text:
1775 in Canada

Events from the year 1775 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Francis Legge
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Robert Duff
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * April 19 – The American War of Independence begins, at Concord and Lexington, Massachusetts.
 * May 1 – A bust of George III is found, in Montreal, adorned with beads, cross, and mitre, with the words "Pope of Canada: Sot of England." A reward of 500 guineas does not lead to apprehension of the culprit.
 * May 10 – Ethan Allen takes Fort Ticonderoga.
 * June 9 – Martial law is proclaimed in Canada.
 * August 21 – Generals Schuyler and Richard Montgomery, with 1,000 American Patriots come to Canada, and invite the inhabitants to rebel.
 * September 17 – Montgomery besieges Fort St. Johns.
 * September 25 – Attempting to take Montreal, Ethan Allen and many of his 150 followers are captured, at Longue Pointe, and are sent to England.
 * October 18 – American Patriots capture Chambly.
 * October 25 – On Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec from New England, his force begins crossing the height of land between Maine and Canada for the descent to the St. Lawrence River.
 * November 3 – Hindered by Colonel Warner, of Vermont, Governor Guy Carleton cannot relieve St. Johns, which surrenders to Montgomery.
 * November 12 – General Montgomery tells Montrealers that, being defenceless, they cannot stipulate terms; but promises to respect personal rights. He demands the keys of public stores, and appoints 9a.m. tomorrow for the army's entrance, by the Recollet gate. (see "Nov 12, 1775 Articles of Capitulation")
 * November 13 – The invaders appropriate royal stores.
 * December 31 – At the Battle of Quebec, British forces repulsed an attack by the Continental Army to capture Quebec City and enlist French Canadian support.
 * Having captured Montreal, American Patriot troops fail to take Quebec City or elicit local support, and withdraw within a year.

Births

 * April 13 or 16 – Charles James Stewart, clergyman of the Church of England, bishop, and politician (d.1837)
 * April 25 – William Warren Baldwin, doctor, militia officer, jp, lawyer, office holder, judge, businessman, and politician (d.1844)
 * May 24 – Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, army officer and colonial administrator (d.1850)
 * September 13 – Laura Secord, heroine of the War of 1812 (d.1868)
 * November 28 – Jean-Charles Létourneau, politician (d.1838)

Deaths

 * January 3: Robert Campbell, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. (b.1718)
 * November 3: Juan José Pérez Hernández, naval officer and explorer (b. ca. 1725)

American Revolutionary War
"We are involved in all the Horrors of a Civil War" - Bostonian on April 19 "general Engagement" between troops and militia, fearing many more deaths

Quebec Act mandated authority of governor means "he is possessed of absolute and despotic Powers" limited only by his need of Council majority vote

Gov. Guy Carleton offers $200 reward for person who disfigured King George bust in Montreal and attached "False and Scandalous Libel" about him

Continental Congress resolves to end exports to Quebec, Nova Scotia, Island of St. John's, and Newfoundland, as well as to British fisheries

Finding "the protestant and catholic colonies to be strongly linked together," Congress calls on "oppressed Inhabitants of Canada" to join it

Carleton says Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken by Benedict Arnold, who also got Navy sloop, bateaux and military stores at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu

"We have been puzzled to discover what we ought to do with the Canadians and Indians" - John Adams sees need for Canadians (Note: "savages" used)

Gen. Israel Putnam gets support bid "from one of the Indian Nations near Canada," while Carleton is said to find "the People in general" won't fight rebels

Carleton laments "impotent Situation" of only 600 soldiers and no militia, and Quebeckers' minds poisoned by "Hypocrisy and Lies" from other colonies

Alexander Hamilton: "King, through[...]his creatures, the Governor and Council may[...]mould the criminal laws of Canada[...]to the most tyrannical views"

Congress orders Gen. Philip Schuyler to take St.-Jean-sur-Richelieu and Montreal if "practicable [and not] disagreeable to the Canadians"

"We are this day informed in Congress that the six Nations and Canada Indians are firmly disposed to observe a strict neutrality"

Congress has "received certain intelligence that General Carleton[...]is instigating the people of [Canada] and the Indians to fall upon us"

Chiefs with families (numbering 1,600) in Montreal to declare "they are unanimous" in leading their people against "the Bostonians" (Note: "savage" used)

Call for men for Royal Highland Emigrants regiment "to engage during the present Troubles in America only," for grants of 200 acres rentfree for 20 years

"Neutrality and your present blessings are incompatible with each other" - Canadians must expect worst if Colonies' "arm'd and numerous rabble" invade

Lake Champlain skirmish north of Quebec boundary leaves rebel captain dead and later decapitated by Indigenous men with British soldiers

Report that Canadians "highly approved" Congress's letter, and are uneasy about possible scarcity of grain products because provisions go to Boston

Gen. Schuyler summarizes intelligence about British, his eagerness to invade, and Gen. Richard Montgomery's departure plans (Note: "savages" used)

From Cambridge, Washington sends "(though late in the Season)" detachment of 1,000 men under Arnold to Quebec City by way of Kennebec River

Account of battle near St.-Jean-sur-Richelieu in which small British force of mostly Indigenous men drives off several hundred rebel invaders

British regulars and Indigenous men ambush part of force under Schuyler near St.-Jean but are routed, while Ethan Allen's force cuts link to Montreal

Accounts of Battle of Longue-Pointe near Montreal in which Ethan Allen and some Chambly Canadians (who had prospect of plunder) were captured

Thomas Jefferson notes "intrepidity" of Canadians helping besiege St.-Jean but sees they can get discouraged; mentions "bitter enemy" Luc de la Corne

Gen. Richard Montgomery reports Chambly capitulation after mostly Canadian siege (Note: "St. John's" is Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu)

Gen. Montgomery reports artillery assault of St.-Jean, followed by surrender when garrison learns relief from Montreal is defeated

"Pitiful and humorous spectacle" - Col. Arnold's bedraggled regiment arrives at St. Lawrence River near Quebec City from Maine

Congressional agents ordered "to exert your utmost endeavours to induce the Canadians to accede to a union with these colonies" and send delegates

Schuyler relates Carleton's escape from Montreal before its fall to Montgomery and looks ahead in hope of Quebec City's capture

Arnold reports he has too few men to storm Quebec City, and they lack sufficient clothing and ammunition, so he has retired to await Montgomery's force

Arnold reports that Montgomery has joined him and they are at Quebec City, "which has a wretched motley Garrison[...], the Walls in a ruinous Situation"

Death of Gen. Montgomery at Quebec reported by rebel general in Montreal, who begs for reinforcements to sway impressionable Canadians to his side

Canada
Physician "commodiously lodged for treating all Kinds of Diseases" if people send him their case in writing, and poor helped gratis if postage paid

Upper Town, Quebec City "Doctor of Physic" offers advice gratis and medicines at reasonable rates, inoculates for smallpox and treats venereal disease

Mary Barnsley denies husband's accusations and says "bad Usage and ill Treatment from him were the Cause of my Elopment [sic]"

Select Society for "literary Intercourse" resists "present rapid Torrent of Gaming, and devote[...]their Leisure to so rational and useful an Amusement"

In "Mathematical Thesis," natural philosophy students Panet, Perrault and Chavaux will "resolve such Problems in Algebra and Geometry" as put to them

For sale at Anne Taylor's distillery: "Essense of Spruce" for making 30 gallons of beer, as well as spruce beer "for Family or Ship's Use"

John Robinson, gelder, "cuts Horses with the Greatest Security, splays Heifers, and gelds and splays Pigs [with] utmost Care and constant Attendance"

Nova Scotia
Following raid on Saint John River by "Rebels from Machias," Gov. Legge proclaims Nova Scotia militia subject to "Service in Time of War" act

Ships from Nova Scotia carrying provisions to Boston risk capture, including by "Spider Catchers," 8-10-ton boats based in New England seaports

Two Nova Scotia House members deny being "factious and rebelliously disposed," but one reported to Gen. Gage, who has list of "disaffected" in N.S.

Governor's proclamation warns Nova Scotians "not in any Manner directly or indirectly [to] aid or assist with any Supplies whatever, any Rebel or Rebels"

Noting "a most unnatural and dangerous Rebellion" in America, treason in Canada, and home "Invasion," Nova Scotia to collect rate of 5s to £5 for militia

Refugees to take loyalty oath and enter province as inhabitants, but those refusing oath may be jailed, and "traiterous Correspondence" will be punished

Refugees to be provided food and granted land free of rent for 10 years, and Nova Scotians encouraged to supply lumber and coal to Caribbean market

Nova Scotia farmer and former Army officer imprisoned by Massachusetts General Court after he visits Boston with no good reason for going there

Scores of patients, age 50 down to under 1, inoculated for smallpox, are "save over the Disease; without having had one bad, or unpromising Symptom"

Detailed "advice and instructions concerning innoculation, by self-applying "pocky matter" in scratches, addressed to the industrious poor of Halifax"

Provincial treasury audit has found books and papers "of high Concern" missing; £100 reward offered for their return, and £500 for whoever took them

"To be Sold, A likely well made Negro Boy, about Sixteen Years old,---Enquire of the Printer."

Any Nova Scotia resident may bring livestock and vegetables into Halifax for sale in street or building, even during Market hours

"Paltry artifice" - Reader criticizes Nova Scotia Gazette publisher for reprinting "trash" contrived in Philadelphia papers by Continental Congress

"She opened her mouth with wisdom, and in her tongue was the law of kindness" - Mrs. Jane Chipman of Cornwallis, who died after falling from horse

Charles Wright disavows wife Hannah's debts after she keeps "bad Company," sells some of furniture ("to my great Distress and Damage") and runs off

Prince Edward Island
Leaving for Britain, St. John's Island governor Walter Patterson says he will "try to rouse the proprietors [to] promote" their own interest

"I never saw better grass, white clover, wheat, barley, rye, oats, peas, potatoes, and all kinds of garden stuff[...]altho' they are very bad farmers"

Charlottetown raided by privateers in November and governor, surveyor general and many public and private papers carried off

Newfoundland
Three 20-gun ships and several sloops to be added to naval force "to prevent the Americans carrying on any Fishery on the Banks of Newfoundland"

Navy frigate on Newfoundland station "destroyed a number of stages which the French had erected beyong the Limits allowed them for[...]the Fishery

Labrador
"Very unpleasant situation" - Trapped at edge of snowy Labrador precipice, George Cartwright and friend drop down using length of cod line in his pocket

Indigenous nations
New "Indian Affairs" rules include sending superintendent annually to check on local officials, who will act as JPs and admit Indigenous evidence in court

Local "Indian King" Solomon says he is given "Liberty" to join rebels by Kanien’kéhà:ka, who will "hold 500 men in readiness to join us on the first Notice"

Using metaphor of son (colonies) injured by "proud and wicked servants" (ministers) of father (King), Congress tells Haudenosaunee to stay out of war

With presents and talks, Continental Congress has created northern department of Indian affairs covering Six Nations "and all to the Northward of them"

In Albany, 700 Kanien’kéhà:ka and Onondaga declare friendship and hope to bring over Canadian relations, despite "all Governor Carleton's endeavours"

Members of St. Francois tribe offer services to Americans, and say Indigenous people and French generally are "determined not to act against us"

Superintendent of Indian Affairs Guy Johnson in Montreal and expected to sail for England, "the Season being too far advanced for [Indian] Operations"

Haudenosaunee sachems refuse Johnson's war feast and song at Montreal; Kanien’kéhà:ka are rebuked for not sending for their people in Canada

Alexander Henry describes people in Cree village on Lake Winnipeg, where women not only "beguile" his men, but are lent for year's service to them

title: 1775 in Canada


text:
Netscape 6

Netscape 6 is a discontinued Internet suite developed by Netscape Communications Corporation, and was the sixth major release of the Netscape series of browsers. It superseded Netscape Communicator (4.x), as the release of Netscape Communicator 5 was scrapped. Netscape 6 was the first browser of the Netscape line to be based on another source code: Mozilla Application Suite, an open-source software package from the Mozilla Foundation, which was created by Netscape in 1998.

Netscape 6 was first released on November 14, 2000. Version 6.2.3 was the last release in 2002, and it was succeeded by Netscape 7.

It consisted of the following major components:

 * a web browser
 * an e-mail and news client, Netscape Mail & Newsgroups
 * an address book
 * an HTML editor, Netscape Composer
 * an instant messaging client, AOL Instant Messenger

History and development
In March 1998, Netscape split off most of the Communicator code and put it under an open source license. The project was dubbed Mozilla. It was estimated that turning the gutted source code (all proprietary elements had to be removed) into a new browser release might take a year, and so it was decided that the next release of the corporate Netscape browser, version 5.0, would be based on it. Netscape assigned its browser development engineers to help with the project.

Later that year it was quite evident that development on Mozilla was not proceeding quickly, so Netscape reassigned some of its engineers to a new Communicator 4.5 release. This had the result of redirecting part of the browser effort into a dead-end branch while Internet Explorer 5.0 was still building momentum.

The version 5 of the browser was skipped, at the time when Internet Explorer 5.0 had been available for a year and a half. There were plans to release an almost-ready version 5.0 based on the 4.x codebase, but this idea was scrapped. The Mozilla engineers decided in late October 1998 to scrap the Communicator code and start over from scratch using the standards-compliant Gecko rendering engine. All resources were bound to work on the Netscape 6.0 release using Gecko, which some Netscape employees deem one of the bigger mistakes in the company's history.

The first public builds of Mozilla two years later (2000) were rather disappointing, with many mid-level PCs of the time too slow to run the larger codebase, which used its own custom set of graphical user interface widgets and had a customizable UI built in a custom XML dialect known as XUL. With public beta versions released in April, August, and October, Netscape 6.0 shipped in November 2000. At release, the browser was deemed too unstable for production use.

Versions 6.1 and 6.2, released in 2001, addressed stability problems, and were more respected, but still had a relatively small number of users, and Netscape 6 was facing new competition from Internet Explorer 6.0, released in the summer of 2001.

Release history

 * Netscape 6.0 – November 14, 2000 (based on Mozilla 0.6)
 * Netscape 6.01 – February 9, 2001 (based on Mozilla 0.6)
 * Netscape 6.1 – August 8, 2001 (based on Mozilla 0.9.2.1)
 * Netscape 6.2 – October 30, 2001 (based on Mozilla 0.9.4.1)
 * Netscape 6.2.1 – November 29, 2001 (based on Mozilla 0.9.4.1)
 * Netscape 6.2.2 – March 19, 2002 (based on Mozilla 0.9.4.1)
 * Netscape 6.2.3 – May 15, 2002 (based on Mozilla 0.9.4.1)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Netscape 6


text:
HBC

HBC or HbC may refer to:

Companies and organizations

 * Halton Borough Council, England
 * Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation, the state-owned radio and television broadcaster for Greece
 * Hokkaido Broadcasting, Japan
 * Houston Boychoir, Texas, US
 * HSBC Bank Canada
 * Hudson's Bay Company, New York City and Toronto
 * Hummelstown Brownstone Company, US

Sports

 * Harvard Boxing Club, a student organization at Harvard University, US
 * HB Chartres, a French association football club
 * Hyderabad Bicycling Club, India

Science and technology

 * Hemoglobin C (HbC), an abnormal hemoglobin
 * Hexabenzocoronene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
 * Hormonal birth control, a contraceptive
 * Human-based computation, a computer science technique
 * High breaking capacity, a type of electrical fuse
 * HBC, a grade of hexagonal boron nitride

Other uses

 * Haebangchon, a neighborhood in Seoul, South Korea
 * Homebrew Channel, application for Nintendo Wii
 * Harvey's Bristol Cream, a type of wine
 * Head Ball Coach, nickname of retired college football coach Steve Spurrier
 * Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966), actress
 * Historically black college (see HBCU).

title: HBC


text:
1776 in Canada

Events from the year 1776 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Mariot Arbuthnot
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Montagu
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * American Revolutionary War. United Empire Loyalists move to Upper Canada and settle (lumbering, farming starts).
 * April 29 – Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase and Rev. John Carroll, a Jesuit, urge Canadians to send delegates to Congress, promising toleration. Franklin brings a printer and press, for a newspaper, to mould public opinion. Canadians regard Franklin as an enemy, and the priests remind Father Carroll that, unlike some of the Provinces, Britain tolerates the Romish Church.
 * May 6 – As a British fleet is in sight, the Continental Army, before Quebec, weakened by disease, retires from a superior enemy, who await reinforcements, behind strong walls.
 * June 8 – Attempting to surprise Three Rivers, General Thompson, with 200 of 1,800 Americans, is taken prisoner.
 * June 16 – Arnold's force has retreated from Montreal.
 * June 18 – General Burgoyne finds that the Continental Army has evacuated St. Johns.
 * The eleventh Article of "Confederation and Perpetual Union" provides that: "Canada, according to this Confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all the advantages of this Union; but no other Colony shall be admitted to the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States."
 * October 11 – The British are victorious on Lake Champlain.
 * October 13 – On Lake Champlain, Arnold runs part of his fleet ashore, to avoid capture.
 * The Jesuits' College, at Quebec, converted into barracks.
 * The American colonies declare their independence. The United States Declaration of Independence is signed July 4, 1776.
 * Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1737–1809) appears.
 * Under Guy Carleton, Quebec withstands an American siege until the appearance of a British fleet (May 6). Carleton is later knighted.

Births

 * January 23 – Howard Douglas, soldier, educator, author, inventor, and colonial administrator (d.1861)
 * February 21 – Joseph Barss, privateer (d.1824)
 * April 3 – François Blanchet, author, physician, teacher, militia officer, businessman, seigneur, politician, office holder (d.1830)
 * May 20 – Simon Fraser, fur-trader and explorer (d.1862)
 * July 17 – John Neilson, publisher, printer, bookseller, politician, farmer, and militia officer (d.1848)
 * August 1 – Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, colonial administrator (d.1849)
 * August 5 – John Willson, judge and political figure (d.1860)

Full date unknown

 * Colin Campbell, army officer and colonial administrator (d.1847)

Deaths

 * March 30 – Jonathan Belcher, lawyer, chief justice, and lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia (b.1710)

American Revolutionary War
Maj. Gen. Schuyler tells Washington that attempt to take Quebec City has failed, Brig. Gen. Montgomery is dead and reinforcements required in Canada

Maryland delegate to Congress recommends Catholic fellow delegate and himself to go to Canada to rally support and raise troops for rebel cause

Commander in occupied Montreal on "many Enemies in this province" (especially clergy), locals commissioned to his forces, and need of heavy arms

Washington emphasizes to Arnold importance of victory in Canada to "crown our virtuous struggles" and "Render the freedom of [our] Country secure"

"Jean Baptist or Ogaghsagighte" and others chiefs, sent by Kahnawake and other First Nations, tell Washington they can send fighters to Schuyler

Montrealer Preudhome La Jeunesse wants Congress to send agents to explain to clergy and gentry their goals in war and their friendship toward Canada

Arnold says his army struggles with smallpox, poor clothing and worse pay, attractions of deserting, and "Trouble of Reconceleing [with] Inhabitants"

Benjamin Franklin, Chase and Carroll sent to form executive commission in Canada and urge Canadians to unite with and adopt American democracy

Logistical, strategic and political challenges "for our little Army and for the Poor Canadians who have taken part with the United Colonies"

John Adams admits "we have been a little tardy in providing for Canada[;] however We have been roused at last, and I hope have done pretty well"

Commissioners in Montreal find Continental money worthless, their people no longer trusted and Congress thought bankrupt and its cause desperate

With newly arrived reinforcements, Gov. Carleton routs rebel force that has besieged Quebec City for five months and seizes their blockade ships

British plans were to include sending Burgoyne with 10,000 troops (Hessians, Hanoverians and British) to Canada to join up with Gage on Hudson River

John Adams says simply, "Our affairs in Canada are in a confused and disastrous situation. But I hope they will not be worse."

Brig. Gen. Sullivan reports "men Women & Children Leaping & Clapping their hands" as he arrives at Sorel to meet British thrust up St. Lawrence River

Maj. Gen. Schuyler receives word that army's attack on British at Trois-Rivières has been defeated, and it must retreat to St.-Jean for return home

Believing "there has been very gross Misconduct in the Management of our Affairs in Canada," Congress orders general inquiry into officers involved

Sullivan reports from upper Richelieu River that his retreat to Lake Champlain is threatened by smallpox pandemic in his troops (Note: "savages" used)

"How happy for us" - Montreal residents congratulate Gov. Carleton and "the brave and loyal Citizens of Quebec" for victory over rebels

"Extraordinary efforts of resolution" - With larger naval force, Carleton defeats Brig. Gen. Arnold to regain control of Lake Champlain

Congress sends home Canadians captured unarmed, but makes Luc de la Corne and another agree not to take up arms against U.S. or aid its enemies

Map spanning regions from Lac St.-Pierre to Cape May, including Montreal, Lake Champlain and eastern Six Nations territories

"A Declaration would have influenced our Affairs in Canada" - John Adams says his pro-reconciliation and anti-independence colleagues lost Canada

Canada
Governor, lieutenant governor, chief justice and Council (or any five of them) make up Quebec's new court of appeal

In dispute with governor, Peter Livius accuses Carleton of bypassing Council (by August 8, 1776 order), with five favourites making major decisions

Praise for Carleton's humanity "towards our deluded Countrymen who have been either bullied or betrayed into the present unnatural Rebellion"

With end of U.S. occupation, Gazette printer William Brown happily renews ties with subscribers to "The Most Innocent Gazette in the British Dominions"

Grain in storage and big current crop allow reopening of general wheat exportation, but restrictions remain on shipping flour, biscuits and livestock

"A Citizen of Quebec" requests effective market regulation and prevention of "Huxtering, Engrossing, Forestalling, &c.[...]at a great Height in this City"

Carleton finds nothing to fear from Canadians during prosperity and nothing to hope from them (besides honourable few) during times of distress

Instruction offered "Young Gentlemen[...]in various Literature," including "Locke on the human Understanding,[...]Milton, Shakespeare, Pope, Gay, &c."

Peter Fitzgerald disclaims marriage to (and debts of) "a Woman lately arrived from Halifax, in Nova-Scotia, who calls herself Mary FitzGerald"

Nova Scotia
"I hate the Climate where Rebellion + Fanaticism are ingendred" - Loyalist disowns revolutionary Massachusetts in letter to Edward Winslow

Cumberland County, Nova Scotia resident tells Washington that many there support Colonies and all Acadians do, but troops must be sent to help them

"The rebels[...]obliged Gen. Howe to quit Boston" - British troops and loyalists leave Boston for Halifax

Lt. Gov. Arbuthnot, noting inflation despite departure of fleet and army, declares anyone charging more than set prices for food to be "Extortioners"

Report from Halifax that "a considerable body of rebels" are besieging Fort Cumberland and "people in Halifax are in great consternation"

Arguing how low-cost pre-war governments in North America were, Adam Smith points to Nova Scotia's £7,000 "a year towards the publick expences"

Nova Scotia law allows local court to fine ("amerce") township residents who neglect to vote funds to support local poor people

Haligonian seeks "a Negro Woman named Florimell [who] wears a Handkerchief round her Head, has Scars in her Face[...]and is not very black"

Rev. John Breynton of Halifax sells "Negro Woman Called Dinah about twenty five years of age" to Peter Shey of Falmouth for £23/6/8

Labrador
"I have learned sorcery, and I have practised it, but that is the road to the greatest darkness" - Inuk named Kingminguse is baptised at Nain

George Cartwright's instructions for building foot bridge, one of his many practical projects for living in Labrador

"Mountaineer" (Innu) way of hunting deer with musket allows them to fire shots more quickly, but "they generally over-charge" with too much gunpowder

Getting "burnt" by touching cold metal, Cartwright recalls lines from "Hudibras": "And many dangers shall environ, The man who meddles with cold iron"

Indigenous nations
At their meeting, Six Nations and "seven Tribes" from Canada agree to remain neutral, though some (Senecas, Mohawks) are ready "to act against Us"

Maj. Gen. Schuyler's early June correspondence on "Attack of the upper Indians against our Western Frontiers" in New York (Note: "savages" used)

Massachusetts General Court signs treaty with Mi'kmaq and "St John's Indians" to recruit fighters for "Service of the United States" (Note: see footnotes)

Thomas Jefferson tells fellow Virginian that Congress has so strongly warned Six Nations against attacking that they "keep their people in quiet"

Letter from Albany says Kanien’kéhà:ka sachems objected to Schuyler's expedition against John Johnson, but admitted it was allowed under their treaty

Henry on Prairies: "The country was[...]a continued level, without a single eminence; a frozen sea, of which the little coppices were the islands"

Henry listens to Assiniboine players of drums, gourds etc. with women singing - "the sweetness of their voices exceeded whatever I had heard before"

"When they move, the sounds keep time, and make a fantastic harmony" - Assiniboine and Cree women put small bells and deer hooves on skirt hems

Chipewyans from Lake Athabasca canoe down to Henry's post on upper Churchill River to trade 12,000 beaver skins (plus slaves) over three days

Continental Congress agent at French court to acquire (along with uniforms and weapons) £40,000 worth of "goods for presents to the Indians"

"I can see thee, My Father; can talk with thee and can invoke thy mercy" - "Sioux chief" shares pipe with Carleton (Note: "savages" and "squaw" used)

Etc.
Illustration: "Key for Benjamin West's 'Death of General Wolfe'" has detail of figures in painting, including Brig. Gen. Monckton and surgeon Mr. Adair

title: 1776 in Canada


text:
1777 in Canada

Events from the year 1777 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Mariot Arbuthnot
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Montagu
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * July 4 – Near Fort Ticonderoga, General Burgoyne offers condonement if colonists lay down their arms.
 * September 19 – General Burgoyne's Indian and French allies desert at the battle of Stillwater.
 * October 16 – Articles of Capitulation of 5,782 British, under Burgoyne are written.
 * October 17 – Though aware of approaching relief, Burgoyne, having promised to capitulate, and fearing annihilation by a threatened attack, signs the capitulation. During its first session the Canadian Council passes sixteen ordinances, adopts English Commercial law, and constitutes itself a Court of Appeal, with final resort to the Privy Council in England.

Full date unknown

 * In the House of Lords, Lord Camden declares: "If I were an American, I should resist to the last such manifest exertions of tyranny, violence and injustice."
 * David Thompson enters Grey Coat School

Births

 * June 20 – Jean-Jacques Lartigue, bishop of Montreal (d.1840)

American Revolutionary War
Detailed strategy for British invasion via Lake Champlain includes comment that it's "a mistaken Idea of Humanity" not to employ Indigenous fighters

Garrisons, military stores, cantonments: Gen. Burgoyne on how invasion of eastern New York should be arranged in Canada (Note: "savages" used)

United States willing to conquer Britain's possessions jointly with France, giving U.S. Canada and Atlantic colonies plus half of Newfoundland fishery

"Aukwark (sic), ignorant, disinclined to the service, and spiritless" - On arrival, Burgoyne finds some Canadian troops not ready for duty

Burgoyne's orders to invasion army warn that enemy "is well fitted by disposition and practice for the stratagems and enterprizes of little war"

Burgoyne tells Indigenous allies on Boquet River that they must not shed blood after battle or harm prisoners or civilians or scalp any but corpses

Estimating size of Burgoyne's army, Alexander Hamilton assumes troops guarding Canada are not Canadians, "many of whom are notoriously disaffected"

Oneidas and "Caghnawagas from Canada" tell Gen. Schuyler that "Missesaques, Hurons & Chippeways" are with John Johnson (Note: "savages" used)

Failed Fort Stanwix siege and Oriskany battle report mentions allied "chiefs Joseph and Bull," Indigenous impetuousness, and Mississaugas' "slackness"

Burgoyne blames his failure in part on "the total defection of the Indians [and] the desertion or timidity of the Canadians and Provincials"

Canada
Gov. Carleton reports "turbulent Faction" is behind independence movement, but "Noblesse, Clergy, and [much] of the Bourgeoisie" help restore order

All men 16 to 60 must serve in Quebec militia and can be penalized for refusal, absence, or disobedience; some over 60 must supply carts and sleighs

"For the speedy administration of justice" - Quebec governor and council set up civil and criminal courts

Quebec ordinance prohibits selling rum and other strong liquor to Indigenous people, buying their clothes and arms, and unlicenced trading with them

Proclamation prohibits export of livestock, grain, flour or "bisquit[...]until it can be exactly ascertained whether [it] may be with safety permitted"

Quebec City regulations require owners to clean street in front of their buildings weekly, and prohibit on-street slaughtering and other nuisances

In Quebec City, "a Piece of Rock fell from the Ramparts over Sault-au-matelot Street, forced its Way through a Stable and killed two Horses therein"

Alexander Simpson of lower town Quebec City seeks return of "A Panese woman named Mary Ann" and offers 40 shilling reward

"M. Crofton has taken a House[...]where she proposes keeping a School for young Ladies, little Girls, and such little Boys as wear petticoats"

£4 reward offered for "a Negro man called Bruce[...]since absconded" and suspected of break and enter and theft of "a great quantity of Liquors" etc.

Gazette printer William Brown offers $4 reward for capture of "A Negro Lad named Joe, born in Africa, about twenty years of age"

Call for contractors to supply firewood to these garrisons: Quebec City (4,000 cords annually), Montreal (2,000), Trois-Rivières (1,000), Chambly (600)

Nova Scotia
Benjamin Marston arrives in Halifax after months of detention in Boston, happy to see his Eliza and hoping "to be able to provide for that dearest Girl"

Nova Scotia JPs to set "Artificers and Labourers" wages, "taking into Consideration the Circumstances of the Times and Prices of Provisions"

Concealing "any Stranger or idle wandering Person" can bring fine of £10-20 or 2-4 months in jail, and £40 or 1 year in jail for advising desertion

Backed by light infantry, Nova Scotia Council member convinces all along Saint John River (including Indigenous people) to take loyalty oath

In engagement west of Cape Sable, HMS Flora (its crew of "brave British Tars" out-numbered 4 to 1) retakes Royal Navy man of war from two privateers

Newfoundland
Despite Royal Navy protection of Newfoundland trade, London believes Boston's "fleet of privateers" wants to take many ships and destroy rest

Colonies should not have access to Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries, which employ artificers, shippers and poor people of Britain and Ireland

Labrador
After Royal Navy convoy commander improperly presses one of his crew and fails to shepherd ships, George Cartwright sails alone in privateer zone

"Young fool of a deer caught at last" - When Cartwright's "poor Indian boy Jack" steps on deer trap, Cartwright is fortunately there to release him

Etc.
Map: Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador south coast and Gulf of St. Lawrence islands (with numerous rivers and fishing banks)

title: 1777 in Canada


text:
1778 in Canada

Events from the year 1778 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton then Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lord William Campbell
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * February 6 – The United States allies with France, and joins the American Revolutionary War.
 * March 29 – April 26 British Captain James Cook explores Alaskan coast, seeking Northwest Passage back to the Atlantic. On the last of three voyages to the west coast, he travels as far north as the Bering Strait and claims Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island for the British. While there, he trades for sea otter pelts. On the way back to England his crew almost mutinied, desperately wanting to go back to the Pacific Northwest, after stopping in China and discovering how much sea otter pelts were worth.
 * The English overrun the southern states, but are weakened by a French blockade of shipping.
 * After landing at Nootka Sound in August, former British naval captain John Meares arrives from Macao (sailing under the Portuguese flag) with 70 Chinese carpenters. He supervises the building of another ship and housing at Nootka Sound as the post becomes the centre of the pelt and fur trades in the Pacific Northwest.
 * The original form of hockey is explained to pelters by the indigenous and soon after leads to the form of hockey seen today.
 * Spinning mule invented to spin multiple strands of yarn.
 * First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation is negotiated with the Delaware; they are offered the prospect of statehood
 * British and Iroquois forces attack and massacre American settlers in western New York and Pennsylvania.

Births

 * April 12 – John Strachan, first Anglican Bishop of Toronto, Born in Aberdeen, Scotland (d.1867)

Full date unknown

 * David Willson, religious leader and mystic (d.1866)

American Revolutionary War
"War seems to them an expedient measure, and[...]a treaty with the rebels is forming" - Britain suspects France will ally with U.S.A.

French and U.S. diplomats sign treaty that guarantees two nations will make "common cause" against enemy if France goes to war with Britain

Congress's Board of War instructs Lafayette to capture Montreal and either attach Canada to U.S. if Canadians agree to it or retreat if they don't

Report requested by Washington details possible routes, timing, and provision sources for invasion of Canada

Congress approves certain preparations (laying up provisions, preparing clothing) for invasion of Canada

Congress sends Benjamin Franklin at Versailles highly detailed attack plan to link U.S. troops coming from Lake Ontario with French from Quebec City

With "a prospect of our wants and our weaknesses," Washington argues at great length against Congress's plan for U.S. and France to invade Canada

Intelligence report from Vermont says Canadians "very Much In favour" of U.S. cause and their "Preists mouths are Shut" on U.S. dispute with Britain

"Too much in the field of conjecture" - In letter to Maj. Gen. Schuyler, Washington weighs pros, cons and unknowns of invading Canada

Washington to recruit "a Body of four hundred Indians" and believes Oneidas, who have "the strongest Attachment to us[,] will be most numerous"

Intelligence report from New Hampshire says "Joseph Louie the Chief of Saint Francois Tribe" claims all are willing to join United States

Letter with enclosures alerts Washington to security problems in New York, especially with Cherry Valley massacre (Note: "savages" used)

Senecas' "predatory war" in New York makes them chief enemy of U.S. among Haudenosaunee, though Joseph Brant also cited (Note: "savages" used)

Molly Brant writes she has few details of Joseph's "brush with the Rebels," and her hope is soon to "return to our habitations on the Mohawk River"

Sergeant from 8th (King's) Regiment "with a party of Indians from Detroit" take five Pennsylvania riflemen, who are "conducted safe to this city"

Though situation unlike that of previous war, Maj. Gen. Schuyler argues at length usefulness of Lake Ontario route for fighting British in Canada

Canada
"The government of Quebec is a legal parliamentary despotism" - Governor and any "nine of the most profligate persons" can rule (Note: "savage" used)

Gov. Haldimand extends deadline of former Quebec governor Carleton's order to seigneury owners to swear allegiance and register deeds or land rolls

"It is absolutely necessary that the grain be got in dry" - Reader offers method of harvesting in wet weather that avoids grain sprouting

Mulatto woman, 28, for sale; has had measles and smallpox; can cook and keep house, "work at her needle, and is remarkably careful of young children"

Enslaved mulatto girl Bell is sold to Quebec lieutenant governor after twice escaping her Quebec City owner

Montreal merchants offer $8 reward for capture of "Negro man named Jack" who has "Guinea accent" and "was lately purchased of Captain Covells"

Small howitzer shell left on Handsel Monday wounds Margaret Callender's hands and eyes, for which she asks customers' and suppliers' consideration

New husband's misogeny toward letter writer and his friends' "Attachment to the Bottle" leave her doleful and "terrified to death" for his welfare

School to open with instruction in reading, writing, arithmetic, bookkeeping, four languages etc., with emphasis on "exterior deportment and behavior"

Quebec City stay-maker advertises products, skills, and knowledge of "the most early and newest fashions"

Nova Scotia
"Province will be an object of the first consideration to the French" - Anticipating war with France, troops added to 2,800 infantrymen in Nova Scotia

Treaty made on Saint John River by Superintendant of Indians Francklin and Wolastoqiyik, Passamaquoddy and Mi'kmaq, who warn off Machias raiders

Nova Scotia Council thanks Maj. Gen. Massey for defence of province, improving Halifax defences and erecting "important post" on Saint John River

Taken to Boston by privateers, Benjamin Marston is re-imprisoned after brief house arrest, but learns "that a man may enjoy himself in prison"

"Inhuman and cruel; poor miserable sick; suffered and died" - Remarks from account of mistreatment of imprisoned U.S. privateers in Halifax in 1777

British deserter gives much useful information to U.S. commander in New York on naval and military comings and goings, mostly in Halifax

Edward Winslow feels "noble indignation" seeing "scoundrels" who persecute loyalists in committees, Congress and "places confidential & lucrative"

Late Margaret Green "was so mortified to the Vanities[...]as to have little or no Relish of[...]Amusements[,] Pastimes, and useless frothy Entertainments"

Prince Edward Island
Accused fraudster from Canada is questioned in Charlottetown and released on his parole for lack of evidence plus his depositing "295 clipt half Joes"

Map: St. John's Island, northern Acadia and southern Gulf of St. Lawrence

Newfoundland
Irish success in Newfoundland fishery "has raised such a spirit amongst them, that it is said" twice as many ships will sail from Waterford this year

Labrador
Privateers out of Boston, aided by Labrador locals ("traitors"), plunder £14,000-worth from George Cartwright's properties and take his Inuit servants

"The finest sport that man ever had" - Cartwright hunts bears hunting salmon at rapids, pools and beautiful cascade on Eagle River, Labrador

After Cartwright slaps Inuk servant Tweegock "for some sluttish and dirty tricks," he stops her from completing attempts to stab herself in heart

Elsewhere
Open Hudson's Bay Company trade to public because Indigenous people accept low-quality goods and supply skins used in wares for foreign trade

Map segment of former New France from Moose Factory on James Bay to Mississauga territory on Lake Huron

James Cook's Pacific expedition is in Nootka Sound, where trade with locals is conducted with "harmony and integrity," but human parts are "horrid"

Indigenous people's "ingenious[...]manufactures and mechanic arts" are quite unexpected, given "what little progress they have made in civilization"

Illustrations: "Drawings by John Webber of Natives of the Northwest Coast of America" (1778) include people on Nootka Sound

Etc.
Song: "Barrett's Privateers" has unfamiliar lyrics like "letter of marque," "list to port," "scuppers," "loose in stays," "two cables," "main truck"

title: 1778 in Canada


text:
1779 in Canada

Events from the year 1779 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Sir Richard Hughes, 2nd Baronet
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Deaths

 * February 14 – James Cook killed by Hawaiian natives, cutting short his search for Northwest Passage. (born 1728)

American Revolutionary War
Congress concurs with committee that argues U.S. lacks financial, supply and strategic strength to undertake with France "the Emancipation of Canada"

"That is the place where the hart of Canada was broke before" - Gen. Washington is told Lake Ontario, Niagara and Detroit are vulnerable to U.S. attack

Washington summons Maj. Gen. Sullivan to go over plan for "an Expedition of an extensive nature agt the hostile tribes of the Indians of the six Nations"

Schuyler receives word that Joseph Brant "is gone with a very large Belt of Wampum to the seven Tribes in Canada" to recruit them for attack on Oswego

Intelligence says Onondaga "seem determined to make peace with the United States" and that Cayuga party is on its way to confer with Oneida

Intelligence from Canada claims "Canadians being much Oppress’d wish to be delivered from British Bondage; the Abenaques of St Francis wish likewise"

Wampum message from Canada to Penobscot and "St Johns" Indigenous people: reject Americans, "for Powder & Balls has No Respect to Persons"

Washington believes Six Nations will seek peace only as long as they feel fear, and intends "to punish them severely [and] intimidate them in future"

Onondaga non-combatants coming to Oneida while warriors attack British to prove loyalty, hoping "to repossess their Country after the Close of the War"

Joseph Brant warns people of Sussex County, New Jersey that all who do not join him will be considered enemies, and he will "lay the Country waste"

Orders to Sullivan for "total destruction and devastation" of British-allied Six Nations' settlements and crops, even to "prevent their planting more"

"Colonel Louis the Indian" back from Kahnawake with word that Brant failed to recruit there and that 1,000 Odawa and Ojibwe would attack U.S. frontier

In undated speech, Gov. Haldimand upbraids and threatens war on Oneida for turning against Britain and its Indigenous allies in Six Nations

Sullivan describes beautifully situated Chemung village's chapel, houses and fields of crops before all are cheerfully "destroyed root and branch"

After long account of battle in Seneca country, Sullivan describes "Fields of the best Corn and Beans so extensive" as took army all day to destroy

Sullivan's thorough scorched earth campaign extends to Chenussio, "the grand Capital of the Indian Country," then turns toward Cayuga territory

"Total ruin of the Indian territories" - Sullivan reports destruction of Indigenous people's crops, orchards and towns near lakes Seneca and Cayuga

Pro-British Indigenous forces superior (20 scalps to 1) to "rebel Indians" in New York, and John Johnson bringing 1,000 troops and all "Canada Indians"

"Sullivan and his swarm of locusts" are "demolishing the Indian crops and wigwams," but John Butler and Brant may retaliate along Mohawk River

Molly Brant says Indigenous allies from Canada feel Guy Johnson takes "more Notice of those that are Suspected than them that are known to be Loyal"

Col. Moses Hazen says Canadians "utterly Refused" active service and clergy "Avoiding as much as Possible entering into the grand Political Dispute"

Canada
Crown agrees that Peter Livius was improperly dismissed as Quebec chief justice after he complained that Guy Carleton created illegal "Privy Council"

Montreal snowfall comes after six months without rain, when flour mills at Terrebonne and Sault-au-Récollet lacked enough water to turn wheels

"Artful management of rapacious and designing Men" keeps price of wheat and flour high and forces extension of ban on exporting them and biscuit

Royal Navy commanding officer on St. Lawrence River tells shipwrights and caulkers hiding from impressment they will be free to go after employment

Rewards of $10 each for "Negro Lad" and "Wench," she very fluent in English and French and has her apparel (black satin cloak, caps, bonnets, etc.)

Missing from ship Susannah "a black Boy" named John Thompson, born in Spanish Town, Jamaica; whoever returns him will receive 1 guinea reward

Reward ($10) for "Negro Slave named Ishmaël," about 35, hair black, long and curly, and "tone of voice peculiar to New-England, where he was born"

Former surgeon's mate in Quebec City general hospital informs ship captains that he will treat sick and hurt sailors "with the greatest tenderness"

"An Institution so peculiarly useful in this Country" - Subscription begun for Quebec City public library, favoured by both governor and bishop

List of 68 publicans and retailers with liquor licences in Quebec City, of whom 11 have shops and 6 have women's names

Nova Scotia
"Unpublished" Nova Scotia act allows government to borrow up to £5,000 for armed ships to protect coast

"Unpublished" Nova Scotia act supports "more effectual" confiscation of land and other property of persons who have left to join rebellion

Recommending construction of road from Penobscot River to St. John River, Congressional committee summarizes Nova Scotians' efforts to join U.S.A.

Intelligence reports say Acadians "Warmly Attached to the American cause;" so are "Indians[...]but are[...]Receiving very Great Supplys from the Enemy"

In Council and House of Assembly, Lt. Gov. Hughes reports reestablishing peace with Indigenous peoples, who have ended 1776 alliance with rebels

Recent riot on Halifax wharf prompts repeat of proclamation forbidding impressment or searching for deserters without civil authority permission

While entering Halifax harbour on stormy night, sloop-of-war and armed ship collide and sink, with about 170 lost, including all but 3 on warship

"State of People's mind's in this place is disagreable enough" - Thousands of rumours, many of them false, breed constant uncertainty and suspense

JPs are to fully enforce ban on gaming ("Cards, Dice, &c.") because "the Fortunes of many have been ruined, and the Lives of many Persons lost"

Printer raises price of Nova Scotia Gazette because of "the extraordinary high Price of every necessary of Life as well of Stock and Materials"

Fighting words in reply to Boston-published report of "gasconading" Nova Scotian saying Haligonians openly favour "American Cause"

Advertisement for people who can supply 15,000 lb. of fresh beef to Navy ships and yard in Halifax

Plaintiff "Elizabeth Watson alias Phillis a Negro Woman" loses case to William Proud, who may "Recover and hold [her] as the property and Slave of him"

"Yeoman" sells to tanner for £50 "Negro Boy Named Abram now about twelve Years of age who was Born of my Negro slave in my House in Maryland"

For sale: "Negro Wench, about 21 Years of Age who is capable of performing both Town and Country house Work, she is an exceeding good Cook[....]"

"An Epitaph lately taken from a Grave Stone at Annapolis" (Note: racial stereotypes)

Frederick Goget warns all against hiding his wife, Mary, who has "eloped from my Bed and board[...]because, she says, that I am poor, which is false"

Real estate of late Jonathan Belcher for sale, including 1,000-acre farm at Windsor with some "of the best Dyke Land in the Country" and Halifax dwelling

"Many, particularly the French Acadians" are accused of cutting and taking timber and grass on east shore of Halifax harbour and warned of prosecution

To reduce accidents from "negligent and disorderly" riding or cart or sleigh driving, ordinance calls for fine, labour on highways, or "stripes"

"Wanted. A Woman with a good Breast of Milk, to live in a Family."

Prince Edward Island
St. John's Island family has little success in cattle, as high prices keep demand low, they have few cows fit for market, and bear has killed two

To improve horse breeding, no stallions over 1-year-old will be allowed to roam; also, no "partridges" to be killed in breeding season

Newfoundland
With decline of Newfoundland fishery, objection arises to Palliser-inspired law requiring ships be British-built, offering paltry bounties to fishers, etc.

"Without windows, without chimnies, the light of heaven coming in the same hole which lets out the smoke" - Marston finds Quidi Vidi's houses miserable

Officer at St. John's happy to buy armed brig on which his recruits can escape "an Island destitute of every necessary support whatever for our Men"

Newfoundland Volunteers enlists 200 men who agree to "learn the use of Arms with the utmost Assiduity, [when] care of ourselves & families will allow"

Navy frigate on Newfoundland convoy takes French privateer and distributes its sailors across convoy in swap for merchant hands to man prize

Labrador
In Labrador, George Cartwright avoids mutiny over food with threats and convincing staff to eat fox, which saves salt pork and thus averts starvation

"Painful necessity of inflicting corporal punishment" - Cartwright lashes worker until he faints, after man had threatened him with hatchet

Cartwright says Mrs. Selby was unfaithful to him with trapper (whose offer to swear oath he refuses (later he confesses)); also disowns her new baby

Having tamed caribou calf after killing its mother, Cartwright details his impressions of species based on much observation of them

Cartwright has knowledge of polar bears, including their going far inland where they catch only porcupines and small fish, and elsewhere eat seaweed

Cartwright finds wolverine has gone six miles with his 8-lb. trap on one foot by carrying it in its mouth and running on three legs

Elsewhere
Traders west of Lake Superior establish North-West Company "for their common safety in a country where they had no protection from their Government"

Hudson's Bay Company sloop at Churchill prepared for voyage with caulking, tarring, painting, overhauling etc. in unusually cold June and July

title: 1779 in Canada


text:
Irwindale Event Center

The Irwindale Speedway & Event Center (a.k.a. Irwindale Speedway, Irwindale Dragstrip, or "The House of Drift") is a motorsports facility located in Irwindale, California, United States. It opened on March 27, 1999, under the official name Irwindale Speedway. Toyota purchased the naming rights to the facility in 2008, and from that time until 2011 it was also known as the Toyota Speedway at Irwindale.

The speedway features banked, paved $1/2$- and $1/3$-mile oval tracks and a $1/8$-mile drag strip. The property is primarily used for NASCAR races such as ARCA Menards Series West and Whelen All-American Series events. In late 2011, NASCAR announced it was dropping Toyota Speedway from its schedule. The company that managed the track, Irwindale Speedway LLC, filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy on February 13, 2012.

In January 2013, it was announced that the track would be re-opening as the Irwindale Event Center, and would operate as a Whelen All-American Series venue for the 2013 season. For the past decade, the Formula D Championship Series had featured sold out events at the venue.

In 2015, plans were made to demolish Irwindale Speedway and build an outlet mall on the site of the track. On August 9, 2017, it was officially announced that Jim Cohan, CEO of Team 211 Entertainment, who operated the track under the name of Irwindale Event Center, would cease operation. On December 29, 2017, it was announced that the track would not close in January 2018 as former Irwindale Late Model driver and track champion Tim Huddleston, along with K&N West team owner Bob Bruncatti, took over management of the speedway to have it remain open.

1999–2012
Construction began in March 1998 on Irwindale's 6,500-seat grandstand and $1/2$- and $1/3$-mile ovals. Irwindale Speedway hoped to fill the void left in the Los Angeles Basin left by the closures of the famed Riverside International Raceway, Ontario Motor Speedway and Saugus Speedway. The $7-million project was completed March 1999 and held its inaugural races on March 27, 1999. This Race did not get off to a celebratory start. During practice shortly after 2 pm, an up-and-coming Oregon driver named Casey Diemert died of head and neck injuries after hitting the wall and flipping his car from turn 3 to turn 4. Many didn't know of the death until reading the newspaper the next day as it wasn't even mentioned during the race.

From 2003 to 2010, the main $1/2$-mile oval hosted the NASCAR Toyota All-Star Showdown. In this event, the top 30 drivers in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series and the top 40 drivers in the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series come from their respective regional tours to compete in a "best-of-the-best" race. The races were televised live on the Speed Channel. It was also the home of the Turkey Night Grand Prix race, a Thanksgiving midget car racing tradition in southern California since 1934, when the race debuted at Gilmore Stadium. Among the 2005 participants were Tony Stewart, Jason Leffler, and J. J. Yeley. It was also seen in an episode of Malcolm in the Middle, titled "Stock Car Races", also used in the opening scene of the pilot episode of Fastlane and in Episode 25 of Fear Factor Season 3.

In 2012, Irwindale Speedway LLC, the management group that ran the track, filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on the same day track management canceled the 2012 racing season.

In the paperwork filed at the United States Bankruptcy Court, Central District, it shows that Irwindale Speedway LLC owed creditors $331,773.11. The largest amount is $150,000 owed on a personal-injury claim.

Irwindale Speedway LLC owed Nu-Way Industries Inc., the company that owns the property where the track and offices are built, $55,000 in rent.

Irwindale Speedway LLC has two more outstanding personal injury claims with unknown values. There is also a debt of $8,093.51 owed to the city of Irwindale Police Department, $16,379.58 owed to the Golden State Water Company and $1,437.50 owed to the San Gabriel Valley Tribune for advertising.

2013–2017
In late 2012, Jim Cohan, who ran the LA Driving Experience at the track was able to secure funding to re-open the speedway under his management. In September 2013, the property housing the Irwindale Event Center was purchased by Irwindale Outlet Partners, LLC for $22 million. The lease for the Irwindale Event Center continued on a year-by-year basis. In March 2015, plans were made to demolish Irwindale Speedway and replace it with Irwindale Outlet Center, an outlet mall, but the closure has been delayed. The track is currently running the 2017 season. On August 9, 2017, Cohan made an announcement in an e-mailed statement saying that the track was closing down officially in January 2018.

2018–present
On December 29, 2017, it was announced that the track would not close in January 2018 as former Irwindale Late Model racer and track champion Tim Huddleston took over management of the speedway to have it remain open. In February 2020 Irwindale's famous All-Star Showdown returned to the track following a ten-year hiatus. The track remained open without spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic founding its own streaming service IrwindaleSpeedway.tv operated by Low Budget TV. In June 2021 fans returned to the track.

Drag strip
The 1/8-mile drag racing strip opened on September 29, 2001. In 2003, in cooperation with local law enforcement, Irwindale Speedway opened its own dragstrip and hosts legal drag races for street-legal cars, trucks, and motorcycles. The dragstrip is proud to extinguish the "nowhere else to go" excuse used by illegal street racers, and local police often hand out flyers to offenders for free entry into drag races at the dragstrip to promote safe racing and has re-opened.

The House of Drift
The venue is also known for drifting events; when it hosted D1 Grand Prix's first overseas event in, with a sell-out crowd attendance of 10,000, it had surpassed all other events Irwindale hosted in the past, the previous being 8,700. Since then, it has become the series regular opening round in February and a non championship event in December and has also hosted a round of the domestic series, Formula D. The venue has been expanded to accommodate 15,000 spectators. The circuit is regarded as one of the most popular courses for crowds and drivers despite the unforgiving concrete wall which drivers usually brush through with their rear bumpers. Because of its popularity, the circuit is nicknamed the House of Drift.

Record
The 2003 Guinness Book of World Records lists the fastest-ever top speed of a radio-controlled car as 111 mph (178.63 km/h) set by Cliff Lett of Associated Electrics. Lett, a Team Associated professional driver and one of the designers and developers of the aforementioned RC10, set the record with a heavily modified Associated RC10L3 touring car at Irwindale Speedway on January 13, 2001.

title: Irwindale Event Center


text:
1780 in Canada

Events from the year 1780 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lord William Campbell
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * May 19 – an unusual darkening of the day sky was observed over the New England states and parts of Canada. This has never been explained, though clouds of smoke from massive forest fires are the most likely cause.
 * Quakers begin the Underground Railroad to smuggle slaves to freedom in Canada.

Births

 * August 15 – Marie-Anne Gaboury, female explorer (d.1875)
 * September 17 – Norman McLeod, Presbyterian minister (d.1866)
 * November 16 – James FitzGibbon, British colonel who served in Canada for 45 years (d.1863)
 * December 1 – Edward Bowen, lawyer, judge and politician (d.1866)

Deaths

 * November 28 – Esther Wheelwright, mother superior for Quebec Ursulines

American Revolutionary War
New Englanders write to Halifax friends of "their most earnest wishes for[...]tranquillity" and John Dickinson calls peace with honour "the universal wish"

U.S.A. insolvent? - "Miserably deranged State of our public Affairs[...]pervades Into every quarter[;] public officers are without money and without Credit"

Cartoon: King George and Indigenous people consume white child while sailor delivers "Scalping Knives; Crucifixes; Tomahawks" (Note: racial stereotypes)

Schuyler advises Washington to make peace with Indigenous people in case "Reduction of Canada" is planned (Note: "savages," "barbarians" used)

Board of War wants Wheelocks of Dartmouth College paid for supporting Indigenous youth from Canada as part of friendship policy (Note: "savages" used)

To distract British from New York City attack, Washington favours spurring Canadians to assist France and U.S.A. in Canada (Note: "savages" used)

Huron-Wendat John Vincent reports Canadians say if U.S. invades they will drop neutral stance of "Priests and Gentlemen" and field 10,000 soldiers

Congressional committee reports "Canadians who from an attachment to our cause have left their own country appear to be greatly distressed" for food

"One thousand tons of shipping are ordered to be taken up by the [Royal] Navy Board to carry timber, cordage, and naval stores to Halifax"

Guy Johnson visits new Seneca settlement on Buffalo River and meets with Seneca, Onondaga and Lenape chiefs about their peoples' great needs

Oneida report that John Butler and Joseph Brant intend to lead 700-800 fighters down Mohawk River to cut off grain-growing area (Note: "savages" used)

2,000 British regular, Canadian, loyalist and Indigenous fighters in two groups raid New York via lakes Oneida and George (Note: "savages" used)

Schuyler unhappy Rochambeau won't invade Canada, as number of troops needed for that will instead have to guard New Hampshire to Virginia frontiers

Schuyler has intelligence that Canada had good harvest and Indigenous people "have been Generally out with the british parties" but Canadians have not

Jefferson details planned offensive to counter frontier attacks, including taking Detroit and control of Lake Erie to block "dangerous extension" of Canada

HMS Hind brings in Salem, Mass. privateer Harlequin, described as "a fine new Ship, in every respect calculated for a Privateer, and sails remarkably fast"

Report Henry Laurens captured going to Holland to get loan in return for mortgage on New York, which writer compares to U.S. offering Canada to France

Queen's Loyal Rangers officer, captured at Bennington and paroled, asks Gov. Haldimand for job to end his "want of Cloathing & other necessaries"

Leaving Butler's Rangers in 1780, George Cockel takes family to Niagara but does not receive any land before he dies in 1784; his widow later reapplies

Canada
Haldimand and Council consider "the Canadians as the People of the Country" and in making laws, "Regard is to be paid to[...]60,000 rather than[...]2,000"

Council prohibits export of wheat, pease, oats, biscuit, flour, or meal as well as horned cattle "to reduce the present high price of wheat and flour"

Haldimand on why wheat and flour prices are so high and Council's disputes over fixing prices and fees (as many members are in conflict of interest)

$100 offered for information leading to conviction of those "Clipping, Mutilating and Debasing the Currency" including new money sent from England

Ordinance lists government fees ranging from £6 for seal on patent or grant of new seigneury to 2p for clerk's entry in court books of cause under £10

Case of Montrealer Pierre ("Peter") Du Calvet and his unjust imprisonment for four years, at first falsely and then supposedly out of Gov. Haldimand's spite

Ann Cannon alias Ross passed as single and married William Stapleton, eloped within 3 months with £15 in clothing and now lives with Richard Cannon

Elizabeth Ogden passed as widow and married Robert Bradley, who is "now convinc'd her husband Ogden is living," and therefore marriage null and void

Young ladies to receive instruction in reading, writing, arithmetic, French and English grammar etc.; also dance school "with two Public Balls every Month"

Young Canadians perform comedy Gregoire, or l'Incommodité de la Grandeur, "and the compliments paid[...]reflect the highest honour on the Nation"

Harpsichord teacher offers lessons at his lodgings or student's and advertises concert at British Coffeehouse, Lower Town, Quebec City, tickets $1

Books for sale in Lower Town shop include psalm books for Church of England and Scotland, Biographia Britannica, Ovid, Swift, Rousseau, Hoyle etc. etc.

Reward offered for return to Levy Solomons of "a fine stately Canadian Horse, about five years old, with a white front, a Goose rump[...]and a long tail"

Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia has "flourished in consequence of the present rebellion," with one Bay of Fundy farmer quadrupling his "gross produce" in four years

"Every public attention to the education of youth is of the utmost importance in society" - Assembly provides for Halifax schoolhouse and teachers

As it goes on duty, Halifax militia regiment reminds public that all males 16-60 must enlist with arms and ammunition, even those exempt from training

"To be Sold, For no Fault, a lickely [(likely)] Negro Girl, About 14 years of Age, Enquire of the Printer of this Paper"

Pedestrians ask carriole drivers not to force them into snow banks when passing, "whereas it is[...]the duty of the Carrioleers, to give way to the Walkers"

Boy "was cut for a Stone in the Bladder by Doctor Wyer, one of a considerable Size was extracted and the Child is now, we hear, in a fair way to do well"

Scrivener offers services for petitions, letters etc., and will help business people "draw out their Accounts," and teach "Gentlemen's Children" to write

Halifax baker will take in ready-formed loaves, pies, puddings and meat dishes to bake for customers at 1-3 pence per loaf or dish

Halifax shop has breeches of English buck and doe skin, caribou and moose skin, shammy lining skins, and leather for belts, slings and knapsacks

Young gentleman seeks marriage with "young lady[...]whose happiness may center in domestic felicity and a moderate share of fashionable amusements"

Critic of "Abbé Reynais" Acadia history shows mistakes, says he relies on misinformation and displays "prejudices as a Frenchman and Roman Catholic"

Painting: Cape Sharp and Minas Basin, Nova Scotia

Elsewhere
Shipwrecked on northern Cape Breton Island, narrator and others travel 3 winter months to where Indigenous people save them (Note: "savages" used)

"For Sale; One half of a fishing Post on the Coast of Labrador near the streights of Belle Isle, known by the name of the River du Plaine."

QUOTE OF THE TIMES "A celebrated writer, Abbé Raynal, says, 'When I see monarchs and empires furiously attacking and waging war against each other, with all their debts, with their public funds and revenues already deeply mortgaged, it seems to me as if I saw men fighting with clubs in a china shop.'"

title: 1780 in Canada


text:
1781 in Canada

Events from the year 1781 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia:
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * February 2 – Ethan Allen receives a further proposal from Col. Robinson; but sends both to Congress, with a request for the recognition of Vermont. Premising loyalty to Congress, he maintains that Vermont may properly treat with Great Britain, to prevent being subjected to another State, by the authority of a Government which Vermonters have helped to establish.
 * April – Ira Allen is sent to Canada to arrange an exchange of prisoners.
 * May 1 – Receiving proposals for Vermont's independence, Col. Ira Allen temporizes to prevent invasion and enable the farmers to sow seed for another crop.
 * August 20 – As a condition of Vermont's admission to the Union, Congress fixes boundaries which offend both Vermont and New York.
 * George Washington asks Governor Chittenden whether Vermont chooses to be a Province or in the Union.
 * September – British proposals to Vermont include a Legislature of two branches.
 * October 19 – Vermont declines Congress' terms.
 * November 14 – Governor Chittenden answers General Washington that, notwithstanding Vermont's interest in the common cause, the people would rather join British Canadians than be subject to New York.
 * December 18 – Troops sent from New York, to coerce New Hampshire grantees, learn that they will defend their rights.
 * American independence is assured by the British surrender at Yorktown. Gen. George Washington leads the Colonial army against the British.
 * By the Articles of Confederation, Congress controls the western lands.

American Revolutionary War
"Rebellion [is] so severely felt by many of His Majesty's well-disposed Subjects in the Neighbouring Colonies, [but we] live in Canada undisturbed"

Papers captured with Henry Laurens include plans for two U.S.-French invasions: one against Newfoundland and Halifax, and one into Canada in winter

"So near to Canada and the only land passage into it" - U.S. commander on upper Connecticut River says his sector is in greatest need of defence

Captured correspondence supposedly for Gov. Haldimand from British agent(s) in Albany is part of Canada–New York "chain of Intelligence"

If U.S. takes Nova Scotia, it will make Britain's main source of ship timber available to Spain and France, and also deprive British of fisheries' sailors

Butler's Rangers officer on fires and fights along Mohawk River, with his 400+ force (including 60 Indigenous fighters) engaging superior enemy numbers

Maj. Gen. Heath informs Washington of "a plan of union maturing between the british government in Canada, and some of the leading men of Vermont"

Despite failure to take it, Washington says "possession or destruction of Detroit is the only means of giving peace and security to the Western Frontier"

"True copy" of Washington letter asking Rochambeau for breeches for soldiers "ashamed of exposing their meagre posteriors to the ladies"

Canada
Resident of Canada reports British military and government "have the greatest distrust of the Canadians," many of whom (clergy included) are disaffected

Loyalist "Declaration of Independence" says rebels' fear of Catholics has shifted to promising Canadians "greater religious establishments"

Proclamation requires militia to account for all grain, flour and cattle in Quebec for possible quick movement to secure locations in case of invasion

"British Inhabitants of Montreal, in Town Meeting," thank Gov. Haldimand for warning of possible invasion and intend to find its aiders and abettors

Resident doubts wisdom of Quebec City physician who proposes inoculating people with imported smallpox "matter" after testing it on two children

Merchants ask convoy not to leave 5 days early, as "quantity of Furrs and Peltries from the most distant Posts of the Upper Country" will not have arrived

Two Queen's Loyal Rangers officers (and brothers) accused by commandant of selling military provisions and clothing and stealing soldiers' pay

On May 1, ice breaks up at Quebec City, which takes in "the knowing ones who had guaranteed it till the Spring tides;" several walked there day before

"Bad guinea" appears made of copper, looks like good "George III 1777" coin, but is 13 grains too light and leaves red colour when rubbed on stone

For sale "a Likely, Robust, Active, Healthy Negro Lad[...]; he speaks English and French both remarkably well, and has had the Small-pox"

Either of "two likely, healthy Negro Women" is for sale, "as they disagree together;" one is about 30 and one about 18, and both have had smallpox

Widow Marie Anne Chamaillard and brothers advise public that her son Noel Réaume "is become lunatick, and incapable[...]to manage his own affairs"

Mary Edge announces that she and her son ("lately from Detroit") will take over her late husband's "business of a Black and White-smith" in Montreal

Montreal "Tin-man" announces that his apprentice "Bishop Forsyth, who was brought in a prisoner with his parents from Wyoming," has run away

Evening "Mathematical Class" to run through winter with "Euclid's Elements[...]demonstrated either Geometrically or Algebraically," plus trigonometry etc.

François Grefart announces that his wife "has eloped from his House by stealth" and that he "is giving intimation to all not to trust her a sol marqué"

Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia Assembly to examine "defenceless state of the settlements distant from Halifax," such as plundered towns on or near Minas Basin

Assembly wants Elizabeth Amelia Belcher, "Daughter of the late Worthy Chief Justice Belcher, who is left destitute," to receive £50 per year for life

Prince Edward Island
Legal actions over land must be sued within 20 years of current assembly session; exceptions for minors, married women, Non compos mentis, convicts, absentees

John MacDonald faces loss of St. John's Island lots for quit-rent non-payment, plus tenant and government trouble, all hampering Island's success

Labrador
Moravian missionaries at Nain, Labrador report 22 Inuit killed when avalanche came down hill where they had built their "Esquimaux winter hauss"

Elsewhere
Kitchi Negou and other Ojibwe chiefs sign treaty transferring Michilimackinac Island to Crown for £5,000, recorded on deed and 7-ft. long wampum belt

For "a consideration amounting to about 300 suits of clothing," four Ojibwe and Mississauga chiefs transfer territory just west of Niagara River to Crown

"Before the fatal attack of the small pox[...]in the year 1781, all these nations of Indians [trading to Hudson's Bay] were much more numerous"

Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Albany chief glad that inland post Henley House has no provisions problem, ensuring "success of the upland business"

Acadians are one quarter of Baltimore, Md. population, live in poorest part of town and retain their language and religion, though priests are negligent

title: 1781 in Canada


text:
Music Has the Right to Children

Music Has the Right to Children is the debut studio album by Scottish electronic music duo Boards of Canada, released on 20 April 1998 in the United Kingdom by Warp and Skam Records and in the United States by Matador. The album was produced at Hexagon Sun, the duo's personal recording studio in Pentland Hills, and continued their distinctive style of electronica, featuring vintage synthesisers, degraded analogue production, found sounds and samples, and hip hop-inspired rhythms that had been featured on their first two EPs Twoism (1995) and Hi Scores (1996).

The album received critical acclaim upon its release, and has since been acknowledged as a landmark work in electronic music, going on to inspire a variety of subsequent artists. It has been included on various best-ever lists by publications such as Pitchfork and Mojo.

Background
The members of Boards of Canada, brothers Michael Sandison and Marcus Eoin, had been creating music together as early as 1981, layering synths over cassette recordings of shortwave radio. Throughout the 1990s, the band were members of the Hexagon Sun artistic collective based in Pentland Hills, Scotland, and released self-produced cassettes produced in small quantities and given to friends and family members. According to Eoin, around 1987 or 1988, they started experimenting with tape demos they later destroyed. He called it the "seed of the project".

In 1996, the band completed their first wide release, the Hi Scores EP, and began sending it out for record labels to hear. Sean Booth of Autechre heard the EP, and suggested that the band get in touch with SKAM Records, whose first release had been Booth's LEGO Feet album in 1991. SKAM released Hi Scores, and invited the band to produce a full-length follow-up. At the same time, the band established a relationship with Warp Records, who also wished to release an album by the band. As a compromise, the album would eventually be jointly released by both labels.

Production and recording
The album was recorded in the duo's studio in Pentland Hills, which had been described as a "bunker" by various media publications. The duo described this as "just an exaggeration on the part of the record label" in an interview around the time of the album's release.

The album features the duo utilizing samplers, intentionally detuned vintage synthesizers, drum machines and reel to reel tape recorders. It also incorporates a wide variety of samples, including several from the children's television program Sesame Street in tracks such as "The Color of the Fire" and "Aquarius". The track "Happy Cycling" samples the sound of the red-legged seriema from Vangelis' score for the 1976 documentary La Fête sauvage.

During the production of the track "Rue the Whirl", the studio's window was left open, and the sound of birds was accidentally recorded into the track. The duo decided that the track was enhanced by the natural sounds, and left it in. "Smokes Quantity" first appeared on Twoism in 1995.

Music and style
In interviews, the band has identified Devo, Wendy Carlos, DAF, TV and film soundtracks, Jeff Wayne, Julian Cope, My Bloody Valentine, 1980s pop music, and Seefeel as influences of the album's sound. According to Eoin, the band was uninterested in the styles of electronic music that were popular at the time of the album's creation, and that creating dance music was not a priority for them.

According to the band, the songs' titles contain "cryptic references that the listener might understand or might not," many of them personal to the band. For example, the album's title is a reference to the duo's "intention to affect the audience using sound". "Pete Standing Alone" shares its name with the main character of the documentary Circle of the Sun (1960) directed by Colin Low and released by the National Film Board of Canada. Pete is also the Great Uncle of Renowned Blackfoot artist Terrance Houle from Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Album art and packaging
The album cover is a modified version of a family photo taken at Banff Springs in Alberta, Canada. The original CD was released in a traditional jewel case, while the 2004 re-release was packaged in digipak format. "Happy Cycling" was mistakenly left off 500 copies of the initial North American release of the album despite the artwork indicating that the song was included. The vinyl record was released in a gatefold sleeve with a sticker that wrote the band's name in braille attached to it.

Critical reception
The album received widespread acclaim upon release. In 2014, AllMusic called it "a landmark for electronic listening music that was widely copied." Fact called it "an adult meditation on childhood, concerned with play, naïveté and nostalgia, all tinted with rosy pastoralism," but "also devilishly subtle, intricate and emotionally mature." Slant Magazine described the album as "nestled somewhere in between the warm hues of 1970s flocked wallpaper and the sleek electronic sheen of the future." Pitchfork stated that the duo "tapped into the collective unconscious of those who grew up in the English speaking West and were talented enough to transcribe the soundtrack."

Legacy and influence
Since its release, the album has been included in several lists of greatest albums of all time. Music Has the Right to Children featured at number 26 on Pitchfork's "The 150 Best Albums of the 1990s" list, as well as number 2 on its "50 Best IDM Albums of All Time" list released in 2017. It was ranked number 91 in Mojo magazine's "100 Modern Classics" list. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

The album has been noted as a major influence on the electronic music genre. Fact magazine identified Lone, Gold Panda, Lapalux, Tim Hecker, Leyland Kirby, Bibio, Four Tet, and Ulrich Schnauss as musicians directly influenced by the album, calling it not "just a classic album or many people's personal favourite," but also "an artifact in its own lifetime, a present-day relic that recalls an innocent time in more ways than one."

title: Music Has the Right to Children


text:
1782 in Canada

Events from the year 1782 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia:
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * 1782–83: A smallpox epidemic hits the Sanpoil of Washington.
 * Montreal Upper Yellowstone, on old Indian trail along east slope of the mountains, challenging Spanish trade goods.
 * January 1 – Threatened by three hostile forces, Vermont is advised by Gen. George Washington, a skilled surveyor, to limit jurisdiction to undisputed territory.
 * February 22 – Vermont accepts the prescribed delimitation.
 * March 1 – It is proposed, in Congress, to treat Vermont as hostile, failing submission to the terms of 20 August 1781, and to divide it between New York and New Hampshire, along the ridge of the Green Mountains; and that the Commander-in-chief employ the Congressional forces to further this resolution.
 * In the course of this year John Molson, the future pioneer of Canadian steam navigation, arrives in Canada.
 * Councillor Finlay proposes to establish English schools in Canadian parishes, and to prohibit using the French language in the Law Courts after a certain time.

Births

 * March 31: Jesse Ketchum, tanner, politician, and philanthropist (d.1867)

Deaths

 * April 11: Jean-Baptiste de La Brosse, Jesuit, priest, missionary, and professor (b.1724)
 * May 21: Robert Monckton, army officer and colonial administrator (b. 1726)

Full date unknown

 * Matonabbee, leading Indian (b.1737)

American Revolutionary War
Thomas Pownall says Britain needs to defend Quebec and Nova Scotia to supply lumber, fish and livestock to West Indies, and be naval and trade centres

Seneca chiefs expect Crown to give them new homeland after loss of theirs (Note: horrific scalping victim descriptions just above chiefs' message)

Moses Hazen's lengthy plan for invading Canada (Note: "savages" used)

Prisoners released at Montreal report John Johnson taking goods and arms to Indigenous nations on Great Lakes, who are likely "to Streighten our frontier"

Report that Seneca sachem accused British of lying, saying that British have lost war and will sacrifice Seneca, who must look out for themselves

By vote of 194 to 193, House of Commons rejects "motion for an address to his Majesty to put an end to hostilities in America"

Guy Carleton tells Washington that, "if war must prevail, I shall endeavour to render its miseries as light to the people of this continent" as possible

"Remonstrance of the Loyal Refugees at New York to Sir Guy Carleton, on the negociation for a general peace, and craving protection"

Preliminary Britain-U.S.A. peace treaty restores fishing rights, encourages return of loyalists' property and freedom, and prohibits removing "any Negroes"

Lewis Nicola considers republics not as strong as monarchies, and foresees Canada one day becoming monarchy that will "prove too powerful" for U.S.A.

John Adams foresees Britain being "forever at War" with U.S.A. if it retains Canada and Nova Scotia, which would end in Britain's "final Ruin"

"Britain will sustain the expence and America reap the advantage" - Tom Paine says Halifax will be useless after war and Canadian settlers will go south

Canada
Preface (1782) to assessment (1774) of Quebec Act hopes Canadians will follow more enlightened Catholic leadership (Note: anti-Catholic statements)

Canada cost British government almost £5.3 million in 1776-1782, more than its import/export trade amount (and some big expenses yet to be accounted)

British defeat of French fleet brings sailors and others parading Quebec City streets, "and the next morning discover'd a good deal of work for the glaziers"

"Our Assembly" was held in new room built by Levy Solomons; "the Country dances began at eight o'clock and continued till two," to satisfaction of all

Daily except Thursdays, 11-2, young ladies to be taught "Writing, Arithmetic, the Rules for Reading with propriety, the English and French Grammars" etc.

Missing German indentured servant, tailor by trade, "has very much the art and behaviour of a sham beau and has a variety of cloaths;" 5 guinea reward

Shoemaker apprentice missing, "had on when he went away a Blanket Coat, light blue Waistcoat and Breeches very dirty, a Check Shirt much wore[....]"

New 2-storey log house at Chambly fit for tavern or shop, with 3 large rooms on first floor, 4 bedrooms on second, plus garret and "good warm cellar"

Single middle-age man wanted who "can comb Hair, cut wood, dress a beef-stake occasionally, receive messages [and give] as little trouble as possible"

Map: Canada from Lake Superior to Estuary of St. Lawrence, and territory from James Bay to Pennsylvania, with numerous rivers and Indigenous groups

Map: St. Lawrence River from Lake Ontario to Anticosti Island, with hazards and other features and detailed navigation instructions

Nova Scotia
Carleton says 600+ Loyalists moving to Nova Scotia to take up cost-free grants of 600-acres will be "a large accession of strength [and] population"

Agents of Loyalists going to Nova Scotia are to find tract(s) of land free of title dispute, and record aspects of soil, timber, game, rivers etc.

Powder, shot, food and other supplies delivered to needy Mi'kmaq ("poor Indian Woman & family," "Indian family consisting of eight" and "old Indians")

As "detriment to trade, and an encouragement to many idle persons to avoid being employed in useful trades," travelling peddlers must be licensed

Nova Scotia has massive trade deficit with England (approximately 22 to 1) in 1782

People outside Halifax are left too few soldiers to defend them from enemy raids, requiring farmers to either keep watch themselves or hire men at $2/day

"The Americans surprise and pillage the town of Lunenburgh, Nova Scotia"

Prince Edward Island
"The principal settlers on St. John's, Gulf of St. Lawrence, invite the Royal Refugees at New York"

Helen MacDonald tells brother John that she's been extravagant because she was left alone without "rules" and expected brothers would soon return

Newfoundland
In peace talks with France, British ambassador is to "point out in the strongest manner the high national value which is set on" Newfoundland fisheries

"St John's is an excellent good Harbour (though narrow in the Entrance)," but don't confuse it with nearby Quiddy Viddy and its hill "called Cuckold's Head"

Hudson Bay
At York Factory: armourer repairing guns, shipwright and carpenter helving hatchets, tailors making trade clothing, joiner and smith doing odd jobs, etc.

Indigenous people describe "eruption on the skin" raging among their people and causing high mortality in neighbourhood of Cumberland House

French struggle through ice and gales, tides and mud to burn Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Prince of Wales and Fort York (Note: "savages" used)

Elsewhere
At Niagara, John Butler says farmers "have done very well" despite lack of blacksmith and provisions, and some Rangers asking to join them with families

title: 1782 in Canada


text:
Railway Nationalization Act

The Railway Nationalization Act (鉄道国有法) was a law enacted by the Diet of Japan that brought many of Japan's private railway lines under national control. The 22nd Diet passed the bill on March 27, 1906 and Emperor Meiji signed on March 30, 1906. The promulgation of the act on the Official Gazette occurred the next day. The Act was repealed by Article 110 of the Act for Enforcement of Japanese National Railways Reform Act Etc. (Act No. 93 of 1986 ).

The original bill which passed the House of Representatives on March 16, 1906 listed 32 private railways to be nationalized, but the House of Peers amended the bill removing 15 companies from the list on March 27, 1906 and the House of Representatives accepted this amendment the same day.

Between 1906 and 1907, 2812 mi of track were purchased from 17 private railway companies. The national railway network grew to about 4400 mi of track, and private railways were relegated to providing local and regional services.

title: Railway Nationalization Act