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New York City blackout of 1977

The New York City blackout of 1977 was an electricity blackout that affected most of New York City on July 13–14, 1977. The only unaffected neighborhoods in the city were in southern Queens (including neighborhoods of the Rockaways), which were part of the Long Island Lighting Company system, as well as the Pratt Institute campus in Brooklyn, and a few other large apartment and commercial complexes that operated their own power generators.

Unlike other blackouts that affected the region, namely the Northeast blackouts of 1965 and 2003, the 1977 blackout was confined to New York City and its immediate surrounding areas. The 1977 blackout also resulted in citywide looting and other criminal activity, including arson, unlike the 1965 and 2003 blackouts.

Lightning damage
The events leading up to the blackout began on July 13 at 8:34 p.m. EDT on Wednesday, with a lightning strike at Buchanan South, a substation on the Hudson River, tripping two circuit breakers in Buchanan, New York. The Buchanan South substation converted the 345,000 volts of electricity originating from the 900 MW Indian Point nuclear generating station to lower voltage for commercial use. A loose locking nut combined with a slow-acting upgrade cycle prevented the breaker from reclosing and allowing power to flow again.

A second lightning strike caused the loss of two 345 kV transmission lines, the subsequent reclose of only one of the lines, and the loss of power from the nuclear plant at Indian Point. As a result of the strikes, two other major transmission lines became overloaded. Per procedure, Consolidated Edison, the power provider for New York City and some of Westchester County, tried to bring a fast-start generating station online at 8:45 p.m. EDT; however, no one was manning the station, and the remote start failed. Other, manned plants successfully started, but several had removed some of their turbines from service for routine maintenance and could not provide their rated load.

At 8:55 p.m., a third lightning strike hit Sprain Brook substation in Yonkers, which took out two additional critical transmission lines. Because the system design had prioritized protecting the already-isolated Indian Point plant, only the north-south line automatically returned to service. The poor design of Con Edison's control-room displays did not clearly display this fact to the operator at the time.

The second opening of a transmission line left Con Edison system disconnected from key generating stations across the Hudson river. Instead, their power flowed to cross-river lines in Newark or upstate New York and then turned towards New York City. The remaining lines into New York City could not carry this excess power without exceeding their long-term capacity limits.

Power reductions
Con Edison's control room operator recognized that the extant north-south lines could not maintain their existing loads for long and asked New York Power Pool (NYPP) operators in Guilderland to reduce transmission on the overloaded lines. Implicitly, the Con Edison operator meant that they should use the cross-river lines near Indian Point, because he did not realize that all of those circuits remained open following the 8:55 lightning strike. NYPP, who could see that the lines had tripped out of service, instead warned that a major interconnection to New Jersey Public Service Electric and Gas Company was also overloaded, and recommended shedding load. The two system operators repeatedly talked past each other without revealing the fundamental misunderstanding.

Meanwhile, problems at a local generator in the Con Edison East River facility required the power provider to reduce the plant's loading. As the Con Edison system's stability began to degrade, gas turbines at the Astoria plant could not synchronize with the system well enough to enter service. Each problem made an already dire situation worse.

At 9:08 p.m., Con Edison began shedding load via, first, a 5% system-wide voltage reduction, and then an 8% reduction. But the load lost thereby was too little, too late.

At 9:19 p.m., the final interconnection to upstate New York at Leeds substation tripped due to thermal overload. The 345 kV conductors had heated and sagged excessively into an unidentified object on the ground. This trip in turn caused the 138 kV links with Long Island to overload, and the line west to New Jersey began to overload even higher than previously reported.

At 9:22 p.m., Long Island Lighting Company opened its 345 kV interconnection to Con Edison to reduce power that was flowing through its system and overloading 138 kV submarine cables between Long Island and Connecticut. While Long Island operators were securing permission from the Power Pool operators to open their 345 kV tie to New York City, phase shifters between New York City and New Jersey were adjusted to correct the heavy flows, and this reduced the loading on the 115 kV cables. The Long Island operators did not notice the drop in 115 kV cable loadings, however, and proceeded with opening their 345 kV tie to New York City.

At 9:24 p.m., the Con Edison operator tried and failed to manually shed load by dropping customers. Five minutes later, at 9:29 p.m., the 230 kV Goethals-Linden interconnection with New Jersey finally tripped, leaving the Con Edison system isolated from the outside world.

Power failure
Con Ed could not generate enough power within the city, and its system for automatically shedding load interacted poorly with the unusually high inductance of its buried transmission cables. Dropping large blocks of customers produced electric effects indistinguishable from a transient short inside the generation equipment. Just after 9:28 p.m., the biggest generator in New York City, the 990 MW Ravenswood Generating Unit No. 3 (also known as "Big Allis"), shut down to protect itself from an imagined short. When it shut down, the city could not avoid a blackout.

By 9:37 p.m., the entire ConEdison power system shut down, almost exactly an hour after the first lightning strike. By 10:26 p.m., operators started a restoration procedure. Power was not fully restored until late the following day. Among the outcomes of the blackout was the creation of detailed restoration procedures that are now well documented and used in operator training to reduce restoration time.

Crime
The blackout occurred when the city was facing a severe financial crisis and its residents were terrified by the Son of Sam murders. The nation as a whole, especially New York City, was suffering from a protracted economic downturn, and commentators have contrasted the event with the good-natured "Where Were You When the Lights Went Out?" atmosphere of 1965. Some pointed to the financial crisis as a root cause of the disorder; others noted the hot July weather, as the East Coast was in the middle of a brutal heat wave. Still others pointed out that the 1977 blackout came after businesses had closed and their owners had gone home, while in 1965, the blackout occurred in the late afternoon/early evening and many merchants were still at their properties. However, the 1977 looters continued their illegal activities into the daylight hours of the next day.

Looting and vandalism were widespread in New York City, hitting 31 different neighborhoods. Possibly the hardest hit were Crown Heights, where 75 stores on a five-block stretch were looted and damaged, and Bushwick, where arson was rampant, with some 25 fires still burning the next morning. At one point, two blocks of Broadway in Brooklyn, which separates Bushwick from Bedford-Stuyvesant, were on fire. Thirty-five blocks of Broadway were destroyed: 134 stores looted, 45 of them also set ablaze. Thieves stole 50 new Pontiacs from a Bronx car dealership. In Brooklyn, youths were seen backing up cars to stores, tying ropes around the stores' grates, and using their cars to pull the grates away, then looting the stores. There were 550 police officers injured in the mayhem, and 4,500 looters were arrested.

Mayor Abe Beame spoke during the blackout about what citizens were up against during the blackout and what the costs would be.

"We've seen our citizens subjected to violence, vandalism, theft, and discomfort. The Blackout has threatened our safety and has seriously impacted our economy. We've been needlessly subjected to a night of terror in many communities that have been wantonly looted and burned. The costs when finally tallied will be enormous."

During New York's 2003 blackout, The New York Times ran a description of the blackout of 1977:

"Because of the power failure, LaGuardia and Kennedy airports were closed down for about eight hours, automobile tunnels were closed because of lack of ventilation, and 4,000 people had to be evacuated from the subway system. ConEd called the shutdown an 'act of God,' enraging Mayor Beame, who charged that the utility was guilty of 'gross negligence.'"

In all, 1,616 stores were damaged in looting and rioting. A total of 1,037 fires were responded to, including 14 multiple-alarm fires. In the largest mass arrest in city history, 3,776 people were arrested. Many had to be stuffed into overcrowded cells, precinct basements and other makeshift holding pens. A congressional study estimated that the cost of damages amounted to a little over $300 million (equivalent to $1.47 billion in ).

In addition to the massive looting and violence that had accompanied it, there were four homicides. Three people died in the over a thousand fires set during the blackout, and in Brooklyn, a drugstore owner gunned down a man who was brandishing a crowbar at him while leading 30 youths past the store's security fence.

Because of the chaos and the police being focused elsewhere, crime unrelated to the blackout also occurred. Dominick Ciscone, a Brooklyn teenager and aspiring mobster, was shot in the neighborhood of Carroll Gardens while in the company of some friends. He died at the scene. Police investigated several people with whom he had ongoing disputes, but never identified any suspects. In 1997, they received tips from individuals who did not identify themselves, but whom they believed genuinely might know who committed the crime; they did not respond to requests to identify themselves. , the killing remains unsolved.

Shea Stadium
Shea Stadium went dark at approximately 9:30 p.m., in the bottom of the sixth inning, with Lenny Randle at bat. The New York Mets were losing 2–1 against the Chicago Cubs. Jane Jarvis, Shea's organist and "Queen of Melody", played "Jingle Bells" and "White Christmas". The game was completed two months later on September 16, with the Cubs winning 5–2. The Yankees were on the road at Milwaukee; less than a week later, Yankee Stadium hosted the All-Star Game on Tuesday, July 19.

Return of power
It was not until the next morning that power began being restored to those areas affected. Around 7 a.m. on July 14, a section of Queens became the first area to get power back, followed shortly afterward by Lenox Hill, Manhattan; the neighboring Yorkville area on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, though, was one of the last areas to get power back that Thursday evening. By 1:45 p.m., service was restored to half of Con Edison's customers, mostly in Staten Island and Queens. It was not until 10:39 p.m. on July 14 that the entire city's power was back online.

For much of July 14, most of the television stations in New York City were off the air (as the areas where those TV stations were located were still without power for much of the day), although WCBS-TV (Channel 2) and WNBC-TV (Channel 4) did manage to stay on the air thanks to gas and diesel-fueled generators, resuming their broadcasts only 25 and 88 minutes after the blackout began, respectively. Although much of New York City was still without power, Belmont Park (a racetrack on the border of Queens and Nassau County in Elmont) did stage their scheduled racing program that afternoon in front of a relatively sparse crowd, as many thought racing would be cancelled that day due to the blackout.

Music
In late 1977, The Trammps released the song "The Night the Lights Went Out" to commemorate the electrical blackout.

The blackout is the subject of the 2022 song 'Blackout77' by Crippled Black Phoenix.

David Bowie has stated the blackout was a possible influence on his 1977 song Blackout, "I can't in all honesty say that it was the NY one, though it is entirely likely that that image locked itself in my head."

There is a popular story that during the blackout numerous looters stole DJ equipment from electronics stores, and this helped spark the hip hop genre—but the only evidence is some speculation by two early DJs, DJ Disco Wiz and Curtis Fisher, who made the suggestion in an interview for Jim Fricke and filmmaker Charlie Ahearn, who printed it in their book Yes Yes Y'all. Caz later expanded from speculation to mythology, saying in a Slate article and podcast that, when the power went out, he and Wiz were playing records, running their equipment from an outlet in a park. At first they thought the outage was local and caused by something they had done, but realized when they heard stores closing that it was citywide and took advantage of the community's vulnerability to steal a mixing board from a local business. "I went right to the place where I bought my first set of DJ equipment, and I went and got me a mixer out of there." However, most early DJs dismiss this story as inaccurate, with Afrika Bambaataa stating that “Blackout '77 got nothin' to do with hip-hop. . . Whoever came with that is talking a lot of BS.”

Complications
The blackout also caused complications for the producers of the film Superman, who were shooting in the area. Tom Mankiewicz wrote in his memoir that cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth had attempted to draw power from a street light in order to get more light for the film, and mistakenly believed for months that this had caused the blackout.

The blackout took place at the start of a 9-day heat wave, which would begin on July 13 with temperatures reaching 93 F, and last until July 21 at 104 F, just two degrees off the all-time record high of 106 F, set on July 9, 1936, which occurred during the Dust Bowl.

The city was eventually given over $11 million by the Carter administration to pay for the damages of the blackout.

Beame accused Con Edison of "gross negligence" but would eventually feel the effect himself. In the mayoral election that year, Beame finished third in the Democratic primary to Ed Koch and Mario Cuomo. Koch would go on to win the general election.

The operating entities in New York fully investigated the blackout, its related causes, and the operator actions. They implemented significant changes, which are still in effect today, to guard against a similar occurrence. Despite these safeguards, there was a blackout in August 2003, although this was caused by a power system failure as far away as Eastlake, Ohio.

On July 13, 2019, on the 42nd anniversary of the event, a Con Edison blackout occurred, affecting 73,000 people on Manhattan's West Side.

Film
The blackout was mentioned in the 1997 Science Fiction comedy, Men in Black. It was said to be caused by an alien playing a practical joke.

The 1977 blackout was also mentioned in the 2003 Disney Channel Original Movie The Cheetah Girls by character Drinka Champagne (Sandra Caldwell) at the school talent show during a blackout caused by a rescue attempt to save The Cheetah Girls' dog Toto.

Television
The blackout was a real-world plot setting reference in the 2020 conspiracy action TV series Hunters.

Video games
In the 2005 video game The Warriors, the blackout is parodied during mission 4, though the game is set in 1979.

title: New York City blackout of 1977


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Donald Williams (basketball)

Donald E. Williams Jr. (born February 24, 1973) is a former American professional basketball player.

Amateur career
Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, where he also spent his childhood, Williams played for Garner High School in Garner, North Carolina under coach Eddie Gray before going on to play at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for the late coach Dean Smith.

The 6'3" tall point guard-shooting guard from the University of North Carolina was the recipient of the NCAA basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player Award when North Carolina won the 1993 NCAA National Championship. In the final game against the University of Michigan, Williams scored 25 points, hitting five of his seven 3-point attempts.

Professional career
After college, Williams led a successful career playing professionally in Cyprus, Germany, Austria, Poland, France, Sweden, Finland, Greece and the Philippines, where he won a championship in 1998 as a player for Formula Shell, coached by Perry Ronquillo, and the Dominican Republic.

Coaching career
Williams is currently the head women's basketball coach at Wakefield High School and the founder and operator of the Donald Williams Basketball Academy. Williams was named coach of the year during the '17-'18 season and during the '18-'19. Under the leadership of Williams, the Wakefield ladies' basketball team went to the final two conference during the '17-'18 season and won the state championship, while remaining undefeated, during the '18-'19 season.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Donald Williams (basketball)


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Leon's

Leon's Furniture Ltd. (tsx: LNF) (Meubles Léon Limité in Quebec) is a Canadian furniture retailer which first opened its store in 1909 in Welland, Ontario. The controlling interest in the company is owned by the Leon family, while some shares are traded publicly on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The company has stores in all provinces of Canada.

History
Leon's originated in the city of Welland, Ontario near the US border in the Niagara Region. It was founded by Ablan Leon, a Lebanese immigrant, who started out as a factory worker and then a door-to-door salesman. He was able to open a store with his profits in 1909. The original store (A. Leon Company at 244 King Street) was a dry goods outlet, which subsequently converted to furniture sales.

Leon's original store was staffed primarily by his family. When he died in 1942, he left the company to his children. After expanding the original location, they built new stores in Southwestern Ontario.

The company moved into the Toronto area in the subsequent decades, purchasing several established outlets in the city and converting them to Leon's name. The company went public in 1969 and opened its first warehouse showroom in 1973, touting it as the only one in Canada.

Today, roughly half of the store's more than 50 outlets are owned corporately, while the remainder, mainly in rural areas or in cities with lower populations, are owned by franchisees. There were briefly two stores in Arizona in the mid 1990s.

On November 11, 2012, Leon's announced plans to acquire competing furniture chain The Brick for $700 million.

Leon's took over eight Sears Home locations in 2016, a move that allowed Leon's to open its first store in the province of BC.

Products
Leon's Furniture markets mid-range furniture, appliances and electronics; some items are discount, and some stores contain high-end showrooms with higher-priced items available. A major part of Leon's marketing strategy is its financing plans, which allow customers to defer payments for various lengths of time (the most common of which are 6 and 18-month terms). This financing is offered through Flexiti Financial. In an effort to attract customers living in condos or smaller dwellings, Leon's launched their Urban Living Collection in June 2007, comprising smaller sized sofas, bedrooms and dining sets.

Personnel
The staff of Leon's Furniture is separated into numerous departments in many of its corporate locations (franchise operating procedures tend to vary). Employees receive a number of benefits, including profit sharing and other benefits packages for full-time staff.

Slogans

 * "All the savings you can carry" — mid-late 1970s
 * "It's a better way to buy furniture" — 1992
 * "Canada's Only Furniture Superstore" — 2000
 * "Leon's — Where Big Is Beautiful — In So Many Ways" — 2000–2004
 * "Leon's — It's All About Trust" — 2004–2016
 * "Leon's — Part of the Family" — 2016–Present

Charities
Leon's celebrated its 100th anniversary with a donation to Boys & Girls Clubs of Canada. Leon's has also supported organizations such as Canadian Cancer Society, Salvation Army, Cerebral Palsy Association and YWCA, among others.

title: Leon's


text: User talk:192.77.161.22

title: User talk:192.77.161.22


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Thomas Burke (North Carolina politician)

Thomas Burke (circa 1747 – December 2, 1783) was an Irish physician, lawyer, and statesman who lived in Hillsborough, North Carolina. He represented North Carolina as a delegate to the Continental Congress and was the third governor of the state. He was the first Catholic governor of North Carolina.

Biography
Burke was born in Tiaquin, County Galway, Ireland, around 1747. By 1764, he had emigrated. Thomas went to Virginia and practiced medicine for several years. He studied law and began his practice in Norfolk, Virginia. He became an early supporter of the American Revolution, writing tracts in opposition to the Stamp Act. In 1774, he moved to Hillsborough, North Carolina.

Burke's neighbors made him a member of the Fifth North Carolina Provincial Congress that met in Halifax in 1776. He participated in the debate that led to North Carolina's new constitution. He was chosen as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress on December 20, 1776, and arrived in Philadelphia to take his seat on February 4, 1777. He was a strong states' rights advocate, although he moderated this view somewhat by 1781. In September 1777, most of Congress prepared to flee Philadelphia as the British advanced. Burke, instead, went to join General Nash's North Carolina troops defending the city. He was present at the Battle of Brandywine before rejoining the Congress.

Burke served in Congress until 1781, when he was chosen to be governor of North Carolina. He returned home to assume that office in June. As governor, he actively supported and encouraged the militia in its resistance to British and Loyalist forces. Then, in September, he was captured by Tories under the command of Col. David Fanning. After a failed rescue attempt by patriot militia under the command of John Butler at the Battle of Lindley's Mill, Burke was imprisoned by the British on James Island near Charleston, South Carolina.

Burke was allowed to live freely on the island under parole, but he was subject to mistreatment and deplorable conditions and feared assassination. Finally, on January 16, 1782, he escaped and went to North Carolina. He wrote to the British that he still considered himself under the terms of his parole. He resumed his governor duties before being released from parole through an exchange. Accordingly, many North Carolinians and Continental officers considered that he had broken his word and remained under a cloud of dishonor. In April 1782, he did not stand for re-election to the governorship and was succeeded by Alexander Martin.

Burke's health never recovered from his term of imprisonment. He retired to his home, known as Tyaquin, in Orange County. He died there on December 2, 1783, and was buried on his plantation near Hillsborough. The gravesite is about 350 feet north of what is now Governor Burke Road.

Burke was claimed to have been a practicing Roman Catholic who succeeded politically in an era when Catholics held little political power and were often discriminated against.

Namesakes
Burke County, North Carolina, is named for him.


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Titu Maiorescu

Titu Liviu Maiorescu (15 February 1840 – 18 June 1917) was a Romanian literary critic and politician, founder of the Junimea Society. As a literary critic, he was instrumental in the development of Romanian culture in the second half of the 19th century.

A member of the Conservative Party, he was Foreign Minister between 1910 and 1914 and Prime Minister of Romania from 1912 to 1913. He represented Romania at the Peace Conference in Bucharest that ended the Second Balkan War. In politics as in culture he favoured Germany over France. He opposed Romania's entry in World War I against Germany, but he nevertheless refused to collaborate with the German army after it had occupied Bucharest.

Biography
Titu Liviu Maiorescu was born in Craiova, on 15 February 1840. Maiorescu's mother, born Maria Popazu, was the sister of the scholar and bishop of Caransebeș, Ioan Popazu. The family Popazu came from Vălenii de Munte. His father, Ioan Maiorescu, was the son of a Transylvanian peasant from Bucerdea Grânoasă and his name was actually Trifu, but he adopted the name Maiorescu in order to emphasize his kindship with Petru Maior. Being a theologian by trade (having studied in Blaj, Budapest, Vienna), Ioan Maiorescu proved to be a free thinker. He worked at a teacher in Cernăuți, Craiova, Iași, Bucharest and he remained a bright personality of that epoch of formation for the Romanian modern educational system. Ioan Maiorescu became an inspector for the schools of Oltenia, then he worked as a teacher at the Central School of Craiova. During the Revolution of 1848 he strengthened the link between the Walachian and Transylvanian revolutionaries and he activated as an agent of the Interim Govern, near the German Dieta from Frankfurt. Meanwhile, his family, consisting of his wife, Maria, born Popasu and his two children, Emilia and Titu, travelled to Bucharest, Brașov, Sibiu and Blaj, staying in Brașov for a long while and there, the future critic attended grade fifth at the Romanian gymnasium. Settling in Vienna, Ioan Maiorescu wrote articles in the Austrian newspapers concerning Romanian and Romanians. Returning to Romania after the Union, he became president of the Obșteasca Epitropie (The Public Trusteeship), then he worked as director of the Central Commission of the United Principalities, then he worked as a teacher at the Saint Sava National College, as director of Public Instruction Eforie and then as a teacher at the Superior School of Letters in Bucharest.

Childhood
Between 1846 and 1848 Titu Maiorescu attended the primary school in Craiova. During the days of the revolution, Ioan Maiorescu was sent on a mission to Frankfurt am Main, while Maria Maiorescu and their children travelled to Bucharest, Brașov and Sibiu. In December 1848, under the leadership of Avram Iancu, Ioan Maiorescu's family arrived in Blaj and then in Braşov. Titu Maiorescu continued primary school between 1848 and 1850 at Protodeacon Iosif Barac's School.

Between 1850 and 1851, after finishing primary school, Titu Maiorescu was enlisted at the Romanian Gymnasium from Schei-Braşov, a gymnasium founded in 1850 through his uncle Ioan Popazu's endeavour. He attended grade fifth at the Romanian gymnasium from Brașov and met Anton Pann, who left him an ineffaceable impression.

At Theresianum Academy
In September 1851 the Maiorescu family settled in Vienna, where his father was working within the Ministry of Justice. Later in October Titu Maiorescu attended the first grade at the Academic Gymnasium, which was an addendum of the Theresianum Academy for foreigners. A month later, they equated his results from the gymnasium from Brașov and he passed to the next grade.

While attending the academy in Vienna, Maiorescu a began to write his Însemnărilor zilnice (Daily Journal) (which he kept until July 1917, in 42 notebooks that belong today to the fund of manuscripts from the Romanian Academy Library) and he continued to write his journal until the end of his life. His notes are a good source of knowing Maiorescu's personality. His success from 1858, when he graduated first in his class at the Theresianum Academy, was a guerdon of all his efforts and strong will.

University studies
He was very eager to obtain his university (after only one year of studies in Berlin he obtained his PhD at Giessen, magna cum laude, then after a year, he got his license at the Philology and Philosophy University of Sorbona and one year later, after he studied at the university of Paris, he took his license in law), but his eagerness did not affect his demureness in his studies; the foundations of Maiorescu's extremely solid culture were established during that period.

On 3 January 1857, he sent an essay signed with the name Aureliu to the Transylvania Gazette in order to publish some of his translations from Jean Paul's works. In the following number he intended to publish the translation of a short story written by Jean Paul and entitled "New Year's Eve Night". Although the translation was not published at that date, the letter that Aurel A. Mureşianu edited later in the Gazette of books, no 1, in 1934 is still considered the first publishing attempt of T. Maiorescu and it was republished under the same title. In 1858, beside his academic activity, he worked as a teacher of psychology in private boarding schools and as a French teacher in the house of legal counselor Georg Kremnitz.

As a preparatory for French language for the Kremnitz family, Titu Maiorescu taught the four children of the family: Klara (his future wife), Helene, Wilhelm (future Dr. W. Kremnitz, Mite Kremnitz's husband, born Marie von Bardeleben) and Hermann. Titu Maiorescu got his PhD in philosophy at Giessen, magna cum laude. The Giessen University considered, in order to allow him to get a PhD, that the last two years at Theresianum were university studies. When he returned to Romania, he published the article "The Measure of Height through a Barometer" in the review Isis or Nature.

PhD
In December 1860 he got his license in Philology and Philosophy at Sorbonne due to the acknowledgment of his doctorate from Giessen. The following year, he published his Philosophy essay entitled Philosophical Considerations for Everybody's Understanding (Einiges Philosophische in gemeinfasslicher Form) in Berlin, obviously under the influence of Herbart's and Feuerbach's ideas. On 17 December, after they considered the value of the essay, and after "a verbal defense in front of the academic committee, brilliantly held for original opinions", the Sorbonne committee granted him the title of "licencé ès lettres" (Philology Licensed). Maiorescu then prepared his doctorate on the thesis: ''The Relation. Essay on a new foundation of philosophy'' (La relation. Essai d'un nouveau fondement de la philosophie), until the end of the year 1861, when he left France.

Career as a university teacher
In the summer of 1862 he was assigned as a substitute lawyer at the Law Court, then he became an attorney. He married his pupil, Clara Kremnitz. In November/December, he became a teacher at the University of Iași and principal of the Central Gymnasium from the same town.

In 1863 he was assigned to teach a university course of history, on the subject „About the History of the Roman Republic from the Introduction of Plebeian Tribunes until the Death of Julius Caesar Especially Regarding the Economical and Political Progress”. From February until September he was the Dean of the Philosophy Faculty of the University of Iași. On 18 September 1863 he was elected as rector of the University of Iaşi for a period of four years. In October he was assigned as principal of the School „Vasile Lupu“ from Iași. He taught pedagogy, Romanian Grammar, Psychology and Composition there. For the first time in Romania, he initiated the Pedagogic Practice for pupils and one of these pupils was Ion Creangă.

In 1863 Titu Maiorescu published in Iași the "Yearbook of the Gymnasium and the Boarding School from Iași for the School Year 1862–1863"; the yearbook was preceded by his thesis: „Why Should the Latin Language be Studied in Gymnasium as Part of the Foundation of Moral Education?” On 28 March Titu Maiorescu's daughter, Livia, was born. She later married Dymsza; she died in 1946. On 8 October Titu Maiorescu is elected to lead the Institute Vasilian from Iași, which needed to be „fundamentally reorganized“. In order to complete this mission, commissioned by the Minister of Public Directions from back then, Alexandru Odobescu, he traveled on a documentary journey to Berlin and later he returned to Iași on 4 January 1864.

Between 1863 and 1864 Titu Maiorescu taught philosophy at the Philology University of Iași.

Involvement in social life
On 10 March 1861, Titu Maiorescu held a lecture (Die alte französische Tragödie und die Wagnersche Musik — „The Old French Tragedy and Wagner's Music”) in Berlin for the benefit of the monument of Lessing from Kamenz, which he repeated on 12 April in Paris, at the „Cercle des sociétés savantes“ (Circle of Academic Societies) and later renewed in the form of a communication, on 27 April in Berlin, at the Philosophy Society.

On 28 November he obtained his Law Licence in Paris, on the thesis "Du régime dotal" ("On Dowery Law"). On 10 December he began his lecture cycle on „Education Within the Family”. Afterwards he went back to Romania and settled in Bucharest in December.

When he returned to Romania, at the end of 1861, Titu Maiorescu was eager to contribute to the progress of the recently formed state, after the Union of 1859, of the cultural and political life, of a European level. At that time, when the Union was done and personalities of fresh energies and cultured people were needed, people who were educated in Western Universities, Titu Maiorescu had an early ascent, from his youth, as he was a university professor at 22 years old (in Iași), a dean at 23 and a rector at the same age, then he became an academician (member of the Romanian Academic Society) at 27, a deputy at 30, then a minister at age 34. But this ascent was not always smooth or without hardships, as he was once sued because of all the calumnies that his political opponents promoted and he was suspended from all his functions in 1864, but the verdict of discharge from the following year proved the baselessness of all the accusation against him.

Maiorescu would become a member of the Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society.

Foundation of the Junimea Society
The years 1860 were for Maiorescu the period of „popular prelections“ (lectures on various problemes addressed to a quite large audience) and also the period when the foundation of the Junimea Society took place. He founded it alongside his friends I. Negruzzi, Petre P. Carp, V. Pogor and Th.Rosetti. He started his work as a lawyer, then he was elected principal of the School „Vasile Lupu“ from Iași, and then he founded the a review Convorbiri Literare in 1867.

Although the period that followed after the Union of 1859 represented an epoch of completion of the ideals of the generation of 1848, a few accents still had changed, the conditions were different from the romantic youth of Heliade Rădulescu, Alecsandri or Bălcescu. Maiorescu was representing the new generation, the junimist generation, which had a new conception on social and Romanian cultural life. On the political ideology plan, Maiorescu was a retentionist, an advocate of a natural, organic and well prepared evolution and an adversary of the „forms without root“, whose indictment he made in his article from 1868, Against nowadays direction in Romanian culture, in which he criticized the implementation of certain institutions which were imitated after the Western ones and to which no appropriate root corresponded in the mentalitaty, creation and cultural legacy of the Romanian people.

Work as a literary critic
The beginnings of Maiorescu's literary critic activity stand apart from the previous generation. Unlike the previous years of the revolution from 1848, when an intense need of original literature determined Heliade Rădulescu to address enthusiastic appeals for Romanian literary works, the seventh decade of the 19th century was marked by a large number of poets and prosemen, who had very limited artistical devices, but high ideals and pretences. It was a time when the selection of true values was needed, on the basis of certain aesthetic criteria and Maiorescu agreed to accomplish that task. The adversaries of his ideas depreciatively called his action „a judicial criticism“, because his studies and articles did not analyse in detail the literary work that they had discussed and they contain many apothegms on it. These are based on an ample culture, a determined artistic taste and on impressive intuitions. The mentor of Junimea society considered this type of criticism (neatly affirmative or negative) necessary only to that epoch of clutter of values, as its modalities of execution would gradate later, in the literary life, when the great writers would elevate the artistic level and implicitly would have the public's exigency augmented.

This work as a tutor, as fighter for the assertion of values, would be led by Maiorescu throughout his entire life and would be divided between his political activity (he would become prime minister, but he will lose a friend from his youth, P.P. Carp), his University activity (as a professor he had and he promoted disciples of great value, like C. Rădulescu-Motru, P.P. Negulescu, Pompiliu Eliade and others), his lawyer activity and his literary critic activity. Maiorescu was seldom reproached for not having spent enough time on writing literary works but his work as a literary critic profoundly marks one of the most lusty epochs in the history of Romanian literature: the period of the great classics. The role of Junimea society and of Maiorescu himself is linked to the creation and the assertion in the public's conscience of writers like Eminescu, Creangă, Caragiale, Slavici, Duiliu Zamfirescu and others.

Concerning his conduct, the manner that people reproached Maiorescu for his coldness, his lack of passion, his Olympian attitude, that he seemed to hide a dry soul; for exemplifying this statement, the famous appraisal made by the igneous N. Iorga: „Nobody was warm or cold beside him“. The help that Maiorescu gave to the writers from the circle of Junimea and to his disciples and even to his adversary, Dobrogeanu-Gherea, in an important moment of his life, unfolded a man of great and at the same time discreet generosity. The lines that Maiorescu wrote to Eminescu when Eminescu was ill and was worried about the fees for his boarding at the sanatorium from Ober-Döbling prove that Maiorescu was endowed with an admirable gentleness of heart:

''„Do you want to know where the means to pay your fees come from for now? Well, mister Eminescu, are we such strangers to each other? Don't you know the love (if you allow me to use this exact word, although it is stronger than other words), the often enthusiastic admiration that I and our entire literary circle feels for you, for your poems, for your whole literary and political work? But it was a real explosion of love that we, all your friends (and only these), contributed to support the few material needs that your situation require. And you would have done the same in using the large or small sum you had when any of your friends would have needed, so we cannot forget a friend of your great value“.''

title: Titu Maiorescu


text:
Baron O'Hagan

Baron O'Hagan, of Tullahogue in the County of Tyrone, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 14 June 1870 for Sir Thomas O'Hagan, then Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His younger son, the third Baron, served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1907 to 1910 in the Liberal administrations of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith and was later a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. In 1909 Lord O'Hagan assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Towneley, which was that of his maternal grandfather. the title is held by his grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded in 1961. He is the son of the Hon. Thomas Anthony Edward Towneley Strachey (d. 1955). Lord O'Hagan was a Member of the European Parliament for Devon from 1973 to 1975 and again from 1979 to 1994, first as an independent and later as a Conservative. He assumed in 1938 by deed poll the additional Christian name of Towneley and the surname of Strachey in lieu of his patronymic. Strachey was the surname of his maternal grandfather Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie.

Barons O'Hagan (1870)

 * Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan (1812–1885)
 * Thomas Towneley O'Hagan, 2nd Baron O'Hagan (1878–1900)
 * Maurice Herbert Towneley Towneley-O'Hagan, 3rd Baron O'Hagan (1882–1961)
 * Charles Towneley Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan (b. 1945)

The heir presumptive is his younger brother Hon. Richard Towneley Strachey (b. 1950) The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Columba Strachey (b. 1985)

title: Baron O'Hagan


text:
Talk:Cusco

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nengzhu.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:52, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Opening comments
"Cusco" is also a name of a music group. How should the information be added in such a way as to preserve the reference to the city? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ezhiki (talk • contribs) 21:10, 3 March 2004 (UTC)
 * If you want to create a page for the music group, you should name it Cusco (band) or something similar, and then add a line on the Cusco page saying This page is about the city in Peru. For the band, see Cusco (band). --Tuomas  hello 19:26, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * A Winner of the August 2004 West Dakota Prize

This entry has won the West Dakota Prize for successfully employing the expression "legend states''" in a complete sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wetman (talk • contribs) 00:21, 18 August 2004 (UTC) --

Cusco is the right name of the city. just remember that Latin American Spanish does not prononce letter "Z" as in Spain. Anyway, it beacomes from quechuan "''Qusqu". South American languages dos not use letter "Z" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.106.120.30 (talk) 14:09, 10 December 2004 (UTC)
 * Not true. Guaraní uses z /θ/. — Gulliver ✉  14:19, 12 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This is off-topic but Guaraní doesn't seem to have neither the /θ/ sound nor the letter z: Guarani language, Guarani alphabet, es:Idioma guaraní--2.204.229.54 (talk) 02:49, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

Cusco vs Cuzco
I have reverted this page due to a copy/paste move by User:200.106.120.30 I know both Cusco and Cuzco are used, "Cusco" is probably the proper spelling in Spanish and I don't disagree if others think the page should be moved. BUT, if the page is to be moved it should be done using the "move" tab in the toolbar, not by copy/paste. Gsd97jks 16:29, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we generally replace sc in Spanish with zc when we anglicize a word. For example, Nazca vs. the Spanish Nasca. I'm used to seeing Cusco in Spanish, so Cuzco looks a little weird to me, but I think that's what all the American and English maps use. Zenyu 18:34, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Curious about this, I went looking around for discussion elsewhere, and found this note. In Spanish, the current common spelling is 's', but historically, and in other languages, English included, it's a 'z'. Many of the articles here alternate between the two spellings within the same article. Serapio 01:38, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)

 * To complicate things, there is also the department of Cusco, which surrounds the city of Cuzco/Cusco. I'm inclined to say the department name hasn't been anglicized, and so it should keep its Spanish spelling. Serapio 02:06, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)

 * According to the Getty Thesaurus of Geographical Names, both spellings are CURRENTLY used to denote the city, but only the z spelling is used to denote the department, which is named for the city. Meateatingvegan 20:51, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * In Cusco "Cusco" is used nearly all of the time. All of the people that I know from Cusco use the spelling with an S.  Sometimes "Qosqo" is used to make the name look especially quechua.
 * It is totally irrelavant to the English Language Wikipedia how Cuzco is spelled in Peru, since Peru is not an English speaking country. Zenyu 02:25, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

I am too much of a Clueless Newbie to dare to try to edit the Cusco page, but here are a few comments...
 * 1) The nickname "Sacred Valley" refers to the valley of the Urubamba / Vilcanota River.  The Huatanay, which runs through Cusco, is a small tributary of that river, and is not part of that deeper valley, i.e., the Huatanay is not called the Sacred Valley.
 * 2) The ruins of Saqsaywaman are just on the outskirts of Cusco, not 2 km away.
 * 3) The surrounding area of Cusco and the Huatanay are much too high in elevation for cultivation of coffee and tea.  The confusion must be due to mixing up the "region" in the sense of "area" with "region" in the political sense.  The lowland parts of the "region" (formerly department) of Cusco do have areas where coffee and tea and other tropical crops are grown and where gold is mined, but these are far from the highland city.  However, it is correct that maize, potatoes, and quinoa are grown near Cusco City, as well as many other Andean crops such as oca.
 * 4) I agree with the last comment above about spelling of Cusco / Qosqo.  Notice that Cusco is used by the Municipality of Cusco in their website linked to on the Wikipedia Cusco page.  66.158.70.254 7 July 2005 05:22 (UTC)

 * According to the article on Cusco/Cuzco in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, Cusco (a Spanish spelling of the Quechua name Qusqu) was used on maps from the 16th century onwards, though from the early 19th century the spelling Cuzco came to replace it. For at least the last 30 years official maps in Peru have returned to the Cusco spelling, although other countries (including other Spanish-speaking countries, says the article) mostly continue to use Cuzco.
 * Is it worth adding this background information to the English-language article, do you think? --Picapica 17:32, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There could be a section on the background/history of the name of the city. It doesn't belong in the introduction, the way it is currently presented is appropriate and in line with most articles that deal with subjects with multiple names/spellings.  I see no problem with a brief section addressing the history of name and why/how people refer to it throughout the world.  Keep it short and sweet though.  It is definitely ancillary. Peyna 17:49, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that this is the english language wikipedia means we should use the english spelling. It's just like saying soo instead of zoo. Also the first word is clearly Cuzco. so it shoul be dumped in Cuzco. Qlorplox 08:22, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You have all the right in the world to call things wrong. ;-) I'm not Peruvian, but the ones I've met even take offense if the name is spelled with a z. If Mumbai is not being called Bombay anymore, if Kolkata is not Calcutta anymore, I guess it is time to correct the name... Demf 18:25, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Someone, please, give a uniform name to the article (title, text, epigraphes), whether it is Cuzco or Cusco. Nazroon 00:34, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

I changed the first reference to S spelling - both to agree with the article title, and with official English-language sources, e.g. the CIA factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html). I've changed other spellings, too; hope I didn't miss any. - DavidWBrooks 19:06, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't know if you missed some, but made one too much. I changed Cusco back to Cuzco in WHS infobox because this box always lists the official name as used on the WHS list maintained by Unesco. On this list "City of Cuzco" is used. -- AgainErick 19:25, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hoo boy, so it does. Looks ridiculous in the article, though, having two different spellings. I may put the fact of the WHS spelling in the article talk about spelling. - DavidWBrooks 20:26, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Hi, stating that the form "Cuzco" is a misspelling in Spanish may lead to confusion. There is a good linguistic reason for this (the way how the s was pronounced in old Spanish and a sibilant Quechua sound represented by  at the time). By the same token, you could say that the form Q'osq'o o Qosqo are misspellings since there is no /o/ vowel in Quechua, although many people would not change their way of writing the name. It would be better to specify that by misspelling you simply mean that there is an official way of writing the word and cite the source (but I do not know of any, official cartography as far as I know varies in the way how Cuzco/Cusco is spelled). There is an article by distinguished Peruvian linguist and Quechua authority Rodolfo Cerron-Palomino about the spelling of Cuzco and its meaning (which many erroneously believe to be 'bellybutton' as a metaphor of 'the bellybutton of the world'). Unfortunately it is in Spanish and I have not found it on digital format, but here it is anyway if someone is interested: Cerron-Palomino, Rodolfo. "Cuzco y no Cusco ni menos Qosqo", in Historica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, vol. 21 pp. 166-170. Here is a link with a short summary of the article's ideas (scroll down and click on the 'Spelling of the city name Cuzco' link): http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Main/i_ISSUES.HTM#CuzcoSpelling Cheers! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Authoritative English-language sources have Cuzco. Authoritative Spanish sources have Cusco.

"Correcting" it to Cusco *in English* is original research and therefore not admissible. Until English dictionaries decide to change, until the WHS decides to change, and so on, Cuzco continues as the correct spelling *in English*. TooManyFingers (talk) 18:38, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

 * You're responding to a 14-year-old conversation. More recent discussion is below. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 20:05, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Redirect
I would like someone to explain to me redirecting again..i cannot understand it...if i delete something,,i might get a warning..i wanna redirect cusco (band) in my articles Naeem Qasai —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yahoo (talk • contribs) 02:32, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * hold on...I'm fixing it. psch  e  mp  |  talk  03:14, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Machu Picchu?
Should an image of Machu Picchu really be included in the article? It's 70 km away, after all, and I think including it would exacerbate the tendency of most to equate the two. Brutannica 02:23, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a close call, but it's way down low, and the caption notes the distance. Still, if it bugs you, remove it and see if anybody objects. - DavidWBrooks 02:54, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

People of Cusco
A photo, if anyone feels like including it in the article. Zaian 20:00, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Sun Worship or Earth Worship?
I just came to this article from the article on the Inca empire which states - "There were many local forms of worship, but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of the Pachamama, or Mother Earth. Because the sun was very important in Inca mythology, there is a common misbelief that the foremost god was the Inti or sun god." while this article states - "The historic capital of the sun-worshipping Inca empire..." So what's the real deal does anyone know? Becuase both of these articles can't be right. Arch NME 20:19, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Infobox screwed up
The horizontal photo just placed atop the article is good, but needs to be moved down - but the infobox is screwed up somehow (it's too wide) which makes it hard. There might be too many big photos in this article as it is. - DavidWBrooks 12:36, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

12angles stone
Hi, I wonder if we should place this here.-- Andersmusician  VOTE  03:21, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Altitude error in conversion
The altitude for Cusco is listed as 3310 meters, 10261 feet. These numbers don't convert, but I am not sure which (or both) should be corrected. One guidebook I saw listed 3399 meters. Someone with better knowledge or data, please correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.1.172 (talk) 18:44, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Soccer Team
The section about the soccer team seems a little unneccassary and unverified. Unless someone thinks that it should stay in this article, or be researched and expanded, I plan on deleting it.

Jacda1313 02:09, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Bug
Hi, there's some kind of a bug here whereby the "edit" links for the first three sections are clustered at the top of the third, with the section line going through them. Ark2120 (talk) 16:31, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

The article needs more info on colonial era history
Shouldn't the article say something about the bigtime events of the Spanish era history of Cuzco? Such as the siege of Cuzco in the 1530's by the Inca Manco II, in which 80 Spaniards and a couple-three hundred of their Indian auxiliaries successfully defended the city against an Inca army of 50,000? Or about the revolt of Tupac Amaru II in 1781, in which Cuzco was again vainly besieged by Indian rebels? Tom129.93.17.213 (talk) 02:59, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, they should. You sound quite knowledgeable about it - can you start? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 03:27, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Let's ditch the UNESCO infobox
Two infoboxes are too many - they make a long, hard-to-read gutter and swamp the article. I think the UNESCO infobox is unnecessary - it adds very little that isn't in the text - and would like to kill it. Any objections? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 20:12, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Nobody objected, so now that the requested move debate is over, I've removed it,m to judge the reaction. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 23:36, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
No consensus No apparent consensus on the talk page, RSs don't seem to favor one spelling over the other by a large enough margin to warrant moving the page. Parsecboy (talk) 02:56, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

When performing a Google search for the frequency of alternative spellings Cuzco/Cusco in Spanish, the following results are achieved: Cuzco 2,000,000 / Cusco 1,740,000. There seems to be that the word is not strictly stated in Spanish. Nevertheless, this is the WP in English, so by doing the same procedure in English, the results are: Cuzco 4,570,000 / Cusco 3,830,000. Additionally, The Encyclopaedia Britannica chooses the former, though both British and American variants accept either Z or S (see text of the article, and above in this talk). I would accordingly suggest the retitling of this article: Cuzco instead of Cusco. Any arguments for maintaining the current title spelling? Kind regards,--Zack Holly Venturi (talk) 12:17, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Google counts are a crummy way to determine anything. I think the article does an excellent job of discussing the spelling issue and shows that there is no correct way to spell it. We could move the article back and forth between Z and S for the next decade, making reasonable arguments each time. The other spelling directs to this one automatically, so it's not like anybody can't find the article. In other words, I think it's unnecessary. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:50, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Both popular and academic uses in either English or Spanish are in favor of the Z-spelling. • English is a popular language. The English language is carried on by the people at large. From its very beginning, «the English language developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in a enormously varied and large vocabulary». The tremendous evolution from Anglo-Saxon to Modern English has only been possible because the people have always been real masters of the language. Words are good as far as people use them, and less good if people use them less often. Nowadays, computers can process enormous amounts of data, and the Internet conveniently delivers them to our offices and homes. And here come the Web search engines, today mainly the Google Search, "to determine the most common way of expressing ideas in the English language (and other languages). This is generally done by doing a 'count' of different variants, thereby establishing which expression is more common. While this approach requires careful judgment, it does improve the ability... to use more... correct English expressions". Of course, the more we mistrust this procedure, the more we must propose alternative ways to find out what words are being used by people. • But English is also an academic language. We don’t have an Academy, an institution of higher learning that decides which words are “good” and which are “bad”, as it happens with other important languages. But we do have plenty of prestigious scholarly material available, chiefly dictionaries and encyclopedias. In the Internet the Encarta could be a good source. But perhaps the Encyclopædia Britannica enjoys the highest reputation. In other words, “The best is better than the good”. Anyway, again, if these compendia are not acceptable, which else? Kind regards,--Zack Holly Venturi (talk) 10:26, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Weak oppose This is a hard one. Both "Cusco" and "Cuzco" are widely used in English. Therefore, perhaps we should stick to the official Peruvian cartography which maintains "Cusco" (even though I personally prefer "Cuzco"). Hús  ö  nd  17:42, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support See WP:NCGN for the sorts of evidence we prefer in situations like this. The Britannica is one of these; official spellings in Spanish are not. We do not in general use WP:Official names, and Spanish spellings are of interest to the Spanish WP. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:42, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The CIA and other U.S. government sources use "S" - more "official" than a private encyclopedia, for what that's worth. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 22:39, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * A useful caveat. "Private" encyclopedias are more likely to reflect the English language; the State Department is more likely to reflect the preferences of the Peruvian government. Which is a better guide to serving our readers? Septentrionalis PMAnderson 14:53, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The frequencies of usage are equally enough split that whichever title the article is at, roughly the same number of people are redirected/surprised.  There's no real benefit overall to the population of readers.  Knepflerle (talk) 14:36, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support rename to Cuzco, Peru. Cuzco seems to be the earliest spelling used in the various renames and moves that I was able to find and first use in a dispute should decide without some compelling reason to do otherwise.  I will admit that this history is confusing and I could be wrong.  Since there are also articles on the Cusco Region and Cusco Province disambiguation of the title makes sense. I will add that if we change the spelling here, then we need to consider the spelling of those other articles. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:55, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * All these moves to titles with extra disambiguation would achieve what, exactly? Knepflerle (talk) 21:05, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Well there are at least three places that share the name. Can you prove that no articles simply link to Cuzco or Cusco when they mean the region or the province?  If not then disambiguation is an aid.  Looking at what links here does not work in proving that there are no errors, that only shows that cleanups may have occurred.  Also many editors believe that including the countries directly helps a reader to better understand the contents of an article. Link cleanup is much easier at a redirect or a dab page.  Vegaswikian (talk) 02:46, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It is far from obvious that changing the titles in this way will prevent errors. Adding Peru doesn't even disambiguate, as the region and province are both in Peru too.  I have seen no evidence that "many editors believe that including the countries directly helps a reader" - neither on talk pages nor in practice.  Valencia, Spain, Bremen, Germany and São Paulo, Brazil were all redirects to cities who lend their names to surrounding regions last time I checked.  In fact, outside article US towns it's very hard to think of an example where many editors have found this disambiguation would help the reader. Knepflerle (talk) 09:24, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Concur with Knepflerle that adding "Peru" wouldn't disambiguate. Dekimasu よ! 04:34, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * While I don't agree, I would not oppose this rename to get a consensus. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:37, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support Z is pretty clearly the most used in English. No need for disam in main title. Johnbod (talk) 12:59, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * What about Cusco Region and Cusco Province and Kingdom of Cusco? (This is why I don't support the move - it's not wrong, but it's not particularly right either because of the near-split in spelling, and it will require a lot of shifting around without accomplishing anything useful.) - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:15, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * There is no need to change them also. Johnbod (talk) 14:32, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * That I *would* object to - it would be ridiculous to have the city with one spelling and other references with another spelling. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 15:50, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Not at all, if the others don't have common English spellings. There are many similar situations, from S.S.C. Napoli on. Johnbod (talk) 16:01, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Cusco vs. Cuzco
Looking at this map, the spelling of Cusco is different. Given that this map is from the Mercator-Hondius Atlas I do think it is significant to include an acknowledgment of this form of spelling as well:

http://bplonline.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4017coll7&CISOPTR=530&DMSCALE=50&DMWIDTH=700&DMHEIGHT=700&DMMODE=viewer&DMFULL=0&DMX=350&DMY=400&DMTEXT=%2520South&DMTHUMB=1&REC=12&DMROTATE=0&x=92&y=569 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.39.7.232 (talk) 17:14, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * That appears to be written in Latin, so it's not relevant in an article about how it's spelled in English. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 18:25, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Cuzco. I am a half century old. There is only one spelling in English. That spelling is Cuzco. If it's spelled "Cusco" in some other language, that is irrelevant here. It is pronounced with a zed and spelled with a zed.
 * Varlaam (talk) 04:53, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth Cuzco is the more accepted spelling in English: e.g. Historic cities of the Americas: an illustrated encyclopedia, Volume 1, Dictionary.com (Cusco is listed as an alternate spelling). The use of "Cusco" in English is more a scholarly thing (i.e. scholars trying to push for an alternative in contrast to the norm. --[[User:Mcorazao|Mcorazao] (talk) 19:45, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Nepal
The UNESCO box listed this as being in Nepal, so I changed it to Peru. If this was for whatever reason wrong, please revert me.99.74.171.61 (talk) 01:33, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Cuzco vs. Cusco (again)
If we are going to use the spelling Cuzco as the primary one (listed first in the article, used most often) then we really should have the page at that spelling and use that spelling at the top of the infobox. --Khajidha (talk) 14:52, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

 * The Infobox follows a wikipedia-wide standard in which it follows the spelling used by ... somebody, I forget who. UNESCO, I think. So that's why it is with an "s". The introductory sentence keeps getting switched around to the point where it's hardly worth fiddling with, but it certainly should follow the article name. The article is a z/s muddle, isn't it? At least the paragraph about the spelling of the name is nice and clean and coherent, explaining that despite many contentions, there is no OFFICIAL spelling accepted everywhere. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:03, 31 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, I am more familiar with the "z" spelling but if there is no standard so be it. Your changes increase the consistency of the article, which clarifies the article. --Khajidha (talk) 00:55, 1 August 2011 (UTC)
 * This has been an on-going freaking ridiculous argument for ages.
 * No one in the bloody English-speaking world calls this place Cusco with an 's'.
 * It's Cuzco, which is why we say it with a zed. Varlaam (talk) 04:23, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I guess the CIA doesn't speak English, by your definition - check the spelling on their official map in The World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html . Lonely Planet's map uses a Z (http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/south-america/peru/); this travel place uses an S (http://www.peru-explorer.com/peru_destinations.htm) ; this charity uses a Z (http://healthcareministries.org/trip/peru-urco) ; this travel place uses an S (http://www.peru.world-guides.com/) ; this education stie uses a Z (http://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/node/11615) ; this travel/education site uses a very nice map with an S (http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/peru-administrative-map.htm) ... and so on and so forth. It's totally arbitrary. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 13:57, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Spelling aside, no sane person would pronounce it with a /z/ sound. The IPA pronunciation guide as it currently stands, with a /z/ sound, is absurd. 173.77.96.171 (talk) 16:00, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

 * There are, then, lots of insane people in the world, including many in Cusco. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 16:16, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

To add my two cents to this discussion, I have never heard of any Spanish dialect that uses the /z/ sound for any letter, be it z, s or c. The only possible way those are pronounced are "/s/" (most of Latin America) "/θ/" (most of Spain) and "/h/" (Parts of Central America) or even "/[no sound]/" (dito). I have never heard it pronounced "/z/" and I have spoken to quite a few Spanish speakers. Hobbitschuster (talk) 21:29, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

European COA removed as City emblem
Colonial arms removed in 1986 SEE Official Web of the Cusco City Council (Image) & Text (in Spanish) --Heralder (talk) 12:48, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Latin American pronunciation
The current IPA for "Spanish" is a bit misleading as it is only pronounced like that in Spain, but not in Latin America. Hobbitschuster (talk) 21:31, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Moving the article
As per discussions in the Talk section, and the fact that in the Oxford and Merriam Webster dictionaries as well as the WHC the city is called Cuzco in English, thus I'm moving this page to Cuzco to represent how it's spelled in the english language. 190.70.36.222 (talk) 21:41, 5 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I assume you're joking, but just in case - don't move it without requesting a move and having a discussion. Here's my vote: Don't. -DavidWBrooks (talk) 11:01, 6 July 2018 (UTC)
 * There have already been several votes. Move won. Cuzco is the name in English. Same idea as Munich being listed under Munich and not München, Vienna and not Wien, or Florence in the place of Firenze. But that's irrelevant. Vote has happened, change won. 181.59.105.129 (talk) 20:34, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Again, assuming you're not joking, Cuzco is not the name in English - both Cusco and Cuzco are used in legitimate English-language sources and have been for years. This is all covered in past votes/discussions. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 00:40, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

Cuzco spelling and etymology
This article cites Rodolfo Cerron Palomino, but he has updated his research on the spelling and etymoJeanette Sherbondy (talk) 14:34, 7 February 2019 (UTC)logy of  in his book published in 2013 titled Las lenguas de los incas:el puquina, el aimara y el quechua--Jeanette Sherbondy (talk) 14:32, 7 February 2019 (UTC), Frankfort, PL Academic Research.

Spanish spelling
Since the Spanish spelling(s) are the same as the English spelling(s), I have removed them from the introductory sentence. Phonetics and language alternatives make sentences very hard to read and should be kept to a minimum. I left the Quechua spellings and pronounciation guide since they're different. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 15:29, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

Carbon 14 dating of Sacsayhuaman.
There is no reference for this and it is impossible to date rock by C14. This is a fiction. There have been ruins found near the site that may be that old. This is almost just lying to pretend a date of construction is known.

Industry section
Hi there,

It seems that the section on industry in Cusco is severely underdeveloped (it merely links to a single brewery). Is there a reason for this section existing in its present form?

Sbisno (talk) 18:31, 2 September 2020 (UTC)Sbisno

 * Nobody has updated it - go ahead! - DavidWBrooks (talk) 18:37, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

Qosqo spelling
What exactly is Qosqo? The article makes it sound as if it was the official spelling (where it's mentioned), but if you go to the official city website, it's Cusco. Esszet (talk) 22:48, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It's the name of Qosqo in Quechua, a native language. It was Cusco's original name. Erinius (talk) 09:29, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, the article says that - but Esszet is correct that we have no source saying it's the "official" spelling. Official by who, when, where? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:14, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I have updated the information with a source. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:20, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Erinius (talk) 00:02, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cusco


text:
William Henry Sleeman

Major-general Sir William Henry Sleeman KCB (8 August 1788 – 10 February 1856) was a British soldier and administrator in British India. He is best known for his work from the 1830s in suppressing the organized criminal gangs known as Thuggee. He also discovered the holotype specimen of the sauropod dinosaur Titanosaurus indicus in Jabalpur in 1828.

Early life and career
Sleeman was born in Stratton, Cornwall, the fifth of eight children of Philip Sleeman, a yeoman and supervisor of excise of St Tudy.

In 1809 Sleeman joined the Bengal Army and later served in the Nepal War between 1814 and 1816. He contracted malaria in 1813, symptoms of which occasionally reappeared for the remainder of his life (with sometimes debilitating intensity).

In 1820 he was selected for civil employ, and became junior assistant to the Governor-General's agent in the Saugor and Nerbudda territories. In 1822 he was placed in charge of Narsinghpur District, and would later describe his two years in the role as by far the most laborious of his life. He was gazetted to the rank of captain in 1825, and in 1828 assumed charge of Jubbulpore District. In 1831 he transferred to Sagar district to cover for a colleague on leave. Upon his colleague's return, Sleeman continued with magisterial duties in Sagar until 1835. He displayed a facility for languages, becoming fluent in Hindi-Urdu and developing a working knowledge of many other languages of the subcontinent. Later in his life, Sleeman was described as "probably the only British officer to address the King of Oudh in correct Urdu and Persian." His 800-page report on Oudh is still highly regarded as among the most accurate and comprehensive studies of the kingdom during the 1800s.

Sleeman made the first recorded discovery of dinosaur fossils in India in 1828. While serving as a captain in the Narmada valley region, he noticed several basaltic formations which he identified as having been "raised above the waters." By digging around in the Bara Simla Hills, part of the Lameta formation near Jabalpur, he unearthed several petrified trees, as well as some fragmentary dinosaur fossil specimens. Subsequently, he sent these specimens to London and to the Indian Museum in Calcutta. In 1877 the genus was named Titanosaurus Indicus by Richard Lydekker, but the taxonomic position is in doubt.

Sleeman wrote about wild children who had been raised by wolves with his notes on six cases. This was first published in the first volume of his Journey through the kingdom of Oude in 1848-1850 (1858) and reprinted in 1852 as An Account of Wolves Nurturing Children in Their Dens, by an Indian Official and in The Zoologist (1888 12 (135): 87–98). This discovery inspired Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli character in The Jungle Book.

Thuggee suppression
Sleeman is best known for his work suppressing the Thuggee secret society. Dating back as early as the 1300s, Thugs were a secret criminal group, partly hereditary in membership, who specialized in the murder by strangulation of travelers as a prelude to theft. Thugs had been known to native rulers and occasionally to Europeans, but the scope of their crimes was not appreciated (later estimated at least in the tens of thousands of victims across India). In 1835, Sleeman captured "Feringhea" (one of the inspirations for the character Syeed Amir Ali in Confessions of a Thug is based) and got him to turn King's evidence. He took Sleeman to a grave with a hundred bodies, told the circumstances of the killings, and named the Thugs who had done it. After initial investigations confirmed what Feringhea had said, Sleeman started an extensive campaign, being appointed General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of Thuggee and in February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity. During these operations, more than 1400 Thugs were hanged or transported for life. One of them, Bahram, confessed to having strangled 125-931 persons with his turban. Detection was only possible by means of informers, for whose protection from the vengeance of their associates a special prison was established at Jabalpur (at the time Jubbulpore). Sleeman had a Government Report made in 1839. Sleeman wrote three books about the Thugs: Ramaseeana, or a Vocabulary of the peculiar language used by Thugs; Report on the Depredations Committed by the Thug Gangs of Upper and Central India; and The Thugs or Phansigars of India. The first of these books offers a detailed vocabulary of words having special meaning to the Thugs, which would be incomprehensible to their victims. These include secret exchanges of greetings that mutually identified one Thug to another.

Colonial Construction (Fabrication) of Thuggee to Legitimize British Judicial Power in India
In recent decades, historians have begun to revisit the British administration's campaign against thuggee, with many arguing that thuggee was an orientalist construction formed with the intention of legitimizing increased British judicial power in India. Upon India's independence in 1947, there were 128 tribes, constituting 3,500,000 individuals, officially classified as criminal tribes. Established in Regulation XXVII of 1871, the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) sought to identify, surveil, and 'rehabilitate' groups of Indians who, due to their itinerancy, presented a challenge to British authority. As such, tribes deemed 'criminal' typically included travelling craftsmen, traders, entertainers, and displaced peasants, and measures to combat their itinerancy included forced settlement, roll calls, and travel passes.

Thuggee Act of 1836, which set a legal precedent because it allowed individuals to be convicted based solely on affiliation to a criminal group, with no evidence of having committed a crime.

British Resident and later life
Sleeman served as Resident at Gwalior from 1843 to 1849, and at Lucknow from 1849 to 1856. Whilst Resident at Lucknow he survived three assassination attempts. He was also opposed to the annexation of Oudh by Lord Dalhousie, but his advice was disregarded. Sleeman believed that British authorities should annex only regions of India that were plagued by violence, unjust leadership or poor infrastructure and thus maintained that native leadership should be left in place when their rule was even-handed.

Sleeman also took an interest in phrenology and believed that the measurements of the skulls could help him identify criminal ethnic groups.

He died and was buried at sea near Ceylon on a recovery trip to Britain in 1856, just six days after being awarded the Order of the Bath.

The village Sleemanabad in Madhya Pradesh, India was named in his honour.

Family
Whilst in Jubbulpore, he married Amélie Josephine, the daughter of Count Blondin de Fontenne, a French nobleman. They had seven children. His second daughter, Henrietta, was married to William Alexander Ross, an uncle of Sir Ronald Ross. A grandson of Sleeman, Colonel Sir James Lewis Sleeman, who also wrote about thuggee and shikar (big game hunting), became a pioneer of wildlife photography in India.

In popular culture

 * The 1959 Hammer film production "The Stranglers of Bombay" recounts a story based on Sleeman suppressing criminal gangs although his part is not mentioned until the finale of the film.
 * Sleeman is featured as a supporting character in the book Terror in the Sun by Barbara Cartland (1979), a romantic novel in which Thuggees are the overarching antagonists.
 * Sleeman is featured in the novel The Strangler Vine by Miranda Carter (2015), Firingi Thuggee (2015) by Himadri Kishore Dasgupta and Ebong Inquisition (2020) by Avik Sarkar.
 * Sleeman features in the novel  The Tigress of Mysore (2022) by Allan Mallinson.
 * Sleeman is the main antagonist in the 2016 video game Assassin's Creed Chronicles: India. In the game, Sleeman is depicted as the leader of a group of Knights Templar seeking to acquire the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
 * Sleemanabad is a village named after him in Katni district in Madhya Pradesh.

title: William Henry Sleeman


text:
Baron Ogmore

Baron Ogmore, of Bridgend in the County of Glamorgan, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 10 July 1950 for David Rees-Williams, a Welsh Labour, and later Liberal, politician. , the title is held by his grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in that year.

The first Lord Ogmore was also the father of the Hon. Elizabeth Rees-Williams and the grandfather of the actor Jared Harris.

Barons Ogmore (1950)

 * David Rees Rees-Williams, 1st Baron Ogmore (1903–1976)
 * Gwilym Rees Rees-Williams, 2nd Baron Ogmore (1931–2004)
 * Morgan Rees Rees-Williams, 3rd Baron Ogmore (1937–2020)
 * Tudor David Rees-Williams, 4th Baron Ogmore (b. 1991)

The heir presumptive and sole heir to the peerage is the present holder's younger brother Hon. Dylan Rees-Williams (b. 1994)

title: Baron Ogmore


text:
Michael Steele (disambiguation)

Michael Steele (1958) is a United States politician and former Lieutenant Governor of Maryland.

Michael Steele may also refer to:

 * Michael Steele (Canadian politician) (1861–1946), politician in Ontario, Canada
 * Michael Steele (musician) (born 1955), bassist, songwriter, and singer, performed with The Runaways and The Bangles
 * Michael D. Steele, U.S. Army colonel
 * J. Michael Steele, professor of statistics at the University of Pennsylvania
 * Mike Steele (Washington politician), American politician (1982)
 * Iron Mike Steele, professional wrestler

title: Michael Steele (disambiguation)


text:
Bruce McCandless

Bruce McCandless I (August 12, 1911 – January 24, 1968) was an officer of United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor during World War II for his heroism on board USS San Francisco (CA-38) during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on November 13, 1942. He retired with the rank of rear admiral. McCandless was the father of NASA astronaut Captain Bruce McCandless II, USN (Ret). Additionally, Admiral McCandless was the great-grandson of David Colbert McCanles of the Rock Creek Station, Nebraska, shoot-out with Wild Bill Hickok. After that incident, the McCanles family changed their name to McCandless and moved to Florence, Colorado.

Early life and family
The son of Rear Admiral (formerly Commodore) Byron McCandless (1881–1967), Bruce McCandless was born on August 12, 1911, in Washington, D.C. Following in his father's footsteps, Bruce graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1932. His classmates included Richard Best, Henry Munson, and Lloyd Mustin.

McCandless married Sue Worthington Bradley, daughter of Captain Willis W. Bradley, USN. They had two sons and two daughters, including NASA astronaut Bruce McCandless II.

Military service

McCandless served on the cruiser USS Indianapolis (CA-35) and the destroyer USS Case (DD-370). He was serving as communications officer of the cruiser USS San Francisco (CA-38) when the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. On November 13, 1942, during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Japanese gunfire killed Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan and his staff, including Captain Cassin Young and all other officers on San Francisco's bridge, except Lieutenant Commander McCandless, who took the conn for the rest of the battle. For his conduct, he was awarded the Medal of Honor, and promoted to full commander. San Francisco received the Presidential Unit Citation for this battle and, by the end of the war, was credited with 17 battle stars.

Cmdr. McCandless continued to serve on San Francisco until 1944, when he took command of the newly commissioned destroyer USS Gregory (DD-802) on July 29 of the same year. On April 8, 1945, during the Battle of Okinawa, Gregory was attacked and damaged by four kamikazes and McCandless was awarded the Silver Star for conspicuous gallantry during the battle.

Captain McCandless retired on September 1, 1952, with a terminal promotion to the rank of rear admiral. He died in Washington, D.C., on January 24, 1968, and was buried in the Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland.

Medal of Honor citation
"For conspicuous gallantry and exceptionally distinguished service above and beyond the call of duty as communication officer of the U.S.S. San Francisco in combat with enemy Japanese forces in the battle off Savo Island, 12–13 November 1942. In the midst of a violent night engagement, the fire of a determined and desperate enemy seriously wounded Lt. Comdr. McCandless and rendered him unconscious, killed or wounded the admiral in command, his staff, the captain of the ship, the navigator, and all other personnel on the navigating and signal bridges. Faced with the lack of superior command upon his recovery, and displaying superb initiative, he promptly assumed command of the ship and ordered her course and gunfire against an overwhelmingly powerful force. With his superiors in other vessels unaware of the loss of their admiral, and challenged by his great responsibility, Lt. Comdr. McCandless boldly continued to engage the enemy and to lead our column of following vessels to a great victory. Largely through his brilliant seamanship and great courage, the San Francisco was brought back to port, saved to fight again in the service of her country."

Legacy
In 1971, the frigate USS McCandless (FF-1084) was named in honor of RADM McCandless and his father, Commodore Byron McCandless. There is also a street at the U.S. Naval Academy named after Admiral McCandless, as well as the Colorado State Veterans Nursing Home in Florence, Colorado. Commodore Byron McCandless has a street named after him at the US Naval Base, San Diego, California.

title: Bruce McCandless


text:
Poissonnière station

Poissonnière is a station on Line 7 of the Paris Métro. It is located near the junction between rue La Fayette and rue du Faubourg Poissonnière, after which it is named and along which fishmongers (French: Poissonnières) brought fish from Boulogne-sur-Mer and other harbours on the Channel coast to the market at Les Halles in chasse-marées. The route from the coast generally followed that of a Roman Road and entered nineteenth century Paris at the Porte des Poissonniers.

History
Poissonnière was opened on 5 November 1910 with the commissioning of the first section of line 7 between Opéra and Porte de la Villette. As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 9 December 2008.

On 9 October 2019, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Asterix and Obelix comics, along with 11 other stations. Although its name was not changed, the new nameplates were stylised with typography reminiscent of the comic strips by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, the creators of the Asterix and Obelix comics. A character from the comics, Ordralfabétix, was also added to the nameplates.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,466,034 passengers, making it the 139th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,686,977 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 149th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 3 entrances and features a 1960s-style yellow neon Métro sign.

 * Entrance 1: rue La Fayette
 * Entrance 2: rue de Chabrol
 * Entrance 3: rue du Faubourg-Poissonnière

Platforms
Poissonnière has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 26, 32, 43, and 45 of the RATP bus network.

Nearby

 * Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul
 * Lycée Lamartine
 * Square Aristide-Cavaillé-Coll
 * Square Montholon

title: Poissonnière station


text:
Bruce McCandless II

Bruce McCandless II (born Byron Willis McCandless; June 8, 1937 – December 21, 2017) was an American Navy officer and aviator, electrical engineer, and NASA astronaut. In 1984, during the first of his two Space Shuttle missions, he completed the first untethered spacewalk by using the Manned Maneuvering Unit.

Early life and education
Byron Willis McCandless was born on June 8, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts. A third-generation U.S. Navy officer, McCandless was the son of Bruce McCandless and grandson of Willis W. Bradley, both Medal of Honor recipients. His mother changed his name on June 6, 1938, to Bruce McCandless II. He graduated from Woodrow Wilson Senior High School, Long Beach, California, in 1954.

In 1958, he received a B.S. from the United States Naval Academy, graduating second, behind future National Security Advisor John Poindexter, in a class of 899 that also included John McCain. During his professional career, he also received an M.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1965 and an M.B.A. from the University of Houston–Clear Lake in 1987.

United States Navy
Following his commissioning, McCandless received flight training from the Naval Air Training Command at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and Naval Air Station Kingsville, Texas.

In March 1960, he was designated a United States Naval Aviator and proceeded to Naval Air Station Key West for weapons system and carrier landing training in the Douglas F4D-1 Skyray.

Between December 1960 and February 1964, he was assigned to Fighter Squadron 102 (VF-102), flying the Skyray and the McDonnell Douglas F-4B Phantom II. He saw duty aboard USS Forrestal (CV-59) and USS Enterprise (CVN-65), including the latter's participation in the Cuban Missile Crisis.

For three months in early 1964, he was an instrument flight instructor in Attack Squadron 43 (VA-43) at Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia, and then reported to the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Stanford University for graduate studies in electrical engineering.

During Naval service he gained flying proficiency in the Lockheed T-33B Shooting Star, Northrop T-38A Talon, McDonnell Douglas F-4B Phantom II, Douglas F4D Skyray, Grumman F11F Tiger, Grumman F9F Cougar, Lockheed T-1 Seastar, and Beechcraft T-34B Mentor, and the Bell 47G helicopter.

He logged more than 5,200 hours flying time, including 5,000 hours in jet aircraft.

NASA career
At the age of 28, McCandless was selected as the youngest member of NASA Astronaut Group 5 (jokingly labeled the "Original Nineteen" by John W. Young) in April 1966. According to space historian Matthew Hersch, McCandless and Group 5 colleague Don L. Lind were "effectively treated ... as scientist-astronauts" (akin to those selected in the fourth and sixth groups) by NASA due to their substantial scientific experience, an implicit reflection of their lack of the test pilot experience highly valued by Deke Slayton and other NASA managers at the time; this would ultimately delay their progression in the flight rotation.

He served as mission control capsule communicator (CAPCOM) on Apollo 11 during the launch and during the first lunar moonwalk (EVA) by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin before joining the astronaut support crew for the Apollo 14 mission, on which he doubled as a CAPCOM. Thereafter, McCandless was reassigned to the Skylab program, where he received his first crew assignment as backup pilot for the space station's first crewed mission alongside backup commander Rusty Schweickart and backup science pilot Story Musgrave. Following this assignment, he again served as a CAPCOM on Skylab 3 and Skylab 4. Notably, McCandless was a co-investigator on the M-509 astronaut maneuvering unit experiment that was flown on Skylab; this eventually led to his collaboration on the development of the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) used during Space Shuttle EVAs. Although he was classified as a Shuttle pilot until 1983, McCandless ultimately chose to work on the MMU as a mission specialist due to the prestige of the program (which ensured a flight assignment) and his lack of test pilot experience.

He was responsible for crew inputs to the development of hardware and procedures for the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), Hubble Space Telescope, the Solar Maximum Repair Mission, and the International Space Station program.

McCandless logged over 312 hours in space, including four hours of MMU flight time. He flew as a mission specialist on STS-41-B and STS-31.

STS-41-B
Challenger launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 3, 1984. The flight deployed two communications satellites, and flight-tested rendezvous sensors and computer programs for the first time.

This mission marked the first checkout of the MMU and Manipulator Foot Restraint (MFR). McCandless made the first untethered free flight on each of the two MMUs carried on board, thereby becoming the first person to make an untethered spacewalk. He described the experience:

"I was grossly over-trained. I was just anxious to get out there and fly. I felt very comfortable ... It got so cold my teeth were chattering and I was shivering, but that was a very minor thing. ... I'd been told of the quiet vacuum you experience in space, but with three radio links saying, 'How's your oxygen holding out?', 'Stay away from the engines!' and 'When's my turn?', it wasn't that peaceful ... It was a wonderful feeling, a mix of personal elation and professional pride: it had taken many years to get to that point."

McCandless's first EVA lasted 6 hours and 17 minutes. The second EVA (in which Stewart used the MMU) lasted 5 hours and 55 minutes. On February 11, 1984, after eight days in orbit, Challenger made the first landing on the runway at Kennedy Space Center.

STS-31
On this five-day Discovery flight, launched on April 24, 1990, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the crew deployed the Hubble Space Telescope from their record-setting altitude of 380 mi.

During the deployment of Hubble, one of the observatory's solar arrays stopped as it unfurled. While ground controllers searched for a way to command HST to unreel the solar array, Mission Specialists McCandless and Kathryn D. Sullivan began preparing for a contingency spacewalk in the event that the array could not be deployed through ground control. The array eventually came free and unfurled through ground control, while McCandless and Sullivan were pre-breathing inside the partially depressurized airlock.

Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 29, 1990.

After NASA
After retiring from NASA in 1990, McCandless worked for Lockheed Martin Space Systems.

Organizations

 * United States Naval Academy Alumni Association (class of 1958)
 * United States Naval Institute
 * Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 * American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
 * Association for Computing Machinery
 * National Audubon Society

He was a fellow of the American Astronautical Society and former president of the Houston Audubon Society.

Awards and honors

 * NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1974)
 * National Defense Service Medal (1974)
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (1974)
 * American Astronautical Society Victor A. Prather Award (1975 and 1985)
 * NASA Space Flight Medal (1984)
 * Defense Distinguished Service Medal (1985)
 * NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal (1985)
 * National Aeronautic Association Collier Trophy (1984)
 * Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum Trophy (1985)
 * Legion of Merit (1988)
 * International Space Hall of Fame (1995)
 * United States Astronaut Hall of Fame (2005)

He was awarded a patent for the design of a tool tethering system that was used during Space Shuttle spacewalks.

Personal life
McCandless was married to Bernice Doyle McCandless (1937–2014) for 53 years, and the couple had two children. His recreational interests included electronics, photography, scuba diving, and flying. He also enjoyed cross-country skiing.

In an August 2005 Smithsonian magazine article about the MMU photo, McCandless is quoted as saying that the subject's anonymity is its best feature. "I have the sun visor down, so you can't see my face, and that means it could be anybody in there. It's sort of a representation not of Bruce McCandless, but mankind."

On September 30, 2010, McCandless launched a lawsuit against British singer Dido for unauthorized use of a photo of his 1984 space flight for the album art of her 2008 album Safe Trip Home, which showed McCandless "free flying" about 320 feet away from the Space Shuttle Challenger. The lawsuit, which also named Sony Corp.'s Sony Music Entertainment and Getty Images as defendants, did not allege copyright infringement but infringement of his persona. The action was settled amicably on January 14, 2011.

McCandless wrote the foreword to the book Live TV from Orbit by Dwight Steven-Boniecki.

McCandless died on December 21, 2017, at age 80. He was survived by his second wife, Ellen Shields McCandless, two children and two grandchildren.

McCandless was buried at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery at Annapolis on January 16, 2018.

McCandless' son, author Bruce McCandless III, wrote about the journey leading to the first untethered spacewalk in the 2021 book Wonders All Around: The Incredible True Story of Astronaut Bruce McCandless II and the First Untethered Flight in Space.

Legacy
John McCain, who graduated from the United States Naval Academy with McCandless in the Class of 1958, stated after McCandless' death:

"The iconic photo of Bruce soaring effortlessly in space has inspired generations of Americans to believe that there is no limit to the human potential."

Lockheed Martin later developed the McCandless Lunar Lander and named it after him. This honored him as an esteemed employee of the company, and also the fact that the MMU spacewalk was facilitated by the jetpack developed by Lockheed Martin.

title: Bruce McCandless II