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USS Gregory (DD-82)

USS Gregory (DD-82/APD-3) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and, as APD-3 World War II. She was named for Admiral Francis Gregory USN (1780–1866). She was converted into a high-speed transport during World War II and was sunk by Japanese warships.

Construction and commissioning
Gregory was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts, on 25 August 1917, launched on 27 January 1918 by Mrs. George S. Trevor, great-granddaughter of Admiral Gregory, and commissioned on 1 June 1918, Commander Arthur P. Fairfield in command.

World War I
Joining a convoy at New York, Gregory sailed for Brest, France, 25 June 1918. She spent the final summer of the war escorting convoys from the French port to various Allied ports in Britain and France. As the war neared its close, Gregory was assigned to the patrol squadron at Gibraltar 2 November 1918. In addition to patrolling in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, Gregory carried passengers and supplies to the Adriatic and aided in the execution of the terms of the Austrian armistice. After six months of this duty, the flush-deck destroyer joined naval forces taking part in relief missions to the western Mediterranean 28 April 1919. In company with the battleship USS Arizona (BB-39), Gregory carried supplies and passengers to Smyrna, Constantinople, and Batum. She then sailed for Gibraltar with the American consul from Tiflis, Russia and some British army officers. She offloaded her passengers on the rocky fortress; Gregory sailed for New York reaching the United States 13 June 1919.

Inter-War period
After brief tours in reserve at Tompkinsville, New York, the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and the Philadelphia Navy Yard; Gregory sailed to Charleston, South Carolina, 4 January 1921. A year of local training operations out of the southern port ended 12 April 1922, when Gregory entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She decommissioned 7 July 1922 and went into reserve.

As war broke again over Europe, threatening to involve the United States, Gregory and three other four-stackers were taken out of mothballs for conversion to high-speed transports. The destroyers were stripped of virtually all their armament to make room for boats, while other important modifications were made for troops and cargo (such as removing two forward boiler rooms and their stacks). Gregory recommissioned 4 November 1940 as APD-3 and joined USS Little (DD-79), USS Colhoun (DD-85), and USS McKean (DD-90) to form Transport Division 12 (TransDiv 12). Gregory and her sister APDs trained along the East Coast for the following year perfecting landing techniques with various Marine divisions. None of these ships survived through the Pacific war, as all but McKean were lost during the Solomon Islands campaign.

World War II
On 27 January 1942 she departed Charleston for Pearl Harbor. Exercises in Hawaiian waters kept TransDiv 12 in the Pacific through the spring, after which they returned to San Diego for repairs. They sailed for the Pacific again on 7 June, reaching Pearl Harbor a week later to train for the upcoming invasion of Guadalcanal, America's first offensive effort in the Pacific campaign.

Departing Nouméa on 31 July 1942, Gregory joined Task Force 62 (TF 62) (under Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher) and steamed for Guadalcanal. After sending her Marines ashore in the first assault waves 7 August, Gregory and her sister APDs remained in the area. The ships patrolled the waters around the hotly contested islands, waters which were to gain notoriety as "Iron Bottom Sound", and brought up ammunition & supplies from Espiritu Santo.

On 4 September, Gregory and Little were returning to their anchorage at Tulagi after transferring a Marine Raider Battalion to Savo Island. The night was inky-black with a low haze obscuring all landmarks, and the captains decided to remain on patrol rather than risk threading their way through the dangerous channel. As they steamed between Guadalcanal and Savo Island at 10 kn, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūdachi, JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsuyuki and JAPANESE DESTROYER Murakumo entered the Slot undetected to deliver a "Tokyo Express" package of troops and supplies to Guadalcanal. After completing the delivery, the crews prepared to bombard Henderson Field at Lunga Point. At 00:56 on 5 September, Gregory and Little saw flashes of gunfire which they assumed came from a Japanese submarine until radar showed four targets; apparently a cruiser had joined the three destroyers. While the two outgunned ships were debating whether to close for action or depart quietly and undetected, the decision was taken out of their hands.

A Navy pilot had also seen the gunfire and, assuming it came from a Japanese submarine, dropped a string of five flares almost on top of the two APDs. Gregory and Little, silhouetted against the blackness, were spotted immediately by the Japanese destroyers, which opened fire at 01:00. Gregory brought all her guns to bear but was overmatched and less than 3 minutes after the flares had been dropped was dead in the water and beginning to sink. Two boilers had burst and her decks were a mass of flames. Her skipper, Lieutenant Commander Harry F. Bauer, himself seriously wounded, gave the word to abandon ship, and Gregory's crew took to the water. Bauer ordered two companions to aid another crewman yelling for help and was never seen again; for his conduct, he posthumously received the Silver Star. The U.S. Navy subsequently named a ship, USS Harry F. Bauer (DD-738), in recognition of his gallant action.

At 01:23, with all of Gregorys and most of Littles crew in the water, the Japanese ships began shelling again—aiming not at the crippled ships but at their helpless crews in the water. Gregory sank stern first some 40 minutes after the firing had begun, and was followed two hours later by Little. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, in praising the courageous crews after their loss, wrote that "both of these small vessels fought as well as possible against the overwhelming odds ... With little means, they performed duties vital to the success of the campaign." 24 officers and men, including the commanding officer, from Gregory were killed.

Petty Officer First Class Charles French swam 6–8 hours in shark-infested waters near Guadalcanal while towing a life raft with 15 of the Gregory's survivors to avoid capture and possible execution by Japanese forces on land.

Gregory's name was struck from the Navy List 2 October 1942.

Awards
Gregory received two battle stars for her World War II service.

title: USS Gregory (DD-82)


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Otis Blackwell

Otis Blackwell (February 16, 1931 – May 6, 2002) was an American songwriter whose work influenced rock and roll. His compositions include "Fever" (recorded by Little Willie John), "Great Balls of Fire" and "Breathless" (recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis), "Don't Be Cruel", "All Shook Up", and "Return to Sender" (with Winfield Scott; recorded by Elvis Presley), and "Handy Man" (recorded by Jimmy Jones).

Biography
Blackwell was born in Brooklyn, New York. He learned to play the piano as a child and grew up listening to both R&B and country music.

His first success was winning a local talent contest ("Amateur Night") at the Apollo Theater in Harlem in 1952. This led to a recording contract with RCA and then with Jay-Dee. His first release was his own composition "Daddy Rolling Stone", which became a favorite in Jamaica, where it was recorded by Derek Martin. The song later became part of The Who's mod repertoire. Enjoying some early recording and performing success, he found his first love was songwriting and by 1955 had settled into the groove that he would ride for decades. His first successes as a songwriter came in 1956, when Little Willie John's R&B hit with the sultry "Fever" was an even bigger pop success for Peggy Lee, and "Don't Be Cruel" began a highly profitable association with Elvis Presley.

Blackwell was one of the leading figures of early rock and roll, although he was not well known by the public. His own records never cracked the Top 40, yet he wrote million-selling songs for Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Dee Clark and others. He also recruited other songwriters to write for Presley, such as Winfield Scott.

In the liner notes of Elvis' Golden Records (1958), Anne Fulchino of RCA Records, wrote,

While sipping coffee, Steve Sholes pulled out a demonstration record of 'Don't Be Cruel' and told Elvis it was a new song written by Otis Blackwell, whom Elvis had long admired as a rhythm and blues artist. It took just a few bars to convince Presley that it was a perfect song for him, and he decided to cut it right away. Presley learned the song within minutes—he had an inherent musical sense—and in short order a great master was put on tape.

It is not often that the title of a song will create a whole new expression in Americana. 'All Shook Up' did exactly that. Youngsters and adults alike have made the phrase a common part of everyday usage. The background to the song itself is a rather interesting one. Since the huge success of 'Don't Be Cruel', Elvis had been anxious to record another song from the pen of Otis Blackwell. Eventually, Blackwell came around with 'All Shook Up' (first recorded by David Hill on Aladdin). Presley was not completely satisfied with the song, and with Blackwell's consent re-wrote part of the lyrics. Thus, as co-writer as well as artist, Presley produced his ninth consecutive gold record, his first in the year 1957.

During an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman, Blackwell said he never met Presley in person. When he was having a contract dispute with his publishing company, he also wrote under the white-sounding pen name John Davenport. Blackwell composed more than a thousand songs, garnering worldwide sales of close to 200 million records. Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, asked Blackwell to appear in the Presley movie Girls! Girls! Girls!, for which he had written "Return to Sender", but a superstition about meeting Presley kept him from accepting.

In 1956, Blackwell gave "Don't Be Cruel" to friend Frankie Valli's group, The Four Lovers, but as they were recording it he asked to take it back and in turn gave it to the up-and-coming Presley. In exchange for this song, he gave them "You're the Apple of My Eye", which became a chart hit for the Four Lovers (Billboard number 64).

As the tide of Rock and roll receded, Blackwell recorded R&B songs for numerous labels, including Atlantic, MGM and Epic. In later years, he was in semi-retirement, making only occasional live appearances.

In the 1980s, Blackwell toured and recorded with the Smithereens as his backing band for both live shows and studio recordings. The partnership produced two self-funded albums, Let's Talk About Us and From the Beginning, which were released independently on Blackwell's ROC-CO imprint.

In 1991, Blackwell was paralyzed by a stroke. Three years later, Shanachie released the album ''Brace Yourself! A Tribute to Otis Blackwell'', containing 15 songs written by Blackwell and recorded by the likes of Kris Kristofferson ("All Shook Up"), Blondie's Debbie Harry ("Don't Be Cruel"), the Smithereens ("Let's Talk About Us"), Graham Parker ("Paralyzed"), and Ronnie Spector ("Brace Yourself").

Blackwell died of a heart attack in 2002 in Nashville, Tennessee, and was interred in Woodlawn Memorial Park.

Awards and recognition
Otis Blackwell was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1986 and in 1991 into the National Academy of Popular Music's Songwriters Hall of Fame. Blackwell's crowning moment came in the late 1980s when the Black Rock Coalition, a prominent organization of black rock musicians, led by Vernon Reid, the lead guitarist of the band, Living Colour, held a tribute for him at the Prospect Park Bandshell in his native Brooklyn. Many prominent musicians and singers took part including Blackwell himself, who performed an assortment of his best songs, including "One Broken Heart for Sale", "Back Trail", "Don't Be Cruel" and "Daddy Rolling Stone".

Blackwell was named one of the 2010 recipients of Ahmet Ertegun Award in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. This category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry.

In 2022, Blackwell was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame.

Legacy
Blackwell is considered one of the greatest R&B songwriters of all time. His songwriting style is as uniquely identifiable as that of Leiber and Stoller, Chuck Berry, or Willie Dixon and helped redefine popular music in America in the 1950s. This is true even though he often collaborated with such partners as Winfield Scott, Eddie Cooley, and Jack Hammer. Blackwell was one of the most important innovators who helped invent the musical vocabulary of rock and roll at its very beginning. His works have been recorded by a host of major artists, including Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, James Brown, The Who, Johnny Thunders, Billy Joel, James Taylor, Dolly Parton, Conway Twitty, the Judds, Carl Perkins, Lonnie Lee, and Peggy Lee, among numerous others. At other times in his career, Blackwell was also successful as a record producer, having helped turn out hits for artists as diverse as Connie Francis, Mahalia Jackson, and Sal Mineo.

Songs
Songs composed by Blackwell, with the performers who made them famous, include the following:
 * "All Shook Up" (Elvis Presley)

 * "Breathless" (Jerry Lee Lewis, X)
 * "Don't Be Cruel" (Elvis Presley); inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002
 * "Fever" as "John Davenport" with Eddie Cooley (Peggy Lee, inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998; Little Willie John, Madonna, the McCoys, Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Over the Rhine, and numerous other performers).
 * "Great Balls of Fire" (Jerry Lee Lewis); inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998
 * "Handy Man" (Jimmy Jones, Del Shannon, James Taylor)
 * "Hey Little Girl" (Dee Clark)
 * "Let's Talk About Us" (Jerry Lee Lewis)
 * "Nine Times Out of Ten" with Waldense Hall (Cliff Richard, Ral Donner)
 * "One Broken Heart for Sale"(Elvis Presley)
 * "Paralyzed" (Elvis Presley)
 * "Return to Sender" (Elvis Presley)

Sources and further reading

 * Wilmer, Val. "Rock and Roll Genius" [interview with Otis Blackwell]. Melody Maker. February 5, 1977, Vol. 52: pp. 8, 44.
 * Wilmer, Val. "'I'm Happy as All Hell that the Man Took My Songs'" [interview with Otis Blackwell]. Time Out. March 6–12, 1981, pp. 12–13

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Otis Blackwell


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CFB Borden

Canadian Forces Base Borden (also CFB Borden, French: Base des Forces canadiennes Borden or BFC Borden), formerly RCAF Station Camp Borden, is a large Canadian Forces base located in Ontario. The historic birthplace of the Royal Canadian Air Force, CFB Borden is home to the largest training wing in the Canadian Armed Forces. The base is run by Canadian Forces Support Training Group (CFSTG) and reports to the Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) in Kingston.

History
At the height of the First World War, the Borden Military Camp opened at a location on a glacial moraine west of Barrie in 1916 to train units for the Canadian Expeditionary Force. It was named for Sir Frederick William Borden, former Minister of Militia. In May 1916, the Barrie and Collingwood companies of the 157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF (perpetuated today by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters), under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel D.H. MacLaren, began construction of the camp. Camp Borden was selected in 1917 for a military aerodrome, becoming the first flying station of the Royal Flying Corps Canada.

During the inter-war period, the aerodrome was used for veteran pilot refresher training by the Canadian Air Force (CAF), a part-time, non-permanent air militia. This militia training scheme began in July 1920 and ended in March 1922. Although this training had ended, the CAF continued, reorganized, and eventually evolved into the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Pilot training resumed in May 1923. The air force also conducted specialist courses. Other schools included an Army Co-operation School, an Air Armament & Bombing School and a Technical Training School. When the air force became “royal” in 1924, the station was renamed RCAF Station Camp Borden. Camp Borden's training grounds were expanded in 1938 to house the Canadian Tank School. The Siskins were a RCAF aerobatic flying team that was established in 1929 at Camp Borden.

During the Second World War, both Camp Borden and RCAF Station Camp Borden became the most important training facility in Canada, housing both army training and flight training, the latter under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP). The BCATP's No. 1 Service Flying Training School (SFTS) was located here until 1946. Relief landing fields were located at Alliston and Edenvale. A third landing field, known locally as Leach's Field, was operated by Camp Borden from the 1920s to the 1950s. The L-shaped airstrip was rudimentary; the "runways" at Leach's Field utilized the existing ground surface. It was primarily used for touch-and-go flying.

During the Cold War, Borden's importance as an RCAF facility in Ontario declined in favour of CFB Trenton, CFB Uplands and CFB North Bay. However, its use as an army facility stayed consistent until 1970 when a major reorganization of the combat arms' schools resulted in the transfer of the Infantry School and Armoured School to CFB Gagetown in New Brunswick. On the other hand, numerous "purple" (i.e. tri-service) schools were established or expanded from existing service training establishments, including the Canadian Forces School of Administration and Logistics, the School of Aerospace Ordnance Engineering and the Canadian Forces Health Service Training Centre. The February 1, 1968 unification of the RCAF with the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army resulted in the creation of the Canadian Forces. The military facilities consisting of Camp Borden and RCAF Camp Station Borden were grouped under a new name, Canadian Forces Base Borden (CFB Borden). The aerodrome was closed in 1970 and the base saw use as a regular and reserve training facility for Canadian Forces Land Force Command (the army), as well as hosting various land-based training courses for Canadian Forces Air Command (the air force).

In a 1990s reorganization of the Canadian Forces following the end of the Cold War, CFB Borden's air force training facilities were grouped under the name 16 Wing Borden. The eight surviving Royal Flying Corps hangars at the base have been designated a National Historic Site of Canada.

Plaque
The Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry of Culture and Recreation erected a plaque in 1976. "Camp Borden was established during the First World War as a major training centre of Canadian Expeditionary Force battalions. The Camp (including this structure) was officially opened by Sir Sam Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defence, on July 11, 1916, after two months of intensive building. This military reserve, comprising over twenty square miles, was soon occupied by some 32,000 troops. Training facilities were expanded in 1917 with the institution of an air training programme under the Royal Flying Corps, Canada, and the construction of the first Canadian military aerodrome, regarded as the finest military aviation camp in North America. Following the armistice Camp Borden continued as an important army and air force centre and became one of the largest armed forces bases in Canada."

Activities and facilities
Although originally an air force training base, CFB Borden is now a training base for several elements of the Canadian Forces:
 * 2 Canadian Air Division's (2 Cdn Air Div) primary lodger unit, 16 Wing, commonly referred to as 16 Wing Borden, consists of 16 Wing Headquarters and three schools: the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering (CFSATE), the Royal Canadian Air Force Academy (RCAF Academy), and the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Control (CFSACO), located in Cornwall, Ontario.
 * The Canadian Army's (CA) Regular Force and Primary Reserve army units use a number of training schools and large portions of the base's 22300 acre training area for manoeuvres. In addition to these specific environmental element commands, CFB Borden houses a variety of other purple trades training facilities and headquarters within the Canadian Forces, including a fire-fighting school, Military Police (MP) school, a chaplaincy school, the Canadian Forces Recruiting Group, medical, dental and language schools, and supports local cadet and reserve units. The Toronto Police Service's Emergency Task Force also trains there occasionally. CFB Borden hosts the Blackdown Cadet Training Centre, a facility established for training army cadets. This facility has also hosted air cadets and sea cadets since 2003, when the Borden Air Cadet Summer Training Centre was closed. CFB Borden's residential area houses one regulation-sized golf course (Circled Pine Golf Course, par 72). Circled Pine Golf Course opened in 1952. The course is open to the public and serving Military. The base previously housed a 9-hole links style course, Anderson Park, which originally opened in 1917 but closed after the 2015 season. Base Borden has multiple facilities available to Canadian Armed Forces members that include the Terra theatre, Circled Pine Bowling Centre, two gyms (Buell Fitness & Aquatic Centre and the sub gym, aka 'the bubble'), multiple soccer fields, baseball diamonds, Andy Anderson arena and biking trails. The Base Borden Military Museum (combining four separate museums) has numerous items, equipment and vehicles from all eras of Canadian military history, including a large number of armoured vehicles and aircraft displayed outside in Worthington Park and around the headquarters area of the base. In December 2017, a military parade of the RCAF took place in honour of the anniversary of the Battle of Britain. In August 2010, the Canadian department of Defence announced a C$209 million series of projects to construct new facilities, and upgrade existing facilities, at CFB Borden.
 * A voluntary Canadian military band is maintained at the base. A band at Borden was first formed in the late 1930s, before becoming the No. 6 Bomber Group Band under the leadership of Clifford Hunt. It was stationed in the United Kingdom from 1942-1946. The modern band is organized only during the summer and consists of reservists from all three services who serve at the Canadian Forces Logistics Training Centre.

Aerodrome
In approximately 1942, the aerodrome was listed at 44.26667°N, -79.93333°W with a variation of 8 degrees west and elevation of 730 ft. Three runways were listed as follows:

At some point after the Second World War, runway 11/29 was abandoned and the other two runways were shortened. Just prior to 2004, the runways were listed as follows:

In 2004, the decision was made to close the remaining runways to all aircraft other than helicopters. Only the taxiway and a small section of runway 05/23 remain today (the rest is covered with grass). A helicopter pad is still active at the base of the former runway.

Units
The main units of Canadian Forces Base Borden are:

Integral

 * HQ
 * Technical Services
 * Base Operations
 * Administration Branch
 * Comptroller Branch
 * Management Advisory Services
 * Military Personnel Generation Training Group (MPGTG) HQ

Lodger

 * Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot Angus
 * Canadian Forces Recruiting Group HQ
 * 31 Canadian Forces Health Services Centre
 * 32 Signal Regiment, 1 Squadron
 * Canadian Forces Health Services Training Centre
 * 1 Dental Unit Detachment Borden
 * Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineering School
 * Canadian Forces Military Police Academy
 * 3rd Canadian Ranger Patrol Group
 * The Grey and Simcoe Foresters
 * 400 Tactical Helicopter Squadron
 * Regional Cadet Support Unit Central
 * Regional Cadet Instruction School Central
 * Blackdown Cadet Training Centre
 * Shared Services Canada Detachment Borden
 * Military Police Detachment Borden
 * Real Property Operations Detachment (Borden)
 * Civilian Human Resources Centre
 * Deputy Judge Advocate – Borden
 * Learning and Career Centre
 * Dispute Resolution Centre
 * Complaint Management Centre
 * PSP National Training Centre
 * 16 Wing Borden HQ
 * Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering
 * Royal Canadian Air Force Academy

MPGTG

 * Canadian Forces Chaplain School and Centre (CFChSC)
 * Canadian Forces Fire and CBRN Academy (CFFCA)
 * Canadian Forces Logistics Training Centre (CFLTC)
 * Canadian Forces Training Development Centre (CFTDC)
 * Canadian Forces School of Music (CFSM)
 * Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering (CFSATE)
 * Canadian Forces Military Police Academy (CFMPA)

Tributes
The aircraft control tower is dedicated to the memory of Royal Flying Corps Cadet James Harold Talbot. Talbot became the first fatality at Camp Borden when his Curtiss J.N.4 'Jenny' aeroplane crashed on April 8, 1917. The Air Force Annex of the Base Borden Military Museum is dedicated in memory of First World War Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant Alan Arnett McLeod, the youngest Canadian airman to receive the award. Worthington Park, a part of the Base Borden Military Museum complex, is named after Major-General F. F. Worthington (Frederic Franklin Worthington), the father of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps. General Worthington is buried in Worthington Park.

Air shows
On specific days, CFB Borden organised air shows. For example:
 * In 2016, CFB Borden organised an air show for the centennial of the Royal Canadian Air Force.
 * In 2017, CFB Borden organised an air show for the 150th anniversary of Canada.
 * In 2018, CFB Borden organised an air show for Canadian Armed Forces Day.

Economy

 * CFB Borden local spending impact: $296,062,000
 * CFB Borden estimated local spending impacts: $472,387,000 (direct & indirect)
 * CFB Borden estimated direct employment: 5,158
 * CFB Borden estimated indirect employment: 518

Federal heritage
The Building O-102 at CFB Borden was recognized as a federal heritage building in 1995. Constructed in 1948 to plans prepared in 1945, Building O-102 is associated with the massive construction and modernization program undertaken by the Department of National Defence at the end of WWII.

Architecture
CFB Borden has several Federal Heritage buildings on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings:
 * Alexander Dunn Public School P-148 Recognized - 1995
 * Barrie Armoury Recognized - 1997
 * Croil Hall Building A-142 Recognized - 2003
 * Dyte Hall A-78 Recognized - 1995
 * Hangars 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12 and 13 Classified - 1988
 * Headquarters Building O-102 Recognized - 1995
 * Hennessy Block Building S-136 Recognized - 1995
 * Junior Ranks Quarters T-114 and T-115 Recognized - 1995
 * Maple Mess A-74 Recognized - 1995
 * Museum Building E-108 Recognized - 1995
 * Non Commissioned Officer Building O-109 Recognized - 1995

title: CFB Borden


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Virgin River

The Virgin River is a tributary of the Colorado River in the U.S. states of Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. The river is about 162 mi long. It was designated Utah's first wild and scenic river in 2009, during the centennial celebration of Zion National Park.

History
The first known Euro-American party to encounter the Virgin was led by Jedediah Smith in 1826. Smith named it "Adams River", after then-president John Quincy Adams. Later explorer and mapmaker John C. Fremont reported that it was called "Rio Virgen" but did not state the origin of the name. Hiram Chittenden speculated that Smith had later renamed the river after Thomas Virgin, who was badly wounded in an 1827 attack by Mohave people during the crossing of the Mojave Desert. Virgin recovered from his wounds but was later killed, along with most of Smith's companions, in an attack by Umpqua people (in present-day Oregon).

The Old Spanish Trail followed the Virgin River for part of its length from near St. George to the point it ascended the Mormon Plateau to cross to the Muddy River in present-day Nevada.

Course
Its origin is in Southwestern Utah, at the Navajo Reservoir in the Dixie National Forest, north of Zion National Park, and is formed by the confluence of the East Fork Virgin, that flows through Mount Carmel Junction on the east side of Zion National Park and Parunaweap Canyon, with the North Fork Virgin River, that flows from Navajo Lake through Zion Canyon in Zion National Park. The river flows in a southwesterly direction, passing south of the old townsite of St. George where the Santa Clara River joins the Virgin at a place the Paiutes called Tonaquint. The river then flows across the northwestern corner of Arizona through the Virgin River Gorge and past the towns of Beaver Dam and Littlefield. It enters southern Nevada near the town of Mesquite and empties into the Colorado at the Lake Mead reservoir, approximately 40 mi east of Las Vegas. The last 30 mi of the Virgin River forms the north arm of Lake Mead.

Ecology
Despite flowing through an arid region, the Virgin River is home to a surprisingly diverse array of plants and animals. Southwestern Utah is located at the intersection of three physiographic regions: the Colorado Plateau, the Great Basin, and the Mojave Desert. The exceptional landscapes and habitats of this region harbor unique plant and animal communities and species found nowhere else in the world. Without the water of the Virgin River system, these species could not exist. The Virgin River directly supports hundreds of wildlife species, including woundfin, Virgin River chub, Virgin spinedace, flannelmouth sucker, desert sucker, speckled dace, and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Many of these species are endangered or are considered sensitive species within the State of Utah. The Virgin River Program was established to balance increasing human demand and maintain this unique system.

Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) Federally listed endangered species Size: 10.2 cm One of the rarest species on earth, the endangered woundfin is found only in a small section of the Virgin River. Woundfin have large fins and scale-less, streamlined bodies that help them survive in swift, silty conditions. Although small, it is shark-like in both appearance and action as it feeds on small insects in shallow areas along the river. Woundfin live only one to two years, and their survival depends upon sufficient flow within the river, especially during hot summer months.

Virgin River chub (Gila seminuda) Federally listed endangered species Size: 46.4 cm Rare and beautiful, this fish is the top native predator in the Virgin River. Chub is a fast, streamlined fish with a sloped forehead, humped back, and thin, rounded tail. The Virgin River chub feeds on small fish, insects, and plant matter. Chub prefer deep pools and runs with boulders and debris for cover. Virgin River chub were once an important food source for Native Americans and early pioneers. Listed as an endangered species, the Virgin River chub is found from Pah Tempe Hot Springs down to Halfway Wash, Nevada.

Desert sucker (Catostomus clarkii) State of Utah wildlife species of concern Size: 46.4 cm The desert sucker gets its name from the way it feeds on aquatic vegetation and insects. It uses its thick cartilaginous lips to scrape and suck food from rocks and boulders along the bottom of the river. Desert Suckers are very colorful during the spring spawning season, developing bright orange and black 'racing stripes' along their sides. Desert suckers are considered a sensitive species in Utah, where they are only found in the Virgin River and its tributaries.

Speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) Size: 10.2 cm One of the most widespread species in western North America, the speckled dace is found in large numbers throughout the Virgin River and its tributaries. Speckled dace prefer rocky areas but are comfortable living in all habitats and stream sizes. Speckled dace exhibit a kaleidoscope of shapes and colors across their range. Males display bright red "lipstick" and red fins to attract mates during the breeding season.

Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) Federally listed endangered species The Willow in the Southwest In thick riparian environments around streams, rivers, and other wetlands, flycatchers can be found. The flycatcher breeds in dense, patchy environments made up of medium-sized to towering trees and shrubs at low elevations. It grows in dense populations of riparian bushes that range in height from low to moderate at higher elevations. In particular, the density of vegetation inside 4 m is significant. It is nearly usually the case that standing or slowly moving water is present in preferred environments. The destruction of riparian habitats has caused a severe decline in the populations of the southwestern willow flycatcher. Currently, this sub-species exists only in fragmented and scattered locations throughout its range. Historically, the breeding range reached from southern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, southwestern Colorado, and northwestern Mexico. The flycatcher is a migratory bird that winters in Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Currently, the breeding range for the flycatcher is similar to the historic range, though much of the riparian habitat in the southwest has been degraded by agricultural practices, invasion of non-native vegetation and urban development. The Southwestern Willow Flycatcher is an insectivore, taking insects from the air, or picking them from the foliage. The Southwestern Willow Flycatcher is present on breeding grounds by mid-May. By late May, nests are built, usually in a branched tree fork near the water. Typically, three eggs are laid and then incubated for 12–13 days.

Virgin spinedace (Lepidomeda mollispinis mollispinis) State conservation species Size: 12.7 cm The Virgin spinedace looks, feeds, and behaves like a miniature trout. This silvery minnow gets its name from the sharp spiny rays in its dorsal fin. Virgin spinedace are found only in the Virgin River Basin. Unlike the woundfin and chub, which live only in the Virgin River, spinedace are also found throughout many tributary streams. Virgin Spinedace prefer deep pools and runs and are at home in both clear and turbid water.

Flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) State conservation species Size: 64.8 cm The flannelmouth sucker is the largest native fish in the Virgin River, growing over two feet in length and weighing over six pounds. The flannelmouth's thick fleshy lips contain taste buds that help it find food along the bottom of the River, including aquatic invertebrates, organic debris and algae. Flannelmouth suckers are usually found in deep sandy areas of the Virgin River, but large numbers congregate in shallow gravel areas for spawning in the spring. Water in the river's lower valley provides irrigation for the cultivation of cotton, pomegranates, and figs.

The Nevada river valley's significance is commemorated by Nevada Historical Marker 56.

Virgin River Gorge
The scenic Virgin River Gorge is in northwest Arizona just south of the Utah state line. It is a popular winter rock climbing area noted for its steep and overhanging limestone walls. Interstate 15 follows the Virgin River for several miles through the Virgin River Gorge.

title: Virgin River


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Bananal Island

Bananal Island (Ilha do Bananal, ) is a large river island formed from the bisection of the Araguaia River, in southwestern Tocantins, Brazil. The island is formed by a fork in a very flat section of the Araguaia River. Bananal Island is the second largest river island in the world and the largest without an ocean coastline, at 350 km long and 55 km wide. Its total area is 19162.25 km2. The rivers within the island flow parallel to the Araguaia, and the Jaburu do Bananal is the longest river within a river.

Environmental and cultural protection
Bananal Island is a nature and culture preserve. In accordance with Article 28 of the Statute of Indian Law (Artigo 28 do Estatuto do Indío-lei) No. 6001 laid out on 19 December 1973, an area of 5577.26 km2 is preserved as Araguaia National Park and further 13584.99 km2 as cultural preserve for indigenous peoples. The northern third of the island, which is designated as a national park, is a popular destination for ecotourism. The southern two-thirds are indigenous territories.

Inhabitants
Although Brazilians of non-native descent lived on the island in the past, today only indigenous people populate the island.

At least four tribes live on Bananal Island: the Javaés, Karajá, Ava-Canoeiro, and Tuxá. There are sixteen aldeias or villages on the island: Barra do Rio, Barreira Branca, Boa Esperança, Boto Velho, Cachoeirinha, Fontoura, JK, Kanoanã, Kaxiwe, Macaúba, Santa Isabel, São João, Txoude, Txuiri, Wari-Wari, Watau.

There are no bridges to the island from the states of Tocantins to the east nor from Mato Grosso to the west. For the greater majority of the year, the only transport to the island is by boat. However, for a few weeks during the dry season (June – August) the river is low enough that it can be forded and the island can be reached by car. The villages have roads wide enough for cars and tractors even though the main forms of transport are by horse, bicycle, and foot.

Municipalities
From north to south, the island forms the western portions of the municipalities of Pium, Lagoa da Confusão, and Formoso do Araguaia, in southwestern Tocantins.

title: Bananal Island


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Ai Iijima

Ai Iijima (飯島 愛) was a Japanese media personality, writer, activist and actress who was an AV idol early in her career, starring in more than 100 films. She later became the hostess on the nighttime television program, Gilgamesh Night, and transitioned away from AV work. After ending her career in adult videos, Iijima released a musical single Naisho DE Ai! Ai! (ナイショ DE アイ!アイ!) in July 1993 and soon became a regular on daytime TV talk shows. Iijima became involved in campaigns to educate the public about HIV/AIDS, a cause that few Japanese celebrities were willing to undertake.

On December 24, 2008 at about 3:30 p.m. (JST), Iijima was found dead in her 21st floor Tokyo apartment. Pathology examination showed she had died of pneumonia shortly after retiring from the public eye.

Life and career
Born as Matsue Okubo (大久保松恵) in Tokyo, Japan, Iijima described a troubled early life in her autobiography. She was raped in her early teens and had an abortion. She ran away from home as a teenager, later stating, "I hated my parents, to the point where I would rather be coached by bums to sleep in parks wrapped in newspaper blankets." In order to make a living during this time, Iijima worked in karaoke establishments, snack bars, Ginza hostess clubs, and in enjo kōsai (paid dating).

Early career
Iijima's adult video (AV) debut was All That Sexy Venus for the Tairiku Shobo Company's FOXY label in April 1992. She quickly became the top AV actress of the time, appearing in over 100 films. She entered mainstream media as a hostess on the nighttime television program, Gilgamesh Night, where she became known as the "T-Back Queen", for her practice of turning her rear to the camera, lifting her skirt and flashing her G-string, known in Japan as a "T-Back". In addition to adult videos in the early 1990s, Iijima also acted in a number of softcore V-cinema works including the August 1992 comedy Yuke yuke AV shinsengumi: Tenshi tachi no H na daisensō (ゆけゆけＡＶ新撰組　天使たちのＨな大戦争) (with Hitomi Shiraishi), and the erotic suspense comedy Costume Gourmet: T-Back Bride (コスチューム・グルメ Tバックの花嫁), released in January 1993 by Japan Home Video. One of the top AV models by the age of 20, with admitted breast implants, a nose job, eyebrow work and bottom work as well, she decided to leave the porn business, intent on a career in mainstream entertainment.

After ending her career in adult videos, Iijima released a musical single Naisho DE Ai! Ai! (ナイショ DE アイ!アイ!) in July 1993 and soon became a regular on daytime TV talk shows. Before long, she became one of the most successful tarento to make the transition from pornography into mainstream entertainment. In December 1993, she debuted in mainstream film playing an angel come down to Earth in the Toei Company fantasy Purupuru tenshi teki kyūjitsu (ぷるぷる 天使的休日). She even provided the story for her own manga series, Time Traveler Ai, in which she was featured as the main character. Publicly, Iijima became known for her outspokenness and ability to speak frankly about her past and her personal life. Privately, a friend says, "At first glance, Ai appears really rough around the edges, but she's actually really sensitive, and she always thinks of others in ways like giving them little presents. She's that type."

Iijima also worked in video games as well. In 1995, she also voice acted for the main protagonist of the video game Magical Pop'n. In 1997, she released a video game for the Sega Saturn called Good Island Cafe. The game operates like an interactive movie, where players can make clips in black and white, and watch an interview with her. The game is entirely in Japanese.

Platonic Sex
In 2000, Iijima published Platonic Sex, a semi-autobiographical novel about a young girl who leaves home to escape her parents and ends up as an adult movie star. The book was a best-seller, selling over 1.7 million copies. By 2004, the book had been translated into Korean, Chinese, Spanish and Italian. She visited Taiwan where her book was a best-seller on a promotional tour in February 2001 and was "besieged by journalists" at the airport. Iijima had been popular in Taiwan since the early 1990s when her adult videos began to be imported and she remained a celebrity there for her entire career.

Her novel became the basis for a toned down three-hour television series starring Mari Hoshino which was broadcast by Fuji Television in two parts in September 2001. Another adaptation of the novel with Saki Kagami in the lead role was released as an R15 rated theatrical film by Toho in October 2001 titled Platonic Sex. This version had Iijima credited as author (原作) and supervisor (監修). Iijima's catchphrase, "watashi teki ni" ("my way"), became well known due to the popularity of the book and the movies.

It was also at this time that Iijima became involved in campaigns to educate the public about HIV/AIDS, a cause that few Japanese celebrities were willing to undertake. Iijima continued her activities for this cause in public forums and in her blog for the rest of her life.

Later career
By 2002, Iijima had become a regular on several TV shows. With her pornographic video past a decade away, Iijima was so well known as a mainstream TV celebrity that many younger members of her audience were unaware that she had once been one of the top AV actresses. Items from her early career began going for high prices, and an unauthorized 2002 box-set release of her adult videos sold very well, until her lawyers took it off the market.

Iijima's acceptance into the mainstream gave her access to the highest levels of Japanese society, including once having dinner with Junichiro Koizumi, who was Japan's Minister of Health and Welfare at the time. Iijima claims that on this occasion, the future Prime Minister discussed the sex life of dragonflies with her.

In November 2004, Iijima was invited to speak about her past at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan. Later the same month, she participated in a United Nations program in Tokyo on AIDS awareness in the week leading up to World AIDS Day on December 1, 2004. She made cameo appearances in the 2005 horror film The Curse (Noroi) and the September 2006 police show parody,The Rug Cop (ヅラ刑事（ヅラデカ）).

Retirement
After the difficulties of her early life, Iijima's career in mainstream entertainment had been remarkably free of trouble for over a decade until she was victimized by an embezzler at her talent agency, who took about 100 million yen from her. Late in 2006, she took two weeks off from her position as a panelist on the Sunday morning TV variety show, Sunday Japon. She later revealed in her blog that she was suffering from health problems, causing rumors of her possible retirement from show business to circulate in the press. In March 2007, when asked by the host of Sunday Japon whether rumors of her retirement were true, Iijima replied, "Yes, I have been wanting to quit for some time. I will announce my future plans next week."

Iijima's farewell appearance was at the end of March 2007 on the TV program KinSuma, on which she had been a regular for five years. It was described as "a teary two-hour sayonara party complete with speeches, bouquets and lots of blubbering". However, when psychic Fujiko Kimura confronted Iijima on the program, telling her not to retire and suggesting that there was more behind the retirement announcement than had been made public, Iijima "seemed to admit as much and was reduced to tears." Whatever the circumstances leading to the decision, Ai Iijima's retirement at the age of 34 brought an end to what has been called "one of the more remarkable careers in the cutthroat Japanese entertainment world".

Death
On December 24, 2008, at about 3:30 p.m. (JST), Iijima was found dead in her 21st floor Tokyo apartment, not far from Shibuya Crossing. She was found lying face-down on the floor when medics forced their way into her place. She had been dead for about seven days, police said. On March 3, 2007, Sports Nippon had reported that Ai Iijima was suffering from hay fever, pyelitis (ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney), cystitis, and acute backache. She had written in her blog that she had kidney problems and inflammation of the urinary tract and bladder. In February 2009, police announced that the pathology examination showed she had died of pneumonia, and that there was no suggestion of either suicide or murder.

On March 1, 2009, a memorial service for Iijima was held at the Tokyo Prince Hotel with 700 friends and relatives attending. Later in the day, some 1500 people offered prayers as the service was opened to the public. All proceeds for the day went to the Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention. Iijima was given a posthumous Special Award at the 9th Takeshi Kitano Entertainment Awards for 2009.

title: Ai Iijima


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Bananal

Bananal may refer to the following places and jurisdictions :

 * Bananal, São Paulo, city in Brazil
 * Bananal (micro-region), micro-region in Brazil
 * Bananal Island, island in Araguaia River, Brazil
 * the former Territorial Prelature of Bananal

title: Bananal


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Ibn Juzayy

Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Juzayy Al Gharnati  (أبو القاسم، محمد بن أحمد بن محمد بن عبد الله، ابن جزي الكلبي الغرناطي) was an Andalusian Maliki-Ash'ari scholar and poet of Arab origin.

Works
He wrote many religious works such as his al-Qawanin al-Fiqhiyyah or "The Laws of Jurisprudence" a comparative manual of the jurisprudence of the four Sunni madhhabs (Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi`i, Hanbali) with emphasis on the Maliki school and notices of the views of the Ẓāhirī school and others. He is also noted for his tafsir of the Qur'an al-Tashil li Ulum al-Tanzil, his book on legal theory Taqrīb al-Wuṣūl ‘ilā ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl or The Nearest of Paths to the Knowledge of the Fundamentals of Islamic Jurisprudence, which he wrote for his son, as well as his treatise on Sufism based on the Qur'an, The Refinement of the Hearts.

Family
He had three sons. His son Abu Abdullah Ibn Juzayy is mainly known as the writer to whom Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his travels. He wrote "The Travels of Ibn Battuta" (Riḥlat Ibn Baṭūṭah) in 1352-55.

title: Ibn Juzayy


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USS Colhoun (DD-85)

USS Colhoun (DD-85/APD-2) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and later redesignated APD-2 in World War II. She was the first Navy ship named for Edmund Colhoun.

Launched in 1918, she remained on convoy duty for the final few months of World War I, and she then operated out of the Atlantic for several years until being decommissioned in 1922. Returning to service in 1940 as a high-speed troop transport, Colhoun was dispatched to support the Guadalcanal campaign early in World War II. While unloading supplies to the island on 30 August 1942, she was attacked by aircraft of the Empire of Japan, and sunk with the loss of 51 men.

Design and construction
Colhoun was one of 111 Wickes-class destroyers built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919. She, along with 25 of her sisters, were constructed at Fore River Shipyard shipyards in Quincy, Massachusetts, using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem Steel.

She had a standard displacement of 1060 t an overall length of 315 ft, a beam of 31 ft and a draft of 9 ft. On trials, Harding reached a speed of 35 knots. She was armed with four 4 in/50 caliber guns and twelve 21 in torpedo tubes. She had a regular crew complement of 100 officers and enlisted men. She was driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers.

Specifics on Colhoun's performance are not known, but she was one of the group of Wickes-class destroyers designed by Bethlehem Steel, built from a different design than the 'Liberty type' destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works, which used Parsons or Westinghouse turbines. The non-'Liberty' type destroyers deteriorated badly in service, and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy. Actual performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy, with most only able to make 2300 nmi at 15 knots instead of the design standard of 3100 nmi at 20 knots. The class also suffered problems with turning and weight.

Colhoun was the first commissioned in the U.S. Navy named for Edmund Colhoun. The second USS Colhoun (DD-801) was a Fletcher-class destroyer commissioned in 1944.

Service history
Colhoun was launched on 21 February 1918 from Fore River Shipyard and sponsored by Helen A. Colhoun, the daughter of Edmund Ross Colhoun. She was commissioned on 13 June 1918. Reporting to the United States Atlantic Fleet, she was assigned as a convoy escort between New York City and ports in Europe, escorting ships carrying troops and supplies supporting World War I from 30 June and 14 September 1918. On 18 November 1918, she reported to New London, Connecticut, to assist in tests of sound equipment which was under development at the time. On 1 January 1919, she was rushed to assist the troop transport USS Northern Pacific which had run aground off Fire Island, New York. Colhoun assisted in transporting 194 of the troops off of the ship, who had been returning from Europe, to their destination port in Hoboken, New Jersey.

On 1 December 1919, she was placed in reduced commission at Philadelphia Navy Yard, and then underwent an overhaul at Norfolk Navy Yard. Between 1919 and 1922, Colhoun remained assigned to the Atlantic Fleet on reserve status, based out of Charleston, South Carolina. She took part in sporadic fleet exercises and large maneuvers, as well as taking several midshipman cruises through the Caribbean and along the east coast. In mid-1922, she returned to Philadelphia Naval Yard and was decommissioned on 28 June.

Colhoun was towed to Norfolk Navy Yard on 5 June 1940, and began conversion to a high-speed transport. She was recommissioned into the fleet on 11 December 1940, and received the hull classification symbol of APD-2. Following this, she underwent a year of training exercises between Norfolk and the Caribbean, where she was during the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the entry of the U.S. into World War II.

World War II
With the war underway, she sailed for the Pacific to join the U.S. Pacific Fleet. There, she joined Transport Squadron 12 based out of Pearl Harbor, and began conducting anti-submarine warfare exercises there for a time. She arrived in Nouméa, New Caledonia on 21 July 1942. With a shortage of combat ships at the beginning of the war, Colhoun served a dual role as both a high-speed transport and an anti-submarine warfare vessel. In this role, she began preparations for the invasion of the Solomon Islands. On 7 August 1942, she carried units of the 1st Marine Raider Battalion in the initial assault landings which began the Guadalcanal Campaign and continued to serve as both transport and antisubmarine vessel in support of the invasion.

On the morning of 30 August 1942, Colhoun ported at Kukum Point and unloaded stores for the U.S. Marine Corps garrison on Guadalcanal, and then exited the harbor to undertake anti-submarine patrols. Just before 12:00, an air raid siren was issued and Colhoun moved out to sea. A second alert was received at 14:00. Shortly thereafter, a lookout spotted a formation of Japanese aircraft approaching using the sun as cover. The Japanese aircraft, using clouds as cover, dove and released three bombs against Colhoun, two splashing nearby and one striking the after searchlight platform and a nearby boat. The bomb blew the after davits down and forward, blocking the after engine room hatches, and starting a fire from the diesel oil spilled by the boat.

Colhoun attempted to return fire with her anti-aircraft batteries, but the Japanese aircraft remained obscured by clouds. A second dive launched five or six bombs on her starboard side, knocking down the foremast and blowing two 20 mm and one 4 in gun off the ship. A lubrication oil cooler pump in the after engine room was blown through the bulkhead into the forward engine room. Another two bombs scored direct hits on the after deck house, killing all of the men there. An order was given to abandon ship, and several tank lighters arrived quickly from Guadalcanal to assist in taking in survivors. Colhoun sank at -9.4°N, 160.01667°W. Fifty-one men were killed and 18 wounded in her sinking. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 11 September 1942. She received one battle star for her service in World War II.

title: USS Colhoun (DD-85)


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Matthew Fox

Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Charlie Salinger on Party of Five (1994–2000) and Jack Shephard on the drama series Lost (2004–2010), the latter of which earned him Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Fox has also performed in eleven feature films, including We Are Marshall (2006), Vantage Point (2008), Alex Cross (2012), Emperor (2012) and Bone Tomahawk (2015).

Early life
Fox was born in Abington, Pennsylvania, the son of Loretta B. (née Eagono) and Francis G. Fox. One of his paternal great-great-great-grandfathers was Union General George Meade. His father was from a "very blue-blood" Pennsylvania family of mostly English descent, while his mother was of half Italian and half British ancestry. The second of three boys, Fox's family moved to Wyoming when he was a year old (his parents and brothers, Francis, Jr. (b. 1961) and Bayard (b. 1969)). They settled in Crowheart, Wyoming, on the Wind River Indian Reservation. His mother was a teacher, and his father, who had been a consultant for an oil company, raised longhorn cattle and horses, and grew barley for Coors beer. Matthew attended Wind River High School in Pavillion, Wyoming and transferred to Deerfield Academy during his senior year and graduated in 1985. He graduated from Columbia University with a B.A. in economics in 1989. While at Columbia, he was a wide receiver on the school's football team.

Career

At the age of 25, Fox made his debut on an episode of Wings. That same year, he also starred on a short-lived dramatic series, Freshman Dorm. Still not a familiar face on the small screen, he continued to be cast in supporting roles, including the role of Charlie in the CBS Schoolbreak Special series If I Die Before I Wake, before he made his big-screen debut in My Boyfriend's Back (1993).

In 1994, Fox was cast in a starring role as Charlie Salinger, the eldest of five siblings who lose both parents in a car accident on the 1994–2000 teen drama Party of Five, co-starring with Scott Wolf, Neve Campbell, Jennifer Love Hewitt, and Lacey Chabert. In 1996, People Magazine named Fox one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. In 1999 he co-starred with Donald Sutherland in the true story based film Behind The Mask (1999). After Party of Five was canceled following its sixth season, Fox starred in another TV series, Haunted, in 2002.

From September 2004 until May 2010, Fox played the role of the dedicated yet troubled surgeon, Dr. Jack Shephard, on Lost. He initially auditioned for the role of James "Sawyer" Ford. However, co-creator J. J. Abrams thought he would be better for the role of Jack, a role originally slated to be for the pilot episode only. Fox was nominated for a Golden Globe in the category ,,Asaby", won the 2005 Satellite Award, and shared the 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, for his role in Lost.

On December 2, 2006, Fox hosted Saturday Night Live with musical guests Tenacious D. In 2006, he co-starred with Matthew McConaughey in the sports drama We Are Marshall. He also played a bit part in the action film Smokin' Aces (along with Lost's co-star Néstor Carbonell and future cast member Kevin Durand) and starred in the 2008 thriller Vantage Point. In May 2008, Fox starred as Racer X in the movie Speed Racer.

Fox has repeatedly stated that he is "done with television" after Lost.

In 2011, he starred in the stage play In a Forest, Dark and Deep with Olivia Williams in London's West End.

Fox co-starred in Alex Cross (2012), as the villain, Michael "The Butcher" Sullivan, nicknamed "Picasso". For the role, Fox developed an extremely muscular physique and shed most of his body fat. The film was a critical and commercial failure but Fox was praised for his transformation and credibility in a vastly different role from Lost's Jack Shephard.

He appeared very briefly in the 2013 film World War Z which starred Brad Pitt.

He starred in the film Extinction released in July 2015, directed by Miguel Ángel Vivas, an adaptation of Juan de Dios Garduño's bestselling book Y pese a todo.

That same year, Fox also co-starred in the critically acclaimed American horror Western Bone Tomahawk. He had always wanted to act in a Western.

From 2014 to 2021, Fox took a break from acting to spend time with his family.

In 2021, Fox was cast in the lead role of a limited series Last Light, which was released on Peacock.

Personal life
In 1992, Fox married his long-time girlfriend, Margherita Ronchi, a native of Italy. The couple met while Fox was a student at Columbia. The couple have two children. Fox is also a photographer. A bonus disc released with The Complete First Series of Lost features "The Art of Matthew Fox", showing pictures he took of the cast and crew while on set.

Fox has a passion for flying airplanes, and owns a Bonanza G36. "To be up there by yourself, and it's all up to you whether it's gonna be an amazing flight or it's not gonna go as beautiful[ly]. I feel like I'm hyper-prepared when I fly. There is so much you don't have control over."

Legal issues and allegations of abuse
On August 28, 2011, Fox was arrested for an alleged assault of a female bus driver in Cleveland, Ohio. Prosecutors decided not to charge Fox. In May 2012, the bus driver withdrew a civil suit after her lawyer departed and revealed that she "intentionally failed and refused to provide full and timely cooperation and information". In October 2012, Fox appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and refuted the accusations. He stated that he was punched in the face by a man and retaliated and that the bus driver tried to extort him.

In May 2012, his Lost co-star Dominic Monaghan tweeted about Fox, "He beats women. Not isolated incidents. Often." Fox called Monaghan's claims "a pile of bullshit" and said he was not going to "waste too much breath on that." He also told Men's Journal in 2012 that he has "never hit a woman before. Never have, never will."

That same year, Fox was arrested for driving under the influence.

title: Matthew Fox


text:
Index of feminism articles

This is an index of articles related to the issue of feminism, women's liberation, the women's movement, and women's rights.

A
Act, Pornography Victims Compensation - Activists, women's rights, list of - Advertising, sex in - Aid societies, ladies' or soldiers' - All-female band - Amazon feminism - Amendment, Equal Rights - Anarcha-feminism - Anthropology, feminist - Antifeminism - Anti-pornography feminism (compare Sex-positive feminism) - Archaeology, feminist - Archaeology, gender - Architecture, modern, feminism and - Art movement, feminist - Atheist feminism - Australia, women's suffrage in - Authors, ecofeminist, list of

B
Bahrain, women's political rights in - BDSM, feminist views on - Bicycling and feminism - Binary, gender - Black feminism - Bonding, female - Bride burning - Bride kidnapping - Burning, bride

C
Canada, women's rights in - Car, passenger, women-only - Chauvinism, female (compare Male chauvinism) - Chicana feminism - Christmas Letter, Open - Choice, pro- - Christian feminism - Cinema, women's - Colonial, post-, feminism - Comics, women in, portrayal of - Compensation Act, Pornography Victims - Composition studies, feminist theory in - Computing, women in - Consciousness raising - Conservative feminisms, list of - Constitution, United States, Nineteenth Amendment to the - Countries, timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim - Crime, gender and - Criminology, school of, feminist - Cult of Domesticity - Culture, feminism in - Cultural feminism - Cyberfeminism

D
Day, International Women's - Dekh Le - Difference feminism - Differences, gender - Discrimination - Distinction, sex and gender - Domestic violence - Domesticity, Cult of

E
Ecofeminism - Ecofeminist authors, list of - Economics, feminist - Education, female - Education, mixed-sex - Effects on society, feminist - Egalitarianism - Egypt, feminism in - Engineering, women in - English, gender neutrality in - English, women's writing in - English custom, wife selling - Equal pay for women - Equal Rights Amendment - ERA - Equality, feminism and - Equality feminism - Equality, gender - Equity feminism - Erotophilia - Erotophobia - Existentialism, feminist

F
Family, matrifocal - Female bonding (compare Male bonding) - Female chauvinism (compare Male chauvinism) - Female education - Female privilege: see Male privilege) - Female superiority - Feminazi - Feminine psychology (compare Masculine psychology) - Femininity (compare Masculinity) - Feminisation of the workplace - Feminism (compare Masculism) - Feminism and equality - Feminism and modern architecture - Feminism and the Oedipus complex - Feminism in Australia - Feminism in culture - Feminism in Egypt - Feminism in France - Feminism in India - Feminism in international relations - Feminism in Japan - Feminism in Nepal - Feminism in Poland - Feminist anthropology - Feminist archaeology - Feminist art movement - Feminist art movement in the United States - Feminist economics - Feminist effects on society - Feminist existentialism - Feminist film theory - Feminist geography - Feminist history - Feminist history in the United Kingdom - Feminist history in the United States (see also Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) - Feminist legal theory - Feminist literary criticism - Feminist movement - Feminist movement in the United States - Feminist movements and ideologies - Feminist philosophy - Feminist political ecology - Feminist revisionist mythology - Feminist rhetoricians, list of - Feminist school of criminology - Feminist science fiction - Feminist Sex Wars - Feminist sexology - Feminist sociology - Feminist Studies - Feminist theology - Feminist theory - Feminist theory in composition studies - Feminist therapy - Feminist views on BDSM - Feminist views on pornography - Feminist views on prostitution - Feminist views on sexuality - Feminist views on transgender topics - Feminists, list of - Feminists and the Spanish Civil War - Feminization of poverty - Fiction, women's - Film theory, feminist - Fiction, science, feminist - Fiction, science, women in - First-wave feminism - First women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries, timeline of - Fourth-wave feminism in Spain - First World War, women in the - France, feminism in - Francoist Spain and the democratic transition period, feminism in - French structuralist feminism

G
Gender and crime - Gender archaeology - Gender binary - Gender differences - Gender equality - Gender history - Gender identity - Gender inequality - Gender mainstreaming - Gender-neutral language - Gender neutrality in English - Gender performativity - Gender role - Gender roles in Islam - Gender, sex and, distinction - Gender, sociology of - Gender-specific job title - Gender studies - Gendercide - Gendered division of labour - Geography, feminist - Geology, women in - Girl Power - Girls, women, and information technology - Girly girl - Glass ceiling - Global feminism - Grrrl, riot - Gynarchy - Gynocentrism (compare Androcentrism) - Gynocracy (compare Androcracy) - Gynocriticism - Gynophobia

H
Harassment, sexual - Health, women's (compare Men's health) - Herstory (compare History) - Hikes, Suffrage - History, feminist - History, gender - History in the United Kingdom, feminist - History in the United States, feminist (see also Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) - History, in, legal rights of women - History of feminism - History of women in the military - History of women in the United States - History, women's - History Month, Women's - Husband-selling

I
Identity, gender - Ideologies, feminist movements and - Income disparity - Income disparity in the United States, male-female - Income inequality in the United States - India, feminism in - Individualist feminism (also Libertarian feminism) - Inequality, gender - Information technology, women, and girls - International relations, feminism in - International Women's Day - International Women's Year - Islam, gender roles in - Islam, women and - Islamic feminism

J
Japan, feminism in - Japan, women's suffrage in - Jewish feminism - Job title, gender-specific - Journalism and media professions, women in

K
Kidnapping, bride - Kuwait, women's suffrage in

L
Labour, gendered division of - Ladies' aid societies - Language, gender-neutral - Led, women-, uprisings - Left, the, and feminism - Legal rights of women in history - Legal theory, feminist - Lesbian - Lesbian Sex Wars - Letter, Open Christmas - Liberal feminism - Liberation, women's (compare Men's liberation) - Life, pro-, feminism - Lipstick feminism - List of conservative feminisms - List of ecofeminist authors - List of feminist rhetoricians - List of feminists - List of suffragists and suffragettes - List of women's rights activists - List of women's studies journals - Literary criticism, feminist

M
Mainstreaming, gender - Majority-Muslim countries, timeline of first women's suffrage in - Male-female income disparity in the United States - Marianismo (compare Machismo) - Marxist feminism - Material feminism - Maternalism (compare Paternalism) - Matriarchy (compare Patriarchy) - Matrifocal family - Matrilineal succession (compare Patrilineal succession) - Matrilineality (compare Patrilineality) - Matrilocal residence (compare Patrilocal residence) - Media professions, journalism and, women in - Medicine, women in (compare Men in nursing) - Men and feminism - Military, history of women in the - Millie Tant - Misogyny (compare Misandry, Philandry, Philogyny) - Mixed-sex education - Modern architecture, feminism and - Modern, post-, feminism - Month, History, Women's - Motherhood, sociology of (compare Sociology of fatherhood) - Mother's rights (compare Father's rights) - Movement, feminist - Movement in the United States, feminist - Movement, women's (compare Men's movement) - Movements and ideologies, feminist - Muliebrity (compare Virility) - Music, women's - Muslim, majority-, countries, timeline of first women's suffrage in - Mythology, feminist revisionist

N
Nepal, feminism in - New feminism (also Catholic feminism) - New Woman - New Zealand, timeline of feminist art in - Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution)

O
Objectification - Objectification, sexual - Occupational sexism - Oedipus complex, feminism and - Open Christmas Letter

P
Passenger car, women-only - Patriarchy - Pay, equal, for women - Performativity, gender - Philosophy, feminist - Philosophy, women in - Philandry (compare Philogyny, Misandry, Misogyny) - Philogyny - Pink-collar worker - Playgirl - Poland, feminism and - Political ecology, feminist - Political rights in Bahrain, women's - Politics, women in - Porn wars - Pornography, anti-, feminism (compare Sex-positive feminism) - Pornography, feminist views on - Pornography Victims Compensation Act - Portrayal of women in comics - Postcolonial feminism - Postmodern feminism - Poverty, feminization - Privilege: see Male privilege - Pro-choice - Pro-feminism - Pro-life feminism - Prostitution, feminist views on - Protective laws - Protofeminism - Psychology, feminine (compare Masculine psychology)

Q
Queer studies - Queer theory

R
Radical feminism - Red Tent Meetings - Reproductive justice - Reproductive rights - Republican motherhood - Residence, matrilocal (compare Patrilocal residence) - Revisionist mythology, feminist - Revolution, sexual - Rhetoricians, feminist, list of - Rights activists, women's, list of - Rights Amendment, Equal - Rights, legal, of women in history - Rights (other than voting), women's, timeline of - Rights, political, in Bahrain, women's - Rights, women's (compare Men's rights) - Rights in Canada, women's - Riot grrrl - Role, gender - Roles in the World Wars, women's -R/Feminism

S
Science fiction, feminist - Science, women in - Science fiction, women in - Second-wave feminism - Segregation, sex - Selling, husband- - Selling, wife - Selling, wife, English custom - Separatist feminism - Sex and gender distinction - Sex in advertising - Sex-positive feminism (compare Anti-pornography feminism) - Sex segregation - Sex wars, feminist - Sexism - Sexology, feminist - Sexual harassment - Sexual objectification - Sexual revolution - Sexuality, feminist views on - Sexualization (as a political term) - Shelter, women's (compare Men's shelter) - Socialist feminism - Societies, ladies' aid or soldiers' aid - Society, effects on, feminist - Sociology, feminist - Sociology of gender - Sociology of motherhood (compare Sociology of fatherhood) - Soldiers' aid societies - Standpoint feminism - Standpoint theory - State feminism - Structuralist feminism, French - Studies, Feminist - Succession, matrilineal (compare Patrilineal succession) - Suffrage - Suffrage, women's - Suffrage Hikes - Suffrage, women's, in Switzerland - Suffrage, women's, timeline of - Suffrage, women's, timeline in majority-Muslim countries - Suffrage in Australia, women's - Suffrage in Japan, women's - Suffrage in Kuwait, women's - Suffrage in Switzerland, women's - Suffrage in the United Kingdom, women's - Suffrage in the United States, women's - Suffragette - Suffragists and suffragettes, list of

T
Tant, Millie - Thealogy - Theology, feminist - Theology, womanist - Theory, feminist - Therapy, feminist - Third-wave feminism - Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries - Timeline of women's suffrage - Timeline of women's rights (other than voting) - Tomboy - Transfeminism - Transgender topics, feminist views on - Transnational feminism - Trophy wife

U
United Kingdom, women's suffrage in the - United States Constitution, Nineteenth Amendment to the - United States, feminist movement in the - United States, income disparity in the, male-female - United States, women in the, history of - United States, women's suffrage in the - Uprisings, women-led

V
V-Day - Vésuviennes - Victims Compensation Act, Pornography - Victorian era, women in the - Views, feminist, on BDSM - Views, feminist, on prostitution - Views, feminist, on sexuality - Views, feminist, on transgender topics - Views on pornography, feminist - Violence against women - Violence, domestic

W
Waves of feminism - Wave, first-, feminism - Wave, second-, feminism - Wave, third-, feminism - Wife selling - Wife selling (English custom) - Wife, trophy - Woman question, the - Womanism - Womanist theology - Women and Islam - Women in comics, portrayal of - Women in computing - Women in engineering - Women in World War I - Women in geology - Women in journalism and media professions - Women in medicine (compare Men in nursing) - Women in military, history of - Women in philosophy - Women in politics - Women in science - Women in science fiction - Women in the First World War - Women in the military, history of - Women in the United States, history of - Women in the Victorian era - Women in the workforce - Women in United States, history of - Women in World War I - Women-only passenger car - Women's cinema - Women's Day, International - Women's Equal Rights Law of Israel (1951) - Women's fiction - Women's health (compare Men's health) - Women's history - Women's History Month - Women's liberation (compare Men's liberation) - Women's movement (compare Men's movement) - Women's music - Women's political rights in Bahrain - Women's rights (compare Men's rights) - Women's rights (other than voting), timeline of - Women's rights activists, list of - Women's rights in Canada - Women's roles in the World Wars - Women's shelter (compare Men's shelter) - Women's studies (compare Men's studies) - Women's suffrage - Women's suffrage in Australia - Women's suffrage in Japan - Women's suffrage in Kuwait - Women's suffrage in Switzerland - Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom - Women's suffrage in the United States - Women's suffrage, first, in majority-Muslim countries, timeline of - Women's suffrage, timeline of - Women's writing in English - Women's Year, International - Women, girls, and information technology - Wimmin - Womyn - Worker, pink-collar - Workforce, women in the - Workplace, feminisation of the - World War I, women in the - World Wars, women's roles in the - Writing in English, women's - Women-led uprisings

Y
Year, International Women's

title: Index of feminism articles


text:
African Great Lakes

The African Great Lakes (Maziwa Makuu; Ibiyaga bigari) are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. The series includes Lake Victoria, the third-largest freshwater lake in the world by area; Lake Tanganyika, the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth; Lake Malawi, the world's eighth-largest freshwater lake by area; and Lake Turkana, the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. Collectively, they contain 31,000 km3 of water, which is more than either Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes. This total constitutes about 25% of the planet's unfrozen surface fresh water. The large rift lakes of Africa are the ancient home of great biodiversity, and 10% of the world's fish species live in this region.

Countries in the area which are bounded by the lakes of the Great Lakes region include Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Zambia, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Lakes and drainage basins
The following are included on most lists of the African Great Lakes, grouped by drainage basin. The exact number of lakes considered part of the African Great Lakes varies by list, and may include smaller lakes in the rift valleys, especially if they are part of the same drainage basin as the larger lakes, such as Lake Kyoga.

Lakes that drain into the White Nile

 * Lake Victoria
 * Lake Kyoga (part of the Great Lakes system but not itself a "great lake")
 * Lake Albert
 * Lake Edward

Lakes that drain into the Congo River

 * Lake Tanganyika
 * Lake Kivu
 * Lake Mweru

Lake that drains into the Zambezi

 * Lake Malawi, via the Shire River

Lakes with closed basins

 * Lake Turkana
 * Lake Rukwa

African Great Lakes region
The Great Lakes region (rarely: Greater Lakes region) consists of ten riparian countries: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. The adjective  ("between lakes") can refer to the region, or more specifically, the nations or area bounded by the lakes.

The Swahili language is the most commonly spoken language in the African Great Lakes region. It also serves as a national or official language of five nations in the region: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Because of its high population—estimated to be 107 million people—and the agricultural surplus in the region, the area became organized into a number of small states. The most powerful of these monarchies were Buganda, Bunyoro, Karagwe, Rwanda, and Burundi.

Being the long-sought source of the Nile and the watershed triple point between the rivers Nile, Congo and Zambezi, the region had long been of interest to Europeans. The first Europeans to arrive in the region in any numbers were Christian missionaries who had limited success in converting the locals, but did open the region to later colonization. Increased contact with the rest of the world led to a series of devastating epidemics affecting both humans and livestock.

While seen as a region with great potential after independence, the Great Lakes region has suffered from civil war and conflict in the four decades around the turn of the 21st century (c. 1980–2020). In 2022 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees commended Tanzania for consistently welcoming and aiding refugees from other countries in the region.

Climate
The highlands are relatively cool, with average temperatures ranging between 17 C and 19 C and abundant rainfall. Major drainage basins include those of the Congo-Zaire, Nile, and Zambezi rivers, which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean, respectively.

Forests are dominant in the lowlands of the Congo-Zaire Basin, while grasslands and savannas (dry grasslands) are most common in the southern and eastern highlands. Temperatures in the lowlands average about 35 C. Around Lake Turkana, the climate is hot and very dry. A short rainy season in October is followed by a longer one from April to May.

Flora and fauna
The Western Rift Valley lakes are freshwater and home to an extraordinary number of endemic species. More than 1,500 cichlid fish species live in the lakes, as well as other fish families. The lakes are also important habitats for a number of amphibian species. Nile crocodiles are numerous. Mammals include elephants, gorillas and hippopotamus.

The Lake Turkana area is home to hundreds of species of birds endemic to Kenya. The flamingo wades in its shallows. The East African rift system also serves as a flyway for migrating birds, bringing in hundreds more. The birds are essentially supported by plankton masses in the lake, which also feed the fish there.

Vegetation ranges from rainforest to savanna grasses. In some lakes, rapidly growing invasive plants, like the surface-choking water hyacinth and shore-clogging papyrus, are problems. Water hyacinth have thus far affected only Lake Victoria.

Geology
Until 12 million years ago, the bountiful waters of the equatorial plateau either flowed west into the Congo River system or east to the Indian Ocean. This was changed by the formation of the Great Rift Valley. A rift is a weak place in Earth's crust due to the separation of two tectonic plates, often accompanied by a graben, or trough, in which lake water can collect. This rift began when East Africa, impelled by currents in the mantle, began separating from the rest of Africa, moving to the northeast. The basins that resulted from the geological uplifts filled with water that now flowed north.

Lake Victoria is not actually within the Rift Valley. It occupies a depression between the Eastern and Western Rifts, formed by the uplift of the rifts to either of its sides.

Archaeology
Around two to three million years ago, Lake Turkana was larger and the area more fertile, making it a center for early hominids. Richard Leakey led numerous anthropological excavations in the area, which yielded many important discoveries of hominin remains. The two-million-year-old Skull 1470 was found in 1972. It was originally thought to be Homo habilis, but some anthropologists have assigned it to a new species, Homo rudolfensis, named after the lake (previously known as Lake Rudolf). In 1984, the Turkana Boy, a nearly complete skeleton of a Homo erectus boy was discovered. In 1999, a 3,500,000-year-old skull was discovered there, named Kenyanthropus platyops, which means "flat-faced man of Kenya".

Economy
Fishing—primarily of tilapia species but also of Nile perch—provides the main livelihood for people in the region. With four Great Lakes on its borders, Uganda ranks as one of the world's largest producers of freshwater fish. The climate and rich volcanic soils in the highlands also sustain intensely cultivated croplands.

The economies of the Great Lakes region states have different structures and are at various stages of development. The GDP real growth rate ranges from 1.8 percent in Burundi to 4.4 in the DRC. GDP per capita fluctuates between $600 in DRC and Burundi and $800 in Uganda.

title: African Great Lakes


text:
Admiral Nakhimov

Admiral Nakhimov may refer to:
 * Russian Admiral Pavel Nakhimov
 * Admiral Nakhimov (film), a 1947 Soviet film directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin
 * Ships named after the admiral:
 * SS Admiral Nakhimov
 * RUSSIAN CRUISER Admiral Nakhimov, a Russian armoured cruiser
 * Former name of the SOVIET CRUISER Chervona Ukraina
 * Admiral Nakhimov, a Sverdlov-class cruiser
 * Admiral Nakhimov, a Kresta II-class cruiser
 * RUSSIAN BATTLECRUISER Admiral Nakhimov, formerly Kalinin, a Kirov-class battlecruiser

title: Admiral Nakhimov


text:
User talk:Robbrown

Hi, please feel free to discuss any of my contributions here!

-rob

Hi. I've replied to your comment on the talk page of goodness and value theory --Christofurio 23:29, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robbrown


text:
USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)

USS Jacob Jones (DD-130), named for Commodore Jacob Jones USN (1768–1850), was a Wickes-class destroyer. She was sunk by a German submarine in 1942 during World War II.

Construction and commissioning
Jacob Jones was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, New Jersey on 21 February 1918, launched on 20 November 1918, sponsored by Mrs. Cazenove Doughton, great-granddaughter of Commodore Jones, and commissioned on 20 October 1919.

Service history
Jacob Jones was decommissioned on 24 June 1922 and placed in reserve until recommissioned on 1 May 1930, and was assigned to Neutrality Patrol duties out of Charleston, South Carolina on 4 April 1940.

Inter-war period
After fitting out at Philadelphia, Jacob Jones sailed 4 December for shakedown in the Atlantic Ocean. She arrived at Pensacola, Florida on 22 December to continue her training and departed on 3 January 1920 for the Pacific Ocean. Arriving at San Diego on 26 January, she operated along the California coast on anti-aircraft and firing exercises. She entered Mare Island Navy Yard 17 August for repairs and overhaul and assumed a reserve status. Returning to duty with Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet, 18 June 1921, she operated out of San Diego until decommissioning 24 June 1922.

Recommissioned 1 May 1930, Jacob Jones trained in coastal waters from Alaska to Mexico as a plane guard for the Navy's budding aircraft carriers. Following Battle Fleet maneuvers during August, she entered Mare Island in November for repairs. The destroyer sailed 4 February 1931 for Panama, where she resumed plane guard duty for USS Langley (CV-1). Jacob Jones transited the Panama Canal on 22 March, and sailed for maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea. She sailed for the United States on 1 May and took part in joint Army-Navy maneuvers in the Chesapeake Bay 26 to 29 May. During the remainder of the summer, she operated with Destroyer Division 7 along the New England coast before retiring to the Boston Navy Yard 2 October for overhaul.

Jacob Jones steamed from Boston on 1 December for maneuvers off Haiti. On 13 February 1932 she departed the Caribbean to begin 13 months of plane guard duty and torpedo practice along the California coast. She returned to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba on 1 May 1933 for general drill and battle problem exercises, and on 26 May she sailed for Norfolk, Virginia to undergo self-upkeep on rotating reserve.

Following two months of overhaul at Charleston, Jones returned to Guantanamo on 29 November for scouting and firing exercises. She interrupted her maneuvers on 29 June 1934, and sailed for Port-au-Prince, Haiti, where she served as an escort during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor" visit to Haiti. She resumed Caribbean operations in July and participated in landing force exercises at Guantanamo Bay during September. She retired from the Caribbean late in November and entered Norfolk Navy Yard 3 December 1934 for several months of upkeep.

In May 1935, Jacob Jones embarked midshipmen from the Naval Academy for an Atlantic training cruise. She returned to Norfolk 7 June for three months of coastal patrols and maneuvers. She steamed to New York in September to participate in destroyer maneuvers and operated out of New York until entering Brooklyn Navy Yard in January 1936 for upkeep and inspection.

On 15 June 1936, the destroyer departed New York with reserve officers on board for training cruises in the Caribbean which continued through September. In October, she participated in joint Army-Navy coastal maneuvers; and, following her annual inspection at Norfolk, she participated in minesweeping training during February 1937. In March, she trained officers of the 5th Fleet Reserve and in June she resumed training cruises for midshipmen. She continued to operate as a practice ship for reserve officers until 15 January 1938, when she departed Norfolk for fleet landing exercises and battle maneuvers in waters off Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Jacob Jones returned to Norfolk on 13 March for overhaul. In June she resumed operations out of Norfolk, serving as a carrier plane guard and conducting torpedo and gunnery practice.

After attending the Presidential Regatta in September, Jacob Jones prepared to sail for Europe to join Squadron 40-T in the Mediterranean Sea. Organized in September 1936 to protect and evacuate Americans from Spain during the civil war, the squadron remained in the western Mediterranean. Departing Norfolk 26 October, Jacob Jones reached Gibraltar on 6 November, and arrived Villefranche on 17 November. She operated out of that French Mediterranean port on patrol until 20 March 1939. She visited Algiers from 24 to 25 March 1939 and, during the next seven months, steamed to various Atlantic European ports from Rotterdam to Lisbon. Departing Lisbon on 4 October, she sailed for the United States and anchored at Norfolk on 14 October.

Resuming her coastal operations, Jacob Jones conducted plane screening patrols from Norfolk to Newport, Rhode Island and in December she escorted the submarine USS Seadragon (SS-194) during its Caribbean shakedown.

World War II
After two months of upkeep and inspection at Norfolk, Jacob Jones sailed for Charleston on 4 April 1940 to join the Neutrality Patrol. Organized in September 1939 as a response to the war in Europe, the Neutrality Patrol was ordered to track and report the movements of any warlike operations of belligerents in the waters of the Western Hemisphere. The basic purpose of the patrol "was to emphasize the readiness of the United States Navy to defend the Western Hemisphere." In June, after two months of duty with the Neutrality Patrol, Jacob Jones returned to training midshipmen.

In September, Jacob Jones departed Norfolk for New London, Connecticut, where her crew underwent intensive ASW sound school training. Returning briefly to Norfolk on 6 December, she sailed to Key West for further anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training. She resumed her operations with the Neutrality Patrol in March 1941, patrolling the waters from Key West to Yucatán Channel. In May, she joined the ships which guarded the waters of Vichy-controlled islands, Martinique and Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles. Jacob Jones maintained her Caribbean operations throughout the summer.

On 30 September 1941, she departed Guantanamo with Destroyer Division 54 to prepare for escort duty in the North Atlantic. Jones received two months of upkeep and inspection at Norfolk and on 1 December 1941, departed for convoy escort training along the New England coast. Clearing Boston Harbor on 12 December, she sailed to Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland, to begin her escort duty. On 16 December she escorted the submarines USS Mackerel (SS-204) and USS S-33 (SS-138) through heavy seas to Boston and returned to Argentia on 24 December. Jacob Jones once again departed Argentia on 4 January 1942 escorting USS Albatross (AM-71) and USS Linnet (AM-76). While steaming to join Convoy SC 63, bound for the British Isles, the destroyer made an underwater contact and commenced a depth charge attack. Losing contact with the submarine, she escorted her ships to the convoy and returned to Argentia on 5 January.

Sailing from Argentia on 14 January 1942, Jacob Jones joined Convoy HX 169, which was headed for Iceland. The convoy encountered a violent storm; heavy seas and winds of force 9 scattered its ships' convoy. Separated from the convoy, the destroyer steamed independently for Hvalfjörður, Iceland. Though hampered by a shortage of fuel, an inoperable gyro compass, an erratic magnetic compass, and the continuous pounding of the storm, Jacob Jones arrived on 19 January. Five days later, she escorted three merchant ships to Argentia. Once again heavy seas and fierce winds separated the ships, and Jacob Jones continued toward Argentia with one Norwegian merchantman. She detected and attacked another submarine on 2 February 1942, but her depth charges yielded no visible results.

Arriving at Argentia on 3 February, she departed the following day and rejoined Convoy ON 59, bound for Boston. Reaching Boston on 8 February, Jacob Jones received a week of repairs. She sailed on 15 February for Norfolk and three days later steamed from Norfolk to New York.

In an effort to stem the losses to Allied merchant shipping along the Atlantic coast, Vice Admiral Adolphus Andrews, Commander of the Eastern Sea Frontier, established a roving ASW patrol. Jacob Jones, Lieutenant Commander Hugh Black in command, departed New York on 22 February for this duty. While passing the swept channel off Lightship Ambrose, Jones made a possible submarine contact and attacked immediately. For five hours, Jones ran twelve attack patterns, dropping some 57 depth charges. Oil slicks appeared during the last six attacks, but no other debris was detected. Having expended all her charges, Jones returned to New York to rearm. Subsequent investigation failed to reveal any conclusive evidence of a sunken submarine.

Fate
On the morning of 27 February 1942, Jacob Jones departed New York harbor and steamed southward along the New Jersey coast to patrol and search the area between Barnegat Light and Five Fathom Bank. Shortly after her departure, she received orders to concentrate her patrol activity in waters off Cape May and the Delaware Capes. At 1530 she spotted the burning wreckage of tanker R. P. Resor, torpedoed the previous day east of Barnegat Light; Jacob Jones circled the ship for two hours searching for survivors before resuming her southward course. Cruising at 15 kn through calm seas, she last reported her position at 2000 and then commenced radio silence. A full moon lit the night sky and visibility was good; throughout the night the ship, completely darkened without running or navigation lights showing, kept her southward course.

At the first light of dawn 28 February 1942, the undetected GERMAN SUBMARINE U-578 fired a spread of torpedoes at the unsuspecting destroyer. The torpedoes were not detected and two or three struck the destroyer's port side in rapid succession.

According to her survivors, the first torpedo struck just aft of the bridge and caused major damage. Apparently, it exploded the ship's magazine; the resulting blast sheared off everything forward of the point of impact, destroying completely the bridge, the chart room, and the officers' and petty officers' quarters. As she stopped dead in the water, unable to signal a distress message, a second torpedo struck about 40 ft forward of the fantail and carried away the after part of the ship above the keel plates and shafts and destroyed the after crew's quarters. Only the midships section was left intact.

All but 25 or 30 officers and men, including Lieutenant Commander Black, were killed by the explosions. The survivors, including a badly wounded, "practically incoherent" signal officer, went for the lifeboats. Oily decks, fouled lines and rigging, and the clutter of the ship's strewn twisted wreckage hampered their efforts to launch the boats. Jacob Jones remained afloat for about 45 minutes, allowing her survivors to clear the stricken ship in four or five rafts. Within an hour of the initial explosion Jacob Jones plunged bow first into the Atlantic; as her shattered stern disappeared, her depth charges exploded, killing several survivors on a nearby raft (as had happened to the previous Jacob Jones in 1917).

At 0810, an Army observation plane sighted the liferafts and reported their position to USS Eagle 56 (PE-56) of the Inshore Patrol. By 1100, when strong winds and rising seas forced her to abandon her search, she had rescued 12 survivors, one of whom died en route to Cape May. The search for the other survivors of Jacob Jones continued by plane and ship for the next two days, but none were ever found.

title: USS Jacob Jones (DD-130)