text:
Citizen journalism

Citizen journalism, also known as collaborative media, participatory journalism, democratic journalism, guerrilla journalism or street journalism, is based upon members of the community playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information. Courtney C. Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism". Jay Rosen offers a simpler definition: "When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another." The underlying principle of citizen journalism is that ordinary people, not professional journalists, can be the main creators and distributors of news. Citizen journalism should not be confused with community journalism or civic journalism, both of which are practiced by professional journalists; collaborative journalism, which is the practice of professional and non-professional journalists working together; and social journalism, which denotes a digital publication with a hybrid of professional and non-professional journalism.

Citizen journalism is a specific form of both citizen media and user-generated content (UGC). By juxtaposing the term "citizen", with its attendant qualities of civic-mindedness and social responsibility, with that of "journalism", which refers to a particular profession, Courtney C. Radsch argues that this term best describes this particular form of online and digital journalism conducted by amateurs because it underscores the link between the practice of journalism and its relation to the political and public sphere.

Citizen journalism was made more feasible by the development of various online internet platforms. New media technology, such as social networking and media-sharing websites, in addition to the increasing prevalence of cellular telephones, have made citizen journalism more accessible to people worldwide. Recent advances in new media have started to have a profound political impact. Due to the availability of technology, citizens often can report breaking news more quickly than traditional media reporters. Notable examples of citizen journalism reporting from major world events are, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the Arab Spring, the Occupy Wall Street movement, the 2013 protests in Turkey, the Euromaidan events in Ukraine, and Syrian Civil War, the 2014 Ferguson unrest and the Black Lives Matter movement.

Being that citizen journalism is yet to develop a conceptual framework and guiding principles, it can be heavily opinionated and subjective, making it more supplemental than primary in terms of forming public opinion. Critics of the phenomenon, including professional journalists and news organizations, claim that citizen journalism is unregulated, amateur, and haphazard in quality and coverage. Furthermore, citizen journalists, due to their lack of professional affiliation, are thought to lack resources as well as focus on how best to serve the public. A research team of citizen journalists created an OER library that contains video interviews to provide access to reliable sources.

Theory
Citizen journalism, as a form of alternative media, presents a "radical challenge to the professionalized and institutionalized practices of the mainstream media".

According to Flew, there have been three elements critical to the rise of citizen journalism: open publishing, collaborative editing, and distributed content. Mark Glaser said in 2006:

"…people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others."

In What is Participatory Journalism? (2003), J. D. Lasica classifies media for citizen journalism into the following types:

 * 1) Audience participation (such as user comments attached to news stories, personal blogs, photographs or video footage captured from personal mobile cameras, or local news written by residents of a community)
 * 2) Independent news and information Websites (Consumer Reports, the Drudge Report)
 * 3) Full-fledged participatory news sites (one:convo, NowPublic, OhmyNews, DigitalJournal.com, GroundReport, 'Fair Observer')
 * 4) Collaborative and contributory media sites (Slashdot, Kuro5hin, Newsvine)
 * 5) Other kinds of "thin media" (mailing lists, email newsletters)
 * 6) Personal broadcasting sites (video broadcast sites such as KenRadio)
 * 7) Open source news platforms (Mobile apps such as Veiwapp)

The literature of citizen, alternative, and participatory journalism is most often situated in a democratic context and theorized as a response to corporate news media dominated by an economic logic. Some scholars have sought to extend the study of citizen journalism beyond the developed Western world, including Sylvia Moretzsohn, Courtney C. Radsch, and Clemencia Rodríguez. Radsch, for example, wrote that "Throughout the Arab world, citizen journalists have emerged as the vanguard of new social movements dedicated to promoting human rights and democratic values."

Theories of citizenship
According to Vincent Campbell, theories of citizenship can be categorized into two core groups: those that consider journalism for citizenship, and those that consider journalism as citizenship. The classical model of citizenship is the base of the two theories of citizenship. The classical model is rooted in the ideology of informed citizens and places emphasis on the role of journalists rather than on citizens.

The classical model has four main characteristics:
 * journalists' role of informing citizens
 * citizens are assumed to be informed if they regularly attend to the news they are supplied with
 * more informed citizens are more likely to participate
 * the more informed citizens participate, the more democratic a state is more likely to be.

The first characteristic upholds the theory that journalism is for citizens. One of the main issues with this is that there is a normative judgement surrounding the amount and nature of information that citizens should have as well as what the relationship between the two should be. One branch of journalism for citizens is the "monitorial citizen" (coined by Michael Schudson). The "monitorial citizen" suggests that citizens appropriately and strategically select what news and information they consume. The "monitorial citizen" along with other forms of this ideology conceive individuals as those who do things with information to enact change and citizenship. However, this production of information does not equal to an act of citizenship, but instead an act of journalism. Therefore, citizens and journalists are portrayed as distinctive roles whereas journalism is used by citizens for citizenship and conversely, journalists serve citizens.

The second theory considers journalism as citizenship. This theory focuses on the different aspects of citizen identity and activity and understands citizen journalism as directly constituting citizenship. The term "liquid citizenship" (coined by Zizi Papacharissi) depicts how the lifestyles that individuals engage in allow them to interact with other individuals and organizations, which thus remaps the conceptual periphery of civic, political, and social. This "liquid citizenship" allows the interactions and experiences that individuals face to become citizen journalism where they create their own forms of journalism. An alternative approach of journalism as citizenship rests between the distinction between "dutiful" citizens and "actualizing" citizens. "Dutiful" citizens engage in traditional citizenship practices, while "actualizing" citizens engage in non-traditional citizenship practices. This alternative approach suggests that "actualizing" citizens are less likely to use traditional media and more likely to use online and social media as sources of information, discussion, and participation. Thus, journalism in the form of online and social media practices become a form of citizenship for actualizing citizens.

Criticisms have been made against citizen journalism, especially from among professionals in the field. Citizen journalists are often portrayed as unreliable, biased and untrained – as opposed to professionals who have "recognition, paid work, unionized labour and behaviour that is often politically neutral and unaffiliated, at least in the claim if not in the actuality".

History
The idea that every citizen can engage in acts of journalism has a long history in the United States. "As early as the 1920s, journalist and political commentator Walter Lippman and American philosopher John Dewey debated the role of journalism in democracy, including the extent that the public should participate in the news-gathering and production processes." The contemporary citizen journalist movement emerged after journalists began to question the predictability of their coverage of events such as the 1988 U.S. presidential election. Those journalists became part of the public, or civic, journalism movement, which sought to counter the erosion of trust in the news media and the widespread disillusionment with politics and civic affairs.

Initially, discussions of public journalism focused on promoting journalism that was "for the people" by changing the way professional reporters did their work. According to Leonard Witt, however, early public journalism efforts were "often part of 'special projects' that were expensive, time-consuming, and episodic. Too often these projects dealt with an issue and moved on. Professional journalists were driving the discussion. They would have the goal of doing a story on welfare-to-work (or the environment, or traffic problems, or the economy), and then they would recruit a cross-section of citizens and chronicle their points of view. Since not all reporters and editors bought into this form of public journalism, and some outright opposed it, reaching out to the people from the newsroom was never an easy task." By 2003, in fact, the movement seemed to be petering out, with the Pew Center for Civic Journalism closing its doors.

Traditionally, the term "citizen journalism" has had a history of struggle with deliberating on a concise and mutually agreed upon definition. Even today, the term lacks a clear form of conceptualization. Although the term lacks conceptualization, alternative names of the term are unable to comprehensively capture the phenomenon. For example, one of the interchangeable names with "citizen journalism" is "user-generated content" (UGC). However, the issue with this alternative term is that it eliminates the potential civic virtues of citizen journalism and considers it to be stunted and proprietorial.

With today's technology the citizen journalist movement has found new life as the average person can capture news and distribute it globally. As Yochai Benkler has noted, "the capacity to make meaning – to encode and decode humanly meaningful statements –  and the capacity to communicate one's meaning around the world, are held by, or readily available to, at least many hundreds of millions of users around the globe." Professor Mary-Rose Papandrea, a constitutional law professor at UNC School of Law, notes in her article, "Citizen Journalism and the Reporter's Privilege", that:

 * "[i]n many ways, the definition of "journalism" has now come full circle. When the First Amendment was adopted, "freedom of the press" referred quite literally to the freedom to publish using a printing press, rather than the freedom of organized entities engaged in the publishing business. … It was not until the late nineteenth century that the concept of the "press" morphed into a description of individuals and companies engaged in an often competitive commercial media enterprise."

A recent trend in citizen journalism has been the emergence of what blogger Jeff Jarvis terms hyperlocal journalism, as online news sites invite contributions from local residents of their subscription areas, who often report on topics that conventional newspapers tend to ignore. "We are the traditional journalism model turned upside down," explains Mary Lou Fulton, the publisher of the Northwest Voice in Bakersfield, California. "Instead of being the gatekeeper, telling people that what's important to them 'isn't news,' we're just opening up the gates and letting people come on in. We are a better community newspaper for having thousands of readers who serve as the eyes and ears for the Voice, rather than having everything filtered through the views of a small group of reporters and editors."

Citizen journalists
According to Jay Rosen, citizen journalists are "the people formerly known as the audience," who "were on the receiving end of a media system that ran one way, in a broadcasting pattern, with high entry fees and a few firms competing to speak very loudly while the rest of the population listened in isolation from one another— and who today are not in a situation like that at all. ... The people formerly known as the audience are simply the public made realer, less fictional, more able, less predictable."

Abraham Zapruder, who filmed the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy with a home-movie camera, is sometimes presented as an ancestor to citizen journalists. Egyptian citizen Wael Abbas was awarded several international reporting prizes for his blog Misr Digital (Digital Egypt) and a video he publicized of two policemen beating a bus driver helped lead to their conviction.

During 9/11 many eyewitness accounts of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center came from citizen journalists. Images and stories from citizen journalists close to the World Trade Center offered content that played a major role in the story.

In 2004, when the 9.1-magnitude underwater earthquake caused a huge tsunami in Banda Aceh Indonesia and across the Indian Ocean, a weblog-based virtual network of previously unrelated bloggers emerged that covered the news in real-time, and became a vital source for the traditional media for the first week after the tsunami. A large amount of news footage from many people who experienced the tsunami was widely broadcast, as well as a good deal of "on the scene" citizen reporting and blogger analysis that was subsequently picked up by the major media outlets worldwide.

Subsequent to the citizen journalism coverage of the disaster and aftermath, researchers have suggested that citizen journalists may, in fact, play a critical role in the disaster warning system itself, potentially with higher reliability than the networks of tsunami warning equipment based on technology alone which then require interpretation by disinterested third parties.

The microblog Twitter played an important role during the 2009 Iranian election protests, after foreign journalists had effectively been "barred from reporting". Twitter delayed scheduled maintenance during the protests that would have shut down coverage in Iran due to the role it played in public communication.

Social media platforms such as blogs, YouTube, and Twitter encourage and facilitate engagement with other citizens who participate in creating content through commenting, liking, linking, and sharing. The majority of the content produced by these amateur news bloggers was not original content, but curated information monitored and edited by these various bloggers. There has been a decline in the amateur news blogger due to social media platforms that are much easier to run and maintain, allowing individuals to easily share and create and content.

Wikimedia Foundation hosts a participatory journalism web site, Wikinews.

The 2021 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Special Citations and Awards was awarded to Darnella Frazier, who recorded the murder of George Floyd on her phone.

India
India has a broad media landscape expanding at "double-digit growth rates" in comparison to the West. Issues surrounding human rights violations, violence against women and everyday witness accounts. Most notably, images shared on Twitter during the 2008 Mumbai attacks is an example of citizen journalism in India.

Iraq
In 2004 Daylight Magazine sent a box of disposable cameras to be distributed to civilians living in Baghdad and Fallujah. These were published in May 2004 along with the work of seminal documentarians such as Susan Meiselas, Roger Hutchings, etc. In June 2004 Fred Ritchen and Pixel Press teamed up with Daylight to create a touring exhibition of the images and captions which went to various institutions around the United States including: The Council on Foreign Relations, The Center for Photography Woodstock, New York University, Union College, Michigan University, and Central Michigan University before being donated to the Archive of Documentary Art at Duke University.

United Kingdom
Citizen Journalism provides a platform for individuals to be considered and acknowledged on a global scale. The circulation of information and news does not fully divulge the accurate perceptions of what is going on in the world. For instance, On Our Radar contains reporting mechanisms and trained residents that reveal their voices while questioning the reluctance journalism has when considering what voices are heard and are not, based in London. On Our Radar has undertaken in making the voices in Sierra Leone heard in regards to Ebola, revealing that it contained easy access to vital sources of  information and opened more opportunities for questions and reports.

Depending on the country one resides in, as societies evolve, grow, and depend more on online media outlets there is an increase of informed individuals, especially with topics regarding politics and government news. Through such evolution, citizen journalism has the capability to reach an audience that has not had the privilege of receiving higher education and still remain informed about what is surrounding them and their respective country. As demonstrated in light of demanding and distorted information given to the mass public and cleared by strong demonstrations of the capabilities of citizen journalism. Citizen journalism is a platform that provides a solution to the mistrust the public has towards the government as discrepancies arise from governmental statements and actions.

In 2020, a network of local Citizen Journalist publications, the Bylines Network, was founded, and has since spread to include 7 regional branches.

China
Citizen journalism has created much change and influence within Chinese media and society in which its online activity is very much controlled. The interconnection built from citizen journalism and mainstream journalism in China has allotted politically and socially charged information to be distributed to promote progressive changes and serves as national sentiments. In doing so, the mass public of China has the opportunities to move around the controlled and monitored online presence and the information it contains.

Citizen journalists face many repercussions when unpackaging the truth and reach domestic and global audiences. Most if not all of these repercussions result from government officials and law enforcement from the journalists respective countries. Citizen journalists are needed and depended on by the mass public but are viewed as an imminent threat to their governments. The public has had the resources to pursue this level of journalism from their surroundings and based on real life perspectives that lack censorship and influence from a higher entity. The various forms citizen journalism is formed has outdated many news and media sources as result of the authentic approach citizen journalists carry out.

During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, fraudulent pictures encouraging people to pose as reporters and abuse freedom of press regulations to obstruct the police were widely circulated on social media with the aim to discredit citizen journalists.

In the context of China and the national pandemic rooted from the coronavirus, many voices were censored and limited when it came to citizen journalists. This occurred in the process of visually and vocally documenting the social climate of China in regards to the coronavirus. For instance, a Chinese citizen journalist posted videos of Wuhan, China as the outbreak had been spreading globally. As a result the journalist was stopped and detained by the police and was not released for two months. In sharing their experience being detained after being released the tone it was expressed in was marketed. This citizen journalist experience is one amongst more of who were similarly detained and censored.

Iran
In 2023 after Mahsa Amini protests government criminalized Iranians filming police.

Objectivity
Citizen journalists also may be activists within the communities they write about. This has drawn some criticism from traditional media institutions such as The New York Times, which have accused proponents of public journalism of abandoning the traditional goal of objectivity. Researchers have also criticized this practice as not having access to real time fact checking. Many traditional journalists view citizen journalism with some skepticism, believing that only trained journalists can understand the exactitude and ethics involved in reporting news. See, e.g., Nicholas Lemann, Vincent Maher, and Tom Grubisich.

An academic paper by Vincent Maher, the head of the New Media Lab at Rhodes University, outlined several weaknesses in the claims made by citizen journalists, in terms of the "three deadly E's", referring to ethics, economics, and epistemology.

An analysis by language and linguistics professor, Patricia Bou-Franch, found that some citizen journalists resorted to abuse-sustaining discourses naturalizing violence against women. She found that these discourses were then challenged by others who questioned the gendered ideologies of male violence against women.

Quality
An article in 2005 by Tom Grubisich reviewed ten new citizen journalism sites and found many of them lacking in quality and content. Grubisich followed up a year later with, "Potemkin Village Redux." He found that the best sites had improved editorially and were even nearing profitability, but only by not expensing editorial costs. Also according to the article, the sites with the weakest editorial content were able to expand aggressively because they had stronger financial resources.

Another article published on Pressthink examined Backfence, a citizen journalism site with three initial locations in the D.C. area, which reveals that the site has only attracted limited citizen contributions. The author concludes that, "in fact, clicking through Backfence's pages feels like frontier land – remote, often lonely, zoned for people but not home to any. The site recently launched for Arlington, Virginia. However, without more settlers, Backfence may wind up creating more ghost towns."

David Simon, a former reporter for The Baltimore Sun and writer-producer of the television series The Wire, criticized the concept of citizen journalism, claiming that unpaid bloggers who write as a hobby cannot replace trained, professional, seasoned journalists. "'I am offended to think that anyone, anywhere believes American institutions as insulated, self-preserving and self-justifying as police departments, school systems, legislatures and chief executives can be held to gathered facts by amateurs pursuing the task without compensation, training or, for that matter, sufficient standing to make public officials even care to whom it is they are lying.'"

An editorial published by The Digital Journalist web magazine expressed a similar position, advocating to abolish the term "citizen journalist" and replace it with "citizen news gatherer". "'Professional journalists cover fires, floods, crime, the legislature, and the White House every day. There is either a fire line or police line, or security, or the Secret Service who allow them to pass upon displaying credentials vetted by the departments or agencies concerned. A citizen journalist, an amateur, will always be on the outside of those lines. Imagine the White House throwing open its gates to admit everybody with a camera phone to a presidential event.'"

While the fact that citizen journalists can report in real time and are not subject to oversight opens them to criticism about the accuracy of their reporting, news stories presented by mainstream media also misreport facts occasionally that are reported correctly by citizen journalists. As low as 32% of the American population have a fair amount of trust in the media.

Effects on traditional journalism
Journalism has been affected significantly due to citizen journalism. This is because citizen journalism allows people to post as much content as they want, whenever they want. In order to stay competitive, traditional news sources are forcing their journalists to compete. This means that journalists now have to write, edit and add pictures into their content and they must do so at a rapid pace, as it is perceived by news companies that it's essential for journalists to produce content at the same rate that citizens can post content on the internet. This is hard though, as many news companies are facing budget cuts and cannot afford to pay journalists the proper amount for the amount of work they do. Despite the uncertainties of a job in journalism and rising tuition costs there has been a 35% increase in journalism majors throughout the past few years according to Astra Taylor in her book The People's Platform.

Legal repercussions
Edward Greenberg, a New York City litigator, notes higher vulnerability of unprofessional journalists in court compared to the professional ones: "'So-called shield laws, which protect reporters from revealing sources, vary from state to state. On occasion, the protection is dependent on whether the person [who] asserted the claim is in fact a journalist. There are many cases at both the state and federal levels where judges determine just who is/is not a journalist. Cases involving libel often hinge on whether the actor was or was not a member of the 'press'.'"

The view stated above does not mean that professional journalists are fully protected by shield laws. In the 1972 Branzburg v. Hayes case the Supreme Court of the United States invalidated the use of the First Amendment as a defense for reporters summoned to testify before a grand jury. In 2005, the reporter's privilege of Judith Miller and Matthew Cooper was rejected by the appellate court.

Possible future
Citizen journalism increased during the last decade of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, associated with the creation of the internet which introduced new ways in communicating and engaging news. In 2004 Leonard Witt wrote in the National Civic Review, "the voices of a range of citizens are being heard loud and clear on the Internet, mostly through Weblogs." Due to this shift in technology, individuals were able to access more news than previously and at a much faster rate. This larger quantity also made it so there was a larger variety of sources which people were able to consume media and news.

Citizen journalism has proven itself to be an effective form of current event coverage and can possibly signify a shift in modern media. Citizen journalism has been expanding in different varieties of modern media which include, international news, more democratic journalism, mainstream media, and the importance for mass media outlets. Citizen journalism is now one of the main contributors of mainstream news and consistently feeding in information that even traditional journalist can't grasp their hands on. This could eventually lead to citizen journalism to become one of the main sources for news everywhere as the internet and constant information being provided by citizen journalist are key factors contributing to citizen journalism increasing.

Natalie Fenton discusses the role of citizen journalism within the digital age and has three characteristics associated with the topic: speed and space, multiplicity and poly-centrality, and interactivity and participation.

Current instances of citizen journalism
Citizen journalism has become a recent topic of discussion regarding its efficacy in documenting the downfall of popular cryptocurrency exchange FTX and its founder Sam Bankman-Fried. This recent instance of popular media relying on citizen journalism marks the ever-expanding development of the pseudo-reporting strategy. There is a measurable decrease in interest for traditional news sources as more become disinterested by apparent bias and political influence. Another example of citizen journalism proving to be a viable source of information communication was in the recent coverage of the war in Ukraine. Utilising popular video-sharing platforms such as YouTube, citizen journalists provide viewers with current updates regarding developments on the frontline as well as covering larger factors contributing to the developing story.

Proponents and facilitators
Dan Gillmor, the former technology columnist for the San Jose Mercury News, founded a nonprofit, the Center for Citizen Media, (2005–2009) to help promote it.

Professor Charles Nesson, William F. Weld Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and the founder of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, chairs the Advisory Board for Jamaican citizen journalism startup On the Ground News Reports.

Maurice Ali founded one of the first international citizen journalist associations, the International Association of Independent Journalists Inc. (IAIJ), in 2003. The association through its President (Maurice Ali) published studies and articles on citizen journalism, attended and spoken at UNESCO and United Nations events as advocates of citizen journalism worldwide.

title: Citizen journalism


text:
Mantis (disambiguation)

Mantis is the common name of any insect in the order Mantodea, also commonly known as praying mantises.

Mantis may also refer to:

Biology

 * Mantis (genus), a genus of mantises
 * Mantis shrimp, also known as stomatopods, predatory crustaceans
 * Mantispidae or mantis-flies, small predatory insects whose front legs are similar to those of a praying mantis

Computing

 * MANTIS, a programming language or an application generator marketed by Cincom
 * Mantis Bug Tracker, a bug tracking system

Spacecraft

 * MANTIS (spacecraft), "Main-belt Asteroid and NEO Tour with Imaging and Spectroscopy", a proposed NASA spacecraft that would flyby multiple asteroids
 * MANTIS (space telescope), "Monitoring Activity from Nearby Stars with UV Imaging and Spectroscopy", a planned NASA space telescope

Arts and entertainment

 * Mantis (album), a 2009 studio album by progressive rock/jam band Umphrey's McGee
 * The Mantis, a 2023 novel in the Hitman franchise by Kōtarō Isaka

Comics

 * Mantis (DC Comics), a supervillain in Jack Kirby's Fourth World
 * Mantis (Marvel Comics), a member of The Avengers
 * Mantis (Marvel Cinematic Universe), the Marvel Cinematic Universe version of the character

Games

 * Psycho Mantis, a boss in the videogame Metal Gear Solid
 * Mantis, an alien insect-like race in the real-time strategy computer game Conquest: Frontier Wars
 * Mantis, an alien race in the MMORPG Pirate Galaxy
 * XF5700 Mantis, a space sim by MicroPlay in 1992
 * The Mantis, an alien insect-like race in the roguelike computer game FTL: Faster Than Light

Film and television

 * M.A.N.T.I.S., a superhero television series
 * La Mante, a 2017 French miniseries

Military

 * BAE Systems Mantis, an unmanned air vehicle developed by BAE Systems
 * Nächstbereichschutzsystem MANTIS, a very short-range protection system of the German Army intended for base-protection

Other uses

 * Jeremy Coney, former New Zealand cricket captain's nicknamed "The Mantis"
 * Cagn, a god of the San of southern Africa, who often takes the shape of a praying mantis
 * Mantis (roller coaster), a former stand-up roller coaster at Cedar Point
 * Marcos Mantis, a British sports car
 * Mantis, the ancient Greek word for seer or soothsayer, one cognizant of the will of divinity, which he learns through divination

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mantis (disambiguation)


text:
Elise Richter

Elise Richter (2 March 1865 – 23 June 1943) was an Austrian philologist, specialising in Romance studies, and university professor. She was the first woman to achieve the habilitation at the University of Vienna, the first female associate professor and the only woman at any Austrian university before World War I to hold an academic appointment. Persecuted by Nazi officials during World War II, she was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in German-occupied Czechoslovakia in October 1942, and died there in June 1943.

Biography
Born in Vienna, Austria, on 2 March 1865, to a middle-class, non-practicing Jewish family, Elise Richter was the daughter of Emilie Richter and Maximilian Richter, the chief physician of the Austrian Southern Railway Company. Her sister Helene Richter, four years older than Elise, became known as an anglicist and theatre scholar, writing about and translating English literature and drama. Elise Richter developed rheumatoid arthritis as a young woman, and was confined to bed for a year during her early 20s. The two women grew closer, following the deaths of their mother and father, respectively, in 1889 and 1891. Traveling together, they also encouraged each other to continue their respective academic pursuits.

As girls were excluded from formal higher education at the time, Richter and her two sisters (one of them died at a young age) were initially educated at home by the family's Prussian governess. During the 1890s, Helene and Elise Richter audited university courses with special permission from certain professors. It was not until 1896 that girls were admitted to the Matura examination (general university entrance qualification), which Elise Richter passed the following year, at the age of 32. Then she enrolled at the University of Vienna as a student of Classical, Indo-European and Romance philology under Adolph Mussafia and Wilhelm Meyer-Lubke, and then became one of the first women ever to be awarded a Doctorate from that university in 1901. That degree was awarded summa cum laude.

In 1905, she became the first woman to receive the habilitation for her work on Romance languages. Two years later, she became the first female Privatdozent (assistant professor) at the University of Vienna. Her inaugural lecture on "the history of indeclinables" was moved to another lecture hall to avoid disruption by militant Catholic and German nationalist students who took offense not only at Richter's gender but also at her Jewish roots. In 1921, she became the first woman in Austria to be appointed as an untenured professor (außerordentlicher Professor). However, she never received an ordinary professorship.

In their home in the "cottage quarter" of Währing, Elise and Helene Richter hosted a weekly salon for intellectuals and artists, starting in 1906. Among their regular guests were the women's rights activists Marianne Hainisch and Rosa Mayreder, music critic Max Kalbeck, and Burgtheater director Hugo Thimig. In 1911 both Richter sisters were baptised in Vienna's Lutheran City Church. Beginning in 1920, she chaired the Association of Austrian Academic Women (Verband der Akademikerinnen Österreichs). In 1922, Elise Richter founded the Austrian Federation of University Women.

After the 1938 Anschluss, and the introduction of Nazi anti-semitic policies in Austria, which excluded people of Jewish origin from public life, Richter was denied access to the university's library, dismissed from her post, denied pension support in her old age, and prohibited from visiting museums and other cultural institutions. In addition, her personal library, which held 3,000 items, and other possessions were confiscated. She and her sister, Helene, who lived with her, were then deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp on 9 October 1942, on Transport IV/13, number 598. Helene was 81 when she died there on 8 November 1942. Elise was 78 when she died there on 21 June 1943.

The Elise Richter Program of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), which provides financial support for female postdoc researchers aiming for a professorship, is named in her honour.

Selected writings

 * On the Development of the Romance Word Order from the Latin [German title: Zur Entwicklung der romanischen Wortstellung aus der lateinischen] (Max Niemeyer Verlag, Halle (Saale): 1903)
 * Foreign Word Knowledge [German title: Fremdwortkunde] (Teubner, Leipzig: 1919)
 * Phonics: Introduction to Phonetics [German title: Lautbildungskunde. Einführung in die Phonetik] (Teubner, Leipzig/Berlin: 1922)
 * How We Speak. Six Popular Lectures [German title: Wie wir sprechen. Sechs volkstümliche Vorträge] (Teubner, Leipzig: 1925)
 * The Development of Modern French [German title: Die Entwicklung des neuesten Französischen] (Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld/Leipzig: 1933)
 * Contributions to the History of Romanisms I: Chronological Phonetics of French Up to the End of the 8th Century [German title: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Romanismen I. Chronologische Phonetik des Französischen bis zum Ende des 8. Jahrhunderts] (Niemeyer, Halle (Saale): 1934)
 * Smaller Writings on General and Romance Linguistics [German title: Kleinere Schriften zur allgemeinen und romanischen Sprachwissenschaft] (Institute for Linguistics at the University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck: 1977)
 * Sum of Life [German title: Summe des Lebens] (WUV-Universitätsverlag, Vienna: 1997)

title: Elise Richter


text:
Talk:Compilation of Final Fantasy VII/List of Final Fantasy VII terms

Explanation
This page contains history that used to be at the title "List of Final Fantasy VII terms". Its corresponding talk page is at Talk:Compilation of Final Fantasy VII/List of Final Fantasy VII terms/Talk page. Graham 87 12:50, 2 November 2018 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Sailor Starlights

Split
Now that the article has grown in length, Is it about time to Split them up? Lego3400: The Sage of Time 20:29, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's tempting, but how would we deal with all the redundant information? --Masamage 02:02, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The Page on Sailor Senshi perhaps? Or split it up among the three of them.Lego3400: The Sage of Time 21:36, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know. It just doesn't seem that each one can sustain an entire article by themselves.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 02:51, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it's not time. Danny Lilithborne 02:53, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The article may have grown in legnth, but most of that seems to stem from the addition of list items. The article hasn't even triggered the non-binding size warning. Lists also tend to puff up an article's legnth, while adding little relevent information the article's actual content. Something else to note: one of the major criticims usually given about anime and manga articles on Wikipedia is that they're usually nothing but lists and trivia items. --Kunzite 04:31, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The average reference size for an article of any length for the inners is at *least* 20 (I haven't gotten through the Outers, but it looks like it'll still average 20). Even for the ones that didn't show up that frequently, it can easily reach 20 references. Thus, for this article to be split. Each person within the article must be able to have about 20 references each. That means about 60 references. Why am I counting references? Because that will measure the amount of information actually in the article. Stats usually take up only 2-5... meaning that a proper article will have 15 on top of that being specific as to who, what and what's stated about the character. This article doesn't have enough for each to split it along those lines yet even if we put in references. We need to agree what more needs to be added to make each stand on its own. --Hitsuji Kinno 21:00, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Wrong information in musical section?
From the section on the Myu: "In their songs, the Starlights refer to themselves as "Soldiers of Space," implying that they are not tied to a single star or planet but travel to bring justice with Kakyuu serving as their main leader. Whether this applies to their versions in the manga or anime is unknown."

Isn't this incorrect? In the anime and manga they're from/tied to Kinmoku. Maybe I misunderstood what they're saying? Also, is there a citation for this? It seems a little speculative. Yumecosmos 20:40, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Except for the statement that they call themselves that, it's entirely speculation. Excellent catch; you have my blessings on removing it. :) --Masamage 22:52, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * They caled them selves Soldiers of the Stars right before Sailor Wars Supreme in Sailor Stars Kaitbeban.Yayamaya 20:03, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Another thing is that it says that the Amazon Trio fills the Starlights role in protecting Moon, they didn't untill the VERY end, for about two minutes, the rest of Shin Densetsu Kourin they were villans and fighting Moon. The only thing that The Amazon trio and Starlights have in comon in the Musicals is that Hikari Ono played someone in both of them(Sailor Star Maker and Hawks Eye)Yayamaya 20:02, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Hm, okay. That sounds great; please feel welcome to fix factual errors about the musical. I'm very nearly clueless. ^_^ --Masamage 04:02, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

A little reformatting
I'm going to move the following things out of the individual profiles: items, attacks, transformations, and music. These ought to go into one section total. As is, we have the same two items being stated three times. This'll improve readability. Xuanwu 08:58, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you! --Masamage 09:01, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Formatting issues
1. There is a picture of Seiya and Usagi in his section, but then no subsequent pictures in the other sections, making the article look a little disbalanced. I would suggest the following: The picture where the threelights is is removed, we find an appropriate picture for Taiki and Yaten as well. (I know the temptation people have to overtake the other two with Seiya...) remove the Seiya and Usagi picture in addition--this is not an S/U shipper page and that picture might give that impression. (The article should be about Seiya, not about Seiya and Usagi and how the fandom loves them and speculates they should be together.) I think this would be fair. The article needs to be kept in balance, just like the manga, anime, musicals, dub, PGSM etc in the other articles need to stay balanced. We can't favor one character over another or one relationship over another. Thus, isn't it fair to do it this way?

2. The episode support listing looks wrong. It's linking words rather than doing proper referencing. This seriously needs to be fixed because it's not in compliance with the manual of style and not consistent with other SM articles. (i.e. I don't think Seiya should be made all that more special in citations =P)

3. We need to decide what needs to be added to the pages to make them more individual later down the road to automatically earn them a B-rating. It should comply a little to the Ami page in length and shape.

4. The stats need serious clean up. Physical traits should not be listed. Unless you are blind, what's the point of listing it when the picture is right there? In addition some representations of character's physical traits, Sailor suits, etc change over the course of the series and it's self-defeating to list them one way when they are seen in other fashions. And if we are really listing it for blind people, what's the point of saying she had brown hair? The traits should conform to the listed order in the Ami's stats. If a stat cannot be supported by the manga or anime, or other form directly, it has to be deleted. All stats need referencing. >.<;;

5. All references should be footnotes with the footnote coming after the period without a space in between.

6. We need more citations in general... there are a lot of unsupported statements.--Hitsuji Kinno 21:18, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree on changing the Seiya picture. But I disagree that we should remove the physical descriptions.  Some people have browsers that don't support images, or have images turned off. (Or maybe you could put the description inside the alt tag? I don't know if that's considered bad practice, or if alt tags are even possible on Wikipedia.) Yumecosmos 20:02, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I revise that opinion, since Masamage said it was for blind people too. Given that many browsers, etc don't support pictures, I think it would be best to REVISE the descriptions to make them more solid and concrete rather than rough and totally vague descriptions, like the one with the white/silver hair. But do a real break down, so that people who in fact can't see, can actually guess what they look like! But I still support the image splitting, etc. --Hitsuji Kinno 05:39, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. I'm always in favor of better prose. X) --Masamage 04:26, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Here is a set of pictures to switch the three lights image out with... granted that someone can do the censoring of the words it should be a good option (just crop or paint it out.). http://www.perryandtsua.com/Sailor_Moon/Kou_Taiki.JPG http://www.perryandtsua.com/Sailor_Moon/Kou_Seiya.JPG http://www.perryandtsua.com/Sailor_Moon/Kou_Yaten.JPG This will balance the article to make it look like it's about all three of them, not just Seiya... and then it will get rid of the top image clutter problem we have too. Also it should be more intuitive for those who can see the images. --Hitsuji Kinno 05:39, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I like it! Yeah, just crop a square out of the middle and those would be awesome. Great pick, Star Maker's bizarre makeup aside. X) --Masamage 06:27, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, although it does seem like the animators went out of their way to make their Senshi forms look like drag queens, rather than actual females... - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 15:52, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I put up the edited images. they are exactly 400x400. I had to do just a bit of painting to get it to work and look decent. The first person to make the edits, please delete these links as it will drain my server... If we agree these are fine, then put them up, delete the second and third image to replace those with these, leave the lead image. (//sailormoon.takeuchi-naoko.com/Kou_Seiyac.jpg) (//sailormoon.takeuchi-naoko.com/Kou_Taikic.jpg) (//sailormoon.takeuchi-naoko.com/Kou_Yatenc.jpg) --Hitsuji Kinno 10:24, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Redirects
The English manga has "Lights" as the Starlights' family name (Seiya Lights, Taiki Lights and Yaten Lights). I went ahead and created a re-direct to the Starlights page with those three names. - Saturn Yoshi  THE VOICES 23:50, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Nicely done. Is that mentioned in the article yet? It definitely should be (goofy though it is XD). --Masamage 21:27, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Name Order
I noticed that the article seems to state pretty definitely that Kou is their first name. I don't think it should say this so certainly, since that's pretty much a fan debate (unless there is some proof I don't know about). Also, at the beginning their names are given as Kou Yaten, Kou Taiki, and Kou Seiya. Since we don't know the "true" order, I think it would be better to just write the names as they are given in canon. Putting Kou first takes a definite side with the people who say Kou is their first name. Should I change it? Yumecosmos 23:01, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. No need to make definite statements when nobody really knows. --Masamage 00:09, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually there is proof. Do you need the manga scans? I have them. It's repeated over and over again across volumes. I think I can get someone to post the image of their names from the Materials Collection and Anime books too. There is no dispute, just fan confusion. --Hitsuji Kinno 05:33, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No, I've seen the scans. The dispute is over whether the Three Lights use Japanese name order or Western. It's not an uncommon thing for J-pop stars to do, especially ones as otherwise weird as these. --Masamage 18:57, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Other celebrities over the years have shown up in the course of the SM universe's manga and most of them seem to follow the Japanese name format, or am I wrong? In addition while Takeuchi-sensei signs her name Naoko Takeuchi, her kanji always are spelled in Japanese order--most celebrities also do this. --Hitsuji Kinno 17:59, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

In this case there is no dispute because their first names are Kou and no matter how not uncommon it is for J-pop stars, there is definitive proof in the original manga text. On page 77 of the original print of the tankoubon manga #16, there is a panel that shows school test results and it very clearly says "Mizuno, Ami" and "Taiki, Kou". No matter how J-pop stars refer to themselves, when it comes to things like that, all the names will be listed the same with the family name first and that makes Taiki his last name.Novadestin (talk) 09:18, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, interesting. Thanks for bringing that to our attention! --Masamage ♫ 15:08, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Good call. So basically their names are sort of like The Ramones except for the differing names are their supposed surnames..? G90025 (talk) 18:21, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Images
Can someone do the switch for me? I put the images up on my server... but I need someone to check them over, say they are OK, and upload them to the proper places with the proper copyright. Somehow I don't feel right doing it myself. --Hitsuji Kinno 05:35, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think those are good. I can save and upload them as soon as I'm on my own computer again.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 08:25, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I also like them, and am on my computer, so I'll go ahead and toss them up. Nice work! --Masamage 18:57, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I did it, and I marked them as CD covers. Not sure if that's right; I know I've seen the source of the images, but I couldn't find it. Also, I noticed that they were larger resolution than they would be if I was holding the CD case in my hand, so for Fair Use I shrank them down to 60%. Shouldn't influence how they appear in the article. --Masamage 19:30, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This site (http://www.three-lights.net/laserdisc.html) lists them as laser disc scans. The originals can be found at the bottom of that page in the Sailor Stars section.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 00:42, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That's the ticket! Thank you. :D (So how do we classify that? DVD cover?) --Masamage 01:02, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I would think so... - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 01:20, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The Laserdisc article leads me to believe they're pretty different, so I'm hesitant. There doesn't seem to be a copyright-template for those, but I'll look around some more... --Masamage 07:47, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yarrr. I found Video disc cover, but it suggests that Fair Use actually doesn't cover these images unless used to depict the LD itself. :T Were they perhaps taken from somewhere else? Can they be given as "character art" on the basis that they are obviously meant to illustrate specific characters more than the series itself? --Masamage 07:52, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

(Reseting Indent) I thought they also appeared on a trading card like that... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lego3400 (talk • contribs).
 * Note I took out the links. I'll be taking down the images now. Since they are up there is no reason to keep them up on my website space, is there? I also think the page looks a lot better balanced now too. Good work! I would try for character art tag. --Hitsuji Kinno 20:50, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Image: Three Rights Do we need it? By that, I wonder if it adds anything to the article. In addition if it is going to be there it should be the three of them, not just Seiya... Again keep the balance to this article. Is it OK to delete it off of this page? --Hitsuji Kinno 05:23, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If my memory serves, I think that's one of the ones some random person added who had never edited the article before or after. Nope, I'm totally wrong! It was Xuanwu, and it was before my time. :P That'll teach me to check my facts. Anyway, I do think you have a point. It's cute, but more decoration than illustration. --Masamage 05:59, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * That image is in the Engrish article also, I believe. JuJube 06:14, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Now that one was me. X) Seemed a little more apropos, though if that article ever gets up to snuff it'll probably go. --Masamage 07:35, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Info Box
2 things. In general, i love it, i'm surpised we hadn't thought of it sooner but one thing troubles me. The afilations Box. 1st. Kakyuu is not a group so they can't be part of her. 2nd. While they are senshi. They are not members of the Sailor Team. What we have in there now seems more like Allies than affilations. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lego3400 (talk • contribs) 16:54, 16 January 2007 (UTC).
 * Thanks! But I think we're okay here. "Affiliated" means "allied with," not "a part of." Dictionary.com says "being in close formal or informal association." --Masamage 17:38, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * But the way we use in all the other boxes is diffent.. Just to be safe, I'm Changeing theirs to allies (The general box can stay the same) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lego3400 (talk • contribs) 19:41, 16 January 2007 (UTC).
 * I don't see it. The other ones use "affiliated with" to mean "associated with" too, not "part of," because that's not what it means. Besides which, the Starlights aren't really affiliated with all Sailor Senshi, any more than the Team itself is. Also, they aren't always in an alliance with the Sailor Team. They are always in affiliation, however. Those semantics are specific enough that I think it's okay to leave it the way it is. --Masamage 19:50, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

First Appearance Box
 First appearance

Fill it in and plop it in! Lego3400: The Sage of Time 16:40, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Not necessary. All three of them appear in both forms in Act 43 and Episode 173. Two data fields does not a table make. --Masamage 18:48, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Music section
Since they're a band, do you think these guys' music section should stick around? Maybe converted to prose? --Masamage 18:42, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Name meanings
Why were the translations removed? No reason was given. --Masamage 16:04, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * They were added without sources, and I thought they were part of the "Truth Woodfield" thing that happened to all of the Senshi's pages a while back. -Malkinann 02:25, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Nah, it was a separate thing. I don't think there are any puns in the Starlights' names, so they could be made a part of the name field like that if we wanted. I'm not sure whether a source is needed, but I sort of doubt it if it's just simple translation...? --Masamage 02:30, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, given that Emily Ravenwood managed an essay on them it might be good. She raises some interesting points, like the Kou surname could be a pun on the feminine suffix -ko. -Malkinann 02:54, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Tee hee. She cites me, under my maiden name, in one of her essays. But yeah, I'm down with using that as a ref if you are. There are a few inaccuracies in some parts of her website, but altogether it is pretty high-quality. --Masamage 03:03, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Issues raised in 194
Kakyuu says, "Do you use that appearance on Earth?" (referring tho the male appearance) Seiya replies, "Oh.. to find the only lady here, this was more convenient." (blushes) Right after that Seiya gets a soft look in his eyes. A planet with three moons shows up (might be worth screencapping to illustrate their home planet.) And the song was meant for her, and Seiya the Kakyuu assumes wrote it. The scene continues by overlaying Usagi over Kakyuu, and focusing on Seiya and Kakyuu alone. This may show confusion that Seiya feels towards Usagi, confusing her with Kakyuu. All that time they spent time alone is often downplayed by shippers, but in a balanced page should be mentioned rather than downplayed. I addition the little chat about appearances on earth is worth noting, even if it's not direct. (Because Japanese is indirect speech to begin with which I can back up with an article or two or a video if you choose... Culture and Communication.) I do not wish to flame shippers--frankly, I don't care, but I thought it was worth mentioning for the fair and balanced rule of wikipedia and neutrality rule.

Note, Kakyuu only calls Seiya Fighter. --Hitsuji Kinno 04:53, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah. Seyia says "This is goodbye to Seyia" near the end of the Anime. The name appears to be a Pseudonym. The others' names probably are too. --Lego3400: The Sage of Time 23:52, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Episode 195 where Seiya also states that he's fine with being in a one-sided love and he fell for Odango in a surprise. He also says this quote, "I wanted to tell you my feelings because Seiya's time is short." -- Hitsuji Kinno (talk • contribs) 22:59, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

It's been several weeks. If there are no objections this information will be included in the Seiya section of the article this coming Friday or Saturday. --Hitsuji Kinno 13:34, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Move/merge
It's been proposed that this article be merged with Princess Kakyuu into a new article called Kinmoku. Please discuss at Talk:Princess Kakyuu. --Masamage ♫ 18:43, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * ...I haven't copied Kakyuu's talk page contents over here because, frankly, now that I've done it, I think this merge looks terrible. I think we ought to revert everything right away. --Masamage ♫ 00:31, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Me too. So what if Kakyuu's page remains small?  The Kinmoku page looks too big and too messy.  Merging the Sailor Animamates together worked because they were all small and the different continuities didn't clash too much. -Malkinann 00:49, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It's driving me nuts, so I'm going to revert. Everyone else, check out how it looked and we can discuss what needs help. I think I'm with Malkinann; Kakyuu having a short article is better than this mishmash. --Masamage ♫ 01:27, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Three Rights image
Shall we just let that one go? We talked about it recently and nobody seemed to care about it much. Now that it's not on Engrish anymore, it's not really doing anything. --Masamage ♫ 06:29, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Someone's put a short fair use rationale on it, which is a sweet thought, but the image still doesn't illustrate much... Perhaps someone-not-me could invite them to join WP:SM, (cos they might get confused if I invited them), and I'll put the image up for fair use review? -Malkinann 09:27, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * That person was me, so sorry if I disrupted anything, but if you want to remove it do so.--Hanaichi 09:49, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You're fine, help is always appreciated. ^_^ Malkinann, I'd prefer that if we don't want it, we just orphan the thing and let it go down like that. --Masamage ♫ 17:41, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you're fine - sometimes I put up no rationale so that images get deleted, and sometimes I put it up so that people can fix things up and they won't get deleted... ;)  I can't believe I forgot about the orphan clause... I'm not too fussed on this image myself. -Malkinann 23:24, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It's disposable. The Three Lights and Engrish are still illustrated by other images on Wikipedia. --  Denelson83  00:40, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * With no one coming forward in support of it now, and no one back when we originally agreed to get rid of it, I'm going to go ahead and orphan the thing. I'll leave a message at WP:SM; if anyone cares, they have seven days to jump in and save it. --Masamage ♫ 20:15, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

The image has been deleted. -Malkinann 00:30, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Images
I've seen the ENTIRE stars series, and I'm 90% postive, that they don't wear any make up. However, the images we have show that. Should we mention it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.95.217.34 (talk) 14:31, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

That doesn't really matter much. It's only the lipstick that shows in the pictures and it's only on Fighter and Maker's. Makeup isn't really that important. ;) Karuseikaarie (talk) 04:14, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Starlights: San Hikari
I edited the reference. This is actually a theory and probably doesn't belong on Wikipedia as it's original research. But since this tidbit has survived, I've edited the citation to where it needs to properly go. I had posited the theory that the San Hikari were tied to the Starlights long ago and websites such as Starlight Pops and others liked the theory and have cited me on it since then. But I'd prefer if this theory is going to remain as trivia or part of the article on Wikipedia that I continue to be credited for it, or else it should be removed. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mnemosynehime (talk • contribs) 22:59, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * At present, the citation is not to a Sailor Moon website at all but rather to an academic website that discusses the San Hikari themselves. Both references should therefore be included. --Masamage ♫ 02:26, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

5th season
The German Dub showed all episodes except 89.

Merge proposal
I come with this proposal to merge some of the contents of this page into the List of Sailor Moon characters. This is mainly because of Notability. The article does not contain any section regarding reception and impact in popular culture. Even series creator Naoko Takeuchi has expressed that the Starlights are not even main characters in the manga. Not all contents would be merged into the list of characters, but only the Profiles and Development sections. The rest is cruft and in-universe information. With this merge, the list of charaters will not be more than 100 KB long. Thoughts? -- LoЯd  ۞pεth  22:03, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

 * More than 5 days have passed and there have been no objections and no improvement of the article. I will perform the merger as proposed, and fix the redirects. -- LoЯd  ۞pεth  18:49, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sailor Starlights


text:
USS Congress (1841)

USS Congress—the fourth United States Navy ship to carry that name—was a sailing frigate, like her predecessor, USS Congress (1799).

Congress served in the Mediterranean, South Atlantic Ocean, and in the Pacific Ocean. She continued to operate as an American warship until the American Civil War, when she was sunk by the ironclad CSS Virginia in battle of Newport News, Virginia.

Service history
Congress was launched at the Portsmouth Navy Yard on August 16, 1841 and placed in commission under Captain Philip Voorhees on May 7, 1842. Her first cruise, starting on July 15, took her to the Mediterranean for service with the Squadron of Commodores Charles W. Morgan and Charles Morris. In December 1843, Voorhees joined Commodore Daniel Turner's Brazil Squadron blockading Montevideo in safeguarding U.S. trade during the Uruguayan Civil War. On September 29, 1844, Voorhees captured an armed Argentine schooner that delivered a mail to the Argentine commanding officer. This overreaction damaged the US-Argentina relation and resulted in a court martial for Voorhees. His impetuosity resulted in a few months suspension, for Voorhees, but did little damage to his career. Congress remained active in the theatre until January 1845. She was then placed in ordinary at Norfolk, Virginia in March.

Congress was recommissioned on September 15, 1845, as flagship of Commodore Robert F. Stockton and sailed for the Pacific Ocean in late October. After landing the U.S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands at Honolulu, Hawaii on June 10, she proceeded to Monterey Bay where she joined the Pacific Squadron. Captain Elie A. F. La Vallette assumed command on July 20 and employed her along the west coast during the Mexican–American War. Large detachments of her crew participated in battles on Rio San Gabriel and the plains of La Mesa, and in the occupation of Los Angeles. She assisted in the bombardment and capture of Guaymas in October 1847, and in November furnished a detachment that aided in the occupation of Mazatlán. On August 23, 1848, she departed La Paz, Baja California Sur for Norfolk, Virginia, arriving the following January to be placed in ordinary.

In May 1850, she was assigned a threefold mission; protect U.S. interests between the mouth of the Amazon River and Cape Horn, prevent the use of the American flag to cover the African slave trade, and maintain neutral rights during hostilities among the South American countries. Departing Hampton Roads, Virginia on June 12, she arrived at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on September 1 and assumed duty as flagship of the Brazil Squadron under Commodore Issac McKeever until June 1853. She returned to New York City on July 20 for decommissioning. On June 19, 1855, Congress sailed for the Mediterranean and there followed two years as flagship of Commodore Samuel Livingston Breese. Sailing from Spezia, Italy on November 26, 1857, she arrived at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 13, 1858, and was placed out of commission. In 1859, Congress was reassigned as flagship of Commodore Joshua R. Sands and the Brazil Squadron, remaining in that area until the Civil War precipitated her return to Boston, Massachusetts on August 22, 1861.

American Civil War service

On September 9, 1861, she was ordered to duty under command of Capt. Louis M. Goldsborough in the Atlantic Blockading Squadron, later to serve under commanding officer W. Smith, and executive officer Lieutenant Joseph B. Smith.

Congress was anchored off Newport News, Virginia, as part of the Union blockade of that port on March 8, 1862, when she fell under attack by the Confederate ironclad, CSS Virginia (ex-USS Merrimack) and five other small ships. Serving aboard Congress at this time was McKean Buchanan, brother of the commanding officer of the Virginia, Franklin Buchanan. After exchanging broadsides with Virginia, Congress slipped her moorings and ran aground in shallow water.

The ironclad and her consorts attacked from a distance and inflicted great damage on the ship, killing 120, including the commanding officer, Joseph B. Smith. Executive officer Austin Pendergrast assumed command. Ablaze in several places and unable to bring guns to bear on the enemy, Congress was forced to strike her colors and raise a white flag. Heavy shore batteries prevented Virginia from taking possession. Instead she fired several rounds of hot shot (red-hot cannonballs) and incendiary causing Congress to burn to the water's edge, and her magazine to explode. Lt. Smith, having been in command at the time, died in the action. Eventually, during the battle, Congress sank by the stern. In September 1865, Congress was raised and taken to the Norfolk Navy Yard where she was later sold. She later was stripped for the valuable wood and metal near her mast. The sails later were used to make a flag in memory of the ship.

title: USS Congress (1841)


text:
San Ysidro, San Diego

San Ysidro (Spanish for "St. Isidore", ) is a district of the City of San Diego, immediately north of the Mexico–United States border. It neighbors Otay Mesa West to the north, Otay Mesa to the east, and Nestor and the Tijuana River Valley to the west; together these communities form South San Diego, a practical exclave of the City of San Diego. Major thoroughfares include Beyer Boulevard and San Ysidro Boulevard.

1829–1848: Rancho Tía Juana
After independence from Spain in 1822, the Mexican government started issuing land grants for ranchos. In 1829 it granted Santiago Argüello Moraga the 10,000-acre Rancho Tía Juana, which covered parts of what now are San Ysidro and Tijuana; his son Emigdio Argüello was granted the adjacent Rancho Melijo in 1833, on which they built "La Punta", an adobe house that was one of very few structures in the area until the late 1800s.

1848–1922: Early U.S. period
After the 1846 Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded what is now the Southwest U.S. in 1848. San Ysidro found itself on an international border. The border was marked in the mid-1860s and the first customs building was erected in 1873. The border was unfenced until one was built in 1910 from the Pacific Ocean to Otay Mountain.

1887–1895: Tia Juana City
San Diego was connected to the U.S. railroad network in 1885, spurring a real estate boom. In 1887, real estate firm Hart and Stern developed Tia Juana City on the site of today's Las Americas Premium Outlets, consisting of a single street with a drug store, saloon, hotel and boot shop and some scattered houses beyond. Floods washed out buildings in 1891 and 1895; Tia Juana City was not immediately rebuilt and settlers moved to higher ground.

1908–1916: Little Landers
The Little Landers colony was a community founded by William Ellsworth Smythe in 1908 with the motto, "A little land and a living surely is better than desperate struggle and wealth possibly." Each member of the community held a plot of land no bigger than they could cultivate themselves, averaging 2 acre each, in order to foster a non-hierarchical social structure. Every person had an equal voice in the affairs of the community whose business affairs was conducted by a board of directors voted in by the community. All agricultural buying and selling was pooled on a cooperative basis. Members agreed to forfeit their land should they leave the community.

The city levied a commission on the sale of land which funded public improvements such as a library, park, irrigation systems, and a clubhouse. They maintained a retail market in San Diego where harvested produce was sold. In addition to growing vegetables, the community raised and marketed ducks, rabbits, and goats.

The Little Landers community is known as one of the nation's first communes. It lasted until a major flood wiped out its farms in 1916. The George Belcher homestead is the oldest surviving building in San Ysidro.

George Smythe named the new settlement San Ysidro, the archaic spelling of Saint Isidore the Laborer's name in Spanish (San Isidro).

1922–1957: residential community and border town
With the rise of Tijuana, Mexico as a racing, gambling, drinking and entertainment destination in the 1920s, many American employees of these establishments lived in San Ysidro and worked in Tijuana. By 1922, twenty new modest homes had been built in San Ysidro for working class residents, "Some [of whom worked for the]... Tijuana’s Lower California Jockey Club racetrack... others worked in Mexican saloons and gambling halls."

In 1924, the $12,000 San Ysidro Free Public Library opened; civic leader Frank Beyer donated the land as well as $7,000 towards the cost. The Louis Gill-designed San Ysidro Community Church opened in 1924, and the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church opened a few years later. The San Ysidro Bank and the Civic and Recreation Center opened in 1925. Beyer donated the land for the Civic Center. In 1931, the old customs facility was replaced with the existing historic landmark customs building. After 1933, with alcohol legalized in the U.S., gambling outlawed in Mexico and fewer American visitors to Tijuana, some homes were purchased by Mexican citizens working in the U.S.

Following World War Two, there was a housing shortage in San Diego and as a result, new houses, apartment buildings and bungalow courts were built in San Ysidro.

According to the San Diego city planning department, at this point San Ysidro was "now a full- fledged city that supported the various economic, social, religious, and recreational needs of the residents and visitors."

Annexation
San Ysidro, along with the rest of South San Diego, was annexed by the city of San Diego in 1957; an attempt by residents in 1973 to reverse the decision was unsuccessful.

1984 massacre
On July 18, 1984, James Oliver Huberty, a 41-year-old former welder from Canton, Ohio, opened fire inside a McDonald's restaurant with multiple firearms (including an Uzi), killing 21 people and injuring an additional 19 people, before he was fatally shot by a sniper from a SWAT team. The McDonald's site was razed in 1985. The site is now home to a Southwestern College satellite campus. It was the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history until the 1991 Luby's massacre in Texas, and remains the deadliest in Californian history.

Border crossing
San Ysidro is home to the fourth busiest land border crossing in the world. It is the second-busiest border crossing between two sovereign nations (after the Johor–Singapore Causeway) and the busiest border crossing in the Western Hemisphere.

Statistics from the U.S. Department of Transportation state more than 15 million vehicles and 36.7 million people entered the United States at the San Ysidro Port of Entry in 2019. The great majority of these are workers (both of Mexican and U.S. nationality) commuting from Tijuana to jobs in the greater San Diego area and throughout southern California. There is also reverse traffic, both of workers traveling to maquiladoras in Mexico and those purchasing services or seeking entertainment in Tijuana. 2009 studies estimated that wait times for vehicles at the San Ysidro LPOE averaged 1.5 to 2 hours during the commuter peak period.

For pedestrians, in 2012, morning waits to enter the United States could last more than two hours — and twice that time during peak weekend periods. Roughly one-fifth of the 25,000 daily northbound crossers remained in San Ysidro to work, shop, visit family etc., according to the San Ysidro Chamber of Commerce. Many more boarded the San Diego Trolley or other public transportation to work, schools, stores, banks, medical appointments and family gatherings across San Diego County. In 2016 a second pedestrian crossing was opened, "PedWest", connecting Plaza Viva Tijuana via a walkway to the border next to the El Chaparral auto crossing, with Virginia Avenue in San Ysidro.

San Ysidro is also where ICE deports the most Mexicans back into Mexico; in 2003, this was 360,172 people.

Trucks cannot use the San Ysidro crossing and must use the Otay Mesa Port of Entry instead.

An expansion of the San Ysidro Port of Entry took place in three parts and was completed in 2019. The $741 million project expanded and veered Interstate 5 to the west. A new northbound inspection facility was built, including primary vehicle inspection booths, a secondary inspection area, an administration space, and a pedestrian-processing facility. A southbound inspection facility exists on the southbound crossing, operated by Mexican customs in Tijuana.

Demographics
The 2010 census counted 28,008 people in San Ysidro, of whom 93% were Hispanic.

Of those over 5 years old, 60% spoke Spanish and English "well" or "very well". 13% only spoke Spanish, and 10% spoke only English.

Police
The San Diego Police Department provides police services to the community. The area is serviced by the southern division headquarters at 1120 27th Street and a small substation at 663 E. San Ysidro Blvd.

Fire and EMS
The San Diego Fire Department provides fire and emergency medical services to the community. The area is serviced by fire station 29 at 179 W. San Ysidro Blvd.

Schools
The area is served by the San Ysidro School District (kindergarten through the eighth grade) and Sweetwater Union High School District.

The high school district operates San Ysidro High School, which serves much of San Ysidro. Portions are zoned to Southwest Senior High School, with some rezoned from San Ysidro to Southwest in 2016. A small section of San Ysidro is zoned to Montgomery High School. San Ysidro Adult Education Center, operated by the high school district, is also in San Ysidro.

Landmarks and facilities
The San Diego Public Library operates the San Ysidro Branch Library. Parks in San Ysidro include Howard Lane Park, Vista Terrace Park, and San Ysidro Community Park. Churches include Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church.

The San Ysidro Post Office opened on April 13, 1910, and closed on January 5, 1974. It has moved to a new location on W. San Ysidro Blvd. and continues providing service today.

The San Ysidro U.S. Inspection Station/U.S. Custom House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

San Diego's largest outlet mall is on the international border immediately west of the crossing, Las Americas Premium Outlets, with 125 stores.

Noted architect Louis John Gill designed the Spanish Revival-style building at 147 W. San Ysidro Blvd., formerly the San Ysidro Commercial Company, (1929) now TheFront art gallery.

title: San Ysidro, San Diego


text:
Killingworth

Killingworth, formerly Killingworth Township, is a town in North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. It lies within the historic county of Northumberland.

Killingworth was built as a new town in the 1960s, next to Killingworth Village, which existed for centuries before the new town was built. Other nearby villages include Forest Hall, West Moor and Backworth.

Killingworth has bus links to the rest of Tyne and Wear. The town is not on the Tyne and Wear Metro network; its nearest stations are Palmersville and Benton.

The town of Killingworth in Australia is named after the British original because of its extensive coal mines.

Culture

Killingworth was used as a filming location for the 1973 BBC sitcom Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?, with one of the houses on Agincourt on the Highfields estate featuring as the home of Bob and Thelma Ferris.

In an episode of the architecture series Grundy's Wonders on Tyne Tees, John Grundy deemed Killingworth's former British Gas Research Centre to be the best industrial building in the North East.

The Doctor Who episode titled "The Mark of the Rani" depicted Killingworth in the 19th century, with the Sixth Doctor in search of George Stephenson, after the Doctor's archenemy The Master attempts to hijack the Industrial Revolution. Filming of the episode took place in the 19th-century mining village at Blists Hill Open Air Museum in Ironbridge, however.

Medieval
According to Jennifer Morrison there is no recorded evidence of early human activity at Killingworth. She asserts that this may be due in part to a lack of fieldwork in the area. Subsequent mining, spoil heaps and landscaping disturbed the stratigraphy and damaged or destroyed artifacts.

Documentary evidence for Killingworth starts in 1242 when it is recorded as part of the land held by Roger de Merlay III. There were nine recorded taxpayers in 1296, falling to eight by 1312. In a survey of the township dated 1373 listed sixteen tenements (land holdings).

Division
Other enclosed land was kept as common land; 1800 acres formed Killingworth Moor. The commoners were the owners of land in Killingworth and Longbenton. Prior to enclosure Newcastle races were held on the moor from the early 17th century. Racing eventually transferred to Newcastle Town Moor.

19th century
The 1841 Census recorded a population of 112 spread through 14 dwellings. The village consisted of two rows of cottages on both sides of the road. By the mid-nineteenth century a terrace had appeared, possibly connected with the developing mines in Killingworth and surrounding areas. To the north farms persisted. This pattern of development with 18th and 19th century stone buildings is identifiable today, though with recent infilling.

New town
Construction of Killingworth, a new town, began in 1963. Intended for 20,000 people, it was a former mining community, formed on 760 acre of derelict colliery land near Killingworth Village. The building of Killingworth Township was undertaken by Northumberland County Council and was not formally a 'New Town' sponsored by the Government. Unlike that town, Killingworth's planners adopted a radical approach to town centre design, resulting in relatively high-rise buildings in an avant-garde and brutalist style that won awards for architecture, dynamic industry and attractive environment.

This new town centre consisted of pre-cast concrete houses, with millions of small crustacean shells unusually embedded into their external walls, 5 to 10-storey flats, offices, industrial units and service buildings, which often consisted of artistic non-functional characteristics, shops and residential multi-storey car parks, interconnected by ramps and walkways. These made up a deck system of access to shopping and other facilities, employing the Swedish Skarne method of construction.

Originally named Killingworth Township, the latter part was quickly dropped through lack of colloquial use. Killingworth is referred to as 'Killy' by many residents of the town and surrounding areas.

Around 1964, during the reclamation of the derelict pit sites, a 15 acre lake south of the town centre was created; spoil heaps were leveled, seeded and planted with semi-mature trees. Today, swans, ducks and local wildlife live around the two lakes, which span the main road into Killingworth. The lake is kept well stocked with fish and an angling club and model boating club regularly use it.

Killingworth Colliery
Killingworth was home to a number of pits including the world-famous Killingworth Colliery owned by Lord Ravensworth. Ralph Dodds as Chief Viewer managed or trained several people of note during his lifetime including his nephew Isaac Dodds, locomotive engineer George Stephenson, rack railway inventor John Blenkinsop, and Nicholas Wood who was to succeed him as Chief Viewer at Killingworth.

In 1814 George Stephenson, enginewright at the colliery, built his first locomotive Blücher with the help and encouragement of his manager, Nicholas Wood, in the colliery workshop behind his house 'Dial Cottage' on Lime Road. This locomotive could haul 30 LT of coal up a hill at 4 mph. It was used to tow coal wagons along the wagonway from Killingworth to the Wallsend coal staithes. Although Blücher did not survive long, it provided Stephenson with the knowledge and experience to build better locomotives for use both at Killingworth and elsewhere. Later he would build the famous Rocket in his locomotive works in Newcastle.

At the same time Stephenson was developing his own version of the miner's safety lamp, which he demonstrated underground in Killingworth pit a month before Sir Humphry Davy presented his design to the Royal Society in London in 1815. Known as the Geordie lamp it was to be widely used in the North-east in place of the Davy lamp.

The track gauge of the Killingworth tramway was. Other names were Killingworth Colliery railway, Killingworth Railway and Killingworth wagonway

The Garth Estates
Killingworth originally consisted of local authority houses. The first houses at Angus Close, owned by the local authority, were built to house key workers for the British Gas Research Centre. The rest of Killingworth's estates were cul-de-sacs named "Garths" – all numbered, although Garths 1–3 never existed. The numbering was: 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, etc. In the 1990s the Garths located in West Bailey changed their names to street names with estates adopting patterns such as trees (Laburnum Court, Willow Gardens), birds (Dove Close, Chaffinch Way), Farne Islands (Crumstone Court, Longstone, Megstone), etc.

The houses in most of the Garths in West Bailey (the west of Killingworth) were built of concrete and had flat roofs, but around 1995 the Local Housing Association modernised these houses by adding pitched roofs. They renewed fencing, built new brick sheds and relocated roads and pathways.

The lowest remaining numbered Garth is Garth Four in West Bailey and the highest is Garth Thirty-Three in East Bailey aka Hadrian court. The housing estate formally known as Garth 21 was built as a private estate with detached and semi-detached 3 and 4 bed room homes.

Many Local Authority Homes were purchased by the tenants, some of whom still reside in the houses that were built in the 1960s.

Private Estates
In the early 1970s, construction started on two new private estates. One north of East Bailey built by Fisher, called Longmeadows with streets named after the Farne Islands (Knivestone, Goldstone, Crumstone etc.), and the other, on the North side of West Bailey. This estate, called Highfields, was constructed by Greensit & Barrett with its streets named after notable battles Flodden, Agincourt, Stamford, Culloden and Sedgemoor.

The Towers
The most eye-catching and radical aspect of the township was the 3-tier housing estate called Killingworth Towers – apartment blocks built in the early 1970s. Tenanted by the local authority, they were made of dark grey concrete blocks and were named Bamburgh, Kielder and Ford Tower etc., after castles. They consisted of a combination of 1, 2 and 3 storey homes built on top of each other rising to 10 storeys in some towers, with tremendous views.

The estate was originally designed to mimic a medieval castle with an outer wall and inner keep connected to lifts and rubbish chutes by ramps and a two-tier walkway (see gallery). This design could be seen on maps of the Towers imprinted on the cast-iron drain covers within the estate. The walkways all led to a 1/4 mi elevated walkway leading straight through the mostly covered Killingworth Citadel Shopping Centre. This communal configuration was experimental and somewhat typical of the time.

Decline
The concept was to create community interaction, with large parks in the grasslands around the towers and adult social clubs. The design did not live up to expectations and the estate started to look and feel like a prison rather than a castle with the introduction of measures to stop anti-social behaviour from youths congregating within the tower instead of in the parks.

Grating was retrofitted to prevent risk takers sliding down the 100 ft high girders holding up the walkways. Cast iron grilles were erected to stop transit by over-exuberant youths racing bikes and skateboards along the smooth walkway "racetrack". Dogs fouled the walkways, rubbish chutes were blocked, vandals damaged communal bins, stairwells, lifts and multi-storey residential car parks joined the list of problems. The Towers were never widely popular and were demolished in 1987.

The last remaining structure, the walkway to the shops, was eventually demolished as it served no purpose after the Towers' demise, but it stood alone for 10 years until funds were found to bring it down.

The land is now occupied by two new estates of privately owned homes built by Cussins Homes and Barratt Homes.

Town centre
The original town centre was built in the 1960s. The boxer Henry Cooper declared the shopping centre open while standing on the steps of the Puffing Billy pub. The centre included a large department store, Woolco that sold groceries and car parts and even incorporated a tyre service bay.

History of commerce
The first two shops in Killingworth in the 1960s were Moore's and a small confectionery shop, situated between Garth Six and Angus Close and adjacent to the West House pub, but these shops were demolished in the 1970s.

The shopping centre included Dewhurst butchers, Greggs bakery and newsagents, but it was demolished in the 1990s. The Puffing Billy Pub was built on a bridge over the road.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Morrisons shopping complex (containing Morrisons supermarket) became the commercial centre, while the former Woolco site stood as wasteland for more than a decade. In the early 2000s, Killingworth Centre, a modern shopping mall, was built there. Morrisons moved into a new purpose-built store. The premises vacated by Morrisons are now occupied by Matalan and Home Bargains.

In 2010, a new KFC and public house ('The Shire Horse') were constructed next to McDonald's in Killingworth Centre.

White Swan Centre
The White Swan was a large white building in the town centre. It was originally owned by Merz & McLellan and built in the 1960s. It contains 100000 sqft of office space and employed 600 professional and clerical people. It was constructed by Northumberland County Council, and the building towered over Killingworth.

Over the years, the office space became vacant and, like the former Woolco site, was disused through the 1990s. The building was reduced in height, remodernised, reopened and renamed White Swan Centre. The name White Swan was chosen from suggestions provided by local school children and reflects the swans found on the local lake. The White Swan Centre was built to house local services previously provided in demolished buildings that had been attached to the high-level shopping precinct. For example, a doctors' surgery and library and a small gym was housed in the White Swan centre as the swimming pool and sports centre had also been demolished. The new Lakeside swimming pool and sports centre was built alongside the lake next to George Stephenson High School.

Transport
Killingworth lies within the remit of the North East Joint Transport Committee and the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive (Nexus).

Killingworth Bus Station is located adjacent to the Killingworth Centre. It is served by Arriva North East, Go North East, and Stagecoach North East with routes to Newcastle upon Tyne, North Tyneside and Northumberland.

Schools
Killingworth is home to Bailey Green, Grasmere Academy and Amberley primary schools and George Stephenson High School. In recent years Killingworth moved from a three-tier education system consisting of, First, Middle and High schools, to a two-tier system.

title: Killingworth


text:
Lake Hévíz

Lake Hévíz is located in Hévíz, Hungary, near the western end of Lake Balaton, 5 mi from Keszthely.

It is the largest swimmable thermal lake in the world (47500 m2 in area), and is the second largest thermal lake in general, second to only the Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand, which is too hot for swimming. The flow of water is very strong and the water in the lake is completely replenished every 72 hours. Its minimum depth is 2 meters, reaching a maximum depth of 38 meters, exactly at the point where the hot thermal water comes out to the surface.

Microscopic organisms of the lake
The fauna and flora are unique in Lake Hévíz due to the temperature and chemical composition of the water, which contains carbonic acid, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen carbonate, reduced sulfuric compounds as well as oxygen in solution. Several species so far can be found only in this lake.

Bacteria is the dominant life form in the lake; it is possible that this is a cause of the curative effect. Several taxa can be found here. Most common Cyanobacteria are filamentous blue-green algae (Oscillatoria princeps, O. tenuis, O. jasoruensis, O. chlorina, Spirulina major). Half of the blue species are thermophile, stenoterm ones. There are two thermophile blue green alga species (Pseudanabaena papillaterminata, Pseudanabaena crassa) of which Lake Hévíz is the only Hungarian habitat.

Bacterial tektons are typical of the lake. The crater is covered mostly by Thiothrix sp. and Beggiatoa sp. from a depth of 1.5 m to the opening of the springcave. These together with the bacterium species play an important role in the lake's sulfur cycle.

Actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp., Micromonospora sp.) are also worth mentioning. Micromonospora heviziensis for instance, a very powerful protein and cellulose decomposer, can only be found here in the world. Microbispora amethystogenes on the other hand, which accumulates iodine in its cells, is to be found in only few lakes in the world. Unfortunately this latter species has not been found in the lake since the 1980s as a result of excessive mining. Changing environment affected other bacteria as well. Micromonospora carbonacea and M. chalcea was not detected in the 1990s. Actinomycetes communities have become dominated by Micromonospora purpureochromogenes, while M. heviziensis was suppressed. Antibiotics secreting Streptomyces are likely to be found. Green algae – especially Chlorella sp. – are present all over the lake except for the springcave and its surroundings. Navicula cryptocephala and Navicula capitatoradiata are common diatoms in the lake. The biodiversity of the phytoplankton is poor and its biomass is low, thus the lake's trophic level ranges from oligotrophic to mesotrophic.

There are two new species of Nematoda: Crocodolrylaimus thermalis and Neoactinolaimus tepidus. There can be found real rarities among Rotatorias as well (Epiphanes brachionus var. Spinosus, Lecane inermis), which are only present in warm waters. Jenő Ponyi has described the lake's primitive crustaceans in detail. Also a unique Hydracarina acarus is said to have found its habitat outside the fence surrounding the lake.

Medicinal properties
The waters are reported to be beneficial to patients with rheumatic diseases and locomotor disorders, among others. There is a thriving health tourism industry in the area.

title: Lake Hévíz