text:
Module talk:mk-pronunciation

 * Hello. Do you have something to say about the module? Is everything handled right? Guldrelokk (talk) 21:17, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Hello. How could I use this module to generate IPA transcriptions for my entries as I create them? It looks good, but I don't agree with the final stress of ; it is indeed final in the Skopje dialect, but as far as I know, it's initial in the standard language. I would also like to point out that the assimilation of sibilants is characteristic of rapid, natural speech, but that in slower, more solemn discourse, one would likely say [ˈbɛst͡ʃɛstɛn]. Finally, a function should be added to convert [r] to [ɾ] in intervocalic contexts except when the following vowel is stressed (this is the only case where [ɾ] is obligatory, whereas it is a free variant of [r] elsewhere], since the module already takes allophony into account, and [bara] as a phonetic realisation of, for instance, would constitute an incorrect pronunciation (except in songs, perhaps), although phonemically /bara/ is, of course, perfectly all right. Martin123xyz (talk) 21:48, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I’ve implemented /r/ allophony. You only need to include Template:mk-IPA in the entry, unless the stress is irregular, in which case you can supply the word with a stress mark as a parameter, like this: ; for  just  is enough. I marked the stress in одвај explicitly for a test, I didn’t know it is dialectal, but the entry is not affected anyway. Wouldn’t it be better to keep the assimilation as both the less obvious and the more natural pronunciation variant? Guldrelokk (talk) 23:23, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you for implementing the /r/ allophony. I agree with you regarding the sibilant assimilation. I will now start using the module and will notify you if any issue arises (other than unpredictable stress or syllabic /r/, as in, where you cannot tell by the orthography that the word is trisyllabic, and which is inconsistent with the bisyllabic , for instance, for which no entry exists yet) Martin123xyz (talk) 11:55, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I have noticed another thing that needs to be added: /n/ shouldn't assimilate only to [ŋ] before velars (as it does in, but also to [m] and [ɱ] before labials and labiodentals, e.g. in and . Meanwhile, /m/ and /ɳ/ do not assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant, e.g. /ramka/ stays [ramka], so they should not be modified. Martin123xyz (talk) 13:48, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I have now noticed that is transcribed with an optional ]j] at the beginning, which is incorrect. An epenthetic [j] might appear before /ɛ/ if there's another preceding vowel, i.e. in case of hiatus, but never at the beginning of a word. Martin123xyz (talk) 13:57, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Everything seems fixed now. But does /m/ really not even become labiodental before /f/ or /v/? Also, can’t also be written ? I thought this is a rule, as stated in Правопис на македонскиот јазик, page 6: „Самогласното р се пишува со апостроф кога се наоѓа на почетокот на зборот, а по него следува согласка: ’рбет, ’рбетник, ’рѓа, ’рж, ’ржи, ’рскавица,’рт, ’рти, ’рчи. Овие зборови се пишуваат со апостроф и кога ним им се додава префикс што завршува на самогласка: за’рѓа, за’ржи, про’рти, но кога им се додава префикс што завршува на согласка, апостроф не се пишува: безрбетник, изрти, сржи.“ If not, then you still can supply про’рти as the parameter to get the correct pronunciation, this won’t affect the entry display. Guldrelokk (talk)
 * Thank you for the adjustments. Honestly, I don't know whether [m] becomes [ɱ] because the difference is too slight for me to perceive whereas I haven't read anything about it; the assimilation of [n] to [ɱ], on the other hand, is much more conspicuous. However, I do think that it's logical for [m] to assimilate to a following labiodental, so I suggest we include that in the algorithm. You are also right about the rule regarding the apostrophe. I will add the forms with the internal apostrophe. Martin123xyz (talk) 14:52, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I have come upon a new issue : the transcription for includes too many consonants in the onset of the second syllable; the /d/ should be assigned to the previous syllable, since /dgl/ is not a possible onset in Macedonian. In fact, no sequence of the type plosive-plosive-liquid is. Martin123xyz (talk) 22:11, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, sorry, it was only meant to affect /t͡s/, /d͡z/ and the like. Now it’s fixed. Guldrelokk (talk) 22:27, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid that now the transcription of is incorrect: the /v/ is assigned to the first syllable but actually belongs to the second. The sequence /zv/ is not a possible coda in Macedonian. The syllabification rules need to be refined to take into account the nature of the consonants in addition to their number in a given cluster. I would fix this myself but I don't understand the code. Martin123xyz (talk) 22:37, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It already did that, just in a wrong way. Изв-ршител is of course not correct, as the second syllable is left open. It seems to work fine now. Guldrelokk (talk) 23:51, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Hello again. The transcription for now splits the affricate, inserting the stress mark between the plosive and the fricative, whereas the affricates are actually single consonants. Martin123xyz (talk) 10:41, 18 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Hello; the transcription for is wrong because it marks the initial /m/ as syllabic, whereas it it forms part of the consonant cluster of the onset of the first syllable whose nucleus is /o/. Martin123xyz (talk) 18:54, 19 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, sure. I fixed it. Guldrelokk (talk) 21:42, 19 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Hello again. I have noticed that the syllabification for is wrong - it should be [pɔdˈmnɔʒɛstvɔ] instead of [pɔdmˈnɔʒɛstvɔ] because /dm/ is not a possible coda. Martin123xyz (talk) 20:50, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Excuse me, I didn’t notice your report – should be fixed now, let me know if something else goes wrong. Guldrelokk (talk) 12:53, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

Sorry if I stepped on your toes, I'm crap at computing and I was excited that I could do the fix myself for once! --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 14:29, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * That was nice of you, thank you – I was glad to see that is already fixed. Guldrelokk (talk) 14:46, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Hello. Could you tell me how I can use the " " template to indicate a common non-standard pronunciation, e.g.  with the stress on the second syllable as the common colloquial pronunciation? Martin123xyz (talk) 07:27, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I have also noticed that stress placement is not sensitive to morphemic boundaries, which results in incorrect syllabification. For example, in, the stress mark should be before the -др- sequence because that it where the root starts, whereas in , the stress mark should be between the "д" and the "р", since the prefix is под- and the root is ред-. This is partly covered in Правопис на македонскиот јазик, e.g. in section 357, but the information on syllabification is not too comprehensive.
 * Is there anyway for the problem to be dealt with automatically? If not, unwary users might add " " without checking the syllabification. Perhaps the module should be adjusted such that by default, no stress is indicated, unless the user specifies a second parameter, e.g. reg=1 (for regular stress). For the other case, the stress mark can be inserted manually, as I have done at . Martin123xyz (talk) 11:38, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
 * There is also a problem with sonorant sequences in words like . The module indicates both sonorants as syllabic because they are both interconsonantal, except than once the "р" becomes syllabic, the "н" is no longer interconsonantal and therefore remains [- syllabic]. Could perhaps help with some of this since Guldrelokk seems to be inactive? Martin123xyz (talk) 09:15, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello. Sorry, I can't help, as I don't know how to code. But perhaps or  can? Per utramque cavernam – PUC – 09:21, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added two testcases to Module:mk-pronunciation/testcases. Are they correct? PUC – 09:31, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for adding the testcases; they are correct (the expected transcription is correct and the actual transcription is wrong). Sorry to bother you; I saw that you had fixed something else for this module in 2018 so I pinged you. Martin123xyz (talk) 09:42, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * No worries! It's a shame that Guldrelokk is no longer around; I really liked their work here. PUC – 10:09, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Another issue is the treatment of . The module indicates that the m is syllabic, but it never becomes syllabic after another sonorant. Martin123xyz (talk) 06:46, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I tried to fix the issue with грнчарство and стокхолмски. Can you add more testcases, esp. for anything that seems wrong, e.g. impossible syllabifications? BTW I can try to make the module smarter with respect to prefixes like под-, but there are some issues that can't be handled automatically, e.g. AFAIK in Macedonian both под- and по- are possible prefixes, so there's no way of knowing what to do with подр-, which might be под.р- or по.др-. Benwing2 (talk) 02:41, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Also we should strive to use for everything and not just use  when the module doesn't do something right. Instead the module should be fixed or the appropriate respelling used. Benwing2 (talk) 02:42, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for fixing the syllabic sonorants. For the time being, I do not have any more testcases to add; was in the same category as . Since as you point out, it is not possible for the algorithm to recognize all morphemic boundaries automatically, I suggest that you not add smart rules. Instead, I will transcribe the words with the "`" symbol to indicate the syllabic boundary, as I've done for  (see the code behind the displayed pronunciation). I agree that we should use  as much as possible, but I didn't know whether anyone would actually agree to improve it, so I started using  while waiting. Is there any way I can see a list of all the Macedonian pages with  so that I can fix them now (or in future, if further improvements to the module are required?). Martin123xyz (talk) 05:54, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Could you also advise me as to the proper way to add non-standard or colloquial pronunciations? So far, I have been using the system that you can see at, which is improvised. Martin123xyz (talk) 05:54, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * See User:Benwing2/mk-raw-ipa for a list of all 54 pages that use . BTW I still think it might be useful to make the module smarter with respect to impossible syllabifications, which you mention currently occur. If you can create test cases for these, I can look into them. As for colloquial pronunciations, if they are just a matter of putting the stress in a different place, you can use the acute accent like (same as is done in the Russian and Bulgarian modules). For other types of pronunciations, if they can be expressed using respelling, you should do that, otherwise let me know what the issue is and I'll devise a mechanism to represent it. Benwing2 (talk) 01:35, 12 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the list. I'll create test cases for both the words that are incorrectly syllabified and the ones that are transcribed as they should be so that the modifications don't end up fixing one problem and causing another. As for the colloquial pronunciations, I know how to indicate the stress in a different place; what I wanted to know is how I should label them as colloquial. Currently, I use italics in parentheses, but maybe there's a special template that I should use, or maybe I should add a Pronunciation 2 header. Martin123xyz (talk) 05:59, 12 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see. You should not use Pronunciation 1 or Pronunciation 2 headers in general. Instead, use Etymology 1 or Etymology 2 headers, putting a level-4 ====Pronunciation==== section under each. If this doesn't make sense, and you want to list entries with more than one pronunciation under the same Etymology header, you should list all pronunciations under the same Pronunciation header, if necessary distinguishing them using qualifiers. I changed and  appropriately to show how it should be done. For qualifiers, generally you can use  or, which are equivalent (both of them are redirects to ). For Russian, we have an ann parameter that adds a qualifier consisting of just the spelling, with the accent marked; see  for an example.  for Bulgarian supports the same parameter, and I can add support for this to  if you want, but I'm not sure how useful it will be, since differing stresses don't normally distinguish different forms of the same word in Macedonian. Benwing2 (talk) 04:19, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you. In future, I'll use the qualifiers that you suggest. For the words I had in mind, separate etymology headers are not appropriate, since it's really just two pronunciations of the same word with the same meaning and origin, except that one is standard and confined to contexts like education, news broadcasts and audiobooks, and the other is nonstandard but more natural and more widely used, such that it is worth documenting it. I agree that ann would be relatively useless in Macedonian. The two stresses of are an exceptional case and only exist in the standard and some dialects; I have never even heard anyone make the distinction orally in Skopje. Have you looked at the 13 failed testcases? Martin123xyz (talk) 04:33, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

Yes. Thank you for adding them. Comments:  For things like конфликт vs. комфорен, I will probably add support for  to prevent assimilation, so you'd write. We use this character for this purpose also in Russian, Italian and various other languages. For од немај-каде, I assume that all written voiced consonants are pronounced voiced before another voiced consonant across word boundaries? If so, I will fix the module to support this. For the hyphen, the module currently treats hyphen like a space because of terms like, , etc. In the case of , either I can change the module to recognize certain hyphenated suffixes like (if there are several words ending in this suffix), or we can just respell it without the hyphen. For од играчка плачка, is the voiced /d/ before a vowel a property only of (and presumably also,  and certain other prepositions)? I can fix the module to recognize these prepositions specially. We currently do this in Russian, which uses the following list for prepositions as well as for hyphenated suffixes and certain other special cases: local accentless = { -- class 'pre': particles that join with a following word pre = ut.list_to_set({'bez', 'bliz', 'v', 'vo', 'da', 'do',      'za', 'iz', 'iz-pod', 'iz-za', 'izo', 'k', 'ko', 'mež',       'na', 'nad', 'nado', 'ne', 'ni', 'ob', 'obo', 'ot', 'oto',       'pered', 'peredo', 'po', 'pod', 'podo', 'pred', 'predo', 'pri', 'pro',       's', 'so', 'u', 'čerez'}), -- class 'prespace': particles that join with a following word, but only --  if a space (not a hyphen) separates them; hyphens are used here --  to spell out letters, e.g. а-эн-бэ́ for АНБ (NSA = National Security	--   Agency) or о-а-э́ for ОАЭ (UAE = United Arab Emirates) prespace = ut.list_to_set({'a', 'o'}), -- class 'post': particles that join with a preceding word post = ut.list_to_set({'by', 'b', 'ž', 'že', 'li', 'libo', 'lʹ', 'ka',	  'nibudʹ', 'tka'}), -- class 'posthyphen': particles that join with a preceding word, but only --  if a hyphen (not a space) separates them posthyphen = ut.list_to_set({'to'}), }  For words like обновува and трамвајскиот, and in general for syllable boundaries in clusters, I think the best we can do is have a list of allowed onsets. We have such a list for Russian, which is as follows (it also includes all consonants followed by /j/, which is not listed here): local perm_syl_onset = ut.list_to_set({	'spr', 'str', 'skr', 'spl', 'skl',	-- FIXME, do we want sc?	'sp', 'st', 'sk', 'sf', 'sx', 'sc',	'pr', 'br', 'tr', 'dr', 'kr', 'gr', 'fr', 'vr', 'xr',	'pl', 'bl', 'kl', 'gl', 'fl', 'vl', 'xl',	-- FIXME, do we want the following? If so, do we want vn?	'ml', 'mn',	-- FIXME, dž is now converted to ĝž, which will have a syllable	-- boundary in between	'šč', 'dž', })   Benwing2 (talk) 05:02, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

 * 1. For комфорен and конфликт, the problem is the reverse of what you're referring to: конфликт is transcribed without assimilation because the stress mark intervenes between the /n/ and /f/, whereas it should have assimilation just like комфорен. In the test case list, the second column indicates the desired result, not the third one. As far as I can tell, there is no need for a symbol which blocks assimilation within words.
 * 2. "I assume that all written voiced consonants are pronounced voiced before another voiced consonant across word boundaries" - this is correct. As for немај-каде, there is no suffix: this is a compound word composed of an imperative verb and an adverb. It is an isolated case, so the best option would be to respell it inside the template.
 * 3. Per 2), there is no need to compile a list of prepositions. талог од кафе (coffee dregs, lit. dregs from coffee) is also pronounced with a voiced [g]. There should also be devoicing of voiced consonants before a voiceless consonants across word boundaries (e.g. for the [g] in долг пат, "long route", which is already handled by final devoicing), but not the opposite process: длабок бунар (deep well) is pronounced with a final [k], not [g]. In this respect, assimilation across word boundaries differs from assimilation within words.
 * 4. Can we have a list of forbidden onsets instead? I have been manually adding the bare template to thousands of words, and if we now add a list of allowed onsets and omit something (which is probable since some onsets occur in only one word, e.g. /vmr/ in вмрежува), it might ruin some of the transcriptions that I have already validated individually. A list of forbidden onsets, in turn, would only concern the words whose transcriptions were problematic. Since I have already respelled those, the list would not interfere with the output - it would only eliminate the necessity of more manual respellings in future. For starters, we could add /bn/ and /mv/ to the forbidden onsets. For the latter, we can more generally forbid "nasal stop + non-sonorant". However, I have doubts about this too. If a forbidden cluster becomes allowed due to the borrowing of a new foreign word, we will have to remove it from the list of forbidden clusters, which will ruin the previously validated transcriptions of words containing it. Martin123xyz (talk) 06:23, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * For бара преку леб погача, can you make the rule which transcribes all monosyllabic words as unstressed only apply to clitics, so that леб can receive stress? The list of clitics should include all pronominal clitics (ме, ми, те, ти, го, му, ја, ѝ, нѐ, ни, ве, ви, Ве, Ви, ги, им, се, си), all monolexical prepositions (без, од, со, на, во, покрај, околу etc.; you can look for them here), and all monolexical conjunctions (и, да, а, ама, но...) I would also like to be able to write `без if for whatever reason, stress is required (possibly in some emphatic context), i.e. I would like for the stress-stripping to be overrideable. Martin123xyz (talk) 06:39, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments. The intention of the list of "allowed onsets" is not to list every possible onset but to list those that are most common. For example, шк is an allowed onset but only in a few words, e.g. школа and derivatives (same in Russian). For this reason we don't list шк among the allowed onsets, meaning that the syllable division by default is ш.к not .шк, which should work for most words. As for making changes in the allowed onsets, I have set up a system in the Russian pronunciation module to have a proposed new version of the module and automatically find all the words whose pronunciation would change as a result of that new version. We can set up the same system for Macedonian, and using this we can flush out the words that would end up with a wrong pronunciation and add the appropriate respelling before pushing the new version into production. The worst that can happen by doing this is we end up with unnecessary respelling, which I can remove by bot once we stabilize the set of allowed onsets.
 * As for the list of unstressed words, I can definitely add that. Is it really the case that three-syllable prepositions like околу are completely unstressed? That seems odd to me; in Russian, only one-syllable words and a very small set of two-syllable words can be unstressed. But whatever the case is, I can definitely implement it, along with allowing for explicit stress on these words. In Russian also, unstressed prepositions sometimes get stress, in which case the following word loses it, as in по́д гору "downhill"; for this reason the Russian module has a special symbol to indicate that a normally stressed word should not get any stress. Does Macedonian have something similar? Benwing2 (talk) 07:03, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * . Detecting all words which would be affected by a change in the module and respelling them before sending the new version into production sounds like a good idea. In that case, you can make a list of allowed onsets. As for polysyllabic clitics, not only is околу usually unstressed, it can form a single stress unit with a following word, e.g. "околу тебе" (around you) is pronounced with a single stress on the /u/, because the whole sequence behaves a single word to which the antepenultimate stress rule is applied. A sequence like "околу градот" (around the town) can have two stresses, one on околу and another on градот, but the variant with only one stress (on градот) sounds more natural to me. With two stresses, it sounds more emphatic, possibly in an explanatory or admonitive context. I think that it is normal for fast-spoken syllable-timed languages like Macedonian to have relatively less stress than stress-timed languages like English. In "затоа што не можам" (because I am unable to), I only hear a single stress on the negation "не". I don't know what the academic literature has to say about this, and the locally published reference works on Macedonian only deal with basic cases (the French Bon Usage is up to 1700 pages, ours is at less than 400), so I am relying on my intuition. Martin123xyz (talk) 07:12, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * For more cases like Russian под гору and Macedonian околу тебе, see the list of rules here. However, most of these restructurings of phonological boundaries are extremely stilted and pompous-sounding, so we I advise against including them into the pronunciation module. Only the following are natural: а) and ј) from Акцентски целости; points 2, 3, and 4 of a) from Проклитики, everything from Енклитики, and point 5 of a) from Акцентски низи. It should also be noted that some of the rules listed on that page explain when stress is NOT transferred; since these are default situations, I have not mentioned them here, even though they are correct and natural, e.g. б) from Акцентски низи. Since most of these rules will only concern full sentences and not lemmas or non-lemma forms, they are not a priority for the time being. They will become relevant if at some point we start adding example sentences for Macedonian, drawn from corpora, and transcribe them with the module in their entirety, even though I see that this is not done for other languages. Martin123xyz (talk) 07:26, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

вмровец
For, I can't figure out what respelling to use to prevent the schwa followed by the /r/ from fusing into a syllabic /r/, which is needed only for words like. If I use a break marker (#), stress is assigned twice. I haven't added this as a testcase because the pronunciation cannot be directly deduced from the spelling, which is irregular because the word is a suffixed acronym. Martin123xyz (talk) 12:58, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

I have found a solution: в‘м#‘#ро`вец. Martin123xyz (talk) 06:46, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

Improvements
I have resolved several of the testcases myself. I have modified the nasal assimilation rules, such that they know apply across the stress mark too. Consequently, "Унгарија" and "конфликт" are properly rendered, without any detriment to "унгарски" "комфорен", which was already transcribed correctly.

I have also modified the rule regarding the optional insertion of /j/ following /i/. Specifically, I have split it into four rules:

- A written /j/ between /i/ and /aɛɔu/ is optionally omitted.

- A non-written [j] between /i/ and /aɛɔu/ is optionally added.

- A written /j/ preceding a stressed syllable is not omitted.

- A non-written [j] preceding a stressed syllable is not added.

If you wish to modify the code to make it less explicit and more efficient, make sure that it still satisfies these rules. Martin123xyz (talk) 06:41, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

I have also fixed "комбајн" and "мјаука" by adding /j/ to the rules regarding syllabic sonorants. The undesired result is that the module now also lets /j/ become syllabic. However, this is not a problem, since /j/ never appears, syllabically or otherwise, in the contexts which make the nasals and liquids syllabic. There are no words like Czech "jmout" or Hungarian "adj". Martin123xyz (talk) 06:51, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

I have fixed everything except unpredictable syllabic boundaries and lack of devoicing preceding a voiced consonant across a word boundary. Martin123xyz (talk) 08:00, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I have also taken care of the rules regarding devoicing and lack thereof. I have decided that the module requires no further changes. Martin123xyz (talk) 08:26, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I just noticed a new problem; see "-pɫ̩ɔ-" in . --Gorec (talk) 20:19, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing this out. The problem was caused by the placement of "`" after the consonant cluster. If one wishes to use the symbol "`" or "/" (the two are equivalent) to indicate which syllable is stressed, one should either place it after the stressed vowel, in which case the stress mark will appear before the consonant cluster or within the consonant cluster, according to the individual rules the module uses to determine the onset; or place it within the consonant cluster, i.e. between two consonants, in which case the stress mark will appear in exactly the same place as the "`". Thus, writing "воздухопло/вец" will place the stress before the [pɫ], and writing "воздухоп/ловец" will give [pˈɫ]. Of course, one can also use Cyrillic letters with an acute diacritic, which is how the module was initially intended to work. I added a rule transcribing "`" as a stress mark only so that I could add transcriptions faster, because copy-pasting accented Cyrillic letters slowed me down. I subsequently added "/" as an alternative because I don't have "`" on my Cyrillic keyboard. Thus, "`" and "/" are only auxiliary elements in respellings and have some shortcomings. Martin123xyz (talk) 09:47, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Module talk:mk-pronunciation


text:
pxajcöi

Numeral

 * 1)  eight

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: pxajcöi


text:
csooxhanl

Numeral

 * 1)  nine

title: csooxhanl


text:
xohnal

Numeral

 * 1)  ten

title: xohnal


text:
опслужува

Verb

 * 1)  to serve, wait on, attend to, cater for

title: опслужува


text:
опслужи

Verb

 * 1)  to serve, wait on, attend to, cater for

title: опслужи


text: icoosizxa

title: icoosizxa


text:
αφορμή

Etymology
From, from /  +.

Noun

 * 1) pretext, cause, reason, motive, excuse, occasion surface/trigger event or circumstance
 * 2) grudge, complaint long-term animosity or ill will about something or someone
 * 1) grudge, complaint long-term animosity or ill will about something or someone
 * 1) grudge, complaint long-term animosity or ill will about something or someone
 * 1) grudge, complaint long-term animosity or ill will about something or someone

Usage notes
Usually implies surface cause or reason used to mask the true motivation, which is expressed by.

title: αφορμή


text:
icoosx

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) number

title: icoosx


text: αφορμής

title: αφορμής


text: αφορμών

title: αφορμών


text: αφορμές

title: αφορμές


text: Joggene

title: Joggene


text:
lusofonia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Lusosphere; Lusophony places where Portuguese is spoken, taken as a whole

title: lusofonia


text:
dictatorship of the bourgeoisie

Noun

 * 1)  A socio-political power, as opposed to the dictatorship of the proletariat, wherein the bourgeoisie collectively holds the most influence over politics and the masses.

Translations

 * French:
 * Russian: диктату́ра буржуази́и

title: dictatorship of the bourgeoisie


text:
Barron County

Etymology
Named after

title: Barron County


text: rat-fucker

title: rat-fucker


text: rat-fuckers

title: rat-fuckers


text: rat fucker

title: rat fucker


text: rat fuckers

title: rat fuckers


text:
Grenada County

Etymology
Named after in Spain.

title: Grenada County


text: Citations:broty

title: Citations:broty


text:
brotie

Noun

 * 1) A horizontal bar from which sheets of rubber are hung to dry.

title: brotie


text: broties

title: broties


text:
Niidleblääjer

Noun

 * 1)  butter churn

title: Niidleblääjer


text:
Roosejooli

Noun

 * 1)  rose liquor

title: Roosejooli


text: Category:gsw:Alcoholic beverages

title: Category:gsw:Alcoholic beverages


text:
fancy house

Noun

 * 1)  A brothel.

title: fancy house


text: fancy houses

title: fancy houses


text:
ឈ្លោះ

Verb

 * 1) to struggle; to quarrel; to argue; to fight against one another

title: ឈ្លោះ


text:
surkimus

Noun

 * 1) weakling someone physically weak or with weak character

title: surkimus


text:
贈答

Noun

 * 1) gifting and receiving (presents, etc.)

Verb

 * 1) to gift and receive (presents, etc.)

title: 贈答


text:
Athens County

Etymology
Named after in Greece.

title: Athens County


text:
усреднить

Verb

 * 1)  to average
 * 2)  to make average, to bring to an average level, to bring to common standards or norms

title: усреднить


text:
Talk:усреднить

Can you check the defns? I was confused by the defns in various dictionaries. Benwing2 (talk) 23:06, 15 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I've made a small change. Ozhegov: Приблизить к общим стандартам, к средним образцам.--Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 00:03, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Энциклопедический словарь: Сделать средним в количественном или качественном отношении. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 00:05, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:усреднить


text:
усреднять

Verb

 * 1)  to average
 * 2)  to make average, to bring to an average level, to bring to common standards or norms

title: усреднять


text:
Geauga County

Etymology
From an Onondaga or Seneca word meaning "raccoon".

title: Geauga County


text:
Chardon

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) . Named after.
 * 1) . Named after.
 * 1) . Named after.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Chardon is the 74826th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 258 individuals. Chardon is most common among Hispanic/Latino (59.3%) and White (32.56%) individuals.

title: Chardon


text:
ឪឡឹក

Etymology
From, (first attested in 878). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) watermelon

title: ឪឡឹក


text: ចរាចរណ៍

title: ចរាចរណ៍


text:
Talk:visual call sign

RFD discussion: February–April 2018
A call sign that's visual. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 01:02, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to visualise a visual call sign, but I think it can be deleted. DonnanZ (talk) 10:15, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete. Per utramque cavernam (talk) 14:31, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Deleted: 0-0-3. PseudoSkull (talk) 06:15, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:visual call sign


text:
Talk:stuck in traffic

RFD discussion: February–April 2018
Defined as a verb (easily fixed), and SOP? --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 19:59, 28 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Being stuck in traffic doesn't mean that you're stuck + in + traffic. It is an idiom that specifically means you're delayed in a traffic jam. Reference: https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/stuck+in+traffic (On another note, is this US-only?) PseudoSkull (talk) 20:02, 28 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Definitely not a verb. Some quotations would be nice. DonnanZ (talk) 20:18, 28 February 2018 (UTC)
 * no I defined it as a verb by mistake. PseudoSkull (talk) 20:20, 28 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Try as I may, I don't see what else it could mean. It looks like a common collocation at best. --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 15:16, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Seems SoP to me. (Anyone else remember the infant school/"kindergarten" thing where you'd be in a queue, e.g. waiting for dinner, with a girl each side, and be told that you were "trapped in girls"?) Equinox ◑ 20:19, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

 * More: you can be "held up in traffic" or "spend an hour in traffic". PseudoSkull: "maybe there should be a sense meaning when there's an overabundant amount of vehicles on the road (you get the idea)". Me: "Not necessarily. If there wasn't much of it then you wouldn't be stuck in it! Like: I slipped on jam [jelly] suggests jam is on the floor but that isn't a definition." Equinox ◑ 20:31, 28 February 2018 (UTC)
 * "Stuck in traffic" can also mean being in a slow-moving queue of traffic, so when is a traffic jam not a traffic jam? DonnanZ (talk) 11:13, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

 * ...When it's ajar? Equinox ◑ 19:25, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Hundreds of jam jars stuck in traffic... DonnanZ (talk) 23:39, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Delete. "Our guest called to say she's stuck on the 405, so we'll have to start without her." Chuck Entz (talk) 15:01, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nicole Sharp (talk) 04:26, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Delete per Eq and Chuck. - -sche (discuss) 19:32, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Abstain. It is in McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs linked by PseudoSkull. But Equinox and Chuck do have good points. --Dan Polansky (talk) 07:36, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Deleted: 0-1-5. PseudoSkull (talk) 06:13, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:stuck in traffic


text:
Talk:Eureka step

RFD discussion: February–April 2018
tagged not listed --Otra cuenta105 (talk) 13:16, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Keep in the absence of any reason to delete. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 15:42, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Presumably the argument is that it's SOP as a step at which one goes "eureka!"; but we also have eureka moment, so I abstain for now (although maybe the variability of the phrase indicates that no one version is idiomatic). The lemma should probably be lowercase like that entry, though. - -sche (discuss) 04:47, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
 * The SOPpiness would perhaps be easier to spot if it were eureka step, but capitalized Eureka doesn't have anything to help me understand what a Eureka step is. Nevertheless, I still think eureka + step isn't sufficient to explain what a eureka step is. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 10:37, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Looks like a mistake for to me. SemperBlotto (talk) 10:44, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
 * There's also . --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 10:53, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Move the lemma to lowercase and call it a day. - -sche (discuss) 19:34, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Kept. No consensus.--Jusjih (talk) 03:38, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eureka step


text:
Talk:rich kid

RFD discussion: February–April 2018
Sum of parts, I think. — SGconlaw (talk) 17:18, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Sometimes yes, but not always. A (rich kid) is not necessarily a (rich) + (kid) ("kid who is rich"), rather a privileged and stereo-typically spoiled youngster. The kid isn't rich, his or her parents/grandparents/etc. likely are. The stress is different when pronounced /ˈrɪt͡ʃkɪd/ vs. /rɪt͡ʃ.ˈkɪd/ Leasnam (talk) 17:23, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Can be compared to, maybe (?) Leasnam (talk) 17:31, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't think rich kid becomes non-SoP just because the kid is not literally rich because the wealth is owned by his or her parents. That seems an unrealistic view of how language works. The kid in question is rich because the parents lavish him or her with material goods. Moreover, I don't think one would use the term to describe a child who is spoiled if he or she wasn't privileged or wealthy. Thus, I'm still not seeing why this isn't SoP. — SGconlaw (talk) 08:16, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Delete. Yes, SOP. (, I'm not buying into a pronunciation difference. As for, that term has a 2nd sense of "submarine sandwich"; otherwise it would be SOP too.) -- · (talk) 19:26, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The stress difference also applies to "cool kid", "bad kid", "good kid"... Equinox ◑ 19:29, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Keep -@Equinox, Would you like to "buy into" the alternative form, which is used synonymously, and also as an attributive ? Leasnam (talk) 20:00, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

 * No, I don't understand why someone would put a hyphen between adjective and noun like that. Equinox ◑ 20:10, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * If you prefer, we can label it "US"... Leasnam (talk) 20:13, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't really like your implication! I also don't see why an American would put a hyphen between adjective and noun like that. Equinox ◑ 06:27, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

Keep, as per Leasnam - Sonofcawdrey (talk) 05:38, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

Delete; "rich" is not necessarily all about the numbers in your bank account, and rich child/children/girl/boy/student, etc. all follow the same pattern.--Prosfilaes (talk) 21:33, 20 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Okay, now that you put it this way I can see that we do not need, , , etc. Leasnam (talk) 22:32, 23 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Keep. In my experience, "rich kid" is not replaceable with "rich boy", "rich girl", "rich guy", etc. It has a very specific connotation of being spoiled, and nearly always implies some degree of jealousy on the part of the speaker. It's often used in response to hearing about someone's (expensive) experience or something they've been given. For example:
 * OR:
 * Note here that one doesn't have to be "rich" by most standards to go to Hawaii, so "rich kid" can be used to express jealousy at anyone with a standard of living that is higher than one's own. I should also mention that "rich kid" is always stressed on the first syllable, in my experience. The term clearly evolved from an SOP adjective-noun pair, but in my generation, at least, there is a specific denotation that does not exist in phrases like "rich boy", "rich man", or "rich people." Andrew Sheedy (talk) 20:20, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * OR:
 * Note here that one doesn't have to be "rich" by most standards to go to Hawaii, so "rich kid" can be used to express jealousy at anyone with a standard of living that is higher than one's own. I should also mention that "rich kid" is always stressed on the first syllable, in my experience. The term clearly evolved from an SOP adjective-noun pair, but in my generation, at least, there is a specific denotation that does not exist in phrases like "rich boy", "rich man", or "rich people." Andrew Sheedy (talk) 20:20, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Note here that one doesn't have to be "rich" by most standards to go to Hawaii, so "rich kid" can be used to express jealousy at anyone with a standard of living that is higher than one's own. I should also mention that "rich kid" is always stressed on the first syllable, in my experience. The term clearly evolved from an SOP adjective-noun pair, but in my generation, at least, there is a specific denotation that does not exist in phrases like "rich boy", "rich man", or "rich people." Andrew Sheedy (talk) 20:20, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Note here that one doesn't have to be "rich" by most standards to go to Hawaii, so "rich kid" can be used to express jealousy at anyone with a standard of living that is higher than one's own. I should also mention that "rich kid" is always stressed on the first syllable, in my experience. The term clearly evolved from an SOP adjective-noun pair, but in my generation, at least, there is a specific denotation that does not exist in phrases like "rich boy", "rich man", or "rich people." Andrew Sheedy (talk) 20:20, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Delete per Prosfilaes, IMO. - -sche (discuss) 21:52, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with Andrew Sheedy, and change my vote back to keep. There are clearly connotations not carried by SOP [rich] + [kid], and is similar to, , where it conveys a type of individual Leasnam (talk) 04:49, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

Keep. I don't think anybody has mentioned that it was nominated for WOTD on 27 October last year, but hasn't been featured yet. DonnanZ (talk) 21:23, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's a reason for keeping the term if it's SoP. It won't be featured so long as it's under RFD. — SGconlaw (talk) 20:43, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is rich kid only used to refer to children or young people, or can the term be applied to middle-aged or elderly people as well? If so, that might be a ground for not regarding it as SoP. — SGconlaw (talk) 20:43, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Keep, in the line of Leasnam and Andrew Sheedy. It seems to me that this term is only used in the aforementioned non-SoP sense as a mild perjorative--well demonstrated in Andrew's examples above.  I also second--well, third, I guess--the importance of the stress placement.  A bluebird is not just a blue bird, and the fact that the former (as with "rich kid", etc.) is spoken trochaically and not spondaically betells that it's a single semantic unit. --SanctMinimalicen (talk) 22:04, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
 * According to Oxford, (US informal, depreciative) A child or young adult from a wealthy or privileged family. Earliest use found in the Galveston Daily News, late 19th century. DonnanZ (talk) 11:12, 31 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Passed: no consensus for deletion. — SGconlaw (talk) 02:57, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:rich kid


text:
Talk:Jordan River

RFD discussion: February–April 2018
For the same reason that we don't have Nile River or Amazon River — it's covered at. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 08:33, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

 * As an aside, Brits would say River Jordan, River Nile, River Amazon, River Thames etc. I think the contributor is an Aussie, and the British way doesn't apply in Australia and NZ. There are times when River has to be included. I will abstain. DonnanZ (talk) 10:34, 23 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Changed to keep. DonnanZ (talk) 10:34, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Delete. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 12:01, 23 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete, but do something about the translations first. SemperBlotto (talk) 06:18, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't know. The capitalized River suggests it is part of the name. Compare to New York City and see Talk:New York City. Geographic names that contain their entity type in the name include Hudson River, Cooper Creek, Lake Ontario, Atlantic Ocean, Adriatic Sea, Chesapeake Bay, Cape Horn, Mount Everest, Longs Peak, Death Valley, Copper Canyon, Red River Gorge, Mexico City, New York City, Cape Town, New York State, Main Street, Grant Avenue, Jack Kerouac Alley, Leicester Square, Piccadilly Circus, and Abbey Road. --Dan Polansky (talk) 11:38, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
 * An interesting point, looking through my Master Atlas of Greater London I can find the River Thames spelt in full, as well as River Colne, River Crane, River Brent, River Lea or Lee, River Darent, River Wandle, River Mole and River Wey (some of them are in neighbouring counties). DonnanZ (talk) 20:22, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Similarly in the Road Atlas of New Zealand I find the Waiau River, Aparima River, Oreti (New) River and Mataura River, and that's only the main rivers in Southland. DonnanZ (talk) 23:56, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Around here, there is a city named Mount Charleston, but fussy mountaineers will remind you the mountain is Charleston Peak. It can be pedantic, but the name of something often requires that descriptor.--Prosfilaes (talk) 21:22, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Like calling or the  just . I think we tend to shorten river names because of the SoP bogey (the creation of red links can also be a factor), and they are also shortened in spoken and written language: "The Thames is tidal up to Teddington Lock", conversely "Mataura is situated on the ". DonnanZ (talk) 09:55, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete or, what might be better in these cases, redirect. - -sche (discuss) 19:40, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * When you get a name like or  the full name should be shown, right? I would expect the same here, not quite for the same reason but because of the country of . DonnanZ (talk) 22:26, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think the full name should be used in those cases, because I expect it's what's used in writing / speech, too: "bridge over the Thames" is more common than "bridge over the (r|R)iver Thames", but I expect one has to say (or normally says) "bridge over the Red River", not just "bridge over the Red". With "Jordan", it seems to be at least as common to use the bare name as to add the disambiguating word. Leaving redirects at River Jordan would be useful, though, because they would catch any searches for the full name, and they could be linked to, and they could point directly to the right sense (the way go on the pill does). - -sche (discuss) 04:54, 24 March 2018 (UTC)
 * There is actually a bridge which goes only halfway across the Thames to . DonnanZ (talk) 12:17, 26 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I have come across at least one case (Salmon River) where River is part of the name of communities. It's a grey area, and I think discretion is needed. Is the ever called the Orange? DonnanZ (talk) 12:07, 26 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Deleted: 1-1-4. PseudoSkull (talk) 06:21, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Not the result I was hoping for. Was anything done about the translations mentioned by SemperBlotto? I can't tell now. DonnanZ (talk) 14:12, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jordan River


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2018/April 16


text:
جلال

Noun

 * 1) loftiness, sublimity, splendor
 * 1) loftiness, sublimity, splendor

Proper noun

 * 1) ; Jalal

Etymology
.

title: جلال


text: momhood

title: momhood


text: momhoods

title: momhoods


text: mumhood

title: mumhood


text: mumhoods

title: mumhoods


text: Rhymes:Icelandic/ʏrkʏ

title: Rhymes:Icelandic/ʏrkʏ


text: 闽清

title: 闽清


text: 閩清

title: 閩清


text:
youthfulize

Verb

 * 1)  To make youthful.

title: youthfulize


text:
saulo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) committing to memory; memorization

title: saulo


text:
ยี่ห้อ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) trademark; brand

title: ยี่ห้อ


text:
lindog

Noun

 * 1) the tree trunk
 * 2) ; a cyprinid fish endemic to Lake Lanao in the Philippines

title: lindog


text:
長樂

Noun

 * 1) long-lasting happiness
 * 2)  any palace

title: 長樂


text: 长乐

title: 长乐


text:
as-as

Noun

 * 1) a tree that yields hardwood
 * 2) the wood from these tree

title: as-as


text: Category:ceb:Forestry

title: Category:ceb:Forestry


text:
subok

Noun

 * 1)  the pith; the soft, spongy substance in the center of the stems of many plants and trees

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) trial; testing; test; attempt
 * 2) sampling; tasting
 * 3) trying on of clothes, footwear, etc.
 * 4) spying; secret observation or watching
 * 1) trying on of clothes, footwear, etc.
 * 2) spying; secret observation or watching
 * 1) spying; secret observation or watching

Adjective

 * 1) already tested; already proven

title: subok


text:
gamoy

Noun

 * 1) rootlet

Noun

 * 1) dirt
 * 2) defect
 * 1) defect

title: gamoy


text:
hulungahog

Noun

 * 1) the lateral root

title: hulungahog


text:
gapang

Noun

 * 1)  the primary root

Noun

 * 1) crawl; crawling
 * 2) creeping
 * 3)  secret maneuvering to obtain something
 * 1)  secret maneuvering to obtain something

Adjective

 * 1) creeping

title: gapang


text:
lintunganay

Noun

 * 1)  the taproot

title: lintunganay


text:
pungay

Noun

 * 1)  the petiole; the leafstalk

title: pungay


text:
水杉

Noun

 * 1) dawn redwood

title: 水杉


text:
محققین

Etymology
From.

title: محققین


text:
User talk:TyYlore

™
@blizzard

title: User talk:TyYlore


text:
ဢႅဝ်

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) waist

title: ဢႅဝ်


text:
salingsing

Noun

 * 1) to develop buds

Noun

 * 1) a bud; a offshoot

Noun

 * 1) branch

title: salingsing


text:
pedophilish

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Suggestive or characteristic of a pedophile.

title: pedophilish


text:
piyuros

Noun

 * 1) a flower bud

title: piyuros


text: guānánà

title: guānánà


text:
piyuos

Noun

 * 1) a flower bud

title: piyuos


text:
pyuos

Noun

 * 1) a flower bud

title: pyuos


text:
bayuos

Noun

 * 1) a flower bud

title: bayuos


text: coactati

title: coactati


text:
biyuos

Noun

 * 1) a flower bud

title: biyuos


text: huòwù lièchē

title: huòwù lièchē


text:
послереволюционный

Adjective

 * 1) postrevolutionary

title: послереволюционный


text: coactata

title: coactata


text:
bahogbahog

Noun

 * 1) a type of bread pudding, although considered more as a bread than a dessert
 * 2) a banquet
 * 3) a bloodbath

Verb

 * 1) to duel

title: bahogbahog


text:
水刑

Noun

 * 1) waterboarding; Chinese water torture

title: 水刑


text: shuǐxíng

title: shuǐxíng


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Germanic/himinaz

Why does the -i- in the second syllable not mutate the -e- in the first to -i- ? Leasnam (talk) 02:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It does, I gather Kroonen simply dates the change as post-PGmc. This rule is really needed for Northwest Germanic only, since Gothic raises *e to /i/ in general. He doesn't explicitly comment on this, but also reconstructs e.g., , . --Tropylium (talk) 12:36, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Original n-stem

 * Most sources reconstruct an original ~ *hemnaz, *himinaz n-stem as the source for these forms (see WG ). Would anyone object to moving this entry to ? --  17:16, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Based on what evidence? —Rua (mew) 17:40, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * See 163 and the various sources I added to . -- 19:02, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * That's just one proposal by a single source, hardly a general linguistic consensus. How many sources, that you have not mentioned, reconstruct these nouns as we do? The additional sources present at, all with their own proposals, are exactly why we shouldn't prefer Kroonen's. —Rua (mew) 12:46, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Kroonen is not the only one that supports this reconstruction. See himul. None of the sources on conflict with the existence of an original n-stem. How do you interpret that differently? --  20:00, 18 June 2021 (UTC)


text: coactatae

title: coactatae


text: coactatam

title: coactatam


text: guānyā

title: guānyā


text: coactatos

title: coactatos


text: coactatas

title: coactatas


text:
請室

Noun

 * 1)  jail in which offending officials are held

title: 請室


text: 请室

title: 请室


text: qīngshǐ

title: qīngshǐ


text:
畫壇

Noun

 * 1) art world; painting circles

title: 畫壇


text: 画坛

title: 画坛


text: coactatorum

title: coactatorum


text:
書壇

Noun

 * 1) calligrapher's circle; the calligraphic community

title: 書壇


text: shūtán

title: shūtán


text: 书坛

title: 书坛


text: coactatarum

title: coactatarum


text: huàtán

title: huàtán


text:
turungturong

Noun

 * 1) a species of topshell

title: turungturong


text:
tudlo dato

Noun

 * 1) the

title: tudlo dato


text:
tikodtikod

Noun

 * 1) a spiny oyster,

title: tikodtikod


text:
coactandus

Etymology
Future passive participle (gerundive) of.

Participle

 * 1) which is to be compelled
 * 2) which is to be constrained
 * 3) which is to be forced

title: coactandus


text: coactandi

title: coactandi


text: coactando

title: coactando


text: coactande

title: coactande


text:
grootslang

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) A South African cryptid with the head of an elephant and the body of a snake, which reputedly eats elephants and hoards diamonds; one particular one (the Grootslang) is reputed to live in a cave in South Africa connected to the sea.

title: grootslang


text:
Grootslang

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * , referring to the specific primordial, one which is reputed to live in a cave in South Africa connected to the sea.

title: Grootslang


text: Grootslangs

title: Grootslangs


text: grootslangs

title: grootslangs


text: coactanda

title: coactanda


text: coactandae

title: coactandae


text: coactandam

title: coactandam


text: coactandorum

title: coactandorum


text:
tapurok

Noun

 * 1) an ark shell; any member of the family

title: tapurok


text: Category:ceb:Conchology

title: Category:ceb:Conchology


text: Category:ceb:Malacology

title: Category:ceb:Malacology


text: coactandarum

title: coactandarum


text: coactandis

title: coactandis


text:
as toward

Alternative forms
See.

Preposition

 * 1) As for, concerning

title: as toward


text:
batuytoy

Noun

 * 1) a conch shell
 * 2) a horn made from this shell

title: batuytoy


text:
toward and froward

Alternative forms
See and.

Adverb

 * 1) In a back and forth motion; to and fro.

title: toward and froward


text:
부침개

Noun

 * 1) buchimgae Korean pancake

title: 부침개


text:
김치전

Etymology
+.

Noun

 * 1) kimchi pancake

title: 김치전


text:
tambuli

Noun

 * 1) a conch shell
 * 2) a horn made from this shell
 * 3) a similar instrument made out of carabao horn
 * 4)  a shofar
 * 5) a helmet shell any member of the family
 * 6) a horn made from this shell

Noun

 * 1) a horn made from the shell of the giant conch

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  bugle made of horn; hornpipe

title: tambuli


text: coactandos

title: coactandos


text:
tangali

Noun

 * 1) a turrid; any member of the family

title: tangali


text: coactandas

title: coactandas


text:
越前水母

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * a

title: 越前水母


text:
tandoktandok

Noun

 * 1) a species of topshell

title: tandoktandok


text:
coactandum

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) compelling, constraining, forcing

title: coactandum


text:
Ekka flu

Etymology
Ekka (Show nickame) + flu

Noun

 * 1)  Colds and influenza spread during, and possibly because of, the Royal Queensland Show.

title: Ekka flu


text:
高足蟹

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a

title: 高足蟹


text: 高脚蟹

title: 高脚蟹


text:
tamislat

Noun

 * 1) the

Adjective

 * 1) pug-nosed

title: tamislat


text:
bilaog

Noun

 * 1) the

Adjective

 * 1) pug-nosed

title: bilaog


text:
原種

Noun

 * 1)  protospecies; stock; stock culture; breeder seed

Noun

 * 1)  original species, wild species
 * 2)  seed stock

title: 原種


text:
cỏ gà

Etymology
🇰🇲.

title: cỏ gà


text:
haarakiikari

Noun

 * 1) scissor binoculars

title: haarakiikari


text:
西楚霸王

Proper noun

 * 1) Hegemon-King of Western Chu ('s self-proclaimed title)

title: 西楚霸王


text: 陡崗

title: 陡崗


text: 陡岗

title: 陡岗


text: 原种

title: 原种


text:
ལྷོ་པ

Noun

 * 1) Lhoba people

title: ལྷོ་པ


text:
韶州土話

Noun

 * 1) Shaozhou Tuhua

title: 韶州土話


text: 韶州土话

title: 韶州土话


text:
Shaozhou Tuhua

Noun

 * 1) A Chinese variety spoken in the border region of the provinces Guangdong, Hunan and Guangxi.

title: Shaozhou Tuhua


text: λυθεί

title: λυθεί


text:
λύσει

Verb

 * Alternative:
 * Alternative:

title: λύσει


text:
chaetoglobosin

Noun

 * 1) Any of a class of cytochalasan anticancer compounds formed by some fungi

title: chaetoglobosin


text:
chrysogenin

Noun

 * 1) Any of a family of yellow pigments related to penicillin

title: chrysogenin


text:
cytochalasan

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a group of alkaloids having an isoindole ring fused to a macrocyclic ring

title: cytochalasan


text:
diaphorin

Noun

 * 1) A polyketide toxin produced by some bacteria that has cytostatic properties

title: diaphorin


text: digestional

title: digestional


text:
airplane cloth

Noun

 * 1) A closely-woven mercerized linen or cotton fabric, originally used for airplane wings, but later for garments such as sportswear and uniforms, and light luggage.

title: airplane cloth


text: 孝南

title: 孝南


text: epididymus

title: epididymus


text:
fluoroimmunosensor

Alternative forms

 * fluoro-immunosensor

Noun

 * 1) An immunosensor that employs fluorescence

title: fluoroimmunosensor


text:
fusarubin

Noun

 * 1)  An antibiotic pigment. 3,5,10-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[g]isochromene-6,9-dione, obtained from the  fungus

title: fusarubin


text: gliocyte

title: gliocyte


text: glycosimeter

title: glycosimeter


text: hextuplicate

title: hextuplicate


text: hypercholosterolemia

title: hypercholosterolemia


text: hypochodroplasia

title: hypochodroplasia


text: 新鋪

title: 新鋪


text: 新铺

title: 新铺


text:
inoculativity

Noun

 * 1) The condition of being inoculative

title: inoculativity


text:
西河

Proper noun

 * 1)  longitudinally flowing section of the Yellow River, especially the section that now demarcates the Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces

title: 西河


text: 楊店

title: 楊店


text: 杨店

title: 杨店


text:
isoindolone

Noun

 * 1)  An isomer of indolone in which the positions of the NH and CO groups are reversed

title: isoindolone


text:
megasynthetase

Noun

 * 1)  Any large, complex synthetase

Related terms

 * megasynthase

title: megasynthetase


text:
microflagellate

Noun

 * 1) Any microscopic flagellate

title: microflagellate


text:
nanoflagellate

Noun

 * 1) Any nanoscale flagellate

title: nanoflagellate


text:
মেজাজ

Etymology
from.

Noun

 * 1) temperament, temper, mood

title: মেজাজ


text:
oxonol

Noun

 * 1) Any of a series of fluorescent dyes that have two or more oxazol rings

title: oxonol


text:
oxyhemocyanin

Noun

 * 1)  The blue pigment that is an oxygenated form of hemocyanin

title: oxyhemocyanin


text:
parapertussis

Noun

 * 1)  An acute form of pertussis and caused by

title: parapertussis


text: periepididimal

title: periepididimal


text:
periepididymal

Adjective

 * 1)  Surrounding the epididymus

title: periepididymal


text:
মৌসুম

Etymology
, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 /, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) season

title: মৌসুম


text: dumpster panda

title: dumpster panda


text: garbage panda

title: garbage panda


text:
pestalotiollide

Noun

 * 1) Any of a series of analogs of dibenzodioxocinones, which are inhibitors of cholesterol ester transfer proteins, produced by fungi of the genus

title: pestalotiollide


text:
vaikuttavuuskerroin

Noun

 * 1) impact factor

title: vaikuttavuuskerroin


text:
phagotroph

Noun

 * 1) Any phagotrophic organism

title: phagotroph


text: dumpster bandit

title: dumpster bandit


text: garbage bandit

title: garbage bandit


text: trash bandit

title: trash bandit


text:
spiculation

Noun

 * 1)  A spiculated nodule or tumor

title: spiculation


text:
trimethine

Noun

 * 1)  The group -CH=CH-CH= present in some oxonols

title: trimethine


text:
রওয়ানা

Etymology
, from, the present stem of. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) departed
 * 2) dispatched, sent

title: রওয়ানা


text: 安陆

title: 安陆


text: 安陸

title: 安陸


text: রওনা

title: রওনা


text: gōguru

title: gōguru


text: faibu

title: faibu


text:
espeluxar

Etymology
From (compare  also ). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to make (someone's hair) messy; to tousle (someone's hair)
 * 2)  to make (someone's hair) messy
 * 3) to peel; to lose the skin
 * 1) to peel; to lose the skin

title: espeluxar


text:
দইর্যা

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sea
 * 2) river

title: দইর্যা


text:
yläreuna

Noun

 * 1) upper edge or border, top

title: yläreuna


text:
nískur

Etymology
the word is earliest attested in 16. century. the word is found in all Scandinavian dialects & German and is presumed only coincidentally not found earlier, rather than borrowed

Adjective

 * 1) miserly, stingy

title: nískur


text:
ágjarn

Adjective

 * 1) avaricious

title: ágjarn