text:
Talk:Binary option

UK regulation changing
The UK is in the process of moving the regulation of binary options to the Financial Conduct Authority, rather than as gambling.. This is to close a loophole. Some other EU countries regulate binary options via their financial authorities, and once allowed in the EU, binary option brokers can operate anywhere in the EU. This allows regulator shopping, where a binary option broker can find a friendly regulator country and then operate EU-wide.. See Banc de Binary and these articles on binary options scams.

This has not yet taken effect. The final rules are supposed to be published on 3 January 2016, to take effect on 3 January 2017. The binary options article probably should be updated early in 2016, when the new rules are out. John Nagle (talk) 20:49, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I'd just removed a section saying much the same from a May 2015 unreliable source. The new reg will likely be good, taking the uncertainly out of who regulates them.  As of last May it looked like it was increasing the uncertainty. I'd still leave out the section until the change comes to pass.  Smallbones( smalltalk ) 21:19, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Right. Let's see what comes out in January. This is a small part of a big realignment of financial regulation in the EU ("MiFID II ). Wikipedia has an article for MiFID, but it hasn't been updated and is out of date. A good project for January. John Nagle (talk) 04:43, 16 December 2015 (UTC)
 * MiFID II delayed one year.. John Nagle (talk) 19:32, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

151.47.66.63, what are you trying to do?
There have been many edits from addresses from Wind.it, an ISP in Italy. Someone seems to be trying to get a message across, but failing because of language problems. Can you tell us what you are trying to do? Thanks. John Nagle (talk) 21:38, 20 December 2015 (UTC)
 * While this page has been invaded by PR and salespersons, the fellow is different as he appears to be simply driven by some theoretical reluctance in accepting the product as a genuine economic transaction. It may be valid, but he needs to refer to something other than a 19th century philosopher. Limit-theorem (talk) 00:05, 21 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Right, this is neither PR nor vandalism. The IP editor has inserted "Binary options don't represent investments but are the means for trying to do money with money, without any substantial activity, representing from a human perspective a wrong behaviour on ethical-moral grounds."  That's a legitimate ethical and theological position.  Warren Buffett has a nice statement on the subject. It's somewhat relevant to binary options, because regulators in different countries disagree on whether they're gambling or investment.  The UK currently considers them gambling, which is causing single-market trouble because other parts of the EU consider them investment. The US considers them illegal if the counterparty is the "broker", which is why Banc De Binary is in trouble. In any case, we need to hear from the IP editor. The article has been semi-protected for a week in hopes that they will communicate. If you're the IP editor, please comment here.  John Nagle (talk) 05:03, 21 December 2015 (UTC)
 * One cannot question binaries without questioning all financial products and mathematical finance. Mathematically, a binary is the building block of all financial products, so there is not analytic difference between a binary and a stock, a stock being an infinite sequence of binaries, with a strike price at every "tick". We use binaries as "atomic securities" to price markets. Maybe all of math-fin is bad, and all finance is bad, all markets are bad, according to some higher moral criterion, but questioning binaries without questioning other trading instruments and markets in general is inconsistent. But I agree that betting parlors should not be a place for binary options; these should be part of general regulated markets (though this is my personal opinion). Limit-theorem (talk) 12:39, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

Removing the equations
Someone has been removing the equations on grounds of "overkill". It makes absolutely no sense. This is an encyclopedia and we send students and trainees to get formulae from Wiki. When you google the page that's what you get. The formulas need to be reinstated. I will revert unless there is a specific spot where these formulas are found. Limit-theorem (talk) 16:10, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

Is the whole binary options industry a scam?
The Times of Israel just published an expose, "The wolves of Tel Aviv: Israel’s vast, amoral binary options scam exposed" which indicates that the binary options industry is mostly a scam.. Maybe we should take a stronger line in the lede.

We should distinguish between real options, where there's someone on the other side of the trade other than the broker, and bucket-shop operations, where the other party is the broker, acting as the "house" in a gambling transaction. The US doesn't allow those. See Banc de Binary. John Nagle (talk) 21:09, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Based on that article, and the previous SEC and CFTC actions against Banc De Binary, I've made the lede describe binary options as something that's usually a scam. That's pretty much what every reliable source that isn't selling binary options says. If you want to argue against this, do so here. Thanks. John Nagle (talk) 21:23, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * More Times of Israel articles: "Ex binary options salesman - here's how we fleece the clients" "Every single client with whom he worked ultimately lost all of their money." Another article "Why hasn't Israel shut down binary options scam" John Nagle (talk) 21:32, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * After reading the Times expose, I've revised the lede and criticism sections. In practice, it seems that most binary options are scams.  John Nagle (talk) 21:45, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree with the discussion; just something cosmetic: I find it preferable to not use "scam" as it is not very defined and instead resort to "questionable operation". Limit-theorem (talk) 22:51, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
 * "Questionable operation" is a bit weak, given the Times of Israel expose. This is way beyond "questionable". The Times uses the term "scam". The SEC and CFTC use the terms "fraud" (when dealing with Banc de Binary), and "alleged fraud" and "illegal" talking about the industry. See the SEC alert "Binary Options and Fraud" "Fraud scheme" is a possibility.  Thesaurus results: fraud, swindle, racket, trick;  hustle, flimflam, bunco, grift, gyp, cheat, deceive, trick, dupe, hoodwink, double-cross, gull; rip off, con, fleece, shaft, hose, bilk, diddle, rook, gyp, finagle, bamboozle, flimflam, hornswoggle.  The Times article points out that the binary option industry uses extensive SEO operations to make the top results for binary options look legit. Wikipedia shouldn't be a part of that.  John Nagle (talk) 00:44, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Something cannot be regulated by the SEC and then called fraud by the same SEC. So I see you mean prone to fraud or exploited by fraud operators such as Banc de Binary and similar sham outfits. Will look at a phrasing that reflects that. Limit-theorem (talk) 02:10, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * In the US, any option, binary or otherwise, must be traded on a real exchange, with an identifiable independent counterparty on the other side of the transaction.  This is much less profitable for the "broker" than running an operation where the customer bets against the "house" and the broker controls the odds.  NADEX does offer legitimate binary options in the US.. They list all the transactions each day. Outside the US, it's not clear that anybody in binary options is legitimate, although some jurisdictions allow transactions which are "betting against the house". How to express this?  Anyone else have an idea?  John Nagle (talk) 04:51, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * There is a legitimate interbank market, worldwide. So not all nonlisted is in bucket ships. We should mention that.Limit-theorem (talk) 10:02, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Is there? Do institutions actually trade binary options? I tried searching Google for "institutional investor" "binary option" and got nothing but spam and PR. John Nagle (talk) 16:52, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Tons have been done by banks in the interbank market. The web is biased to news. Limit-theorem (talk) 18:01, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * That needs to be sourced. Searched for "interbank" and "binary", but got nothing but spam sites. There's an organization called "Binary Interbank", with a Facebook page and a web site that's down. Not finding anything useful.  John Nagle (talk) 18:47, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Indeed, surprise! Found a lot in google books and google scholar but not in web. Added structured notes. Limit-theorem (talk) 19:26, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * There are lots of papers on binary options from a theoretical perspective, but not much on them as an actual finance tool. There has to be an active market with significant market depth if they're to be used for corporate finance hedging. Is there any indication that such a market exists? John Nagle (talk) 19:42, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Put a note on Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Finance to get more attention on this article. John Nagle (talk) 01:24, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

CFTC acting against two more binary option brokers from Israel, other crackdowns underway
Binary option brokers "Vault" and "GTC 365" (which, according to the CFTC, have common ownership) are in trouble. CFTC complaint. Press coverage:  John Nagle (talk) 19:04, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

 * New story: "2500 victims of binary options fraud to sue in London" John Nagle (talk) 19:34, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

 * March 22: "Israeli Security Authority bans binary options" But this may apply only to sales of binary options to customers in Israel, not sales from Israel to elsewhere. "Israeli watchdog tives brokers 30 days to dump binary options"   John Nagle (talk) 19:03, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

 * April 25th: Cyprus regulators crack down on binary option "brokers" generating their own prices.

 * April 27th: "Cheated out of €13,000 ‘trading’ binary options, a victim fights back" John Nagle (talk) 02:58, 4 May 2016 (UTC)

 * May 4th: "Israeli binary options firm inadvertently tries to sell to Canadian fraud investigator"

 * The steady stream of Times of Israel articles continues.. Twitter has been now implicated in promoting binary option companies. John Nagle (talk) 22:17, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Belgium just banned binary options. John Nagle (talk) 05:56, 19 August 2016 (UTC)
 * France about to ban advertising of binary options..

Making the lede clearer about the binary
A binary option has a mathematical importance as the density of the risk neutral distribution. So the lede should distinguish between its theoretical and gambling roles. I teach students binary options and link to this page and want to make sure they do not get confused with this gambling and shady aspect of the binaries. Limit-theorem (talk) 10:20, 13 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Is that a declaration of a COI? The recent change to the lede looks a bit like trying to obfuscate the fraud aspect. John Nagle (talk) 22:00, 13 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Is teaching quantitative finance a COI? Limit-theorem (talk) 03:15, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I suppose not. But we do need cites to show that binary options are an actual financial product used by institutions, if you want to claim that.  Here are today's transactions on Cantor's binary option exchange. Those are all far too small for institutional trading. NADEX isn't doing that many transactions, either.  John Nagle (talk) 04:02, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * We are talking about different aspects. A dice is a gambling instrument with shady characters involved but for us it is (with coin flips) the building block of probability for pedagogical reasons. So most of our interest in binaries in in the theory not the execution, as a pricing tool for financial derivatives as they deliver probabilities while regular options don't. I would be happy if they banned binaries just as probabilists would not mind if casinos were closed. Maybe we need two pages, one for theory the other for gambling ... Incidentally I have reverted every advertisement by Banc de Binary and similar firms in the past two years to avoid polluting the page.Limit-theorem (talk) 04:21, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Although, for most binary options, the time to maturity period is so short (minutes, sometimes seconds) that a Black-Scholes analysis is not meaningful.  John Nagle (talk) 19:09, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * No, I do not think this is accurate about time to maturity. The confusion may come from the fact that the hedge ratio blows up close to maturity, around the strike, hence the Greeks no longer work. To explain once again: is a theoretical construct that is invariant to expiration: regular options are sums of binaries. Limit-theorem (talk) 20:07, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

Binary option convention
The binary options industry has a trade convention. The Times of Israel sent a reporter. Misc comments: "“In Asia, the region is really growing in appetite for forex trading,” Google executive Panos Lamprakos said in a presentation, while showing slides illustrating how the number of searches for “forex” and “binary options” in southeast Asia has skyrocketed in recent years." “We’ve worked very closely with the forex and binary industry over the last, I would say, six months,” said Liset van Oosterhout, an account executive for Twitter’s Israeli market, to a rapt audience. “We saw great results with a few of the advertisers, and it’s really a growing industry for us.” Mention in article? There was also a note that SpotOption (the binary option platform) invented binary options, but the cited source was anonymous.John Nagle (talk) 20:20, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

More Israel-based scammers
Reuters just exposed NRGbinary and Titan Traders as scams. John Nagle (talk) 21:23, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

Undid big insertion of math by an anon
Undid a big revision to the math which was cited to a student site at the University of Waterloo. The anon IP resolves to the University of Waterloo. Possible WP:OR.

The Black-Scholes model math needs work. Currently, the article claims that a common binary option which pays out if the underlying asset is higher at the end of the option period should be valued at

$$ C = e^{-rT}\Phi(d_2). \,$$

But most binary options are valid for less than a day, some only for minutes. So $$rT$$, the risk-free increase in the value of the funds bet invested, is effectively zero. So the formula simplifies to

$$ C = \Phi(d_2). \,$$

I think that for $$rT = 0$$, and $$r = k$$ this is going to simplify to $$1$$, which is what you'd expect. Unless the option can be exercised at any time (as in "American-type options"), it's just a bet against a random walk. For a short period, the Black-Scholes analysis isn't useful. All that math kind of hides that basic fact. John Nagle (talk) 06:56, 12 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree with the removal of this material for the OR reasons stated. I wonder if there is some documented application of the random walk hypothesis to this trading instrument/method (which is it by the way?). - Brianhe (talk) 13:20, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Merger?
Someone proposed a merge, but didn't start the discussion. Does anyone want to make a case for a merge with index trading? Merging index trading into Stock market index option might be more useful. John Nagle (talk) 19:57, 21 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I just removed the tag. It looks like a drive-by tag. Merging this into index trading makes as much sense as merging apple into orange. I don't think a merge into Stock market index option would help much. If anybody wants to merge somewhere, feel free to put on a tag, but they need to explain what they are thinking.  Smallbones( smalltalk ) 20:30, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

Simplifying language
I'm doing some editing to try to make the article less jargon-y and more understandable to a broader audience. However, my technical knowledge in this field is not great and I encourage subject matter experts to determine if I've made anything wrong by accident. Coretheapple (talk) 15:29, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

It wasn't my intent starting out, but I wound up doing a BOLD rewrite of the whole article. Again, would appreciate it if subject-matter experts would review my edits. I had several objectives: first to simplify and remove jargon, secondly to make the organization of the article more logical. We talk about the regulatory action against binary options before describing, clearly, just what they are and where they are traded. Coretheapple (talk) 16:53, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Noted that binary options are gambling only in some jurisdictions. The UK had the most trouble with this; their gambling regulator decided they were financial, and their financial regulator decided they were gambling, which meant no regulation.  Both regulators finally agreed they were financial.  The real distinction with binary options is whether you're betting against a counterparty who bought the other side of the option (that's how NADEX works in the US, and that's legal and regulated) or whether you're betting against the house (that's called a Bucket shop (stock market), and illegal in the US, although not in Cyprus.) NADEX doesn't care whether who wins; they just take a commission from the winning side. A bucket shop, like a casino, needs the customer to lose.  Most of the scam-type binary option operators claim to be brokers, but they're the house.  (Although in 2014, SpotOption stopped pretending and came out with a binary option slot machine.) John Nagle (talk) 19:47, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

 * SpotOption's web site is now returning only a message "Our platform is currently undergoing improvements. Please try again later". Something may have happened. No news stories yet. John Nagle (talk) 19:59, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I took out a reference to Nadex. Should that go back in? It didn't seem very consequential in the scheme of things, but maybe it is. Coretheapple (talk) 21:06, 17 December 2016 (UTC)
 * NADEX, which is a US exchange regulated by the CFTC, is worth a mention because there really are a few non-scam places to trade binary options. Their shortest option is 20 minutes, not 30 seconds.. John Nagle (talk) 18:15, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I put that back in. I notice the Nadex article itself could use some additional sources and also seems to have dead links. Coretheapple (talk) 19:19, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

Lists of unauthorized binary option broker domains
The Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission, as part of their belated crackdown on the binary option industry, has issued a list of domains they know about which are doing binary options business but are not regulated by them. Quebec's financial regulator also has a list. If any of these have Wikipedia articles, that's worth a mention there. Banc De Binary is on the Quebec list, and that's already covered. John Nagle (talk) 18:08, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Perhaps these two sites should be external links? Coretheapple (talk) 18:13, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
 * The US CFTC has a list, too. . Probably worth mentioning all of them. John Nagle (talk) 23:56, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I support adding all the relevant ELs discussed above. Interesting entry on the US list "Banc de Options" I wonder if they are related to BdB? - Brianhe (talk) 00:03, 19 December 2016 (UTC)
 * It's hard to tell. There are upwards of 400 binary option "brokers", but only a few "platforms" behind them, SpotOption being the biggest.  Things are opaque at the back end, with few reliable sources good enough for Wikipedia.  The financial arrangements between "brokers" and "platforms" are rarely clear, either. Sometimes the "broker" takes the financial risk.  Sometimes the "platform" does, and the "broker" is just a lead generator.  SpotOption offers both modes of operation. Other back ends include "O-Systems" . Tradeologic, and Airsoft Ltd.. SpotOption is the only one with enough third-party references to be in Wikipedia. Latest Times of Israel expose: . "... The binary options industry is “layered” in a manner he has seen only in espionage organizations or among world-class money launderers or terrorist organizations. Binary options companies, 90 percent of which, Carmon estimates, operate from Israel, similarly hide behind layers of false identities." This is from someone who makes their money by digging through those layers and collecting from the people behind the scam.  John Nagle (talk) 03:31, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

I agree Mwesigr Robert (talk) 17:26, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

I agree Mwesigr Robert (talk) 17:27, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

More news reports this week
"The greed of the crooks in the binary options sector knows no bounds and their long claws reach every corner of the earth. ... We have joined together, all the enforcement agencies, to combat this ugly phenomenon. We have declared an all-out war against binary options. We hear dreadful testimonies and stories about people being persuaded to enter this arena. Not Israelis. I make it clear all the time that see these operations as forbidden and akin to extortion and exploitation of the public by greedy charlatans, that phone them up and take their money. We are doing everything that we can today to stop this." - Israel Securities Authority chairman Shmuel Hauser. It's still legal in Israel to run a binary options scam against non-Israelis; he can't stop them unless the Knesset changes the law. John Nagle (talk) 07:21, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

New blacklists of binary options brokers from France's financial regulator, Swiss financial regulator , and Italy's financial regulator. New statement from Singapore police. John Nagle (talk) 07:21, 29 December 2016 (UTC)
 * "There are at least 100 binary options brokers who are either based in [Israel] or are somehow connected to it and make anywhere between $1 billion and $10 billion per annum." Wow. - Brianhe (talk) 00:56, 30 December 2016 (UTC)
 * "FBI, EU fraud authorities hold emergency summit on binary options fraud". Europol hosted at The Hague. 20 police agencies involved. Israeli police didn't show up at Knesset hearing on binary options. They're being ordered to show up for the next hearing. John Nagle (talk) 19:54, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

See also. Coretheapple (talk) 17:15, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

New names for binary options: "Digital 100s", "Binarex".
One binary option operator has renamed binary options "Digital 100s". Another name is "Binarex". Probably worth a mention once there are more sources, and redirects to binary option would be appropriate. John Nagle (talk) 18:19, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

Adding a link under for "further reading"
I request to add under "further reading" the following: "Behind the Scenes of Binary Options" with Simona Weinglass, Invastigative Reporter for the Times of Israel, on the podcast Two Nice Jewish Boys, December 2016. Hativa1 (talk) 17:46, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Simona Weinglass' writing on the subject, in the Times of Israel, is already in the article. She's one of the authors of the big binary option expose. We already have a reliable source for that and don't need a possibly-promotional link to a podcast site. Here she is on YouTube, saying much the same stuff, put up by the Times of Israel. John Nagle (talk) 18:46, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template.  B E C K Y S A Y L E S  06:38, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

New IQ Option article
A little off topic on this page, please forgive me, but a new article at IQ Option could use a once over by people familiar with this topic area. Wikipedia already has a bit of a history with IQ Option - their website is on our spam blacklist. - MrOllie (talk) 17:19, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Just pointing out that this was moved to Draft:IQ Option with a I can't quite decipher: "due to ambiguous decisions taken by moderators"??? - Brianhe (talk) 16:52, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

New section on FBI investigation
I've added the new section at Binary_option, but understand that this is not the usual type of material you see on Wikipedia, and would like somebody to review it. For example, for some reason I am hesitant to name the FBI agent who was quoted, even though it's right there in the Times of Israel. It just seems that the important thing is his position within the FBI, not his name. But whatever people think best. Another example is whether to include the FBI's complaint website address. Thanks in advance for any help. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 17:22, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I've tweaked it a little. I'm a little dubious about including the URL of the web address, actually. Coretheapple (talk) 16:47, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

Knesset considering shutting down entire industry
The bill to ban the binary option industry in Israel has reached hearings in the Knesset. The arguments from the industry are, well, striking. "At Knesset session, supporters of widely fraudulent industry that fleeces victims worldwide say bill to ban it would put 80,000 Israelis out of work." "Shutting down the binary options industry could lead to terrorism and the collapse of the real estate industry and possibly the entire economy. ... (There are) 20,000 people employed in binary options in Israel, and 60,000 people indirectly. ... You see the building boom right now in Tel Aviv? Well, you can just say goodbye to that because most skyscrapers in Tel Aviv will be empty. There will be no one to fill them up." - binary option lobbyist. The main argument for shutting down the industry was "Because this industry gives Israel such a bad name and inflames anti-Semitism, we must uproot the phenomenon." - head of Israeli Securities Authority. John Nagle (talk) 07:31, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * We should try to develop consensus on whether to try to track these legal/legislative proceedings in real time, or wait and let them bake a bit. I'd be happy to incorporate now, but oftentimes it feels that things are shut down with WP:NOTNEWS objections. - Brianhe (talk) 16:48, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I was considering adding material from the same article, but do understand Brianhe's caution. In fact the Times of Israel's series seems to be by far the best source of information on the practical use and abuse of binary options.  (there's also some recent news on Canadian regulatory action on binary options, e.g. on the CBC).  My general feeling on the Israeli bill is that we should definitely have something on it by the time it gets to a final vote, perhaps before, and some details from the articles may be useful.  As far as "notnews", I don't think we have much of a choice when many binary related articles have been ads (or at least questionably sourced) and our readers have been getting ripped off.  Smallbones( smalltalk ) 17:38, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I can see waiting. When it comes to a vote in the Knesset, then it's definitely time to include it. Globes has some coverage.. It's hard to find real news on this, because it's buried under junk from hundreds of binary option scraper sites. Searching in Hebrew for "בדיון בכנסת אופציה בינארית" (binary option Knesset hearing) helps. There's coverage in multiple Hebrew sources. Google Translate seems to be stalled on them, though.  John Nagle (talk) 21:40, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Translations coming in, as Google Translate fights with newspaper paywalls. The Knesset site puts Google Translate into a reload loop.
 * The Marker: AnyOption moving their call centers out of Israel. "Wuthering de Biinari" (bad translation) also shutting down. John Nagle (talk) 21:50, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Fairtrade binary option operation shut down by Israeli Securities Authority and a court in Israel.. John Nagle (talk) 05:21, 9 March 2017 (UTC)
 * New Canadian Government site on binary options fraud. The government of Canada has formed a Binary Options Task Force and is pressuring Israel to crack down immediately. John Nagle (talk) 05:21, 9 March 2017 (UTC)
 * It looked like all those promotional sites for binary options had disappeared, but what seems to have happened is that Google pushed them down in search results. Bing still returns all those sites. Meanwhile, SpotOption is now pushing "contracts for difference" as an alternative to binary options.  As with their binary options, these are bets against the house, not options on an exchange with a real counterparty. John Nagle (talk) 03:59, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

Reminder
Any contributor to this article or this talk page who is paid to contribute needs to declare their paid status according to our Terms of Use. See WP:Paid. Reading WP:COI would be useful as well. Unfortunately pages related to binary options have had lots of paid editing (both declared and undeclared) and lots of disruption has resulted from that. Examples might include Banc De Binary, and deleted pages on IQ option, and anyoption.

I've been bold in removing a post here that seems to have been advertising (See WP:NOADS) or paid editing for a publication that seems to promote binary options trading from certain firms. If anybody objects to my boldness, you can certainly add back the section using the the history page.

Note that I do not blame the editor, he may have been acting in good faith without knowing our sometimes complicated rules. But I do think it is up to us to actively let people know what our rules are, and when they seem to be violating our rules. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 17:29, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

Arrest in Israel.
Yesterday there was an arrest of an binary options firm *owner* with multiple reliable and unreliable sources giving basic details. Times of Israel gives a name, but it's not a name I'd recognize. One semi-reliable (??) source suggests that this is just the start of owners getting arrested. Others have said this was from an undercover operation by Israeli police. So it seems this might be more than a simple single arrest. We can probably put the owner's name up as soon as another source confirms it. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 16:17, 16 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Interesting. In the last few weeks, the binary option industry's profile has been much reduced. The massive SEO activity has stopped. Most of the fake sites promoting binary options intended to appear at the top of Google search results are gone.  Some of the companies are pivoting to other products. SpotOption is diversifying - they're now offering support for forex, contracts for difference, and something called a "ladder", in addition to binary options. Added "contract for difference" as a See Also for this article. A "ladder", as described by SpotOption, is a win/lose bet like a binary option, except the customer gets to specify the strike price. You can scroll through SpotOption's sample product screens for their offerings, which are all very similar and are all headed "Will XXX go up or down"? John Nagle (talk) 20:34, 16 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I'd think this spells the beginning of the end for the Israeli bo industry. SpotOption is pretty well insulated, at least on the surface, they're just providing the technology(!). If they went down that would be the end of the end - or everybody else would fall soon after. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 04:25, 17 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Just noticed the ping. I'll take a look at the sources. Coretheapple (talk) 19:41, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

CFD
Contracts for differences are not in the same category, from a payoff standpoint, as Binary Options as 1) they have no strike, hence are not options, 2) pay continuously (binary options by definition are in {0,1}). However there may be a similar problem to binaries in the sense that they can be used by bucket shops. Limit-theorem (talk) 12:17, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

Times of Israel
The Times of Israel has done an investigative series on binary options, and has mentioned this very article in so doing. I think this needs to be incorporated in this article. See http://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia-vs-banc-de-binary-a-3-year-battle-against-binary-options-fake-news/ for the Wiki article, quoting from our very own Smallbones. I think it deserves a brief mention. Sometimes editors go overboard in such situations, but let's not. Coretheapple (talk) 16:20, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Israeli cabinet vote
Please see Israeli ministers approve bill to outlaw entire binary options industry. Not that it's a done deal. The law could take over 6 weeks to pass, as I see it, even if everything goes smoothly. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 02:05, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

 * The law was passed by the Knesset today--added a couple of sentences to the article. Coretheapple (talk) 16:40, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Issue in the "How binary options work" section
"and because they require little or no knowledge of the markets."

I can't see how binary options are any different than traditional trading in this regard. Anyone can open a brokerage account and start trading without knowing what moves whatever they're trading. It's not like brokerages require their clients to take a test before they can start trading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xzxfff (talk • contribs) 00:58, 28 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Watch this video from Spotoption. It's dumbed down as far as possible. So is their online interface. John Nagle (talk) 17:38, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

Contradictory explanation in Function subsection
The article explains (based on Investopedia) that binary options are always traded with a bid and ask price (e.g. $42.50 vs $44.50) and then settle at $0 or $100. But then the article gives a (slightly confusing) example from Forbes, where options trade at $100 and settle at $15 or $171. This contradicts the first statement that options trade below $100 and settle for $0 or $100.

So are there two different pricing schemes for binary options? Can someone who understands this make the section non-contradictory? Billgordon1099 (talk) 17:43, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I have clarified the contradictions - there are indeed two widely used pricing models - the one found mostly in the U.S. exchanges, and the one found mostly at the online brokers (gambling-style). I hope it is now more clear. Enivid (talk) 11:45, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

Simona wins prize

 * Just thought I'd let you know that Simona Weinglass won an international investigative reporting prize . I just checked here to see what's up and do think the article needs a bit of sprucing up. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 12:15, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

Is this a page about Binary Options or Binary Options regulation?
I came to this page because I remember it used to have some useful information regarding what binary options are and how to price them. I needed this for some documentation I was writing.

Instead, I find copious information about their regulation or lack of it in various jurisdictions. All completely irrelevant to me and, I suspect, most people visiting this page.

It's almost seems as if a small minority of Wikipedia editors lost some money trading binary options and are now *determined* to hijack this Wikipedia page to push their agenda of educating the public not to make the same mistake they did! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.195.10.135 (talk) 20:03, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

 * It is about both because the latter is a crucial part of the topic of binary options in general due to the prevalence of fraud in the industry. You are free to propose and make your changes, however. Enivid (talk) 09:55, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

 * The theoretical/mathematical aspect of binaries is discussed in the Black-Scholes model page. This page tends to discuss the activity/execution. Limit-theorem (talk) 12:52, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

 * May I ask why? That article is not even linked from this one. Granted, they are not the most traded contracts by volume (I count only 4k active positions in our organisation), but there is a market, not to mention their importance in derivatives theory. Regulations surrounding binaries are receiving undue weight and prominence. Compare with FX Options. Edits such as this and this without discussion would normally go down as vandalism around here. 2A02:C7D:DA0A:DB00:CC4B:4F02:CE09:E0C0 (talk) 06:54, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The article has suffered from active promotion by COI and promoters; this is to protect. Limit-theorem (talk) 16:48, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't understand. 2A02:C7D:DA0A:DB00:CC4B:4F02:CE09:E0C0 (talk) 20:58, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * People have been editing the site to promote their own company or simply to harm the page. Many edits have been made by people with conflicts of intrests so it has to have been protected. Zubin12 (talk) 23:42, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't see how this has anything to do with the removal of entire (sourced) sections by registered users, which is what is being brought up here. See the two diffs above. 2A02:C7D:DA0A:DB00:8C76:54D0:9DA1:9B35 (talk) 06:48, 5 August 2018 (UTC)
 * These need to be reinstated: entirely theoretical. OK to do so. Limit-theorem (talk) 09:58, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Thanks. Just to be sure, I have notified the interested parties before I go ahead. 2A02:C7D:DA0A:DB00:A469:4A80:2C4B:90EA (talk) 20:58, 7 August 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅. 2A02:C7D:DA0A:DB00:8014:2A52:685B:6CDE (talk) 06:29, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Binary option


text:
Richard Richards

Richard Richards may refer to:
 * Sir Richard Richards (1752–1823), British judge and MP for Helston
 * Richard Richards (1787–1860) (1787–1860), British MP for Merioneth
 * Richard Meredyth Richards (1821–?), justice of the peace, and high sheriff for the county of Merionethshire
 * Sir Richard Richards (Australian politician) (1863–1920), Lord Mayor of Sydney
 * Richard W. Richards (1893–1985), Australian explorer with Ross Sea Party 1914–17, awarded the Albert Medal
 * Richard Richards (Utah politician) (1932–2015), Republican candidate for US Representative from Utah; Chairman of Republican National Committee
 * Richard N. Richards (born 1946), NASA astronaut
 * Richard Richards (agronomist), winner of 2014 Rank Prize in Nutrition
 * Rick Richards, guitarist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Richards


text:
Dick Richards (disambiguation)

Dick Richards (born 1936) is an American film director, producer and writer.

Dick Richards may also refer to:

 * Dick Richards (footballer) (1890–1934), Welsh footballer
 * Richard W. Richards (1893–1985), Australian explorer
 * James P. Richards (1894–1979), United States Representative from South Carolina, 1933–1957
 * Dick Richards (American football) (1907–1996), American football player
 * Dick Richards (cricketer) (1908–1995), English cricketer
 * Dick Richards (journalist), British showbusiness columnist
 * Dick Richards (stage name of Dick Boccelli, 1924–2019), American musician with Bill Haley & His Comets and The Jodimars
 * Richard N. Richards (born 1946), American astronaut

title: Dick Richards (disambiguation)


text:
Flen flyys

Flen flyys (Middle English: "Fleas and flies") is the colloquial name and first words of an anonymous, untitled poem, written about 1475 or earlier, famous for containing an early written usage in English of the vulgar verb "fuck". In fact the usage was "fuccant", a hybrid of an English root with a Latin conjugation, and was disguised in the text by a simple code, in which each letter was replaced with the next letter in the alphabet of the time (so that fuccant is written as gxddbou).

Written half in English and half in Latin, the poem satirised Carmelite friars in the English county of Cambridgeshire. The poem takes its name from the opening line Flen, flyys and freris meaning "fleas, flies and friars".

The famous line reads "Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk." meaning "They [the friars] are not in heaven, since ..." followed by words that when decoded, taking in account the alphabet of the time (where u and v were interchangeable, as were i and j, and uu represented w), read "fvccant vvivys of heli", a Latin/English mix that means "...they fuck the wives of Ely" (Ely being a city near Cambridge) as well as being a pun on the word "hell".

The poem also contains the lines "Fratres cum knyvys goth about and txxkxzv nfookt xxzxkt." With the last three words decoded in the same way as "svvivyt mennis vvyvis," it may be translated as "Friars with knives go about and swive (have sex with) men's wives."

The poem is found in British Library, Harley MS 3362, and was first edited in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell, Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1841) 1.91. The Oxford English Dictionary (online edition) cites Flen flyys in square brackets, since the form fuccant is Anglo-Latin and not strictly speaking English.

title: Flen flyys


text:
Ammophila

Ammophila is the Latin name of two genera:

 * Ammophila (plant), a genus of grasses in the family Poaceae
 * Ammophila (wasp), a genus of insects in the family Sphecidae

title: Ammophila


text:
Phragmites

Phragmites is a genus of four species of large perennial reed grasses found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.

Taxonomy
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, maintained by Kew Garden in London, accepts the following four species:
 * Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. – The cosmopolitan common reed
 * Phragmites japonicus Steud. – Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Russian Far East
 * Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. – tropical Africa, southern Asia, Australia, some Pacific Islands, invasive in New Zealand
 * Phragmites mauritianus Kunth – central + southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius

Wildlife in reed beds
Phragmites stands can provide food and shelter resources for a number of birds, insects, and other animals. Habitat benefits are often optimal when stands are thinner, and management of stands may promote more suitable habitat benefits. Some evidence suggests that a short term management rotation of 1–2 years could maximize bird and invertebrate numbers.

Ecosystem Services
P. australis provides ecosystem services such as nutrient sequestration, soil stabilization, and waste treatment. It has been suggested that due to its resilience to climate change impacts, P. australis may provide beneficial ecosystem services that need to be considered in coastal ecosystems, even where it is considered an invasive species. Others have argued that the ecosystem services lost as a result of invasion outweigh the benefits gained and managers need to be responsive to invasion control.

Cultivation
P. australis is cultivated as an ornamental plant in aquatic and marginal settings such as pond- and lakesides. Its aggressive colonisation means it must be sited with care.

Phytoremediation water treatment
Phragmites australis is one of the main wetland plant species used for phytoremediation water treatment.

Waste water from lavatories and greywater from kitchens is routed to an underground septic tank-like compartment where the solid waste is allowed to settle out. The water then trickles through a constructed wetland or artificial reed bed, where bioremediation bacterial action on the surface of roots and leaf litter removes some of the nutrients in biotransformation. The water is then suitable for irrigation, groundwater recharge, or release to natural watercourses.

Thatching
Reed is used in many areas for thatching roofs. In the British Isles, common reed used for this purpose is known as Norfolk reed or water reed. However, "wheat reed" and "Devon reed", also used for thatching, are not in fact reed, but long-stemmed wheat straw.

Music
In Middle East countries Phragmites is used to create a small instrument similar to the clarinet called a sipsi, with either a single, as in the picture, or double pipes as in bagpipes. The reed of the zurna is made from the common reed which is flattened after removing its brittle outer glaze and the loose inner membrane, and after softening it by wetting. The result is a double reed with an elliptical opening that vibrates by closing and opening at a high speed. This is not to be confused with other double reeds like that of the oboe which uses two reeds made from the giant reed leaning against each other.

Food
The leaves, roots, seeds and stems of phragmites are edible. Young shoots can be cooked or eaten raw just like bamboo shoots. The young stems, "while still green and fleshy, can be dried and pounded into a fine powder, which when moistened is roasted like marshmallows." The seeds and rhizomes "can be ground into flour or made into gruel." In Japan, young leaves are dried, ground, and then mixed with cereal flour to make dumplings. Grazing on phragmites by large-bodied domestic herbivores, such as cows, horses, sheep, and goats, can effectively control the plant and provide a reciprocal positive benefit for humans by generating meat, milk, leather, and wool etc.

Other uses
Some other uses for Phragmites australis and other reeds in various cultures include baskets, mats, reed pen tips (qalam), and paper. Beekeepers can utilize the reeds to make nesting.

In the Philippines, Phragmites is known by the local name tambo. Reed stands flower in December, and the blooms are harvested and bundled into whisk brooms called "walis". Hence the common name of household brooms is walis tambo.

Reeds have been used to make arrows and weapons such as spears for hunting game.

Invasiveness and control
Some Phragmites, when introduced by accident or intent, spread rapidly. In tropics and subtropics, Phragmites karka is an abundant invasive species. In the United States, prior to 1910, only a few areas in the Northeast contained non-native haplotypes of Phragmites australis. However, by 1960 non-native haplotypes were found in samples taken from coast to coast. Today, in some places like Michigan, Phragmites australis (haplotype M) has become the dominant haplotype. The problem is invasive non-native Phragmites australis quickly spread through marshes and wetland areas. They replace native plants, deny fish and wildlife nutrients and space; block access to the water for swimming, fishing and other recreation endeavors; spoil shoreline views; and pose a fire hazard. Phragmites also alters wetland biogeochemistry and affects both floral and faunal species assemblages, including potentially reducing nitrogen and phosphorus availability for other plants.

Phragmites can drive out competing vegetation in two main ways. Their sheer height and density can deprive other plants of sunlight and the chemicals they produce when decaying reduce the germination of competing seeds. Among other effects, the monocultures that result from invasion decrease spatial and temporal habitat heterogeneity and increase avian homogeneity.

Recognizing the non-native form of Phragmites early in its invasion increases the opportunity for successful eradication dramatically. Once it has become established, removal by hand is nearly impossible. The seeds or rhizomes can quickly lead to a new dense stand. Chemical treatment is by far the most utilized method in North America. The two most common active ingredients in herbicides for Phragmites control are glyphosate and imazapyr. It is important to select the proper herbicide for the location. Further, even the proper herbicide can lead to unintended consequences since a large amount of decaying dead plant material can depress oxygen levels in the water and kill all the fish in a pond or small lake. Some success has also been obtained using goats to graze on Phragmites, controlled burns, and native wild rice crops. Biological controls have been suggested to be the most likely control method to succeed and biocontrols have been approved for introduction in North America Unfortunately, biocontrols may destroy the native subspecies population as well. When cutting under water, cutting and then flooding, or burning and then flooding, it is important that the entire Phragmites stand is completely submerged so that the plants cannot obtain oxygen.

Biocontrol using two species of moth larvae (Lenisa geminipuncta and Archanara neurica) is being investigated in Ontario.

title: Phragmites


text:
User:69charleslee

69charleslee's user page

title: User:69charleslee


text:
Talk:Dagger

Dagger or knife?
Should a discussion of daggers, poniards, stilettos, and related weapons be placed under "dagger" or "knife"?
 * s&a-work-group=yes |s&a-priority=Low
 * Under dagger I think. I just checked poniards and stilettos in the dictionary, and they are described as types of daggers.  Knife could probably do with being broadened slightly though in this respect... as the moment it doesn't even link to dagger. fabiform|talk 21:59, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Daggers falling out of favour?
During the middle ages daggers never fell out of favour, but rather remained a knight's side arm. In addition, chivalry had little to do with medieval combat, in fact the Codex Wallerstein demonstrates how to castrate someone with their own dagger.

 * Although it is unlikely that the Dagger truly fell out of favour during the 'Middle Ages' (whatever period is here being referred to), they do somewhat fall out of the visual record during the eleventh and twelfth centuries as weapons carried in addition to Swords. I'm yet to have this satisfactorily explained to me and I'm not inclined to believe that men who could afford a Sword did not also carry a Dagger/Knife, but the visual record is undeniable.--M.J.Stanham 00:15, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Picture
See: Image talk:Daggers.jpg --Iancarter 23:04, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Your complete inability to adjust your picture to reality, and your continued refusal to listen to reason is bizzare beyond measure. While you forbid all talk about the bad picture and remove all criticism to another page, you put some defensive mumble jumble after the picture. This is enough... I will delete the picture because you won't listen to reason.

 * Image removed (again). Again, see Image talk:Daggers.jpg. The picture is blatantly inauthentic and does not help clarify/illustrate the article in anyway. There is a good chunk of writing in the caption, but it provides only general information on all bladed weapons instead of anything specific to daggers, thus there's no great need to be salvaged. Uly 19:04, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation Page Needed?
At the bottom of the Daggers page is some extraneous text completely unrelated to weapons; rather, it deals with a slang term also known as "dagger" that is not relevant to this page. Here is the passage:

''The word "Dagger" is also used as a slang term to indicate something terrible has suddenly occured. This originated from Washington Wizards play-by-play man Steve Buckhantz and gained popularity on websites like Terptown and also on The Junkies Radio Show. Example: "My boss just told me I have to come in on Saturday." "Dagger."''

''Jim's friend: "I can't believe you let me sleep with that chick when you knew she had the herp." Jim: "Dagger."''

Query: Does this alternative meaning of "dagger" more properly belong on a disambiguation page? If so, would someone who knows how to do disambiguation please take the lead and make it happen? I'm too inexperienced to tackle it, so would appreciate your thoughts and possible help. Jack Bethune 18:42, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree: The slang term is not common and should go in Wiktionary not Wikipedia. Case of WP:NOT --Iancarter 22:32, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree: The article is about short, knife-like stabbing weapons. That passage on slang shouldn't be in Wikipedia at all. —vivacissamamente 18:52, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

for sure delete the second example, there is no reason that wikipedia should reflect the nearly automatically sexual nature of many internet examples (aka, this is not urbandictionary)

I have transferred the slang term to the Dagger disambiguation page, where I've linked the term to its purported popularizer, Steve Buckhantz. If the slang contributor wishes to elaborate on it further, Wikipedia's Buckhantz page appears to be the best place. Thanks. Jack Bethune 15:18, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Sica
I deleted something about "long, narrow knives called sica," as all the references I found on the internet seemed copied from Wikipedia. We had said they were Greek, before Gaius Cornelius left them in incomplete sentence form and dozens of subsequent editors ignored this fragment entirely. If anyone knows anything about sica, please add it, preferably with details. —vivacissamamente 18:52, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

We need more in-depth information and an expansion
I think that this article does not contain enough information on the dagger. If you're familiar with the sword article, this article should at least be as comprehensive as that article. We need uses, different dagger types, blade types, et cetera. User:VanHelsing 9:00pm, 9/15/2007 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 00:59, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

To merge
This paragraph had been added at the top of the article, please merge it if anything is useful:

"Daggers" can also be used as a slang term to mean a hyperbole form of "struggles." As in: "That I was late to the test was struggles enough, but failing the test and having to take the course over was daggers." Usually, emphasis is placed on the first syllable, and is drawn out according to the severity of the situation. The term was coined in New Jersey c. 2006. It derives from the weapon, dagger, and is used in situations in which one feels metaphorically stabbed by the weapon multiple times.

Nicolas1981 (talk) 07:28, 13 January 2009 (UTC)GREAT ARTICLE! Needs more on the Stilletto Dagger if it is a dagger?alldecdeddatedpm06170921stcentEAJ Thanks!SWORDINHAND (talk) 00:22, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * See stiletto Dellant (talk) 21:14, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Etymology and picture
I found this nice picture on Flickr, along with this etymology: "A dagger (from Vulgar Latin: 'daca' - a Dacian knife) is a typically double-edged blade used for stabbing or thrusting.".

They could be great additions to the article.

--Codrin.B (talk) 03:27, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Definition of 'Dagger' - common dictionary versus precise technical definitions
A dagger is a stabbing weapon that doesn't necessarily have any cutting edges at all (see Roundel). A knife is a cutting weapon or tool that isn't necessarily designed for stabbing (see Butter Knife). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.164.17.26 (talk) 14:24, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The dagger was not infrequently a cut-down version of a short sword or long sword, and it is no coincidence that the double-edged dagger possessed the same characteristics of many swords - two symmetrical cutting edges, a sharply-tapered point, and central spine or fuller. Most modern knife authorities define the modern dagger as a fighting knife with the same features.  Unfortunately, the term 'dagger' has been very loosely applied over the years by the general public to mean any knife or instrument with a sharp point that is designed OR capable of being used as a stabbing weapon.  The general or lay definition of the 'dagger' as any pointed knife or stabbing weapon includes everything from the stiletto to the ice pick, even sharply-pointed kitchen knives, and was quickly adopted by the editors of  Webster's: "1. a sharp pointed knife for stabbing; 2. something that resembles a dagger" and other popular-use dictionaries, publications that care little about technical accuracy.  Predictably, the popular dictionary definition of 'dagger' has been eagerly seized upon by prosecutors, police, and the courts to define almost any sharp-pointed instrument as a 'dagger' under state criminal knife statutes, meaning that your chef's knife is now a "dagger" in the eyes of the law (see e.g. State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): Missouri Supreme Court rules jury may find that ordinary pointed knife with four-to-five inch blade constitutes a 'dagger' under the Missouri criminal code;  California Penal Code 12020(a)(24):"dagger" means a knife or other instrument with or without a handguard that is capable of ready use as a stabbing weapon (note the wording: 'capable of ready use', not 'designed' or 'intended') that may inflict great bodily injury or death.  The consequences of using such loose terminology argue strongly for keeping the precise, technical description of a true dagger in the text, at the very least as an alternate definition. Dellant (talk) 16:43, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Excellent summary. I was told by an Assistant District Attorney in Southern California that sharpened pencils and even metal compasses used by schoolchildren fall under that State's "Dirk and Dagger" clause.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 18:12, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

strictly speaking, daggers were originally not shortened versions of swords. The opposite is true, swords were in origin lengthened versions of daggers. In other words, the dagger is older than the sword. But the interesting thing, in historical terms, is the disappearance of the dagger in the early medieval period, and its re-appearance in the 12th century. Afaik the processes involved in this are less than entirely clear. The complicated history of morphology is reflected in the hoplessely confused situation in historical terminology. There is no guarantee that the word dagger in a 15th, 16th or 17th century text will always refer to a "true dagger" as described above.

I agree with everything that has been said about modern terminology above, but as soon as you start to look at the history, both of the word and of the weapon, things start to go out of focus very quickly. So the natural question for me would be, since when has this modern definition of a "true dagger" been in existence? --dab (𒁳) 18:35, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking, daggers, swords, and short swords were frequent reinventions of each other, depending upon the time period and region. What I was referring to in the context of the definition of a dagger is the modern era, in which the basic characteristics of a true or fighting dagger - double edges, central spine or fuller, and sharply tapered point - have become recognized elements of the design, much like the modern Bowie Knife.  These characteristics were commonly accepted by knife authorities, historians, and edged weapon enthusiasts - the only groups who take an interest in the dagger and its history, at least until a knife crime grabs the public interest.  There will, of course, always be persons who, like the dictionary editors, term anything that can be used to stab another (i.e., any sharp object with a point) as a 'dagger'.Dellant (talk) 20:02, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Just to add to that, sometimes there are conflicting terms used throughout history. For example, when Geronimo was taken into custody, his knife was described as a "spearpoit Bowie", a "San Francisco knife", and a "Sheffield Bowie" at the time.  A person looking at that same knife today, 125 years later, would simply call it a "dagger".  Here is a pic of a reproduction of the original which is in the Fort Sill army museum .--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 22:10, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

File:VikingDagger.jpg
This ... thing most certainly is not a Viking dagger. It may or may not be a commercial product given the name "Viking Dagger", but it has nothing whatsoever to do with Vikings or the Viking Age. I despair at the apparent necessity of even having to point this out. Indeed, plastering article leads with images of commercial products may be considered spamming. If Sid Birt is an extremely notable producer of decorative "fantasy" style daggers, kindly write an additional section on modern-day decorative "fantasy" style daggers and present a third-party opinion on this. --dab (𒁳) 18:30, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, we understand you don't like the image. What I don't appreciate is that you stripped out Mike's image without discussing it first on this page and giving your reasoning. Moreover, you did not bother to replace the img with a suitable dagger photo, but left the article without a leading img at all.  That's not the right way to go about things.Dellant (talk) 19:53, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Yeah Gene, this article has nothing to do with Vikings. The picture in question is of an art knife. It's a Dagger and it's a good picture. Thanks for your concern.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 02:40, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Who's Gene? And while the article is not specifically addressing Viking daggers, it seems foolish to feature a picture of a knife that was never designed for use. The sword article does not feature ceremonial or fantasy blades (though it includes the former). Shouldn't the article feature something that was actually intended to be used as its lead image? Kafka Liz (talk) 02:48, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Gene is a name of another editor I thought this first person was. Well, name a design and I'll get you a pic...I've got Ek's, Mk2s's, EKI's, and FS Daggers.  I see nothing wrong with the pic, it's not a fantasy piece, it's an art piece, pommel and guard are silver, gems are rubies, handle is carved walrus tusk.  It's done artisticly.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 02:52, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Look, I'm not claiming to be an expert - far from it - but I don't think this is a good overall representation and doesn't deserve to be the lead image. I've no strong objection to including it elsewhere, but I'd prefer to see something intended for actual use - modern or historical - as the lead image. Can you point me to some images of the pieces you're suggesting? Kafka Liz (talk) 02:57, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * From what's available at commons I'd suggest this, but if you're willing to locate and upload a better alternative, that would be great. Kafka Liz (talk) 03:01, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd have to take them first. But I thik the Gerber Mk2 article has a pic, the Faibairn Sykes piece should have one, maybe even the boot knife article. For the main image I was going for a stereotypical dagger that looked nice, not the Ek's, Gerbers, and FS's I used as a Marine. Certainly not the ugly B&W pieces in the article, either.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 03:02, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * That's just a bad pic in commons. There's got to be something better than that.  I don't mind a medieval piece, just think that pic is horrid.  I didn't really want to go with a modern military throatcutter, either, though.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 03:07, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I take your point about the illustrations; they are far from the best, for a variety of reasons. This one is certainly eye-catching - I don't disagree with you there - but... well, can we find an actual combat piece (again, ancient or modern) to use instead? Kafka Liz (talk) 03:11, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * How about the top left knife in this pic I'll reshoot it? Or I can shoot a few now of other knives,post them and see what works?--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 03:14, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * (ec) That would work nicely, I think. Thanks for hearing me out and for taking the time to do the pics. Kafka Liz (talk) 03:17, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * No worries...ok, have a look here: pick one out and I'll take a decent pic, believe it or not, the amber stag handled one on the bottom was known as an "armpit dagger" in the 17th century.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 03:36, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Wow. Nice collection, seriously. Hard to chose, as some are more photogenic than others (just going on that). I have some preferences, but I'd like to know which one you think would work best, since you'll be the one photographing them, and you know exactly what each one is. I'm partial to the traditional-looking ones with the more obvious crossguards, but what is your opinion? Kafka Liz (talk) 03:51, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, those are just the daggers! Maybe the Fairburn (2nd down on left) or Mk2 (5th down on left)  they are modern, have the guards and there are separate articles about them...so I kind of stayed away from using them.   The Ek would make a nice one to photogtaph...but it's got gold leaf on the blade and someone would complain like they did over the Sid Birt piece...it was a gift from my platoon.  As to the 2 othes I like... both of them are all black...I'll see what I can do.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 04:23, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Those are the exact three I would have chosen. The Ek (with the gold leaf) would really be great, but I was hesitant to recommend it for the exact same reason. Perhaps we could substitute a photo of it for the assassination drawing (which isn't at all a clear illustration of daggers)? I'd support that, if you wouldn't mind including it. Kafka Liz (talk)
 * How's this? --Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 04:41, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * This works for me. It's clearly meant for use and a good, instantly recognizable example of a dagger. Thanks for taking it. Kafka Liz (talk) 04:55, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks again, Mike, for the picture. Much appreciated. Kafka Liz (talk) 22:30, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

I am happy with the current lead image too, thanks Mike. I can also live with the "art knife" section, as long as it doesn't mix up historical daggers, dagger replicas and "art knives". --dab (𒁳) 10:02, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Daga
Hi, in Italian, Spanish and (I think) other languages, there is a distinction between dagger (it:Pugnale, es:Puñal) and "daga" (it:Daga (arma), es:Daga) the latter being a longer and larger version of a dagger (practically a slightly smaller short sword). Does english have this distinction or something similar? Or does it fall under the dagger category? In some pages it points to Poignard, although the poignard is narrower and appered after the "daga". Thanks, --Amendola90 (talk) 16:11, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dagger


text:
Otto Kaiser (scholar)

Otto Kaiser (30 November 1924 – 14 December 2017) was a German Old Testament scholar.

Education
Kaiser was born in Prenzlau, Germany, where he attended the Gymnasium in Eberswalde and went to the University of Berlin to study medicine, as well as philosophy with Nicolai Hartmann. He served in World War II on the Eastern Front and was wounded. Returning, he studied Protestant theology and Oriental Studies and Philosophy at the University of Tübingen. He received his Doctor of Divinity degree in 1961 and his habilitation less than a year later. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Jena, the University of Tartu, and the University of Salzburg, as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz 1st Class.

Career
Called to a professorship at the University of Marburg, the oldest Protestant university in the world with one of the most distinguished Divinity Schools in Germany, he soon received the main Chair of Old Testament, which, in spite of many calls to other universities, he held until his retirement. Kaiser's work stands in the tradition of Rudolf Bultmann; he sees theology as "the study of the human reflection of the experience of the Divine in time and space." He has written a complete, three-volume theology of the Old Testament, as well as the leading one- and three-volume introductions into Old Testament Studies in German; among his many special areas are the Book of Job, Ecclesiastes, the Apocrypha, and Sirach. Kaiser is also a leading scholar on ancient and modern philosophy, particularly on Kant, Hegel, and toward the end of his career, Nietzsche, Plato, and Aristotle.

In English

 * "Deus absconditus and Deus revelatus. Three Difficult Narratives in the Pentateuch." In Shall Not the Judge of All the Earth Do What Is Right? Studies on the Nature of God in Tribute to James L. Crenshaw. David Penchansky / Paul L. Redditt, eds. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2000, pp. 73–88
 * "Covenant and Law in Ben Sira." In Covenant as Context. Essays in Honour of E.W. Nicholson. A.D.H. Mayes and R.B. Salters, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 235–260

Festschriften

 * "Wer ist wie du, HERR, unter den Göttern?" Studien zur Theologie und Religionsgeschichte Israels. Festschrift für Otto Kaiser zum 70. Geburtstag. Ingo Kottsieper et al., eds. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994
 * Paradiama. Essays in Honor of Otto Kaiser on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday. Wolfgang Drechsler, ed. Trames, vol. 3 (53/48), no. 3 (Fall 1999)
 * Gerechtigkeit und Leben im hellenistischen Zeitalter. Symposium anläßlich des 75. Geburtstags von Otto Kaiser. Jörg Jeremias, ed. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 296. Berlin - New York: de Gruyter, 2001
 * Gott und Mensch im Dialog. Festschrift für Otto Kaiser zum 80. Geburtstag. 2 vols. Markus Witte, ed. BZAW 345/I-II. Berlin – New York: de Gruyter, 2004

title: Otto Kaiser (scholar)


text:
Esplanade de La Défense station

Esplanade de La Défense is a station on Paris Métro Line 1 on the outskirts of La Défense on the border of Courbevoie and Puteaux. It has an island platform because of limitations on space due it being enclosed in a site originally earmarked for one of the underpasses of the A14 autoroute (which runs through La Défense underground).

History
The station was opened on 1 April 1992 as part of the western extension of the line from Pont de Neuilly to La Défense. The project name was Puteaux - Courbevoie.

The RATP having preferred an open-air passage on the Neuilly bridge, less expensive, rather than a tunnel under the Seine, with the station La Défense - Michelet, planned since the 1970s by the EPAD, remained unused.

As part of the automation work on line 1, the Esplanade de la Défense station was equipped with platform screen doors during the month of October 2009.

In 2019, according to RATP estimates, 9,883,008 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 17th position of metro stations for its usage out of 302.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 4,488,878 passengers entered this station which places it in the 24th position of metro stations for its attendance.

In 2021, attendance gradually increases, with 4,708,183 passengers entering this station which places it in the 43rd position of metro stations for its attendance.

Access
The station has two accesses:
 * west exit gives access to the Vosges, Alsace, Corolles, Reflets and Iris districts of the Esplanade Nord sector and to the Michelet and Villon districts of the Esplanade Sud sector;
 * the east exit gives access to the Saisons district of the Esplanade Nord sector and to the Bellini district of the Esplanade Sud sector.

Platforms
The station has a central platform due to the small width of the station, which was built in what was originally to be one of the two tubes of the A14 autoroute (which passes through a tunnel under The Defence). A slight difference in width also exists between the western end of the platform, through which access is made, and the eastern one, narrower and under a lower ceiling covered with a black fireproof flocking. Lighting is provided by fluorescent tubes. Large white flat tiles cover the vertical walls. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates arranged only on the platform. The latter is equipped with yellow Akiko seats and platform screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by bus lines 73, 157, 158, 174, 175 and 176 of the RATP Bus Network and by line N24 of the Noctilien night bus service.

Nearby
In the courtyard entrance to this station and in the corridors of it, statues have been erected. At the end of the platform, in the direction of Paris, the station is almost open-air. It allows you to see the Arc de Triomphe and is visible from the bus station at the Pont de Neuilly metro station. The cultural and exhibition space Defacto la Gallery, opened in September 2008, is located at the eastern exit of the station. The station gives access to the Tour First, and the Tour CB21 and Allianz One towers.

title: Esplanade de La Défense station


text:
STS-52

STS-52 was a Space Transportation System (NASA Space Shuttle) mission using Space Shuttle Columbia, and was launched on October 22, 1992.

Mission highlights

Primary mission objectives were deployment of the Laser Geodynamics Satellite 2 (LAGEOS-2) and operation of the U.S. Microgravity Payload-1 (USMP-1). LAGEOS 2, a joint effort between NASA and the Italian Space Agency (ASI), was deployed on day 2 and boosted into an initial elliptical orbit by ASI's Italian Research Interim Stage (IRIS). The spacecraft's apogee kick motor later circularized LAGEOS 2 orbit at its operational altitude of 5900 km. The USMP-1, activated on day one, included three experiments mounted on two connected Mission Peculiar Equipment Support Structures (MPESS) mounted in the orbiter's cargo bay. USMP-1 experiments were: Lambda Point Experiment; Matériel pour l'Étude des Phénomènes Intéressant la Solidification sur eT en Orbite (MEPHISTO), sponsored by the French agency Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES); and Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS).

Secondary payloads: (1) Canadian experiment (CANEX-2), located in both the orbiter's cargo bay and middeck and which consisted of Space Vision System (SVS); Materials Exposure in Low-Earth Orbit (MELEO); Queen's University Experiment in Liquid-Metal Diffusion (QUELD); Phase Partitioning in Liquids (PARLIQ); Sun Photospectrometre Earth Atmosphere Measurement-2 (SPEAM-2); Orbiter Glow-2 (OGLOW-2); and Space Adaptation Tests and Observations (SATO). A small, specially marked satellite, the Canadian Target Assembly (CTA), was deployed on day nine, to support SVS experiments. (2) ASP, featuring three independent sensors mounted on a Hitchhiker plate in the cargo bay - Modular Star Sensor (MOSS), Yaw Earth Sensor (YES) and Low Altitude Conical Earth Sensor (LACES), all provided by the European Space Agency (ESA).

Other middeck payloads: Commercial Materials Dispersion Apparatus Instrument Technology Associates Experiments; Commercial Protein Crystal Growth experiment; Chemical Vapor Transport Experiment Heat Pipe Performance Experiment (CVTEHPPE); Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE) (involving 12 rodents); and Shuttle Plume Impingement Experiment (SPIE). The orbiter also was used as a reference point for calibrating an Ultraviolet Plume Instrument on an orbiting Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) satellite.

The Tank Pressure Control Experiment/Thermal Phenomena (TPCE/TP) was contained in a Getaway Special (GAS) canister in the orbiter's cargo bay.

Some of the ashes of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry were also carried aboard the orbiter for the duration of the mission.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. A special musical track is chosen for each day in space, often by the astronauts' families, to have a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or in reference to the day's planned activities.

title: STS-52


text:
Pont de Neuilly station

Pont de Neuilly is a station on Paris Métro Line 1, situated in the prosperous suburban commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine. Between 1940 and 1950 it was known as Pont de Neuilly, Avenue de Madrid.

Location
The station is located under Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle (RN 13) at its intersection with Avenue de Madrid. Oriented approximately along a north-west/south-east axis, it is situated between the Esplanade de la Défense and Les Sablons metro stations, separated from the former by an above-ground crossing of the Seine river in the centre of the Pont de Neuilly bridge, with a grade of 6%, the steepest in the network. In the direction of La Défense, it is the last classic station available on this part of the line.

It is named after the Pont de Neuilly, a nearby bridge. The bridge - which carries parallel road and rail links between Neuilly and La Défense, over the river Seine - is in fact nearer to the Esplanade de la Défense metro station than to the Pont de Neuilly metro station.

It was the western terminus of Line 1 from 1937 until 1992, before the western extension to La Défense metro was opened. Above the station lies an esplanade from which one can see the area of La Défense.

History
The station was opened on 29 April 1937 as the western terminus of line 1 from Château de Vincennes, replacing the original terminus at Porte Maillot. It owes its name to its relative proximity to the Neuilly bridge, linking Neuilly-sur-Seine on the right bank of the Seine to the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux on the left bank, in line with the historic Parisian axis. The station was named Pont de Neuilly - Avenue de Madrid from 1940 to 1950 to highlight its location at the intersection of the Avenue de Madrid, which takes its name from the capital of Spain.

The station was modernized after 1988 by the adoption of the decorative style Ouï-dire on the platforms, green in this case.

On 1 April 1992, it became a transit station with the inauguration of the extension to Grande Arche de la Défense (now La Défense). This extension required the complete takeover of the rear station in order to allow the passage of the line on the Pont de Neuillyy, the basement constrained at that time by the presence of the tunnel of RER A line, built during the 1960s.

As part of the automation of line 1, the platforms were raised to accommodate platform screen doors, installed between mid-June and mid-July 2009, making this station the second on the line to benefit from these doors after Bérault.

In 2019, according to RATP estimates, 6,902,027 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 41st position of metro stations for its usage out of 302. In the same year, the docks lost their asphalt pavement to dark tiles.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 3,678,074 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 36th position of metro stations for its usage.

In 2021, attendance gradually increases, with 4,822,599 passengers entering this station which places it in the 41st position of metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has three entrances divided into six metro accesses, established on the side medians of Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle:
 * Access no. 1 Rue du Château: two fixed stairs, one decorated with a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle, leading to no. 168 of the avenue;
 * Access no. 2 Avenue de Madrid: a fixed staircase to the right of no. 205 Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle and an escalator facing Nos. 203 and 203 bis;
 * Access no. 3 Rue de l'Église: a fixed staircase with a yellow totem "M" leading to the right of no. 185 Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle and an escalator going up to the Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Neuilly-sur-Seine at no. 158.

Each stair hopper has the particularity, treated in flat brown tiles laid vertically and aligned.

Platforms
Pont de Neuilly is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms, 105 meters long, separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the Ouï-dire green style. The lighting canopies, of the same colour, are supported by curved braces in the shape of a scythe. The direct lighting is white as well as, unlike most light canopies of this style, indirect lighting. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the walls, vault, tunnel exits and outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are green and cylindrical and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates. The platforms are tiled in anthracite grey and equipped with green Motte style shell seats as well platform screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by bus lines 43, 73, 93, 157, 158, 174 and 176 of the RATP Bus Network and by lines N11, N24 and N153 of the Noctilien night bus service.

Some of these lines terminate at the bus station overlooking the station; this space is extended to the northwest by an esplanade from which emerges a view of the business district of La Défense.

Nearby

 * Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Neuilly-sur-Seine

title: Pont de Neuilly station


text:
Lake Thun

Lake Thun (Thunersee) is an Alpine lake in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland named after the city of Thun, on its northern shore. At 48.3 km2 in surface area, it is the largest Swiss lake entirely within a single canton.

The lake was created after the last glacial period. After the 10th century, it split from Lake Brienz, before which the two lakes were combined, as Wendelsee ("Lake Wendel"). The culminating point of the lake's drainage basin is the Finsteraarhorn at 4,274 m above sea level.

Lake Thun's approximate 2500 km2 catchment area frequently causes local flooding after heavy rainfalls. This occurs because the river Aare (Aare), which drains Lake Thun, has only limited capacity to handle the excess runoff. The lake is fed by water from Lake Brienz to the southeast, which is 6 m higher than Lake Thun, and various streams in the Oberland, including the Kander.

In 1835, passenger steamships began operating regularly on the lake. Ten passenger ships, operated by the local railway company BLS AG like Blümlisalp, serve the towns of Interlaken and Thun; the Interlaken ship canal and Thun ship canal connect the lake to Interlaken West railway station and Thun railway station respectively.

Following World War II and up until 1964, the Swiss Government disposed of unused munitions into Lake Thun. The quantity of munitions dumped is reported to be from 3,000 to more than 9,020 tons.

title: Lake Thun


text:
Les Sablons station

Les Sablons is a station on Line 1 of the Paris Métro in the commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine west of the city. In 2019 Les Sablons ranked 53rd in passenger volume among the system's 302 stations. The station is located under Avenue Charles de Gaulle, a major traffic artery between Etoile and La Defense. It has four entrances, a pair located on each of the medians on opposite sides of the Avenue.

The name of the station and its immediate neighborhood derives from the Plaine des Sablons, as much of present-day Neuilly was known prior to its urbanization. The station signage is subtitled "Jardin d'Acclimatation," referring to the leisure park in the Bois de Boulogne 300 meters to the south. The Jardin is linked to the station area by the Boulevard des Sablons, whose name changes to Rue d’Orleans as it approaches Avenue Charles de Gaulle.

History
The station opened in April 1937, when Line 1 of the Paris Metro was extended west from Porte Maillot to Pont de Neuilly under Neuilly's principal commercial thoroughfare, the Avenue de Neuilly (renamed Avenue Charles de Gaulle in 1971). At the same time, the Avenue was significantly widened to serve as an arterial route for automobile traffic, and the project marked the end of the Fête de Neuilly, a summer street carnival held for over a century in what had become a well-heeled urban district. Initial planning in the early 1930s envisaged two stations between Porte Maillot and Pont de Neuilly, at Place du Marché and Rue St. Pierre, but Les Sablons was built instead. Work on the Line 1 extension was pressed to completion in time for the 1937 International Exposition. In the 1970s the station was remodeled in the style Andreu-Motte. In 2003, the corridors were remodeled as part of a system-wide program. In 2009, the platforms were fitted with platform screen doors in anticipation of the fully-automated operation of Line 1.

Prior to its urbanization, much of the area immediately to the north of the Bois de Boulogne was known as the Plaine des Sablons, for its sterile soil and sand pits whose output was much used in the construction of Paris. In the 1780s, Louis XVI granted part of the Champs des Sablons, an area used for training by the King's Guards, to Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, who demonstrated the growing of potatoes, and promoted their acceptance in continental Europe as safe for human consumption. During the 19th century, this rural area gave way to suburban, then urban, development.

The Jardin d'Acclimatation opened in 1860 on 20 hectares in the northwest corner of the Bois de Boulogne, as a feature in the transformation of the Bois from public woodlands into an urban park. The Jardin was initially a zoo and botanical garden emphasizing species from tropical and sub-tropical regions. From 1877 to 1927 it also included an "ethnological garden", a human zoo featuring the physiques and cultures of non-European indigenous peoples. After 1910, there was increased focus on carnival rides and entertainments, following the example of Copenhagen's Tivoli Gardens. These, in turn, were displaced in the 1950s in favor of an area "for walks and outdoor activities of an instructional, sporting, and family nature", and in the 1960s and '70s the Jardin featured popular, rural, and traditional French culture. In recent years, amusements and wild animals have returned to what is now a family-oriented leisure park, focusing on children's activities. The original name has never changed.

Places of interest
Nearby on the northern edge of the Bois de Boulogne are the Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires and the Jardin d'Acclimatation. One of the exits is in front of the private gate into the offices of the M6 television channel.

title: Les Sablons station


text:
Joseph Allen

Joseph Allen may refer to:

Clergy

 * Joseph Allen (bishop) (1770–1845), Bishop of Bristol and Bishop of Ely
 * Joseph Allen (clergyman) (1790–1873), American clergyman
 * Joseph Henry Allen (1820–1898), American Unitarian scholar and son of Joseph Allen (1790–1873)

Politics

 * Joseph Allen (congressman) (1749–1827), member of the eleventh U.S. Congress
 * Joseph Allen (Maine politician) (fl. 1907–1916), American politician from Maine
 * Joseph Allen (Australian politician) (1869–1933), member of the Western Australian Legislative Council
 * Joseph B. Allen (1914–2006), member of the Florida House of Representatives

Other

 * Joseph Allen (doctor of medicine) (1714–1796), doctor, circumnavigator, Master of Dulwich College
 * Joseph William Allen (1803–1852), English landscape painter and art teacher
 * Joseph H. Allen (1821–1884), colonel in the American Civil War and Supervisor of Brunswick, New York
 * Joseph G. Allen, public health expert
 * Joseph P. Allen (born 1937), NASA astronaut
 * Joseph P. Allen (psychologist) (born 1958), American psychologist and academic
 * H. Joseph Allen (born 1941), American businessman, racehorse owner and film producer
 * Joseph Allen, a fictional character in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

title: Joseph Allen


text:
Joseph P. Allen

Joseph Percival "Joe" Allen IV (born June 27, 1937) is an American former NASA astronaut. He logged more than 3,000 hours flying time in jet aircraft.

Early life and education
Allen was born in Crawfordsville, Indiana, on June 1937. His parents, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. Allen III, had resided in Frankfort, Indiana. He attended Mills School, and is a graduate of Crawfordsville High School in Indiana, Class of 1955; received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics and Physics from DePauw University in 1959, where he was a member of The Delta Chapter of Beta Theta Pi, and a Master of Science and a Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Physics from Yale University in 1961 and 1965, respectively. At Yale, Allen worked with future physicist Richard F. Casten.

Allen was a research associate in the Nuclear Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington prior to his selection as an astronaut. He was a staff physicist at the Nuclear Structure Laboratory at Yale University in 1965 and 1966, and during the period 1963 to 1967, served as a guest researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory

NASA experience
Allen was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in August 1967 as a member of the second group of scientist-astronauts. He completed flight training at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma. He served as mission scientist while a member of the astronaut support crew for Apollo 15 and served as a staff consultant on science and technology to the President's Council on International Economic Policy.

From August 1975 to 1978, Allen served as NASA Assistant Administrator for Legislative Affairs in Washington, D.C. Returning to the Johnson Space Center in 1978, as a senior scientist astronaut, Allen was assigned to the Operations Mission Development Group. He served as a support crew member for the first orbital flight test of the Space Shuttle (Columbia) in April 1981 and was the CAPCOM during the reentry phase for this mission. In addition, in 1980 and 1981, he worked as the technical assistant to the director of flight operations.

Space experience
Allen served as mission specialist on STS-5, the first fully operational flight of the Space Shuttle program, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 11, 1982. He was accompanied by Vance D. Brand (spacecraft commander), Col. Robert F. Overmyer (pilot), and Dr. William B. Lenoir (mission specialist). STS-5, the first mission with four crewmembers, clearly demonstrated the Space Shuttle as fully operational by the successful first deployment of two commercial communications satellites from the Orbiter's payload bay. The mission marked the first use of the Payload Assist Module (PAM-D), and its new ejection system. Numerous flight tests were performed throughout the mission to document Shuttle performance during launch, boost, orbit, atmospheric entry and landing phases. STS-5 was the last flight to carry the Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) package to support flight testing. A Getaway Special, three Student Involvement Projects, and medical experiments were included on the mission. A planned spacewalk by Allen and Lenoir, the first of the Space Shuttle program, was postponed by one day after Lenoir became ill, and then had to be canceled when the two spacesuits that were to be used developed problems. The STS-5 crew successfully concluded the 5-day orbital flight of Space Shuttle Columbia with the first entry and landing through a cloud deck to a hard-surface runway and demonstrated maximum braking. STS-5 completed 81 orbits of the Earth in 122 hours before landing on a concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on November 16, 1982.

Allen was a mission specialist on STS 51-A, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 8, 1984. He was accompanied by Captain Frederick (Rick) Hauck (spacecraft commander), Captain David M. Walker (pilot), and fellow mission specialists, Dr. Anna Lee Fisher and Commander Dale Gardner. This was the second flight of the Orbiter Discovery. During the mission the crew deployed two satellites, Canada's Anik D-2 (Telesat H) and Hughes' LEASAT-1 (Syncom IV-1), and operated the 3M Company's Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions experiment. In the first space salvage attempt in history, Allen and Gardner performed spacewalks and successfully retrieved for return to Earth the Palapa B-2 and Westar VI communications satellites. STS 51-A completed 127 orbits of the Earth in 192 hours before landing at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 16, 1984. With the completion of this flight Allen logged a total of 314 hours in space.

Post-NASA experience
Allen served as chief executive officer of Space Industries International, Washington, D.C., and later was chairman of Veridian, until he retired in 2004. General Dynamics announced its acquisition of Veridian on June 9, 2003.

In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Allen was played by Doug McKeon.

In the 1998 movie Armageddon, directed by Michael Bay, Allen served as a NASA consultant and cameoed as "Kennedy Launch" during the launching of the X-71 shuttles.

Personal life
Allen married Bonnie Jo Darling of Elkhart, Indiana in 1961. They have two children. Bonnie Darling died in early 2021.

Works

 * Entering Space: An Astronaut's Odyssey (1985) ISBN 0-941434-74-5

Allen was a contributor to the book NASA's Scientist-Astronauts by David Shayler and Colin Burgess.

Organizations
Allen is a member of several organizations, including the American Physical Society, the American Astronautical Society, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Phi Beta Kappa, Beta Theta Pi, Sigma Xi, and Phi Eta Sigma.

Special honors

 * Fulbright Scholarship (1959–1960)
 * Outstanding Flying Award, Class 69–06, Vance Air Force Base (1969)
 * Two NASA Group Achievement Awards (1971 and 1974) in recognition of contributions to the Apollo 15 Lunar Traverse Planning Team and for subsequent work on the Outlook for Space Study Team
 * Yale Science and Engineering Association Award for Advancement of Basic and Applied Science (1972)
 * DePauw University Distinguished Alumnus Award (1972)
 * NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal (1973)
 * NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1978)
 * NASA Superior Performance Award (1975 and 1981)
 * Honorary Doctor of Science from DePauw University (1983)
 * Komarov Diploma from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

Allen was one of three shuttle astronaut inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2005.

title: Joseph P. Allen