏴 David Larter
 * 🏴 Albert Lightfoot
 * 🏴 Mal Loye
 * 🏴 Devon Malcolm
 * 🏴 Neil Mallender
 * 🏴 Austin Matthews
 * 🏴 Colin Milburn
 * 🏴 John Murdin
 * 🏴 Buddy Oldfield
 * 🏴 Monty Panesar
 * 🏴 Tony Penberthy
 * 🏴 Roger Prideaux
 * 🏴 David Ripley
 * 🏴 David Sales
 * 🏴 George Sharp
 * 🏴 Sydney Smith
 * 🏴 David Steele
 * 🏴 Raman Subba Row
 * 🏴 Haydn Sully
 * 🏴 Graeme Swann
 * 🏴 Paul Taylor
 * 🏴 Albert Thomas
 * 🏴 George Thompson
 * 🏴 John Timms
 * 🏴 Frank Tyson
 * 🏴 Roy Virgin
 * 🏴 Fanny Walden
 * 🏴 David Willey
 * 🏴 Peter Willey
 * 🏴 Claud Woolley

Australia
 * 🇦🇺 Trent Copeland
 * 🇦🇺 Ian Harvey
 * 🇦🇺 Matthew Hayden
 * 🇦🇺 Mike Hussey
 * 🇦🇺 Phil Jaques
 * 🇦🇺 Dennis Lillee
 * 🇦🇺 Jock Livingston
 * 🇦🇺 Martin Love
 * 🇦🇺 Chris Lynn
 * 🇦🇺 Matthew Nicholson
 * 🇦🇺 Chris Rogers
 * 🇦🇺 George Tribe
 * 🇦🇺 Cameron White

South Africa
 * 🇿🇦 Hylton Ackerman
 * 🇿🇦 Nicky Boje
 * 🇿🇦 Johan Botha
 * 🇿🇦 Andrew Hall
 * 🇿🇦 Richard Levi
 * 🇿🇦 Johann Louw
 * 🇿🇦 Rory Kleinveldt
 * 🇿🇦 Lance Klusener
 * 🇿🇦 André Nel
 * 🇿🇦 Johan van der Wath
 * 🇿🇦 Martin van Jaarsveld

India
 * 🇮🇳 Bishan Bedi
 * 🇮🇳 Kapil Dev
 * 🇮🇳 Sourav Ganguly
 * 🇮🇳 Prithvi Shaw
 * 🇮🇳 Anil Kumble

Pakistan
 * 🇵🇰 Shahid Afridi
 * 🇵🇰 Mohammad Akram
 * 🇵🇰 Mushtaq Mohammad
 * 🇵🇰 Sarfraz Nawaz

West Indies
 * Curtly Ambrose
 * Winston Davis
 * Roger Harper

New Zealand
 * 🇳🇿 Peter Arnold
 * 🇳🇿 Ken James
 * 🇳🇿 James Neesham
 * 🇳🇿 Lou Vincent

Zimbabwe
 * 🇿🇼 Elton Chigumbura
 * 🇿🇼 Kevin Curran
 * 🇿🇼 Blessing Muzarabani

Ireland
 * 🇮🇪 Niall O'Brien

Sri Lanka
 * 🇱🇰 Seekkuge Prasanna
 * 🇱🇰 Chaminda Vaas

Scotland
 * 🏴 David Murphy
 * 🏴 Tom Sole

County captains
A complete list of officially appointed Northamptonshire captains can be found here: List of Northamptonshire cricket captains.

Notable captains:

 * Freddie Brown (1949–1953)
 * Dennis Brookes (1954–1957)
 * Raman Subba Row (1958–1961)
 * Keith Andrew (1962–1966)
 * Mushtaq Mohammad (1976–1977)
 * Allan Lamb (1989–1995)
 * Matthew Hayden (1999–2000)
 * Mike Hussey (2002–2003)
 * Will Young (2022)

County caps
Northamptonshire do not automatically award caps to players on their first appearance; instead, they have to be 'earned' through good performances. In recent times, cricketers who are awarded a county cap are given a new cap with yellow stripes on the maroon instead of a plain maroon cap. The following players have received caps:

 * 1946: W Barron, P.E Murray-Willis
 * 1947: V Broderick, A.W Childs-Clarke, C.B Clarke, K Fiddling, J Webster
 * 1948: A.E Nutter, N Oldfield
 * 1949: F.R Brown, R.W Clarke, R.G Garlick
 * 1950: L Livingston
 * 1951: F Jakeman
 * 1952: D.W Barrick, G.E Tribe
 * 1953: E Davis
 * 1954: K.V Andrew, S Starkie, F.H Tyson
 * 1955: A.P Arnold, R Subba Row
 * 1956: J.S Manning, B.L Reynolds
 * 1957: M.H.J Allen
 * 1960: L.A Johnson, M.E.J.C Norman
 * 1961: J.D.F Larter, A Lightfoot
 * 1962: B.S Crump, R.M Prideaux, P.D Watts, P.J Watts
 * 1963: C Milburn
 * 1964: M.E Scott
 * 1965: D.S Steele
 * 1966: H Sully
 * 1967: Mushtaq Mohammad
 * 1969: H.M Ackerman
 * 1971: P Willey
 * 1972: B.S Bedi, R.M.H Cottam, J.C.J Dye
 * 1973: G Sharp
 * 1974: R.T Virgin
 * 1975: G Cook, Sarfraz Nawaz
 * 1976: A Hodgson, W Larkins
 * 1978: B.J Griffiths, A.J Lamb, T.M Lamb, T.J Yardley
 * 1979: R.G Williams
 * 1984: R.J Boyd-Moss, N.A Mallender
 * 1985: R.J Bailey
 * 1986: D.J Capel, R.A Harper, D.J Wild
 * 1987: N.G.B Cook, W.W Davis, D Ripley, A Walker
 * 1990: C.E.L Ambrose, N.A Felton, A Fordham, M.A Robinson
 * 1991: J.G Thomas
 * 1992: K.M Curran, J.P Taylor
 * 1994: M.B Loye, A.L Penberthy
 * 1995: A Kumble, R.R Montgomerie, R.J Warren
 * 1999: M.L Hayden, D.E Malcolm, D.J.G Sales, G.P Swann
 * 2000: J.F Brown, D.M Cousins
 * 2001: M.E.K Hussey
 * 2003: T.M.B Bailey, J.W Cook, P.A Jaques, A Nel
 * 2005: U Afzaal, B.J Phillips
 * 2006: L Klusener, M.S Panesar
 * 2007: S.D Peters
 * 2008: R.A White, N Boje
 * 2009: J.J van der Wath, A.J Hall, D.S Lucas
 * 2011: J.D Middlebrook, N.J O'Brien, W.P.J.U.C Vaas
 * 2012: J.A Brooks, A.G Wakely
 * 2013: K.J Coetzer, S.P Crook, D.J Willey
 * 2015: M Azharullah
 * 2016: R.K Kleinveldt, B.M Duckett
 * 2017: R.I Newton, R.E Levi, D Murphy
 * 2018: J.J Cobb, B.W Sanderson
 * 2019: R.I Keogh, A.M Rossington
 * 2020: L.A Procter
 * 2021: R.S Vasconcelos

title: Northamptonshire County Cricket Club


text:
Osteospermum

Osteospermum, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies. Its species have been given several common names, including African daisy, South African daisy, Cape daisy and blue-eyed daisy.

Description
Their alternate (rarely opposite) leaves are green, but some variegated forms exist. The leaf form is lanceolate. The leaf margin is entire, but hardy types are toothed.

The daisy-like composite flower consists of disc florets and ray florets, growing singly at the end of branches or sometimes in inflorescences of terminal corymbose cymes. The disc florets are pseudo-bisexual and come in several colors such as blue, yellow and purple. The hardy types usually show a dark blue center in the disc until the yellow pollen is shed. The ray florets are female and are found diverse colors such as white, cream, pink, purple, mauve to yellow. Some cultivars have "spooned" petals such as "Pink Whirls". Many species flower a second time late summer, stimulated by the cooler night temperatures. Hardy types show profuse flowering in the spring, but they do not get a second flush of flowers.

Taxonomy
The genus Osteospermum was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The scientific name is derived from the Greek osteon (bone) and Latin spermum (seed). Plants of the World Online and the South African National Biodiversity Institute accept a broad definition of the genus, which is a sister taxon to Dimorphotheca. Other authorities treat its generic synonyms (Chrysanthemoides, Oligocarpus, etc.) as separate genera.

Species
74 species are accepted:
 * Osteospermum acanthospermum (DC.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum aciphyllum DC.
 * Osteospermum afromontanum Norl.
 * Osteospermum amplectens (Harv.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum angolense Norl.
 * Osteospermum apterum (B.Nord.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Osteospermum armatum Norl.
 * Osteospermum asperulum (DC.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum attenuatum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 * Osteospermum auriculatum (S.Moore) Norl.
 * Osteospermum australe B.Nord.
 * Osteospermum bidens Thunb.
 * Osteospermum bolusii (Compton) Norl.
 * Osteospermum breviradiatum Norl. — Lemoenboegoe
 * Osteospermum burttianum B.Nord.
 * Osteospermum calcicola (J.C.Manning & Goldblatt) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Osteospermum calendulaceum L.f. — Stinking Roger
 * Osteospermum ciliatum P.J.Bergius
 * Osteospermum connatum DC.
 * Osteospermum corymbosum L.
 * Osteospermum crassifolium (O.Hoffm.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum dentatum Burm.f.
 * Osteospermum elsieae Norl.
 * Osteospermum grandidentatum DC. — Yellow trailing daisy
 * Osteospermum grandiflorum DC.
 * Osteospermum hafstroemii Norl.
 * Osteospermum herbaceum L.f.
 * Osteospermum hirsutum Thunb.
 * Osteospermum hispidum Harv.
 * Osteospermum hyoseroides (DC.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum ilicifolium L.
 * Osteospermum imbricatum L.
 * Osteospermum incanum Burm.f.
 * Osteospermum junceum P.J.Bergius
 * Osteospermum karrooicum (Bolus) Norl.
 * Osteospermum lanceolatum DC.
 * Osteospermum leptolobum (Harv.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum microcarpum (Harv.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum microphyllum DC.
 * Osteospermum moniliferum L.
 * Osteospermum monocephalum (Oliv. & Hiern) Norl.
 * Osteospermum monstrosum (Burm.f.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Osteospermum montanum Klatt
 * Osteospermum muricatum E.Mey. ex DC.
 * Osteospermum namibense Swanepoel
 * Osteospermum nervosum (Hutch.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum nordenstamii J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Osteospermum norlindhianum J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Osteospermum nyikense Norl.
 * Osteospermum oppositifolium (Aiton) Norl.
 * Osteospermum pinnatilobatum Norl.
 * Osteospermum pinnatum (Thunb.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum polycephalum (DC.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum polygaloides L.
 * Osteospermum potbergense A.R.Wood & B.Nord.
 * Osteospermum pterigoideum Klatt
 * Osteospermum pyrifolium Norl.
 * Osteospermum rigidum Aiton
 * Osteospermum rosulatum Norl.
 * Osteospermum rotundifolium (DC.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum sanctae-helenae Norl.
 * Osteospermum scariosum DC.
 * Osteospermum sinuatum (DC.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum spathulatum (DC.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum spinescens Thunb.
 * Osteospermum spinigerum (Norl.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum spinosum L.
 * Osteospermum striatum Burtt Davy
 * Osteospermum subulatum DC.
 * Osteospermum thodei Markötter
 * Osteospermum tomentosum (L.f.) B.Nord.
 * Osteospermum triquetrum L.f.
 * Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne.) Norl.
 * Osteospermum volkensii (O.Hoffm.) Norl.

Formerly placed here

 * Dimorphotheca barberae — synonym Osteospermum barberae (Harv.) Norl.)
 * Dimorphotheca ecklonis — Cape marguerite, blue-and-white daisybush (synonym Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl.)
 * Dimorphotheca fruticosa — Trailing African daisy, shrubby daisybush (synonym Osteospermum fruticosum (L.) Norl.)
 * Dimorphotheca jucunda (E.Phillips) Norl. — South African daisy (synonym Osteospermum jucundum E.Phillips)

Distribution
There are about 70 species native to southern and eastern Africa and the Arabian peninsula.

Cultivation
Osteospermum are popular in cultivation, where they are frequently used in summer bedding schemes in parks and gardens. Numerous hybrids and cultivars have been grown with a wide range of tropical colors. Yellow cultivars tend to have a yellow center (sometimes off-white).

Plants prefer a warm and sunny position and rich soil, although they tolerate poor soil, salt or drought well. Modern cultivars flower continuously when watered and fertilised well, and dead-heading is not necessary, because they do not set seed easily. If planted in a container, soil should be prevented from drying out completely. If they do, the plants will go into "sleep mode" and survive the period of drought, but they will abort their flower buds and not easily come back into flower. Moreover, roots are relatively susceptible to rotting if watered too profusely after the dry period.

Cultivars
Most widely sold cultivars are grown as annuals, are mainly hybrids of O. jucundum, O. ecklonis and O. grandiflorum and can be hardy to -2 °C (30 °F). If hardy, they can be grown as perennials or as shrubs.

Cultivars (those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):

 * 'Acapulco'
 * 'African Queen'
 * 'Apricot'
 * 'Biera'
 * 'Big Pink'
 * 'Blackthorn Seedling'
 * 'Bodegas Pink'
 * 'Buttermilk'
 * 'Chris Brickell'
 * 'Duet'
 * 'Giles Gilbey'
 * 'Hopleys'
 * 'Ice White'
 * 'Langtrees
 * 'Lady Leitrim'
 * 'Lilac Spoon'
 * 'Marbella'
 * 'Merriments Joy'
 * 'Nairobi Purple'
 * O. jucundum
 * 'Passion Mix'
 * 'Pink'
 * 'Pink Beauty'
 * 'Pink Whirls'
 * 'Silver Sparkler'
 * 'Soprano'
 * 'Starshine'
 * 'Springstar Gemma'
 * 'Sunkist'
 * 'Weetwood'
 * 'White Pim'
 * 'White Spoon'
 * 'White Whirls'
 * 'Whirlygig'

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Osteospermum


text:
University of Bamberg

The University of Bamberg (Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg) in Bamberg, Germany, specializes in the humanities, cultural studies, social sciences, economics, and applied computer science.

Campus
The university is partly housed in historical buildings in Bamberg's Old Town. These include the former Jesuit college (Theology), the former Hochzeitshaus (History), the old slaughterhouse (Earth Science), and the former fire station (Oriental Studies). The departments of Languages and Literature are partly housed in buildings which once belonged to the Kaiser-Heinrich High School. The Social Sciences and Economics department, which accommodates a large proportion of the students, are in Feldkirchenstrasse. The former ERBA cotton mill, on an island in the Regnitz, has been acquired to create student apartments in the red-brick building, as well as in an adjoining new 14,000m2 building.

Organization
The university today has four faculties:
 * Faculty of Humanities
 * Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics and Business Administration
 * Faculty of Human Sciences and Education
 * Faculty of Information Systems and Applied Computer Science

An agreement between Bavaria and the Vatican saw the faculty of Catholic Theology restructured as an institute which places a greater emphasis on teacher training. In 2005, the Social Work course transferred to Coburg University of Applied Sciences.

Disciplines

 * Language-based area studies, including Oriental Studies and Slavonic Studies
 * Medieval Studies; Archaeology (Prehistoric, Roman Provinces, Medieval); Cultural Heritage Conservation
 * Behavioural sciences: Sociology, Political Science, Psychology
 * Economics and Business Administration, with an emphasis on European Economics
 * Applied Computer Science

The main areas of curricular focus, to which subjects across faculties contribute, are:
 * Education and Life Planning
 * The Individual and Society
 * Languages and Cultures
 * Business and Markets

Rankings and reputation
In the 2012 Wirtschaftswoche ranking, the Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business Administration is ranked 20th in business administration (Betriebswirtschaftslehre) and 11th in economics (Volkswirtschaftslehre).

Partner universities
The University of Bamberg currently has cooperation agreements with approximately 300 academic institutions in more than 60 countries (March 2018).

The European network includes the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford. The University holds partnerships in Australia with the University of Sydney, in the US with Harvard University, as well as in Asia with the Chinese Xi'an Jiaotong University, the Korea University, and the Japanese Sophia University.

Johann Baptist von Spix International Professorship
The University of Bamberg created the Johann Baptist von Spix professorship in 2015. The professorship is named for an alumnus of the university and eminent biologist and ethnographer. The professorship was created in an effort to increase the institution's international scholarly collaboration. Recipients of the professorship teach a class, conduct research, provide professional development opportunities to graduate students, and offer public presentations.

Notable faculty

 * Thomas Weißer, ethics

Notable alumni

 * Lisa Badum, member of the Bundestag
 * Nabila Espanioly, Arab-Israeli clinical psychologist and activist
 * Alexander Filipović, German ethicist, focusing on media and the digital transformation
 * Meinolf Finke, German writer and poet
 * Nora-Eugenie Gomringer, German and Swiss poet and writer
 * Brigitte Mohn, German businesswoman and entrepreneur
 * Wolf-Dieter Montag, German physician, sports medicine specialist, mountain rescue doctor, and international sports administrator
 * Franz Naegele, German obstetrician
 * Ursula Reutner, German linguist
 * Andreas Röschlaub, German physician
 * Corine Schleif, professor and art historian
 * You Xie, Chinese-German politician, journalist and author

title: University of Bamberg


text:
Mr. Squiggle

Mr. Squiggle (originally also known as Mr. Squiggle and Friends) is an Australian children's television series, and the name of the title character from that ABC show. The show was presented on television in many formats, between its inception on 1 July 1959 and 1999, from five-minute slots to a one-and-a-half-hour variety show featuring other performers, and has had several name changes, originally airing as Mr. Squiggle and Friends. At its height, the program was one of the most popular children's programs in Australia and toured theatre and conventions, entertaining several generations who grew with the program. It became one of the longest-running children's programs on Australian television, despite originally only asked to fill a six week gap on the ABC's schedule.

History
Mr. Squiggle, the central character was created by cartoonist and puppeteer Norman Hetherington OAM,  and the character first appeared on the Children's TV Club on ABC TV,  but was spun off into his own programme which first aired on 1 July 1959. Hetherington voiced and operated all of the show's puppets, while his wife Margaret wrote the scripts.

The basic premise of the show remained the same: children wrote in with their "squiggles" and Mr. Squiggle would turn them into recognisable drawings by connecting lines with his pencil nose. More often than not, the picture would be drawn upside down (Hetherington manipulated the puppet from above by viewing the drawing upside down), and then Mr. Squiggle would gleefully declare, "Upside down! Upside down!"—asking his assistant to turn the picture the right way up and reveal the completed drawing. Every child whose "squiggle" was used on the show was sent a letter from Mr Squiggle himself. According to one interview, one little girl even sent Hetherington three handkerchiefs for Christmas.

The last episode went to air just over 40 years after the first, on 9 July 1999. The last episode was produced in 1997; however, it was not until 2001 that the contract with the ABC concluded. After the show ceased production, the entire cast of puppets from Mister Squiggle and Friends were owned by the show's creator, Norman Hetherington. They have been loaned for display at exhibitions, such as at the National Film and Sound Archive and as part of the "50 Years of TV" exhibition at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image in 2007. Hetherington and his puppets appeared on the ABC TV series Collectors in 2010. In 2005 the Mosman Art Gallery hosted a major exhibition on the art and life of Norman Hetherington called "Mr Squiggle, Who’s Pulling the Strings". It included an envelope that a child had addressed to "Mr Squiggle, The Moon", which was delivered to the show.

Characters

 * Mr. Squiggle - Mr. Squiggle, the central character is a marionette with a pencil for a nose, who visits his friends from his home at 93 Crater Crescent on the Moon, flying to Earth in his pet rocket (named Rocket). In every episode he would create several pictures from "squiggles" sent in by children from around the country. Mr. Squiggle is a cheery, gentle and good-natured yet scatter-brained character who is often distracted and occasionally goes for "space-walks", leading his assistant to calm him down and get him to focus on the task of drawing.

Other characters
Other puppet characters that appeared in the show included:
 * Blackboard, the grumpy blackboard that Mr. Squiggle uses for an easel, whose catchphrases are "Hurry up", "Hmmph", "Double hmmph" and "Booorrriing"
 * Gus the Snail, who had a TV for a shell and later, a flower pot, often tells knock-knock jokes.
 * Bill the Steam Shovel, who likes to tell corny jokes (often in the form of riddles) and belch steam (talcum powder) out of his "nose" when he laughs.

Assistants
Mr. Squiggle was helped by a human assistant in all of the show's incarnations; they included Miss Gina (Gina Curtis), Miss Pat (Pat Lovell), Miss Jane (Jane Fennell), and later series featured Roxanne (Roxanne Kimmorley) and Rebecca (Rebecca Hetherington, Hetherington's daughter). In his first incarnation as Mr. Jolly Squiggle on the Children's TV Club his assistant was Miss Faith (Faith Linton).

Guest cast
Comedian Mikey Robins played one of the show's characters, Reg Linchpin, for a year from 1989 to 1990. Other notable guest performers on the show included actor Paul Chubb and magician Timothy Hyde.

Commemorated
In February 2019 the Royal Australian Mint released a series of two dollar coins to mark the 60th anniversary of the first broadcast of the programme. The coins feature images of Squiggle himself, Gus the Snail, Bill the Steam Shovel, and Blackboard.

Historical collection
In April 2024, the National Museum of Australia announced that it had acquired a collection of Norman Hetherington's puppets, scripts, artworks, props, graphics, merchandise, and fans' "squiggles", with the intention of eventually putting them on display.

title: Mr. Squiggle


text:
Talk:Patrick Duffy

Missing from Filmography
Didn't Duffy guest star in an episode of the original Star Trek, sometime around 1967? 108.207.168.184 (talk) 03:15, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
I don't see what's wrong with this page. Everything on it seems to be confirmed by the IMDB biography. 128.12.53.90 09:17, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I actually didn't mean it like that. It's just the article covered almost nothing of his acting career or why he was important.  RadicalBender 02:01, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

...what about (date - )? Dysprosia 01:38, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Curious religious info
When claiming that someone is an active Buddhist, it is advisable to mention the school. That is especially true of artists. I checked a number of web sources in an attempt to find out about Patrick Duffy's affiliation, and I am puzzled.

The most common quote claims that he is a Buddhist of the "Nichiren Pure Land school" or somesuch, and that he repeats some "Om Mani" mantra at least once per day. That sounds highly unlikely, since there is not a Nichiren Pure Land school. In fact, Nichiren Buddhism is very different from (and incompatible with) Pure Land Buddhism - and the "Om Mani" mantras are not compatible with either, being from Tibetan Buddhism. Either Patrick Duffy meant that statement as a joke, or he is REALLY into syncretism, or someone goofed while getting the info about his religious practice. My best bet is that he is actually a Soka Gakkai member (like Tina Turner, which I tend not to consider a Buddhist school (unlike its grandparent organization, Nichiren Shu). Luis Dantas 06:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

laser-beam-shooting Patrick Duffy head meme...
I've seen these animated gifs on enough image boards that I think this meme may be worth at least a brief mention, although I don't know their original origin or maker(s) enough to contribute anything worthy to the article. Anyone perhaps a bit more knowledgable can add it in? --69.234.208.76 23:46, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Aye, similar internet memes are mentioned on the wiki entries of the respective celebrities, and ther are enough of those "Patric Duffy floating head of doom" gifs to make it relevant. I think the fad was originated on the SomethingAwful forums.
 * It's definitely SA. Round 2 of the gifs is on its way as I type this and enough "non-Internet" people I know have seen them that I think we ought to upload one of the more famous ones.  Triped 06:41, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Triped is right. I've added a more detailed description as well as an example. EASports 16:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Not to sound dumb, but what's the deal with this? 67.149.28.67 19:40, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Qpatrick duffy.jpg
Image:Qpatrick duffy.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:49, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Patrick duffy.jpg
Image:Patrick duffy.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:07, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ManFromAtlantis.jpg
Image:ManFromAtlantis.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:39, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

File:Patrick Duffy Man From Atlantis 1977.JPG
I removed this image. It is clearly a promotional image from a heavily copyrighted television show. The copyright holder, Warner Bros, continues to sell and market "Man From Atlantis". It was also not a good representation of Patrick Duffy as it displayed him having webbed fingers. This compromises the informational value of the wikipedia article about Patrick Duffy. I added an image that I believe is a much better representation of Patrick Duffy, from his own free to use website. I added what I believe to be a strong fair use rationale. Planeis (talk) 14:23, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

Well, seems someone didn't like the image I uploaded, so now the display image for Patrick Duffy is this "Man From Atlantis" photo. I don't care personally, I don't have any special love for Patrick Duffy, but the idea that this promotional image from a heavily copyrighted TV show is appropriate is frankly ridiculous. It doesn't even serve any informational value because its not a true description of Patrick Duffy. Does he have webbed fingers? No. Then why does his display image show this?Planeis (talk) 12:16, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * This image is a film still; well, you take a photo DURING production. There is such thing as a silent-shutter camera, as from what I've heard. We are using this image for now because there is no other way. The uploader is trusting, and I trust what the description says because... Warner may not be aware about most of copyright laws, and, honestly, I assume that you pretend to know copyrights enough. Production photo is separate from the TV show; under law, photo is not the same and should not be treated the same as the TV show, movie, or whatever. Look at photos of Three's Company. --George Ho (talk) 20:06, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I've tagged the non-free recent image as db-g7. Any minute it'll be deleted, unless you remove it. --George Ho (talk) 20:12, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

Yes, I am very aware that its a film still. Thank you. Your attitude about this is really frightening. If you had brought up the idea of it being a film still here on the talk page, I would have happily discussed it.Planeis (talk) 20:26, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * We know that this is an actor in character, but what's the big deal about truly identifying him outside shows and/or films? Here's one made in 1967: File:Andy Griffith Don Knots Margaret Teale Andy Griffith Show 1967.JPG. --George Ho (talk) 02:47, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * You keep pointing to these other things like Three's Company and this one from the Andy Griffith Show. It's not the same. The Three's Company screen captures and cast photos are being used for the show. Not the actors' biographies. That Andy Griffith picture is being used for Barney, not the actor Don Knotts. I'm sorry I think it's wrong that someone's photo on their biography shows them with webbed fingers when they don't have them in real life. I just think it's dumb. If I got someone on flickr to email me a picture that they personally took would that be appropriate? I've seen that type of usage on numerous other public peoples' pages.Planeis (talk) 20:06, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * What other choices do we have other than free images? Look, you can go to WP:village pump (policy) to discuss using images of characters in bio. Maybe, File:Debbie Watson Tammy 1965.JPG might help; it's used in the actress's bio. --George Ho (talk) 22:56, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Like I said, I found someone on flickr with a free to use image of this actor. I asked her if she took the photo and she said yes. I informed her of what I would like to do with it and she emailed it to me. Its just a photo of him standing outside at a public event, like many other persons on wikipedia are pictured doing in their main biography. I've checked the rationale on these sites and they are often pictures from flickr that have been emailed with permission of the rights holder. I am asking you if you think that would be appropriate.Planeis (talk) 01:42, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * If it is licensed to be shared personally and commercially under attribution conditions, yes. See more at File copyright tags. So what is the web source of the photo? --George Ho (talk) 02:02, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

By the way, here it is: commons:Commons:OTRS. --George Ho (talk) 02:07, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Rumours of Death
Removed sentence at the end of the "Career" section stating:

Sadly, Duffy took his own life on December 1st, 2009 by eating his own head in front of a live studio audience on the season premiere of the highly acclaimed Richard Simmons Smile Time Variety Hour.

Although amusing, he has not yet eaten his own head. --Imwithid (talk) 14:27, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Cousin
There doesn't seem to be a source cited for the bit about his distant cousin being jailed in Ireland. I could find references to a Declan Duffy being imprisoned in Ireland, but nothing to confirm the familial relationship to Patrick Duffy. Unquist (talk) 00:49, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Dates?
Why does the opening paragraph contain the phrase: "from 1978 to 1985 and from 1986 to 1991"? Wouldn't that just be from 1978 to 1991? Am I missing something here?74.228.64.159 (talk) 21:00, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Because he was gone for a year from Dallas. They wrote him off the show, he was gone for a season, and then returned when a character woke up from a dream and the audience was essentially told the entire previous season had been all in that characters head.167.102.150.4 (talk) 13:49, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

Crab
No mention yet of Duffy and Crab? 165.214.4.22 (talk) 23:50, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

And the Award For Worst Paragraph goes to...
This one.

"According to longtime fan and future crewmember, Andrea Cantrell, she was asked to create a photo album of the Ewing Family, in 2012, who was having difficulty finding as many appropriate pictures as she could, though many of the new cast members could only provide recent snaps, and her efforts were further hampered because the image of two original Dallas stars, late actors Jim Davis and Barbara Bel Geddes, are controlled by the handlers of their estate. Then, after struggling, Duffy came to the rescue, who asked his wife to send a box of pictures to Cantrell. All the pictures Duffy's real-life family were taken, decades ago (before Duffy's parents were murdered, in real-life), as well as a baby picture of Patrick, himself. His real-life mother also bore a slight resemblance to Bel Geddes, whose character made a photo of her holding baby Patrick, exactly what Cantrell needed. His real-life late parents made a cameo on the revised Dallas series."

Wow. 76.100.185.254 (talk) 21:53, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Twitter
This source doesn't clearly say the wife died. It says "on this day 6 months ago" (posted on 23 June 2017), which means it could have happened on 23 December 2016 not on 4 January 2017. — Za  wl  14:06, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Personal Life
Months ago I added a reference to Patrick Duffy being in a relationship with Linda Purl. This has completely disappeared from the "Talk" section. My reference was deleted because it referenced the NY Post page 6. Now it seems that the reference is back and that Instagram is now considered a "reliable source" as to the pair being in a relationship? What gives?Aspenguy2 (talk)

Move to Patrick Duffy (actor)
There are at least six articles "Patrick Duffy" and more under Pat and Paddy or with middle names. To keep with the style of the other "Patrick Duffy" articles I propose this article be moved to "Patrick Duffy (actor)". UaMaol (talk) 19:51, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Duffy


text:
Horse-drawn boat

A horse-drawn boat or tow-boat is a historic boat operating on a canal, pulled by a horse walking beside the canal on a towpath.

United Kingdom
The Romans are known to have used mules to haul boats on their waterways in the UK. Boat horses were the prime movers of the Industrial Revolution, and they remained at work until the middle of the 20th century. A horse, towing a boat with a rope from the towpath, could pull fifty times as much cargo as it could pull in a cart or wagon on roads. In the early days of the Canal Age, from about 1740, all boats and barges were towed by horse, mule, hinny, pony or sometimes a pair of donkeys. Many of the surviving buildings and structures had been designed with horse power in mind. Horse-drawn boats were used well into the 1960s on UK canals for commercial transport, and are still used today by passenger trip boats and other pleasure traffic.

The Horseboating Society has the primary aims of preserving and promoting Horseboating on the canals of the United Kingdom. There are horseboat operators at Foxton, Godalming, Tiverton, Ashton-under-Lyne, Newbury, Llangollen and Maesbury Marsh, Shropshire on the Montgomery Canal.

NB Maria
Maria is Britain's oldest surviving wooden narrowboat, built in 1854 by Jinks Boatyard in Marple, and was never converted to have an engine. From 1854 to 1897, Maria was used to carry railway track ballast for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. It was then used as a maintenance boat until 1962, lay abandoned for nine years until being salvaged in 1972 and converted to a passenger boat in 1978. In 2000 it was restored to near original operating condition.

Maria is currently owned by Ashton Packet Boat Company. It is sometimes loaned to the Horseboating Society and has taken part in several of their events, including British Waterways' "Coal and Cotton" event, celebrating the Leeds and Liverpool Canal's history of transporting coal from Leeds and Wigan to Liverpool, and taking cotton from Liverpool docks to Leeds.

In 2006 it was the first boat to have been legged through Standedge Tunnel in 60 years. A UK Government minister and a local Member of Parliament took turns at legging Maria through the highest, longest, and deepest canal tunnel in the UK.

title: Horse-drawn boat


text:
Talk:Froude number

Hi

I reckon this page might be better split into two: Froude number and a separate page for densimetric Froude number. Comments?

(William M. Connolley 09:31, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)) Its a fairly short page now and if split would be very short. It might be better to expand it first. Unless you want to create links into it. But if you feel strongly, go ahead.

Fr and Ri are interchanged here
The definitions of Froude number and Richardson number are interchanged. Should I edit it or suggest that the author should do so? I'm not sure of the protocal. --Dankelley 01:04, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi Dankelly.

The usual protocol would be for you to edit the article, if you are sure of your position. However, in this case, it would be better to do one of the following:

 * 1) leave the articles unchanged because the definitions are generally accepted
 * 2) say something like "Some workers (such as X and Y) follow the notation used in books Y and Z, and seminal articles  A and B, and use a different set of definitions, viz:  . ..

I'd do the second option myself If I'd ever seen Fr and Ri defined the other way round!

Best wishes

Robinh 08:16, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 21:16, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)) The defs look OK to me (in the sense that they match googling, eg: http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/RichardsonNumber.html or http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~smg/MOM/web/guide_parent/s7node262.html

 * And just to be sure I've looked it up in Gill who agrees F = U / N_1.H

William Froude takes credit for the Froude number which bears his name. It was originally defined by Froude in his 'Law of Comparison' in 1868 in dimensional terms as Speed-Length ratio

Speed-Length Ratio = V / ( L )^0.5

where:

 * v = speed in knots
 * L = LWL in feet

The Naval Constructor Reech put forward the concept in 1832 but had not demonstrated how it could be applied to practical problems in ship resistance.

Fn was later refined to the non-dimensional :

Fn = v / ( g L )^0.5

where:

 * v = speed in m/s
 * g = gravity in m/s2
 * L = LWL in m

It should be defined as such.

Ref: Principles of Naval Architecture (SNAME), 1988, Vol II, Page 5.

Jmvolc 00:42, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Length and Depth Froude numbers
This document explains Length and Depth Froude numbers, and appears relevant to development of the article.

http://www.qub.ac.uk/waves/fastferry/reference/MCA457.pdf

I have added an external link to it from the article. GilesW 13:26, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Wavemaking resistance for planing boats
The wavemaking resistance increases near the critical Froude number, but above it drops significantly. Which is why planing is a desired condition for, for instance, small sail-boats. -- Crowsnest (talk) 21:31, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Froude's Law
I can't decide whether to add a section on Froude's Law here or create a new (small) page. Perhaps a more experienced Wikipedian will know what to do. Here is a start on the content:

Froude's law states that the velocity of a water-born creature or craft is proportional to the square root of it length.

Reference: Thompson, D W., 1992. On Growth and Form. Dover reprint of 1942 2nd ed. (1st ed., 1917). ISBN 0-486-67135-6, p. 31.

Links: http://froude.sdsu.edu/ and http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/froude.htm

Cjfsyntropy (talk) 03:54, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Suggest merging two pages - Froude resistance curve has almost no content, and no references. Weakopedia (talk) 08:02, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

i second the motion of putting Froude's acomplishments together

reading Gregor Tarjan on catamarans i learn Froude (same William?) also did pendulem expiriments prooving no mather how inclined the wave angle, the pendulum remains perpendicular to the sea due to the momentum effect, logic, but there is more to it and very little to find —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.46.146.112 (talk) 14:00, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Link to "gravitational acceleration" goes to "gravitational constant" in error — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.74.28.25 (talk) 22:30, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Wave-Line Theory
I'm wondering about attributing Wave-Line Theory to Froude. I refer to a recent article in Physics Today (July 2017) that talks about John Scott Russell developing the theory, starting from work begun in 1835. Froude's work apparently went a long way to discrediting Wave-Line Theory, in part based on testing done with the Raven and Swan models shown in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Normd (talk • contribs) 14:34, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * As long as that Physics Today article backs up all the info that ends up in the article, I don't see why not. WP:BOLD and all that. DanHobley (talk) 09:07, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

Bogus statement?
If this was true:-

Dynamics of vessels that have the same Froude number are easily compared as they produce a similar wake, even if their size or geometry are otherwise different.

All ship geometries would be rectangular. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.143.72.26 (talk) 13:29, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

This all seems wrong
He towed planks of assorted lengths, painted differently, back in 1860 - to arrive at **FRICTION** formulas. This entire article seems to be talking about drag and other aspects which are not the same thing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.143.72.26 (talk) 13:34, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Froude number


text:
Tim Finn

Brian Timothy Finn (born 25 June 1952) is a New Zealand singer, songwriter, musician, and composer. He is best known as a founding member of Split Enz. Finn founded the band in 1972 with Phil Judd and served as lead singer and principal songwriter. Following Judd's departure in 1977, he was joined by brother Neil. Finn wrote or co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs, including "I See Red" and "Six Months in a Leaky Boat". While still a member of Split Enz, he began a solo career, scoring the two hits "Fraction Too Much Friction" and "Made My Day" in 1983; he left the band in early 1984, briefly returning for their farewell tour later that year.

He reunited with Neil and subsequently joined Crowded House for their third album Woodface, co-writing the majority of the songs on the album, including the hits "Four Seasons in One Day", "Weather with You" and "It's Only Natural". Leaving the band after the album's release, he reunited with Neil again later in the 1990s under the name Finn Brothers. Finn has participated in various collaborations with other artists, including former Split Enz members, and has also composed scores for films and musicals.

Along with his brother, Finn was appointed Officer of the Order of British Empire in 1993 for his services to music.

Early life and education
Brian Timothy Finn was born on 25 June 1952 in Te Awamutu, New Zealand, weighing 10 pounds at birth, to parents Richard and Mary. He has two sisters, and one younger brother, Neil Finn.

At the age of 13, he went to Sacred Heart College, Auckland, a Catholic boarding school, on a scholarship.

1972–1984: Split Enz
In 1971 Finn commenced a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Auckland. There he played in music practice room 129 (later the name of a Split Enz song) with friends and future Split Enz bandmembers Mike Chunn, Robert Gillies, Philip Judd and Noel Crombie. Music soon became more important to him than his studies. In 1972 he quit university. A few months later, Phil and Tim formed the group Split Ends, renamed Split Enz in 1975, shortly before they left New Zealand for Melbourne. Between 1975 and 1984, the group released nine studio albums. Split Enz played its last show on 4 December 1984 in Auckland.

1981–present: Solo work
Finn had his first success away from Split Enz in 1981 when his discarded demo "They Won't Let My Girlfriend Talk to Me" became a top 10 hit for Australian band Jimmy and the Boys. In 1983, Finn recorded his debut solo album, Escapade, while still a member of Split Enz. This met with major commercial success both in Australia and New Zealand, and yielded hit song "Fraction Too Much Friction", which revealed a more rhythm-based sound than Split Enz had been known for. After contributing four songs to Split Enz album Conflicting Emotions, Finn left the band permanently in June 1984, to focus on a solo career.

In 1986 Finn released his second studio album, Big Canoe. The album utilised a wide variety of instrumentation, including guitars, orchestral backings and traditional Indian instruments - most notably on single "No Thunder, No Fire, No Rain", which was inspired by the Bhopal chemical disaster. Though Big Canoe reached number three on the New Zealand charts, it failed to become the international breakthrough that Finn or record company Virgin had hoped.

In 1987, Finn composed music for the Australian comedy Les Patterson Saves the World, which yielded the Australian hit "You Saved the World". Finn had a small part in Australian film The Coca-Cola Kid alongside then-girlfriend Greta Scacchi, and a larger one in her Italian-shot romance La Donna della Luna (The Moon Woman).

In late 1988, Finn recording his eponymous third album for Capitol Records. The album yielded strong reviews and the New Zealand hit "Parihaka", based on a Māori village known for its campaign of passive resistance to European occupiers. Finn also created the song "Cane Toad Blues" which played during the credits for the documentary film "Cane Toads: An Unnatural History."

In 2000, the album Together in Concert: Live was released, featuring Finn, and fellow New Zealand singer/songwriters Bic Runga, and Dave Dobbyn. Recorded in August and September 2000 in venues around New Zealand, the album saw the three performers each equitably showcased. Both the concerts and album feature all three performers providing vocal and instrumental backing on each other's songs. The album peaked at number 2 on the New Zealand chart.

In 2015, Finn composed further for theatre, with an opera Star Navigator commissioned by New Zealand Opera, Victorian Opera and West Australian Opera, and the musical Ladies in Black to premiere in Brisbane by Queensland Theatre Company in November 2015.

As England and New Zealand went into COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, Finn and Phil Manzanera began working collaboratively on an album Caught by the Heart. The album was released on 26 August 2021. The album is produced by the two of them, with Manzanera doing the lead instrumental and Finn doing the vocals.

1995–2005 : Finn Brothers
In 1989, Finn began playing music with younger brother Neil, for an intended Finn brothers record. After working together on some songs, Neil later proposed incorporating the tracks onto the latest album of Crowded House, the group he had formed after Split Enz dissolved. Tim co-wrote eight songs, including the hits "Weather with You" and "Four Seasons in One Day".

In the 1993 Birthday Honours, both Tim and Neil were appointed Officers of the Order of British Empire, for their services to music.

The Finn Brothers resumed their collaborative work and released Finn in 1995. A second and final album was released in 2004 titled, Everyone Is Here. A Mojo magazine review stated that it contained "some of the most haunting music to bear the Finn imprint".

2020–present: Forenzics
In 2020 Finn co-created Forenzics with former Split Enz keyboardist Eddie Rayner. Forenzics is an experimental project with the debut album Shades and Echoes (2022) as a transformation of the songs of Mental Notes. Alongside Finn and Rayner are Noel Crombie and Phil Judd, who were in Split Enz during the recording of the original album - and also Phil Manzanera who was involved in the redevelopment of Mental Notes into Second Thoughts. Initial singles "Chances Are" and "Premiere Fois" were officially released in November 2021, however "Walking", "Strange Stars" and "Abandoned" were all released before on YouTube (from early 2020 until early 2021).

Personal life
Finn was briefly married to English dancer Liz Malam from 1981–1982. He was in a relationship with actress Greta Scacchi from 1984–1989. Since 1997 he has been married to television presenter Marie Azcona, formerly of MTV and TVNZ One's Music Week. Finn and Azcona have two children, and have collaborated on several songs, some of which are featured on Steel City, the dance show that Finn wrote. Aside from co-writing two tracks with Azcona, Finn collaborated on another with former Split Enz member Mike Chunn. Finn's son Harper and daughter Elliot are musicians in their own right.

Charity singles

 * This discography relates to releases by Tim Finn only. See also Finn Brothers' discography, Crowded House discography and Split Enz discography for other related works.

RIANZ Awards
The New Zealand Music Awards are awarded annually by the RIANZ in New Zealand.

ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are awarded annually by the Australian Recording Industry Association.

Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

 * 1981
 * himself
 * Best Australian Songwriter
 * Nominated
 * 1982
 * himself
 * Best Australian Songwriter
 * Won
 * rowspan="5" |1983
 * Escapade
 * Best Australian Album
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" | "Fraction too Much Friction"
 * Best Australian Single
 * Nominated
 * Best Video
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" | himself
 * Songwriter of the Year
 * Won
 * Most Popular Male Performer
 * Won
 * 1984
 * himself
 * Most Popular Male Performer
 * Nominated
 * 1985
 * himself
 * Most Popular Male Performer
 * Won
 * 1984
 * himself
 * Most Popular Male Performer
 * Nominated
 * 1985
 * himself
 * Most Popular Male Performer
 * Won
 * Won

Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia are awarded annually by Live Performance Australia.

title: Tim Finn


text:
Paul Henreid

Paul Henreid (January 10, 1908 – March 29, 1992) was an Austrian-American actor, director, producer, and writer. He is best remembered for two film roles: Victor Laszlo in Casablanca and Jerry Durrance in Now, Voyager, both released in 1942.

Early life
Paul Henreid was born on January 10, 1908, as Paul Georg Julius von Hernreid in Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of Maria-Luise (Lendecke) and Karl Alphons Hernreid, a financial adviser to Emperor Franz Joseph I. Born as Carl Hirsch, Karl von Hernreid converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1904 due to anti-semitism in Austria-Hungary.

Paul von Henreid trained for the theatre in Vienna, over his family's objections, attending the Theresianische Akademie. During this time, he worked at a publishing house while attending school. Karl died in 1916. The family fortune had dwindled by the time his son graduated from the Akademie.

Roles in Germany and Austria
While performing in a play at the Akademia, von Henreid was discovered by Otto Preminger, then working for the director Max Reinhardt. Von Henreid then joined Reinhardt's theater company. In 1933, he played a minor role in a stage production of Faust. He had starring roles in the Vienna staging of the 1934 play Men in White and the play Mizzi.

With the onset of the National Socialist regime in Germany in 1933, the NS-Reichsfilmkammer (National Sozialistic Reich Film Chamber) controlled the making of German films. He applied for membership, but was rejected because his father had been born a Jew. In 1935, von Henreid was cast in the Austrian film Jersey Lilly. Von Henreid went to London in 1937 to portray Prince Albert in the first British stage production of Victoria Regina. That same year, he applied again for a membership by a special permit with the NS-Reichsfilmkammer. This request was personally rejected by Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.

By the time that Germany took over Austria in 1938, von Henreid had become fervently anti-Nazi. During this period, he helped a Jewish comedian flee Germany. As a result of this and other actions, the German Government designated him an "official enemy of the Third Reich" and confiscated all his assets in Germany Von Henreid soon moved permanently to the United Kingdom.

Roles in the United Kingdom
With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, von Henreid risked deportation from the United Kingdom or internment as an enemy alien. However, the German actor Conrad Veidt vouched for him, and the British Government allowed him to stay and work. Veidt later appeared alongside Henreid as Major Heinrich Strasser in the film Casablanca.

In 1939, von Henreid has a major supporting role as Max Staefel, a German teacher, in the film Goodbye, Mr. Chips. The next year, he received third billing as a German Gestapo agent in the thriller Night Train to Munich. In 1940, Von Henreid also performed in a minor role in the British musical comedy Under Your Hat. That same year, he portrayed a German army officer in the film Madman of Europe.

Roles for RKO, Warner Bros., and MGM
In 1940, von Henreid relocated to New York City. He played a doctor in the 1941 Broadway play, Flight to the West. That same year, he signed a contract with the RKO Pictures in Hollywood. RKO dropped the "von" from his name to make it sound less Germanic. He also became a citizen of the United States. Henreid's first film for RKO was Joan of Paris, a 1942 war drama in which he played a Royal Air Force pilot trying to escape Occupied France. The film was a big hit.

Moving to Warner Brothers in 1942, the studio cast Henreid as Jeremiah Durrance in the romance Now, Voyager, playing opposite Bette Davis. His role was that of a married man who meets the "spinster" Davis on an ocean voyage. His next role was as Victor Laszlo, an anti-Nazi resistance leader in the 1942 romantic drama Casablanca. The cast included Claude Rains, Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, who plays Laszlo's wife. The film was a critical success that is considered today one of the best American films in history.

After Casablanca, Henreid turned down the male lead alongside Davis in the 1943 dramatic film, Watch on the Rhine. Warner Brothers then paired Henreid with Ida Lupino in the 1944 romantic drama, In Our Time. That same year, the studio cast him as a romantic lead with Eleanor Parker in Between Two Worlds. Also in 1944, Henreid played a lead role in The Conspirators, about a Dutch resistance leader trying to escape Nazi agents in Lisbon. The film had a supporting cast that included Sydney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre. Henreid rejected another romantic lead with Davis in the 1944 film Mr Skeffington.

Henreid briefly rejoined RKO to play a pirate with Maureen O'Hara in the studio's 1945 release, The Spanish Main. Returning to Warner Bros., he was cast in 1946 in Devotion, a biopic of the Brontë family in which Henreid portrays Charlotte Bronte's husband, Arthur Bell Nicholls. He was cast again with Parker in the 1946 adaptation of the Somerset Maugham novel, Of Human Bondage. He played Philip Carey, the medical student with the clubfoot.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) then borrowed Henreid from Warners to play the composer Robert Schumann in the 1957 film Song of Love, opposite Katharine Hepburn. In his 1984 autobiography Ladies Man, Henreid states that he then bought out his Warner Brothers contract for $75,000. MGM offered him a long term contract for $150,000 a year, but he turned it down.

Blacklisting and independent films
Henreid recounts that in the late 1940s he participated in a protest by some Hollywood actors Washington D.C. against the anti-Communist excesses of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. As a result, he says that the major studios in Hollywood blacklisted him from any roles. He produced the film noir Hollow Triumph in 1948.

For the next several years, Henreid was only able to gain roles in independent films with lower budgets. He appeared in the 1949 adventure film Rope of Sand, playing a villain opposite Burt Lancaster. In 1950, Henreid made a low-budget film for Edward and Harry Danziger, So Young, So Bad, as a school psychiatrist. This film was followed by an offer from producer Sam Katzman to play the pirate Jean Lafitte in Last of the Buccaneers (1950). Henreid then went to France for the 1951 romanced film Pardon My French. He then returned to Katzman for the 1952 film Thief of Damascus. He directed and played the lead role in For Men Only (1952), a college drama about hazing. Later, in the United Kingdom, he made the films Stolen Face (1952) and Mantrap (1953) He then went back to Katzman for the 1953 fantasy adventure Siren of Bagdad, playing a magician.

Return to Hollywood
In 1954, Henreid returned to MGM, his first film for a major studio since the blacklisting. He played a minor role in Deep in My Heart, a biopic about the composer Sigmund Romberg. He moved next to Columbia Pictures, where he appeared as a pirate captain in the 1955 film Pirates of Tripoli. He made a cameo appearance in the 1956 comedy Meet Me in Las Vegas. He also appeared at this time on Broadway in the play Festival. In the early 1950s, Henreid began directing both films and television shows. His directorial credits include American television episodes of:

 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents
 * Maverick
 * Bonanza
 * The Virginian
 * The Big Valley

Henreid also directed the 1956 film A Woman's Devotion, in which he played a supporting role, Girls on the Loose (1958), and Live Fast, Die Young (1958). In 1964, he directed Dead Ringer, which stars Bette Davis and features his daughter Monika Henreid in a minor role. While working as a director, Henreid continued to accept some small acting parts:

 * Ten Thousand Bedrooms (1957)
 * Holiday for Lovers (1959)
 * Never So Few (1959)
 * Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962)
 * Operation Crossbow (1965)
 * The Madwoman of Chaillot (1969)
 * The Failing of Raymond (1971)

In 1973, Henreid returned to Broadway to perform in a revival of the George Bernard Shaw drama, Don Juan in Hell. Henreid's final film role was in the 1977 horror film Exorcist II: The Heretic, where he played a cardinal.

Personal life and legacy

Henreid married Elizabeth Camilla Julia "Lisl" Glück (1908–1993) in 1936; the couple adopted two daughters. In 1992, at age 84, Henreid died of pneumonia in Santa Monica, California after suffering a stroke. He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Santa Monica.

The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce in 1960 honored Henreid with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles. One star, recognizing his film career, is located at 6366 Hollywood Boulevard. The second star, for his work in television, is located at 1720 Vine Street.

As actor

 * Morgenrot (1933)
 * Baroud (1933) as uncredited minor role
 * Love in Morocco (1933) as uncredited minor role
 * Hohe Schule, aka The Secret of Cavelli (1934) as Franz von Ketterer
 * Eva, the Factory Girl (1935) as Fritz
 * ...nur ein Komödiant (1935) as Velthen
 * Victoria the Great (1937) as uncredited minor role
 * Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) as Staefel
 * An Englishman's Home (1940) as Victor Brandt
 * Night Train to Munich (1940) as Capt. Karl Marsen
 * Under Your Hat (1940) as uncredited minor role
 * Joan of Paris (1942) as Paul Lavallier
 * Now, Voyager (1942) as Jeremiah "Jerry" Duvaux Durrance
 * Casablanca (1942) as Victor Laszlo
 * In Our Time (1944) as Count Stefan Orwid
 * Between Two Worlds (1944) as Henry Bergner
 * The Conspirators (1944) as Vincent Van Der Lyn
 * The Spanish Main (1945) as Capt. Laurent Van Horn
 * Devotion (1946) as Rev. Arthur Nicholls
 * Of Human Bondage (1946) as Philip Carey
 * Deception (1946) as Karel Novak
 * Song of Love (1947) as Robert Schumann
 * Hollow Triumph, aka The Scar (1948) as John Muller / Dr. Bartok
 * Rope of Sand (1949) as Commandant Paul Vogel
 * So Young So Bad (1950) as Dr. John H. Jason
 * Last of the Buccaneers (1950) as Jean Lafitte
 * Pardon My French (1951) – Paul Rencourt
 * For Men Only (1952) as Dr. Stephen Brice
 * Thief of Damascus (1952) as General Abu Amdar
 * Stolen Face (1952) as Dr. Philip Ritter
 * Dans la vie tout s'arrange (1952) as Paul Rencourt
 * Mantrap, aka Woman in Hiding (1953) as Hugo Bishop
 * Siren of Bagdad (1953) as Kazah the Great
 * Cabaret (1954) as Konrad Hegner
 * Deep in My Heart (1954) as Florenz Ziegfeld
 * Pirates of Tripoli (1955) as Edri al-Gadrian
 * Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956) as Pierre
 * A Woman's Devotion (1956) as Capt. Henrique Monteros
 * Ten Thousand Bedrooms (1957) as Anton
 * Holiday for Lovers (1959) as Eduardo Barroso
 * Never So Few (1959) as Nikko Regas
 * Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962) as Etienne Laurier
 * Operation Crossbow (1965) as Gen. Ziemann
 * The Madwoman of Chaillot (1969) as The General
 * The Failing of Raymond (1971, TV Movie) as Dr. Abel
 * Death Among Friends (1975, TV Movie) as Otto Schiller
 * Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977) as The Cardinal (final film role)

As himself or narrator

 * Hollywood Canteen (1944) – himself
 * Peking Remembered (1967 documentary) – narrator

As producer

 * Hollow Triumph (1948)
 * For Men Only (1952)

As director

 * A Stranger Everywhere (S4/Ep10) (1968)

Film

 * For Men Only (1952)
 * A Woman's Devotion (1956)
 * Live Fast, Die Young (1958)
 * Girls on the Loose (1958)
 * Dead Ringer (1964)
 * Ballad in Blue (1964)

Television
(TV Series 1965–1968)
 * Maverick "Passage to Fort Doom" (1959)
 * The Californians (1957–1959), various episodes
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents TV series episode "The Landlady," "Cell 227," and 26 others (1957–1962)
 * The June Allyson Show (1960) episode 'The Lie'
 * The Virginian "Long Ride to Wind River" (1966)
 * The Big Valley (9 episodes)
 * ''Johnny Staccato TV series episode 'The Mask of Jason', “A Nice Little Town’ (1960)

As writer

 * Ballad in Blue (1964) (story)

Music

 * Deception (1946) (Hollenius' Cello Concerto, Cello Concerto in D major, uncredited and dubbed by Eleanor Slatkin)
 * Stolen Face (1952) (song "Rolling Home")

title: Paul Henreid