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In Step

In Step is the fourth studio album by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble released in 1989. The title In Step can be seen as referring to Vaughan's new-found sobriety, following the years of drug and alcohol use that eventually led Vaughan into rehabilitation. It was also Vaughan's final album with Double Trouble and the last album to be released during his lifetime. In 1990, he recorded an album with his brother, Jimmie Vaughan, called Family Style; later that same year, Stevie Ray Vaughan died in a helicopter crash.

In 1999, a reissue of the album was released which contains an audio interview segment and four live bonus tracks.

Reception
Reviews for In Step have generally been positive. Robert Christgau rated the album an A−, signifying "a very good record." Although he stated that "Wall of Denial" and "Tightrope" fall into ex-addict jargon like it was natural speech and that "if the music was preachy or wimpy this would be a disaster," he concluded that "House Is Rockin'" keeps on boogieing on and that on the mood-jazz closer he escapes the blues undamaged for the first time in his career.

Lou Reed selected In Step as one of his 'picks of 1989'.

In a retrospective review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated In Step five out of five stars. He noted that before the album was released, "his songwriting was hit or miss. Even when he wrote a classic modern blues song, it was firmly within the genre's conventions." He further stated that it helped "Vaughan found his own songwriting voice, blending blues, soul, and rock in unique ways, and writing with startling emotional honesty." Although he stated that "tunes like the terse "Tightrope" and the dense "Wall of Denial" feel so intensely personal, it's hard to believe that they weren't the product of just one man", he also stated that "the lighter numbers [...] are just as effective as songs." He concluded that "it's fully realized, presenting every facet of Vaughan's musical personality, yet it still soars with a sense of discovery. It's a bittersweet triumph, given Vaughan's tragic death, [...] yet it's a triumph all the same."

1999 Reissue Bonus Tracks
The bonus tracks are all taken from recordings for Westwood One Radio. "SRV Speaks" is from a studio interview with Timothy White. The rest are all from recordings for the Superstar Concert Series broadcast. The next three tracks are from Tingley Coliseum, Albuquerque on November 28, 1989. The last is from McNichols Arena, Denver on November 29, 1989.

Personnel

 * Double Trouble
 * Stevie Ray Vaughan – guitar, vocals
 * Tommy Shannon – bass guitar
 * Chris Layton – drums, percussion
 * Reese Wynans – keyboards

 * Additional personnel
 * Texacali Horns – on "Crossfire" and "Love Me Darlin'"
 * Joe Sublett – saxophone
 * Darrell Leonard – trumpet

Awards
Grammy Awards

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: In Step


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Michael Hopkins (architect)

Sir Michael John Hopkins (7 May 1935 – 17 June 2023) was an English architect.

The RIBA Royal Gold Medal-winning architect founded Hopkins Architects with his wife Patty and was widely regarded as among the greatest of contemporary British architectural figures. Michael, alongside Patty, was part of a select group of leading British architects who were regarded as the founders of the "High-Tech" architectural movement (the other four included Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, Nicholas Grimshaw and Terry Farrell).

Life and career
Hopkins was born in 1935 in Poole. His father, Gerald, was a builder and his mother, Barbara, decided at a young age that Hopkins would become an architect. Hopkins attended a public school in Sherborne. He studied architecture at the Bournemouth School of Art and worked with Basil Spence and Frederick Gibberd before, aged 23, enrolling at the Architectural Association in London.

While studying at the Architectural Institute, Hopkins met Patty Wainwright (later Hopkins), who would go on to be his life long collaborator. The couple married in 1962.

Hopkins partnered with Norman Foster, where he was the project architect of the Willis Faber headquarters in Ipswich. With Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Terry Farrell and Nicholas Grimshaw, both Hopkins and his wife were leading figures in the introduction of high-tech architecture into Britain.

In 1976 Hopkins set up what became Hopkins Architects in partnership with his wife, who had run her own practice. One of their first buildings was their own house in Hampstead, a lightweight steel structure with glass façades. Early Hopkins Architects' buildings, such as the Greene King brewery in Bury St Edmunds and the Schlumberger laboratories near Cambridge, used new materials and construction techniques. The firm challenged conventional architectural wisdom by demonstrating that lightweight steel-and-glass structures could be energy efficient and pioneered the use in Britain of permanent lightweight fabric structures, of which the Mound Stand at Lord's Cricket Ground is a notable example.

From the mid-1980s the practice began to explore what they called the "updating of the traditional materials", adding to the expressive potential of traditional crafts like masonry and carpentry by combining them with contemporary engineering. The practice became recognised for its combination of ultra-modern techniques with traditional architecture, broadening their palette of materials and forms.

Together, the Hopkins received the Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Gold Medal, awarded in 1994. The citation describes the Hopkins' work as "not only a matter of exploiting technology to build beautifully, nor simply of accommodating difficult and changing tasks in the most elegant way, but above all of capturing in stone and transmitting in bronze the finest aspirations of our age", praising their contribution to the debate about the "delicate relationship between modernity and tradition" and adding: "For Hopkins, progress is no longer a break with the past but rather an act of continuity where he deftly and intelligently integrates traditional elements such as stone and wood, with advanced and environmentally responsible technology."

Personal life
Patty and Michael's three children, Sarah, Abigail and Joel, grew up in the Hopkins’ open-plan house in Hampstead, though the children later demanded that their bedrooms were given walls. All three children followed their parents into creative/design-based professions: Sarah is project director for the refurbishment of the National Gallery; Abigail became an architect and has a joint practice with her husband; and Joel is a BAFTA-winning film writer/ director. Hopkins had 11 grandchildren.

Hopkins died from vascular dementia on 17 June 2023, aged 88.

Honours and awards
Hopkins’ contribution to architecture was recognised both with a CBE in 1989 and a knighthood in 1995 for Services to Architecture. In 2011 he was awarded the AJ100 Contribution to the Profession award. He was elected a Royal Academician in 1992 and two years later he was jointly awarded the RIBA Gold Medal for Architecture with Patty Hopkins.

Notable buildings

 * Rose Bowl (cricket ground) at Hampshire County Cricket Club
 * King's College School Wimbledon, Music School, London, United Kingdom (2018)
 * Smith Campus Center, Harvard University, Massachusetts, US (2018)
 * Tokyo Midtown Hibiya, Tokyo, Japan
 * St Thomas' Hospital East Wing, London, United Kingdom (2015)
 * WWF-UK Headquarters, Living Planet Centre, Woking, United Kingdom (2013)
 * Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India (2012)
 * University College Hospital Macmillan Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom (2012)
 * London 2012 Velodrome, London, United Kingdom (2011)
 * M. A. Chidambaram "Chepauk" Stadium, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (2010)
 * Rice University: South Colleges & Duncan and McMurtry Colleges, Houston, Texas, USA (2010)
 * Princeton University: Frick Chemistry Laboratory, New Jersey, USA (2010)
 * Yale University: Kroon Hall, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (2009)
 * Dubai International Financial Centre: Gate Village, Dubai, UAE (2008)
 * Lawn Tennis Association: National Tennis Centre, Roehampton, United Kingdom (2007)
 * Wellcome Trust: Wellcome Collection & Gibbs Building, London, United Kingdom (2007 & 2004)
 * Portcullis House, New Parliamentary Building, London, United Kingdom (2001)
 * Westminster Underground Station, London, United Kingdom (2001)
 * University of Cambridge: Queen's Building, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, United Kingdom (1995)
 * Victoria and Albert Museum Masterplan, London, United Kingdom (1993)
 * Glyndebourne Opera House, Sussex, United Kingdom (1994)
 * Lord's Cricket Ground: Mound Stand, London, United Kingdom (1987)
 * Hopkins House, London, United Kingdom (1976)

title: Michael Hopkins (architect)


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Yellow-billed cardinal

The yellow-billed cardinal (Paroaria capitata) is a bird species in the tanager family (Thraupidae). It is not very closely related to the cardinals proper (Cardinalidae).

It occurs in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and northern Argentina and has been introduced on the island of Hawai'i. It breeds in moist shrubland. The yellow-billed cardinal could be easily confused with the red-crested cardinal. The yellow-billed cardinal does not have a crest.

title: Yellow-billed cardinal


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Sutton Bonington

Sutton Bonington is a village and civil parish lying along the valley of the River Soar in the Borough of Rushcliffe, south-west Nottinghamshire, England. The University of Nottingham has the Sutton Bonington Campus,.a 420 ha site just to the north of the village.

The parish covers some 2229 acre and includes the hamlet of Zouch. The population at the 2011 census was 2,202, rising to 2,338 at the 2021 census. The River Soar is the county boundary with Leicestershire and approximately 2 mi to the north-west, in Leicestershire, is the large village of Kegworth. The nearest town is Loughborough, some 5 mi by road to the south, and the nearest village is Normanton on Soar.

History
Originally, Sutton and Bonington were two settlements, probably originating in Anglo-Saxon times (the names likely derive from South farm and Buna's farm); Sutton was to the south of Bonington. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the villages were recorded as "Sudtone" and "Bonitone". The two villages gradually grew together along the edge of the flood plain of the River Soar to make one long, narrow village, which by 1340 had come by the name of "Sutton Bonynton".

Today it continues to be a linear village, with much of the 20th century housing built along and just off Park Lane, making the Sutton part now larger than the Bonington part. Sutton Bonington Hall's gardens and parkland are set between the two original settlements and create a gap in the built-up area, and each part continues to have its own pub and parish church. The most recent significant development are houses built on the former rectory gardens near St Anne's Church, again enlarging the Sutton part. The total length of the village is now 1.25 mi, not including the university campus.

The Midland Railway was constructed through the parish in 1840. Sir Cecil Paget, a notable locomotive engineer and railway administrator, was born in Sutton Bonington and in 1923 succeeded his father (Sir Ernest Paget, who was Chairman of the Midland Railway, 1890—1911) to become the 2nd Baronet Paget of Sutton Bonington. He died in 1936, without children (the title thereby becoming extinct), and was buried in the family plot at Marlepit Hill cemetery. The Paget family were the main landowners in the parish for much of the 19th century, owning the two ancient manors of St Anne and St Michael. It was under the Pagets that the current St Anne's Manor house and parkland was built, in 1848.

University
The university campus was originally the Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, which formed in the first decades of the 20th century. The site was used as a prisoner of war camp during the First World War. In 1948 the college became part of the University of Nottingham.

The campus has steadily grown over the decades (the main part is now approximately 20 hectares) and in 2006 the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science opened. The residential aspect of the campus ("Bonington Halls" – it consists of a number of spread out halls and houses) has also grown substantially in recent years and is now managed by Campus Living Villages (CLV). A masterplan was created in 2008 for the campus and envisages its development over the coming years – growth at present is towards Landcroft Lane, whilst in the future a considerable expansion is planned northwards towards Melton Lane. In 2011 two new buildings will have been completed on the campus: the Gateway Building housing veterinary medicine and agricultural and environmental sciences (adjacent to the recently built veterinary sciences building) and the BioEnergy Centre which is a research centre for international brewing company SAB Miller.

Features and amenities
The village boasts a number of small shops, a Coffee shop, a post office, a village hall and library, a primary school, a doctor's surgery and two pubs: The Anchor (in the Bonington part) and The King's Head (in the Sutton part). A small industrial estate exists just outside the village on Rempstone Road.

The village also has two medieval churches, a result of the merging of the two original villages (Sutton and Bonington); they are St Michael's Church (Bonington's parish church, located on Main Street) and St Anne's Church (Sutton's church, located down St Anne's Lane). The village has a large conservation area at its heart, with 25 listed buildings contained within it. Sutton Bonington Hall and St Anne's Church are Grade II* (the remainder being Grade II). Sutton Bonington Hall is a country house largely erected in the Queen Anne period and is locally known as "The Hall". In 1825 it came into the ownership of the Paget family and remained a residence until 2000; it has since gone into commercial use as a location for weddings, conferences and parties. There is a Methodist church and a Baptist church in the Sutton part of the village. Aside from the main village, the parish contains a number of outlying areas of settlement, including the university campus and the hamlet of Zouch. There are also two adjacent clusters of housing towards West Leake, at the junctions of Landcroft Lane/Melton Lane and Melton Lane/Pithouse Lane/Trowell Lane. Within the latter cluster is a 200-year-old public house called the Star Inn known locally as Pit House, the Victoria County History for Sutton Bonington states that "[i]t was also known as Pit House because it was used by miners from the gypsum ‘pits’." Between 1982 and 2004 specialist car manufacturer GTM Cars used buildings in Trowel Lane as their factory and offices. Since their departure to Coventry these were used by Talon Sportscars until July 2008.

In Zouch is the Rose and Crown pub. The Station Hotel was located adjacent to the former Kegworth railway station, lying just outwith the parish, but closed in 2011. Opposite the Hotel on Station Road are two further Listed buildings within the parish (in addition to the 25 in the village) at Sutton Fields – the House and its Lodge. The Kegworth Old Lock, replaced by the Kegworth Deep Lock in the mid-1980s, on the River Soar navigation, also lies within Sutton Bonington parish, and became Grade II Listed on 12 October 1987.

The Kingston Brook runs to the northeast of the parish, forming part of the boundary with West Leake parish. The boundary with Leicestershire is the River Soar and runs along the centre of the river. In places the river has more than one channel, and the boundary then runs at the centre of the widest channel of water, resulting in a number of islands falling within the parish, especially near Kegworth and at Zouch.

Adjacent to the main university campus is the University Farm, a 400 hectare (4 km2) commercial research farm, and an associated high-technology dairy centre; the farm partly lies in the neighbouring parish of Kingston on Soar, as does the dairy. Between the university campus and the railway line are offices (formerly a residence called "The Elms") and a laboratory belonging to the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, and a new sports hall and associated pitches.

Sport
Sutton Bonington Cricket Club was founded in 1824. There is a lawn bowls club and a tennis club, both situated at the junction of Marle Pit Hill and Landcroft Lane. Sutton Bonington F.C. has 3 male teams that currently play in the Leicestershire Senior League, County league and Sunday Charnwood League, they are based at the Recreation Ground on Main Street.

A Kickboxing club (PKA - Sutton Bonington) is based in the Village hall.

Transport
There were two railway stations close to the village: Kegworth station (closed in 1968) to the north and Hathern station (closed in 1960) to the south-east. In 2008, East Midlands Parkway station opened at Ratcliffe on Soar, approximately 3.5 mi to the north, providing good links on the Midland Main Line which passes through the parish and on the eastern edge of the village in a cutting.

Junction 24 of the M1 motorway is only 2.5 mi away, near Kegworth, and the East Midlands Airport is also nearby to the west. The A6006 Rempstone Road runs along the south-east boundary of the parish, and through Zouch, and leads to the A6.

The Skylink bus route serves the village and the university campus, with regular buses running between Nottingham city centre and Loughborough, including stops at Kegworth, the Airport, Long Eaton and Beeston. Another, less regular, bus service operates between Nottingham city centre and Normanton on Soar, via Clifton.

The long-distance footpath, the Midshires Way, passes through the parish, running from West Leake to Kegworth along Melton Lane and Station Road. Two of the country lanes in the parish (Landcroft Lane and Hungary Lane) were designated as quiet lanes in 2004, giving equal priority between vehicular traffic and pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders. The River Soar, which runs through Zouch and then along the western boundary of the parish, is canalised and is well used by small watercraft.

Local government and elections
The parish comes within the Soar Valley electoral district for purposes of electing a councillor to Nottinghamshire County Council. The most recent election was in 2009 when Linda Sykes, of the Conservative party, won the seat. For the election of a councillor to Rushcliffe Borough Council, the parish forms part of the Soar Valley ward, which covers a smaller area than the electoral district of the same name, and consists of the three parishes of Sutton Bonington, Kingston on Soar and Ratcliffe on Soar. The most recent election was in 2007 when Terry Holt, of the Liberal Democrats, won the seat. The next Borough election will be held in 2011.

The parish council has 11 councillors; there was an uncontested election for these seats in 2007.

The Member of Parliament for the parliamentary constituency of Rushcliffe is Ruth Edwards, of the Conservative party, who has held the seat since 2019.

Historic local government
The parish fell within the ancient Rushcliffe wapentake of Nottinghamshire. The two ancient ecclesiastical parishes of Sutton and Bonington were also separate townships; they were united for civil purposes in 1829 and combined in 1923 into one ecclesiastical parish. Related to the situation of the two original parishes, Sutton and Bonington are separate manors, named after their churches – St Anne and St Michael respectively. From 1894 the parish was part of the Leake Rural District, until its abolition in 1935, when the parish was transferred to the Basford Rural District. In 1974 Basford Rural District was abolished and the non-metropolitan district of Rushcliffe was created, granted with borough status immediately, with Sutton Bonington becoming a part of it.

People from Sutton Bonington

 * Sir (George) Ernest Paget, 1st Baronet (1841–1923) Chairman of the Midland Railway Company (MR) 1890–1911.
 * Sir Cecil Paget CMG, DSO, 2nd Baronet (19 October 1874 – 9 December 1936) British locomotive engineer and railway administrator.
 * Godfrey Elton, 1st Baron Elton, (29 March 1892 – 18 April 1973) British historian.
 * Rodney Elton, 2nd Baron Elton, (born 2 March 1930) British politician and Conservative member of the House of Lords.
 * Thomas Pierrepoint, executioner.

Weather station
Since 1908 Sutton Bonington has had an official (Met Office listed) automatic weather monitoring station situated on the university campus. The station is at 48m ASL just off Landcroft Lane at 52.8282°N, -1.2485°W.

title: Sutton Bonington


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Common myna

The common myna or Indian myna (Acridotheres tristis), sometimes spelled mynah, is a bird in the family Sturnidae, native to Asia. An omnivorous open woodland bird with a strong territorial instinct, the common myna has adapted extremely well to urban environments.

The range of the common myna is increasing at such a rapid rate that in 2000 the IUCN Species Survival Commission declared it one of the world's most invasive species and one of only three birds listed among "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Species" that pose a threat to biodiversity, agriculture and human interests. In particular, the species poses a serious threat to the ecosystems of Australia, where it was named "The Most Important Pest/Problem" in 2008.

Taxonomy
In 1760, the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the common myna in his Ornithologie, based on a specimen that he mistakenly believed had been collected in the Philippines. He used the French name Le merle des Philippines and the Latin Merula Philippensis. Although Brisson coined Latin names, they do not conform to the binominal system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

When the Swedish naturalist, Carl Linnaeus, updated his Systema Naturae in 1766, for the 12th edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of them was the common myna. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binominal name Paradisea tristis and cited Brisson's work. The type location was subsequently corrected to Pondicherry in southern India. The specific name tristis is Latin for "sad" or "gloomy". This species is now placed in the genus Acridotheres that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816. The generic name Acridotheres is from the Greek ακριδος (akridos), meaning locust, and θηρας (theras), meaning hunter.

Two subspecies are recognised: The Sri Lankan subspecies melanosternus is darker than the Indian subspecies tristis and has half-black and half-white primary coverts and a larger yellow cheek-patch.
 * the Indian myna (A. t. tristis) (Linnaeus, 1766) – It is found from southern Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and eastern Iran to southern China, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula and southern India. It has also been introduced to Hawaii and North America. Populations from the northwest of its range have sometimes been separated as a distinct subspecies, A. t. neumanni, while populations from Nepal and Myanmar have been described as A. t. tristoides.
 * the Sri Lankan myna (A. t. melanosternus) Legge, 1879 – Sri Lanka

Description
The common myna is readily identified by the brown body, black hooded head and the bare yellow patch behind the eye. The bill and legs are bright yellow. There is a white patch on the outer primaries and the wing lining on the underside is white. The sexes are similar and birds are usually seen in pairs. The common myna obeys Gloger's rule in that the birds from northwestern India tend to be paler than their darker counterparts in southern India.

Vocalization
The calls includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks, whistles and 'growls', and the bird often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing. The common myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity or when it is about to take off flying. Common mynas are popular as cage birds for their singing and "speaking" abilities. Before sleeping in communal roosts, common mynas vocalise in unison, which is known as "communal noise".

Morphometry
Morphometry.
 * Body length: 23 cm

Distribution and habitat
The common myna is native to Asia, with its initial home range spanning Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, peninsular Thailand, Indochina, Japan (both mainland Japan and the Ryukyu Islands) and China.

The common myna has been introduced to many other parts of the world such as Canada, Australia, Israel, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, the United States (South Florida only ), South Africa, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan, the Cayman Islands, islands in the Indian Ocean (the Seychelles – from which it was subsequently eradicated at great expense, Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar, the Maldives, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep archipelago) and also in islands of the Atlantic (such as Ascension and Saint Helena, Pacific Ocean and Cyprus February 2022. The range of the common myna is increasing to the extent that in 2000 the IUCN Species Survival Commission declared it among 100 of the world's worst invasive species.

It is typically found in open woodland, cultivation and around habitation. Although it is an adaptable species, its population is abnormal and very much considered a pest in Singapore (where it is locally called as gembala kerbau, literally 'buffalo shepherd') due to competition with the related introduced Javan myna.

The common myna thrives in urban and suburban environments; in Canberra, for instance, 110 common mynas were released between 1968 and 1971. By 1991, common myna population density in Canberra averaged 15 birds per square kilometer. Only three years later, a second study found an average population density of 75 birds per square kilometer in the same area.

The bird likely owes its success in the urban and suburban settings of Sydney and Canberra to its evolutionary origins; having evolved in the open woodlands of India, the common myna is pre-adapted to habitats with tall vertical structures and little to no vegetative ground cover, features characteristic of city streets and urban nature preserves.

The common myna (along with common starlings, house sparrows, and feral rock doves) is a nuisance to city buildings; its nests block gutters and drainpipes, causing water damage to building exteriors.

Breeding
Common mynas are believed to pair for life. They breed through much of the year depending on the location, building their nest in a hole in a tree or wall. They breed at elevations of 0-3,000 m in the Himalayas.

The normal clutch size is 4–6 eggs. The average size of the egg is 30.8 x 21.99 mm. The incubation period is 17 to 18 days and fledging period is 22 to 24 days. The Asian koel is sometimes brood parasitic on this species. Nesting material used by common mynas includes twigs, roots, tow and rubbish. Common mynas have been known to use tissue paper, tin foil and sloughed off snake-skin.

During the breeding season, the daytime activity-time budget of the common myna in Pune in April to June 1978 has been recorded to comprise the following: nesting activity (42%), scanning the environment (28%), locomotion (12%), feeding (4%), vocalisation (7%) and preening-related activities, interactions and other activities (7%).

The common myna uses the nests of woodpeckers, parakeets, etc. and easily takes to nest boxes; it has been recorded evicting the chicks of previously nesting pairs by holding them in the beak and later sometimes not even using the emptied nest boxes. This aggressive behaviour contributes to its success as an invasive species.

There is also some evidence that shows that in introduced environments, the species chooses to nest in more modified and artificial structures than in natural tree cavities when compared to native species.

Food and feeding
Like most starlings, the common myna is omnivorous. It feeds on insects, grubs, earthworms, arachnids, crustaceans, reptiles, small mammals, seeds, grain, fruits, flower nectar and petals, and discarded waste from human habitation. It forages on the ground among grass for insects, and especially for grasshoppers, from which it gets the generic name Acridotheres, "grasshopper hunter". It, however, feeds on a wide range of insects, mostly picked from the ground. It is a cross-pollinator of flowers such as Salmalia and Erythrina. It walks on the ground with occasional hops and is an opportunistic feeder on the insects disturbed by grazing cattle as well as fired grass fields. They prey on eggs and young of other birds, such as Hawaiʻi ʻakepas (Loxops coccineus). They sometimes even wade in shallow waters to catch fish. Living in close proximity to human-made habitats, common mynas may also appear near roadsides to feed on roadkill.

Roosting behaviour
Common mynas roost communally throughout the year, either in pure or mixed flocks with jungle mynas, rosy starlings, house crows, jungle crows, cattle egrets and rose-ringed parakeets and other birds. The roost population can range from less than one hundred to thousands. The time of arrival of mynas at the roost starts before and ends just after sunset. The mynas depart before sunrise. The time and timespan of arrival and departure, time taken for final settlement at the roost, duration of communal sleep, flock size and population vary seasonally.

The function of communal roosting is to synchronise various social activities, avoid predators, exchange information about food sources.

Communal displays (pre-roosting and post-roosting) consist of aerial maneuvers which are exhibited in the pre-breeding season (November to March). It is assumed that this behaviour is related to pair formation.

Invasive species
The IUCN declared the common myna as one of only three birds among the world's 100 worst invasive species (the other two being the red-vented bulbul and the common starling). The French introduced it in the 18th century from Pondicherry to Mauritius with the aim of controlling insects, even levying a fine on anyone persecuting the bird. It has since been introduced widely elsewhere, including adjacent areas in Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the Middle East, South Africa, the United States, Argentina, Germany, Spain and Portugal, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and various oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including prominent populations in Fiji and Hawaii.

The common myna is regarded as a pest in South Africa, North America, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand and many Pacific islands. It is particularly problematic in Australia. Several methods have been tried to control the bird's numbers and protect native species.

Australia

In Australia, the common myna is an invasive pest. They are often the predominant bird in urban areas along the whole east coast. In a 2008 popular vote, the bird was named "The Most Important Pest/Problem" in Australia. They have earned the nickname "flying rats", due to their numbers and their scavenging behaviour. They are also known as "the cane toad of the sky". However, there is little scientific consensus concerning the extent of its impact on native species.

The common myna was first introduced to Australia between 1863 and 1872, in Victoria, to control insects in the market gardens of Melbourne. The bird is likely to have spread to New South Wales (where it is currently most populous) at around the same time, but documentation is uncertain. The bird was later introduced to Queensland as a predator of grasshoppers and cane beetles. Common myna populations in Australia are now concentrated along the eastern coast around Sydney and its surrounding suburbs, with sparser populations in Victoria and a few isolated communities in Queensland. During 2009 several municipal councils in New South Wales began trials of catching myna birds in an effort to reduce numbers.

The myna can live and breed in a wide range of temperatures, ranging from the frosty winters of Canberra to the tropical climate of Cairns. Self-sustaining populations have been found in regions with a mean monthly highest temperature no less than 23.2 C and a mean monthly lowest temperature no less than -0.4 C, implying that the common myna could spread from Sydney northwards along the eastern coast to Cairns, and westwards along the southern coast to Adelaide, but not to Tasmania, Darwin or the arid outback regions.

Europe
In 2019, common mynas were added to the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern. They have established in Spain and Portugal and were introduced to France, where they occasionally bred.

New Zealand
The common myna was introduced to both the North Island and South Island of New Zealand in the 1870s. However, the cooler summer temperatures in the South Island appear to have impeded the breeding success rate of the southern populations, preventing the proliferation of the species, which was largely non-existent there by the 1890s. In contrast, the North Island population was able to breed more successfully and large portions of the North Island are now populated. However, in the southern reaches of the North Island, the cooler summer temperatures, like those of the South Island, have prevented the establishment of large myna populations. Since the 1950s, mynas have spread northwards and presently inhabit beyond the Waikato region, leading to a majority of its successful population thriving upon lower latitude regions due to the warmer climate. At present, mynas have become especially common in regions of lower latitude, particularly the Northland region, but rarely found south of Whanganui.

South Africa
In South Africa where it escaped into the wild in 1902, it has become very common and its distribution is greater where human populations are greater or where there is more human disturbance. The bird is also notorious for being a pest, kicking other birds out of their nests and killing their young due to the myna's strong territorial instinct. In South Africa it is considered somewhat of a major pest and disturbance of the natural habitat; as a result, it has been declared an invasive species, requiring it to be controlled.

Morphological studies show that the process of spatial sorting is at work on the range expansion of A. tristis in South Africa. Dispersal-relevant traits are significantly correlated with distance from the range core, with strong sexual dimorphism, indicative of sex-biased dispersal. Morphological variations are significant in wing and head traits of females, suggesting females as the primary dispersing sex. In contrast, traits not related to dispersal such as those associated with foraging show no signs of spatial sorting but are significantly affected by environmental variables such as vegetation and intensity of urbanisation.

The United States
In Hawaii, it is out-competing many native birds for food and nesting areas.

To study the invasion genetics and landscape-scale dynamics of A. tristis, scientists have recently developed 16 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers using the next generation sequencing (NGS) approach.

Threat to native birds
The common myna is a hollow-nesting species; that is, it nests and breeds in protected hollows found either naturally in trees or artificially on buildings (for example, recessed windowsills or low eaves). Compared to native hollow-nesting species, the common myna is extremely aggressive, and breeding males will actively defend areas ranging up to 0.83 hectares in size (though males in densely populated urban settings tend to only defend the area immediately surrounding their nests).

This aggressiveness has enabled the common myna to displace many breeding pairs of native hollow-nesters, thereby reducing their reproductive success. In Australia, their aggressiveness has enabled them to chase native birds as large as galahs out of their nests.

The common myna is also known to maintain up to two roosts simultaneously; a temporary summer roost close to a breeding site (where the entire local male community sleeps during the summer, the period of highest aggression), and a permanent all-year roost where the female broods and incubates overnight. Both male and female common mynas will fiercely protect both roosts at all times, leading to further exclusion of native birds.

Threat to crops and pasture
The common myna (which feeds mostly on ground-dwelling insects, tropical fruits such as grapes, plums and some berries and, in urban areas, discarded human food) poses a serious threat to Australian blueberry crops, though its main threat is to native bird species.

In Hawaii, where the common myna was introduced to control pest armyworms and cutworms in sugarcane crops, the bird has helped to spread the robust Lantana camara weed across the islands' open grasslands. It also has been recorded as the fourth-ranking avian pest in the fruit industry by a 2004 survey of the Hawaiian Farm Bureau and the sixth in number of complaints of avian pests overall.

Common mynas can cause considerable damage to ripening fruit, particularly grapes, but also figs, apples, pears, strawberries, blueberries, guava, mangoes and breadfruit. Cereal crops such as maize, wheat and rice are susceptible where they occur near urban areas. Roosting and nesting commensal with humans create aesthetic and health concerns. Common mynas are known to carry avian malaria and exotic parasites such as the Ornithonyssus bursia mite, which can cause dermatitis in humans. The common myna can help spread agricultural weeds: for example, it spreads the seeds of Lantana camara, which has been classed as a Weed of National Significance because of its invasiveness. Common mynas are regularly observed to usurp nests and hollows, destroy the eggs and kill the young of native bird species, including seabirds and parrots. There is evidence that common mynas have killed small land mammals such as mice, squirrels and possums, but further research on these occurrences is under consideration.

Control
The common myna, being a major agricultural pest and posing a threat to native species in non-native countries, is controlled by various factors. Mynas are either killed or chased away as control. Poison, shooting, cage traps, and bird-scaring devices are currently used for control.

In culture
In Sanskrit literature, the common myna has a number of names, most are descriptive of the appearance or behaviour of the bird. In addition to saarika, the names for the common myna include kalahapriya, which means "one who is fond of arguments" referring to the quarrelsome nature of this bird; chitranetra, meaning "picturesque eyes"; peetanetra (one with yellow eyes) and peetapaad (one with yellow legs).

The bird called śārikā (सारिक) seems to refer to the common myna, though there are other candidates.

title: Common myna


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University of Nottingham Halls of Residence

This is a list of halls of residence on the various campuses of the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, England.

The University of Nottingham has a particularly well developed system of halls located on its campus. The halls acts a microcosms of the university at large and provide a community-level forum for the interaction of undergraduates, postgraduates and senior academics.

As of 2020, incoming undergraduate students do not apply for a specific hall but a room type and a 'zone'; they can be allocated into any of the halls in that zone. The zones are as follows:

Central Zone: Derby and Hugh Stewart

North Zone: Cripps and Lenton & Wortley

Sports Zone: Ancaster, Beeston, Nightingale, Rutland and Sherwood

West Zone: Cavendish, Florence Boot and Willoughby

Quiet Zone: Lincoln (part of a trial for 2020, aimed at students in search of a quieter lifestyle with no alcohol and earlier quiet hours.)

The halls are generally named either after counties, districts or places in the English East Midlands (Nottingham having been originally conceived as a regional university for this area) or significant people associated with the university. Beeston, Lenton, Lincoln, Derby, Rutland, Sherwood, Newark, Southwell, Ancaster and Melton halls fall into the former category; Hugh Stewart, Cripps, Cavendish, Nightingale, Florence Boot, Wortley and Willoughby into the latter.

University Park Campus
All halls of residence on University Park Campus are of mixed-sex undergraduate type.

Ancaster
Ancaster Hall (52.9359°N, -1.2077°W) provides accommodation for about 270 students. The current warden is Professor Svenja Adolphs. It has a particularly high proportion of ensuite rooms. Ancaster Hall was the first "mixed sex" hall of residence at Nottingham University - and had a vibrant reputation very much managed by its first Warden - Dr Virginia van der Lande.

Notable alumni
 * London Grammar – British trip hop trio. The band are said to have practised using the piano that was located in the bar/study area, now located in the dining area.

Beeston
Beeston Hall provides accommodation for 225 students. It is the newest hall, which opened in the 2018–19 academic year owing to an accommodation shortage. Built on the site of the old sports centre, which preceded the new David Ross Sports Village, it is constructed of a modular buildings, provided by Portakabin. The first intake of students werenotably housed in hotels across the city until November 2018, as the building was not complete in time for the start of the academic year. It has a JCR (junior common room) but no dining room; residents are expected to dine at the nearby Rutland Hall.

Cavendish
Cavendish Hall (52.9361°N, -1.2055°W) provides accommodation for 278 students. The hall is named after the Cavendish family or, more specifically, the Duke of Devonshire. The hall surrounds a lawn quadrangle, with its own rose garden and is reached via a bridge over a grass moat. A short walk brings guests to the university boating lake.

Cripps
Cripps Hall (52.9419°N, -1.1955°W) provides accommodation for over 300 students. The hall is named after its benefactor, Sir Cyril Cripps. It opened in 1959 and was originally all male, but has been mixed sex since 2000. Cripps Hall was designed by the architects Donald McMorran and George Whitby, and is Grade II listed (one of only relatively few post-war buildings to be given such status).

Built around traditional quads, the Dining Hall is notable in being wood-panelled with several paintings of former Wardens above it a Library and functional bell tower. There is also a junior common room and a bar room with pool table, though it does not serve drinks; the nearest licensed Campus Bar being at neighbouring Hugh Stewart Hall.

Owing to a substantial donation from the Cripps Foundation to build a brand new Health Centre opposite the hall, the old Cripps Health Centre was converted into an extra accommodation block for Cripps Hall for the start of the 2018–19 academic year; it is named 'Lower Cripps' and added a further 55 rooms to the hall. This brings the total number of rooms to 368, making it the largest catered hall on the University Park campus.

Alumni and current students resident in Cripps Hall can join the Cripps Hall Association which is the membership arm of the Cripps Hall Trust. The Association reflects the original Hall Founder’s principles of community and fellowship, allowing former students to remain connected and offer something back to the Hall. The Cripps Hall Trust (Registered Charity No: 528348 ) exists to support existing and past members of Cripps Hall through the provision of travel scholarships to encourage personal development and benefits to the wider community, discretionary grants for additional Hall facilities, support for cases of individual hardship, and on-going membership / communication services. These include the Harry Lucas Travel Scholarships assisting students travelling to expand their education.

Derby
Derby Hall (52.9416°N, -1.2021°W) provides accommodation for over 300 students. The hall is named after the local city of Derby. The hall, completed in 1963, was designed by the New Zealand architect, Brian O'Rorke, in classical style around a central quad. An extension block named Matlock was later added, greatly increasing accommodation by adding 96 rooms.

Florence Boot
Florence Boot Hall (52.9343°N, -1.2019°W) provides accommodation for just under 200 students. The hall is named after Florence Boot, the wife of Jesse Boot, the first Lord Trent, a major benefactor to the university. The hall was designed by Percy Richard Morley Horder. It was opened in 1928, making it the oldest hall on the campus (Hugh Stewart Hall has existed for longer as Lenton Hall, but Florence Boot has been designated as a hall for longer). It was originally all female, but has been mixed sex since 2000.

Hugh Stewart
Hugh Stewart Hall (52.9405°N, -1.1957°W) is the largest hall on University Park Campus (the third largest at the university), providing accommodation for around 340 students. The hall is named after Hugh Stewart (1884–1934), who was Principal of University College Nottingham from 1929 until his death. Until 2000, the hall was all male. The oldest part of Hugh Stewart Hall was originally called Lenton Hall and was built in about 1792, by the architect William Stretton, as a home for Nottingham banker and owner of the Butterley Company, John Wright. This oldest part is known as Warden's House and is Grade II listed. The hall was extended in 1937, at which time it was renamed Hugh Stewart. It was extended again in 1969.

The Hall's Warden is Professor Glenn McDowell. He is also Warden of Lenton & Wortley and Cripps Halls, and Head of the Department of Civil Engineering. The Deputy Warden is Ms Stacy Johnson of the School of Nursing, who was Warden from September 2005 – 2010 and took over from archaeologist Dr Jon Henderson; he unexpectedly had to resign due to academic commitments, having been warden for only a year. He was preceded by Dr. Don Rees, who had been Warden of the hall for 29 years, and after whom the hall library is named. The hall features 'Latitude', one of four licensed hall bars on campus.

Lenton & Wortley
Lenton and Wortley Hall (52.9432°N, -1.1986°W) is a mixed undergraduate hall of residence. Like Cripps Hall, it was designed by Donald McMorran and George Whitby. It provides accommodation for around 283 students, making it the third largest hall on campus. Lenton and Wortley Hall is located in the 'North Zone', along with Cripps Hall, and lies between Derby Road and Beeston Lane. The Hall consists of blocks 1-12 and one en-suite block, Wortley House.

The hall results from the amalgamation of two previous halls of residence, New Lenton Hall and Wortley Hall, named after the local district of Lenton and Professor Harry Almond Saville Wortley, Principal of University College Nottingham from 1935 to 1947, as well as Lenton Hurst. Lenton Hurst, a large old house by the architect Arthur George Marshall next to the Lenton Hall (then so called), was until the 1970s used for student accommodation. The Hall is home to Hops, one of the four cafe-bars on campus. Between 1980 and 2006, the Warden was Mr William Hooker. Professor Glenn McDowell, who was previously warden of Nightingale Hall, was Warden until 2019.

The hall is represented by its crest, which notably features the hall's symbolic animal, a squirrel, and a fir tree designed to represent the nearby fir trees; the large fir tree provides a focal point to the hall's main quad. The crest is believed to be designed around the conception of the halls and has the Latin motto "Desiderium nostrum servire", which translates to "Our desire to serve".

Lincoln
Lincoln Hall (52.9419°N, -1.1995°W) is a mixed undergraduate hall of residence. It provides accommodation for about 221 students. The hall is named after the nearby East Midlands city of Lincoln. The current Hall Warden is Prof Vicky Chapman.

The Hall was designed by the Nottingham architect F.E. Wooley and opened in 1962; until 1997, it was an all-male hall. The buildings overlook parkland at the rear and form two main courts. The rectangular lower court consists of 12 self-contained accommodation blocks, each named after places found in the county of Lincolnshire. The upper court features the dining hall, the Coveney Library, the Senior Common Room and the gatehouse, all enclosing a circular lawn. Two gilded herons, the Hall's emblem, adorn the wrought iron gates leading to the park.

Notable alumni
 * Sir John Henry Hayes – MP for South Holland and the Deepings in Lincolnshire since 1997 and former Minister of State for Transport; President of Lincoln JCR
 * Levison Wood – explorer and writer

Nightingale
Nightingale Hall (52.9374°N, -1.2067°W) is the smallest hall of residence on campus with accommodation for 150 students. The hall opened in 1950. The first warden was the historian and poet Audrey Beecham. The hall was refurbished in 1998 and again in 2007.

It is named after the nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale, and originally stored the university's collection of documents and memorabilia associated with her, although this is now stored in the Hallward Library and the Florence Nightingale Museum in Southwark, London. Until 2000, the hall was all female, but it is now mixed. The Hall was one of the first to offer students 'large study bedroom' accommodation in September 2007, in which the rooms are fitted with three-quarter sized beds and a mini fridge; this is now common across all of University Park. The present warden is Professor Jan Bradley.

Rutland
Rutland Hall (52.9401°N, -1.2033°W) provides accommodation for 284 students. It is named after both the East Midlands county of Rutland and the Duke of Rutland himself. The hall was originally opened in 1964, as part of a large expansion of the university during that period. It was originally a men's hall, but it and Ancaster became the university's first mixed halls in 1970. By the 1990s, it was clear that more accommodation was needed. Therefore, in 1993, a new, en suite wing was built—K Block. The building was completely refurbished in the summer of 1999. A particularly notable feature of the building is the unusual shape of its library, which is an octagon.

Sherwood
Sherwood Hall (52.9407°N, -1.2049°W) is a mixed undergraduate hall of residence. It provides accommodation for about 267 students. The hall was designed by the architects J Fletcher Watson as part of the 1960s expansion programme on University Park. Building work started in March 1963 and the hall opened, as a male hall of residence, in October 1964.

Sherwood Hall was designed as an interpretation of the traditional collegiate quadrangle, but using contemporary forms and materials. A distinctive feature is the white painted shiplap weatherboarding, which gives the hall something of a North American feel. As originally built, the hall had a single quadrangle of accommodation blocks, with a further accommodation block and the main hall and library forming a second, but open-ended, court. Subsequent extensions have transformed this into a second quadrangle. For the first twenty-two years of its life, the warden was the late W. R. "Bunny" Chalmers; he was succeeded in 2006 by Prof. Antonino La Rocca.

Willoughby
Willoughby Hall (52.9353°N, -1.2051°W) is a mixed undergraduate hall of residence, built in 1964, and was a female hall at its inception, though now mixed for some time. It provides accommodation for around 260 students. The hall is named after the local Willoughby (or Willughby) family, whose family home Wollaton Hall is adjacent to the university campus. 2007 saw the addition of The Mix, now named Vesper, the largest of the 4 remaining hall bars on campus. It also features a TV room alongside the JCR; in addition to a study room, it also features a centrally timetabled seminar room known as the Machicado Suite and boardroom (Morton Colville Suite). The hall is located near the west entrance of the university, close to Broadgate Park. The current warden is Dr Stephen Greedy, from the Engineering faculty. The current chairman of Willoughby Hall is Hamza Nouman. Infamous previous residents of Willoughby hall include Freya Amelia and Lucy May (class of 2018).

Jubilee Campus
As of September 2011 all of the Jubilee Campus halls fall under the authority of a single warden. At present the Jubilee Campus halls warden is Dr Slawomir Sujeki.

Melton
Melton Hall is the university's only postgraduate hall of residence, and is named after the local town of Melton Mowbray. It provides accommodation for roughly 140 students in en-suite bedrooms and, along with the rest of the first stage of the campus, was designed by Sir Michael Hopkins. The hall is self-catered, with each kitchen shared by up to thirteen students. There are two common rooms and one study room.

Newark
Newark Hall is an undergraduate hall of residence named after the local town of Newark, sharing its coat of arms and motto "Deo Fretus Erumpe" ("Trust in God and Sally Forth"). Housing about 400 students, this makes it the second largest hall of residence in the university (after Bonington Hall). As the rest of the campus, it was designed by Sir Michael Hopkins in the shape of an eight framing two quads surrounded by the building. The current warden is Dr Slawomir Sujecki. Unlike University Park halls, Newark does not have its own catering facilities, residents instead eat in the nearby Atrium restaurant with Southwell residents.

Southwell
Southwell Hall is an undergraduate hall of residence named after the local town of Southwell. It houses about 200 students, and along with the rest of the first stage of the campus, was designed by Sir Michael Hopkins. The administrative team also cover Melton Hall. Unlike University Park halls, Southwell does not have its own catering facilities, residents instead eat in the nearby Atrium restaurant with Newark residents.

Sutton Bonington Campus
Bonington Halls is the name given by the university to the student accommodation (halls of residence) at Sutton Bonington Campus. It is a mixed-sex hall holding both undergraduates and postgraduates. In reality, it is not really a single hall, but a number of small separate "halls" and "houses" of varying age and design, holding between eight and sixty people, in addition to a shared dining room, laundry and bar. Bonington Halls house approximately 650 students. This makes it the university's largest hall of residence (regaining the title from Jubilee's Newark hall). The halls have a single JCR committee, but this operates more along the lines of the entertainment committee of the Student Guild as it arranges activities for both the residents of Bonington Halls and those students studying at Sutton Bonington but living off campus. The houses and halls at Sutton Bonington are named after local villages and are as follows:

 * Kingston – the oldest hall, built just before the First World War and used to house German POWs during the war; until recently it was an all-male hall
 * Normanton – originally built as an all-female hall, and remained so until recently
 * Wymeswold
 * Ratcliffe
 * Rempstone
 * Kegworth
 * Dishley
 * Hathern
 * Lockington
 * Zouch
 * Stanford
 * Barton
 * Costock
 * Thrumpton
 * Eviton House – postgraduate-only house at the far end of the arboretum
 * St. Michaels Flats – located nearer the village itself, these house students with families, mainly international students

University-arranged self-catering accommodation

 * Broadgate Park is a collection of self catered student accommodation of some 2400 undergraduate and postgraduate students. It is operated privately by UPP (Broadgate Park) Ltd and is situated immediately to the southwest of University Park, between the campus and the town of Beeston. The current Warden is Dr Anna Pelekanou.
 * Raleigh Park is a self-catering hall located close to Jubilee Campus, though not very close to the university campus. It is owned and operated by Derwent Living. It consists of five courts: Sillitoe, Madison, Roddice, Byron and Chatterley.
 * St. Peter's Court is a self-catering hall, owned and managed by Unite, who run numerous other third party halls across the country. Recently extended it can now house over 800 students all with en suite rooms.
 * Cloister House is a self-catering hall, owned and managed by UPP (Broadgate Park) Ltd, housing almost 70 postgraduate students outside the south east corner of University Park in the Dunkirk area.
 * Albion House is a self-catering hall, owned and managed by UPP (Broadgate Park) Ltd, housing mainly undergraduate students and situated in the town of Beeston.

Defunct Halls
University Hall was a hall-grouping to which all off-campus students belonged in the days before such a group became so large that it was meaningless to attempt to make it conform with the halls system. The hall was dissolved in the 1990s.

Wortley Hall was a hall named after the last Principal of University College Nottingham, Harry Wortley. It was located in the extreme north of University Park in Lenton Firs House. The hall was subsumed by New Lenton Hall in the 1980s, with the School of Architecture (now the School of the Built Environment) taking over the occupation of Lenton Firs.

Facilities
Facilities vary by hall, but most halls have a bar, common room, study room, pantries (with kettle, sink, fridge/freezer and microwave) and laundry facilities. Melton Hall is self-catered, and has full kitchens rather than pantries. Rooms vary in size and equipment; most rooms on University Park have shared bathroom facilities, while all rooms on Jubilee Campus have en-suite bathrooms. The basic equipment provided with a bedroom includes a bed (usually a half-double), wardrobe, bedside table, desk, chair, lamp, pinboard and mirror. Internet access is provided, with both wired and wireless connections available. Undergraduate rooms include a small fridge.


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Cost accrual ratio

The Cost Accrual Ratio for a business is the total average cost per person per unit time, e.g. average cost per day per person. It is only useful for risk assessment in small projects where average wages are roughly equal.

title: Cost accrual ratio


text: Template:Catholic Encyclopedia

title: Template:Catholic Encyclopedia


text:
Infinitesimal rotation matrix

An infinitesimal rotation matrix or differential rotation matrix is a matrix representing an infinitely small rotation.

While a rotation matrix is an orthogonal matrix $$R^\mathsf{T} = R^{-1}$$ representing an element of $$SO(n)$$ (the special orthogonal group), the differential of a rotation is a skew-symmetric matrix $$A^\mathsf{T} = -A$$ in the tangent space $$\mathfrak{so}(n)$$ (the special orthogonal Lie algebra), which is not itself a rotation matrix.

An infinitesimal rotation matrix has the form

 * $$ I + d\theta \, A,$$

where $$I$$ is the identity matrix, $$d\theta$$ is vanishingly small, and $$A \in \mathfrak{so}(n).$$

For example, if $$A = L_x,$$ representing an infinitesimal three-dimensional rotation about the $x$-axis, a basis element of $$\mathfrak{so}(3),$$

 * $$ dL_{x} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -d\theta \\ 0 & d\theta & 1 \end{bmatrix}. $$

The computation rules for infinitesimal rotation matrices are as usual except that infinitesimals of second order are routinely dropped. With these rules, these matrices do not satisfy all the same properties as ordinary finite rotation matrices under the usual treatment of infinitesimals. It turns out that the order in which infinitesimal rotations are applied is irrelevant.

Discussion
An infinitesimal rotation matrix is a skew-symmetric matrix where:
 * As any rotation matrix has a single real eigenvalue, which is equal to +1, the corresponding eigenvector defines the rotation axis.
 * Its module defines an infinitesimal angular displacement.

The shape of the matrix is as follows: $$ A = \begin{pmatrix} 1         & -d\phi_z(t) &  d\phi_y(t) \\ d\phi_z(t) & 1          & -d\phi_x(t) \\ -d\phi_y(t) & d\phi_x(t) &  1 \\ \end{pmatrix} $$

Associated quantities
Associated to an infinitesimal rotation matrix $$A$$ is an infinitesimal rotation tensor $$d\Phi(t) = A - I$$:

$$ d\Phi(t) = \begin{pmatrix} 0         & -d\phi_z(t) &  d\phi_y(t) \\ d\phi_z(t) & 0          & -d\phi_x(t) \\ -d\phi_y(t) & d\phi_x(t) &  0 \\ \end{pmatrix} $$

Dividing it by the time difference yields the angular velocity tensor:

\Omega = \frac{d\Phi(t)}{dt} = \begin{pmatrix} 0          & -\omega_z(t) &  \omega_y(t) \\ \omega_z(t) & 0           & -\omega_x(t) \\ -\omega_y(t) & \omega_x(t) &  0           \\ \end{pmatrix} $$

Order of rotations
These matrices do not satisfy all the same properties as ordinary finite rotation matrices under the usual treatment of infinitesimals. To understand what this means, consider

 * $$ dA_{\mathbf{x}} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -d\theta \\ 0 & d\theta & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$$

First, test the orthogonality condition, $Q^{T}Q = I$. The product is

 * $$ dA_\mathbf{x}^\textsf{T} \, dA_\mathbf{x} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + d\theta^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 + d\theta^2 \end{bmatrix},$$

differing from an identity matrix by second order infinitesimals, discarded here. So, to first order, an infinitesimal rotation matrix is an orthogonal matrix.

Next, examine the square of the matrix,

 * $$ dA_{\mathbf{x}}^2 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 - d\theta^2 & -2d\theta \\ 0 & 2\,d\theta & 1 - d\theta^2 \end{bmatrix}.$$

Again discarding second order effects, note that the angle simply doubles. This hints at the most essential difference in behavior, which we can exhibit with the assistance of a second infinitesimal rotation,

 * $$dA_\mathbf{y} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & d\phi \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -d\phi & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$$

Compare the products $dA_{x} dA_{y}$ to $dA_{y}dA_{x}$,

 * $$\begin{align}

dA_{\mathbf{x}}\,dA_{\mathbf{y}} &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & d\phi \\ d\theta\,d\phi & 1 & -d\theta \\ -d\phi & d\theta & 1 \end{bmatrix} \\ dA_{\mathbf{y}}\,dA_{\mathbf{x}} &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & d\theta\,d\phi & d\phi \\ 0 & 1 & -d\theta \\ -d\phi & d\theta & 1 \end{bmatrix}. \\ \end{align}$$

Since $$d\theta \, d\phi$$ is second-order, we discard it: thus, to first order, multiplication of infinitesimal rotation matrices is commutative. In fact,

 * $$ dA_{\mathbf{x}}\,dA_{\mathbf{y}} = dA_{\mathbf{y}}\,dA_{\mathbf{x}},$$

again to first order. In other words,.

This useful fact makes, for example, derivation of rigid body rotation relatively simple. But one must always be careful to distinguish (the first order treatment of) these infinitesimal rotation matrices from both finite rotation matrices and from Lie algebra elements. When contrasting the behavior of finite rotation matrices in the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula above with that of infinitesimal rotation matrices, where all the commutator terms will be second order infinitesimals one finds a bona fide vector space. Technically, this dismissal of any second order terms amounts to Group contraction.

Generators of rotations
Suppose we specify an axis of rotation by a unit vector [x, y, z], and suppose we have an infinitely small rotation of angle Δθ about that vector. Expanding the rotation matrix as an infinite addition, and taking the first order approach, the rotation matrix ΔR is represented as:
 * $$\Delta R =

\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\   0 & 1 & 0 \\    0 & 0 & 1  \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 0 & z & -y \\ -z & 0 &  x \\ y & -x & 0 \end{bmatrix}\,\Delta \theta = I + A\,\Delta\theta. $$

A finite rotation through angle θ about this axis may be seen as a succession of small rotations about the same axis. Approximating Δθ as θ/N, where N is a large number, a rotation of θ about the axis may be represented as:
 * $$R = \left(I + \frac{A\theta}{N}\right)^N \approx e^{A\theta}.$$

It can be seen that Euler's theorem essentially states that all rotations may be represented in this form. The product Aθ is the "generator" of the particular rotation, being the vector (x, y, z) associated with the matrix A. This shows that the rotation matrix and the axis-angle format are related by the exponential function.

One can derive a simple expression for the generator G. One starts with an arbitrary plane defined by a pair of perpendicular unit vectors a and b. In this plane one can choose an arbitrary vector x with perpendicular y. One then solves for y in terms of x and substituting into an expression for a rotation in a plane yields the rotation matrix R, which includes the generator G = baT − abT.

 * $$\begin{align}

x &= a \cos\left( \alpha \right) + b \sin\left( \alpha \right) \\ y &= -a \sin\left( \alpha \right) + b \cos\left( \alpha \right) \\ \cos\left( \alpha \right) &= a^\mathrm{T} x \\ \sin\left( \alpha \right) &= b^\mathrm{T} x \\ y &= -ab^\mathrm{T} x + ba^\mathrm{T} x = \left( ba^\mathrm{T} - ab^\mathrm{T} \right)x \\ \\  x' &= x \cos\left( \beta \right) + y \sin\left( \beta \right) \\ &= \left[ I \cos\left( \beta \right) + \left( ba^\mathrm{T} - ab^\mathrm{T} \right) \sin\left( \beta \right) \right]x \\ \\  R &= I \cos\left( \beta \right) + \left( ba^\mathrm{T} - ab^\mathrm{T} \right) \sin\left( \beta \right) \\ &= I \cos\left( \beta \right) + G \sin\left( \beta \right) \\ \\  G &= ba^\mathrm{T} - ab^\mathrm{T} \\ \end{align}$$

To include vectors outside the plane in the rotation one needs to modify the above expression for R by including two projection operators that partition the space. This modified rotation matrix can be rewritten as an exponential function.

 * $$\begin{align}

P_{ab} &= -G^2 \\ R &= I - P_{ab} + \left[ I \cos\left( \beta \right) + G \sin\left( \beta \right) \right] P_{ab} = e^{G\beta} \\ \end{align}$$

Analysis is often easier in terms of these generators, rather than the full rotation matrix. Analysis in terms of the generators is known as the Lie algebra of the rotation group.

Exponential map
Connecting the Lie algebra to the Lie group is the exponential map, which is defined using the standard matrix exponential series for $e^{A}$ For any skew-symmetric matrix $A$, $exp(A)$ is always a rotation matrix.

An important practical example is the $exp(2 artanh A)$ case. In rotation group SO(3), it is shown that one can identify every $3 × 3$ with an Euler vector $A ∈ so(3)$, where $ω = θ u$ is a unit magnitude vector.

By the properties of the identification $u = (x,y,z)$, $su(2) ≅ R^{3}$ is in the null space of $A$. Thus, $u$ is left invariant by $u$ and is hence a rotation axis.

Using Rodrigues' rotation formula on matrix form with $exp(A)$, together with standard double angle formulae one obtains,
 * $$\begin{align}

\exp( A ) &{}= \exp(\theta(\boldsymbol{u\cdot L})) = \exp \left( \left[\begin{smallmatrix} 0 & -z \theta & y \theta \\ z \theta & 0&-x \theta \\ -y \theta & x \theta & 0 \end{smallmatrix}\right] \right)= \boldsymbol{I} + 2\cos\frac{\theta}{2}\sin\frac{\theta}{2}~\boldsymbol{u\cdot L} + 2\sin^2\frac{\theta}{2} ~(\boldsymbol{u\cdot L} )^2 , \end{align}$$ This is the matrix for a rotation around axis $θ = θ/2 + θ/2$ by the angle $A$ in half-angle form. For full detail, see exponential map SO(3).

Notice that for infinitesimal angles second order terms can be ignored and remains $u$

Relationship to skew-symmetric matrices
Skew-symmetric matrices over the field of real numbers form the tangent space to the real orthogonal group $$O(n)$$ at the identity matrix; formally, the special orthogonal Lie algebra. In this sense, then, skew-symmetric matrices can be thought of as infinitesimal rotations.

Another way of saying this is that the space of skew-symmetric matrices forms the Lie algebra $$o(n)$$ of the Lie group $$O(n).$$ The Lie bracket on this space is given by the commutator:

 * $$[A, B] = AB - BA.\,$$

It is easy to check that the commutator of two skew-symmetric matrices is again skew-symmetric:

 * $$\begin{align}

{[}A, B{]}^\textsf{T} &= B^\textsf{T} A^\textsf{T} - A^\textsf{T} B^\textsf{T} \\ &= (-B)(-A) - (-A)(-B) = BA - AB = -[A, B] \,. \end{align}$$

The matrix exponential of a skew-symmetric matrix $$A$$ is then an orthogonal matrix $$R$$:

 * $$R = \exp(A) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{A^n}{n!}.$$

The image of the exponential map of a Lie algebra always lies in the connected component of the Lie group that contains the identity element. In the case of the Lie group $$O(n),$$ this connected component is the special orthogonal group $$SO(n),$$ consisting of all orthogonal matrices with determinant 1. So $$R = \exp(A)$$ will have determinant +1. Moreover, since the exponential map of a connected compact Lie group is always surjective, it turns out that every orthogonal matrix with unit determinant can be written as the exponential of some skew-symmetric matrix. In the particular important case of dimension $$n=2,$$ the exponential representation for an orthogonal matrix reduces to the well-known polar form of a complex number of unit modulus. Indeed, if $$n=2,$$ a special orthogonal matrix has the form
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

a & -b \\ b & \,a \end{bmatrix},$$

with $$a^2 + b^2 = 1$$. Therefore, putting $$a = \cos\theta$$ and $$b = \sin\theta,$$ it can be written
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

\cos\,\theta & -\sin\,\theta \\ \sin\,\theta & \,\cos\,\theta \end{bmatrix} = \exp\left(\theta\begin{bmatrix}   0 &  -1 \\    1 & \,0  \end{bmatrix}\right), $$

which corresponds exactly to the polar form $$\cos \theta + i \sin \theta = e^{i \theta}$$ of a complex number of unit modulus.

The exponential representation of an orthogonal matrix of order $$n$$ can also be obtained starting from the fact that in dimension $$n$$ any special orthogonal matrix $$R$$ can be written as $$R = QSQ^\textsf{T},$$ where $$Q$$ is orthogonal and S is a block diagonal matrix with $\lfloor n/2\rfloor$  blocks of order 2, plus one of order 1 if $$n$$ is odd; since each single block of order 2 is also an orthogonal matrix, it admits an exponential form. Correspondingly, the matrix S writes as exponential of a skew-symmetric block matrix $$\Sigma$$ of the form above, $$S = \exp(\Sigma),$$ so that $$R = Q\exp(\Sigma)Q^\textsf{T} = \exp(Q\Sigma Q^\textsf{T}),$$ exponential of the skew-symmetric matrix $$Q\Sigma Q^\textsf{T}.$$ Conversely, the surjectivity of the exponential map, together with the above-mentioned block-diagonalization for skew-symmetric matrices, implies the block-diagonalization for orthogonal matrices.

title: Infinitesimal rotation matrix


text:
Miranda, New South Wales

Miranda is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb is known as a commercial centre for the southern suburbs. Miranda is 24 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district, in the Sutherland Shire.

History
Thomas Holt (1811–88) owned the land that stretched from Sutherland to Cronulla. James Murphy, the manager of the Holt estate named the area after Miranda, a character in the William Shakespeare play The Tempest. In a 1921 letter, James Murphy said "the name Miranda was given to the locality by me as manager of the Holt Sutherland Company which I formed in 1881. I thought it a soft, euphonious, musical and appropriate name for a beautiful place." It is believed that the character in the play was named after Miranda de Ebro, a town in Spain.

In 1918, the Miranda War Memorial was built in the grounds of the then Miranda Public School (now part of Miranda Westfield).

By the 1920s, steam trams operated between Cronulla and Sutherland, via Miranda. The trip from Miranda to Sutherland took fifteen minutes and cost three pence (2.5 cents). In 1923 there were five shops in Miranda, including a post office and butcher, at the intersection of the main road from Sutherland and Port Hacking Road. Settlements of returned soldiers from World War I were well established in Miranda at this time and the area was considered to be one of the best fruit-growing and poultry farming areas.

In 1955, Miranda Library opened.

In 1968, the war memorial moved to the cul-de-sac at the end of Central Road.

Commercial areas
Miranda is the main retail and commercial centre of the Sutherland Shire with shops located on either side of the railway line.

Westfield Miranda (previously known as Miranda Fair) is large shopping centre in the middle of the suburb, adjacent to the Miranda railway station.

There are also two smaller shopping centres nearby, Lederer Shopping Centre Miranda (previously known as Parkside Plaza) and The Kiora Centre. Miranda also has a shopping strip, running along Kingsway and Kiora Road. Numerous commercial developments are also located on these roads and surrounding streets.

Miranda also has a light industrial area located in the north part of the centre and is located on Port Hacking and Box Roads.

The Miranda Hotel is also located on Kingsway and was formerly the Miranda Rex. It was originally designed in the 1950s by Lipson & Kadd who also designed the Padstow Hotel.

Transport

 * Kingsway, Port Hacking Road, The Boulevarde and Kiora Road are the main roads through Miranda. Until 2002 a Miranda landmark was called "the number one black spot in the State for minor accidents," the five-ways roundabout which intersected The Boulevard, Kiora Road and Port Hacking Road. An AUD$8m project was completed from 25 February 2002 – 20 November 2002 to remove the roundabout and implement a series of traffic lights at the intersection. Collisions at the intersection fell from 222 in 2002 to 13 in 2003.
 * Miranda railway station is on the Cronulla branch of the Illawarra railway line on the Sydney Trains network. The railway station gives quick access to Cronulla Beach by train.
 * Maianbar Bundeena Bus Service, Transit Systems and U-Go Mobility provide bus service to Miranda. For full route details see Miranda station.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 15,284 residents in Miranda. 68.3% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.6%, China 3.0%, New Zealand 2.3%, India 1.5% and Philippines 1.2%. 73.8% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.0%, Greek 2.2%, Cantonese 1.6%, Italian 1.4% and Spanish 1.3%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 28.8%, No Religion 23.6% and Anglican 17.7%.

Sport
Miranda is home to several sports teams, including:

 * Miranda Magpies FC (Soccer)
 * Miranda Magpies Cricket Club (Cricket)
 * Miranda Magpies Netball Club (Netball)
 * Miranda Magpies AFC (Australian Rules Football)
 * Miranda Magpies Football Club (Rugby League)

title: Miranda, New South Wales


text:
James M. McPherson

James Munro McPherson (born October 11, 1936) is an American historian specializing in the American Civil War. He is the George Henry Davis '86 Professor Emeritus of United States History at Princeton University. He received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. McPherson was the president of the American Historical Association in 2003.

Early life and education
Born in Valley City, North Dakota, McPherson graduated from St. Peter High School in St. Peter, Minnesota, and received his Bachelor of Arts in 1958 from Gustavus Adolphus College, also in St. Peter, from which he graduated magna cum laude. He received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1963, where he studied under C. Vann Woodward.

Career
McPherson joined the faculty of Princeton in 1962. His works include The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction, awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Award in 1965. In 1988, he published his Pulitzer-winning book, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. His 1990 book, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution argues that the emancipation of slaves amounts to a second American Revolution. McPherson's 1998 book, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War, received the Lincoln Prize. In 2002, he published both a scholarly book, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam 1862, and a history of the American Civil War for children, Fields of Fury.

In 2007, McPherson published This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War, a series of essays about the American Civil War. One essay describes the huge difficulty of negotiation when regime change is a war aim on either side of a conflict. "For at least the past two centuries, nations have usually found it harder to end a war than to start one. Americans learned that bitter lesson in Vietnam, and apparently having forgotten it, we're forced to learn it all over again in Iraq." One of McPherson's examples is the American Civil War, in which both the Union and the Confederacy sought regime change. It took four years to end the war.

"There are all kinds of myths that a people has about itself, some positive, some negative, some healthy and some not healthy. I think that one job of the historian is to try to cut through some of those myths and get closer to some kind of reality. So that people can face their current situation realistically, rather than mythically. I guess that's my sense of what a historian ought to do."

- James M. McPherson

Among McPherson's other books are The Negro's Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (1965), The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP (1975), and Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War (1996).

Honors
McPherson was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1991. In 1995, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member David McCullough.

McPherson was named the 2000 Jefferson Lecturer in the humanities by the National Endowment for the Humanities. In making the announcement of McPherson's selection, NEH Chairman William R. Ferris said:

"James M. McPherson has helped millions of Americans better understand the meaning and legacy of the American Civil War. By establishing the highest standards for scholarship and public education about the Civil War and by providing leadership in the movement to protect the nation's battlefields, he has made an exceptional contribution to historical awareness in America."

In 2002, McPherson received The Lincoln Forum's Richard Nelson Current Award of Achievement. In 2007, he was awarded the $100,000 Pritzker Military Library Literature Award for lifetime achievement in military history and was the first recipient of the prize. In 2007, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement in military history given by the Society for Military History. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009.

In 2009, he was the co-winner of the Lincoln Prize for Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief.

Activism
McPherson is known for his outspokenness on contemporary issues and for his activism, such as his work on behalf of the preservation of Civil War battlefields. As president in 1993–1994 of Protect Historic America, he lobbied against the construction of a Disney theme park near Manassas battlefield. He has also served on the boards of the Civil War Trust as well as the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites, a predecessor to the Civil War Trust. From 1990 to 1993, he sat on the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission.

Along with several other historians, McPherson signed a May 2009 petition asking U.S. President Barack Obama not to lay a wreath at the Confederate Monument Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. The petition stated:

"The Arlington Confederate Monument is a denial of the wrong committed against African Americans by slave owners, Confederates, and neo-Confederates, through the monument's denial of slavery as the cause of secession and its holding up of Confederates as heroes. This implies that the humanity of Africans and African Americans is of no significance.

Today, the monument gives encouragement to the modern neo-Confederate movement and provides a rallying point for them. The modern neo-Confederate movement interprets it as vindicating the Confederacy and the principles and ideas of the Confederacy and their neo-Confederate ideas. The presidential wreath enhances the prestige of these neo-Confederate events."

President Obama himself never addressed the issue. Instead, he sent a wreath not only to the Confederate Memorial but also instituted a new tradition of sending a presidential wreath to the African American Civil War Memorial in Washington, D.C. He also won the praise of the Sons of Confederate Veterans.

Personal life
McPherson is married and has one child.

title: James M. McPherson