text: Kitas

title: Kitas


text: Yupiks

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yupiks


text: Yup'iks

title: Yup'iks


text:
ลบล้าง

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Verb

 * 1) to cancel or destroy the effect or outcome (of): to annihilate, to annul, to nullify, to invalidate, to undo, etc.

title: ลบล้าง


text:
Kindelein

Etymology
From.

title: Kindelein


text: Kindeleins

title: Kindeleins


text: QPRs

title: QPRs


text:
การลบล้าง

Etymology
From.

title: การลบล้าง


text: no nos

title: no nos


text:
開槽鑲線

Noun

 * 1) purfling

title: 開槽鑲線


text:
寧死不屈

Idiom

 * 1) to rather die than capitulate

title: 寧死不屈


text: 宁死不屈

title: 宁死不屈


text: 开槽镶线

title: 开槽镶线


text: kāicáoxiāngxiàn

title: kāicáoxiāngxiàn


text:
aspík

Noun

 * 1)  Asperger somebody who has Asperger's syndrome

title: aspík


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/tëljo

Etymology
Borrowed from early (later ).

Noun

 * 1)  thwart; seat across a boat

Descendants

 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:
 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/tëljo


text:
Bleistiftmine

Noun

 * 1) pencil lead

title: Bleistiftmine


text:
rope and choke

Noun

 * 1)  The measurement of a person's body fat, by means of a measuring tape around parts of the body, to determine whether they meet physical fitness standards for service.

title: rope and choke


text: rope and chokes

title: rope and chokes


text:
上側

Noun

 * 1) upside

title: 上側


text: 上侧

title: 上侧


text: shàngcè

title: shàngcè


text: Trübsinns

title: Trübsinns


text: Trübsinnes

title: Trübsinnes


text:
Talk:Tasbeha

Despite its Wikipedia article this looks as though it might not meet WT:CFI requirements. Equinox ◑ 14:41, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tasbeha


text:
Bergwerksschacht

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) mineshaft

title: Bergwerksschacht


text:
pozměnit

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to amend, to modify

title: pozměnit


text:
proseso

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) process

title: proseso


text:
magproseso

Etymology
From. Root word from.

Verb

 * 1) to process

title: magproseso


text: contrarietie

title: contrarietie


text:
transtilla

Noun

 * 1)  A band of connective tissue between and at the base of the valva of some insects.

title: transtilla


text: transtillae

title: transtillae


text:
吐納

Noun

 * 1) breathing; deep breathing
 * 2) breathing technique to rejuvenate
 * 3) get rid of the stale and take in the fresh

title: 吐納


text: 吐纳

title: 吐纳


text: tǔnà

title: tǔnà


text:
吐故納新

Idiom

 * 1) breathing technique to rejuvenate
 * 2) get rid of the stale and take in the fresh

title: 吐故納新


text: 吐故纳新

title: 吐故纳新


text: tǔgùnàxīn

title: tǔgùnàxīn


text: 磯村

title: 磯村


text:
krampeseng

Noun

 * 1)  special bed for restraining people with cramps
 * 2) * 1895, Kongelige sundhedskollegium (Denmark), Det kongelige Sundhedskollegiums forhandlinger i aaret
 * "da"
 * "da"

- Naar dette havde vedvaret lidt, begyndte han med voldsomme Bevægelser, under hvilke han kunde springe flere Fod i Vejret og ofte helt ud af den polstrede Krampeseng, hvorefter Opsynet (i Reglen to Mænd) havde meget ondt ved at  holde ...

title: krampeseng


text: Category:da:Psychiatry

title: Category:da:Psychiatry


text: webchatted

title: webchatted


text: webchatting

title: webchatting


text:
滴滴答答

Adjective

 * 1)  ticktock; pitapat; to fall in drops; to drip

title: 滴滴答答


text:
telemessage

Noun

 * 1) A kind of telegram initially sent out electronically and then printed for delivery to the recipient.

title: telemessage


text:
telemessaging

Noun

 * 1) The use of telemessages.

title: telemessaging


text: telemessages

title: telemessages


text:
běženec

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) refugee

title: běženec


text: dīdīdādā

title: dīdīdādā


text: angishore

title: angishore


text: angishores

title: angishores


text:
Rhymes:Czech/ɛnɛts

Rhymes > Czech

Two syllables

 * Bzenec
 * věnec

Three syllables

 * běženec
 * blíženec
 * cvičenec
 * červenec
 * dělenec
 * chráněnec
 * Jemenec
 * kamenec
 * kojenec
 * kříženec
 * Lučenec
 * milenec
 * míšenec
 * mládenec
 * mocněnec
 * mravenec
 * nadšenec
 * pletenec
 * prstenec
 * ruměnec
 * růženec
 * slepenec
 * snoubenec
 * spiklenec
 * spletenec
 * spojenec
 * stoupenec
 * svěřenec
 * šílenec
 * učenec
 * vápenec
 * vlastenec
 * zmocněnec
 * zřízenec

Four syllables

 * dorostenec
 * oblíbenec
 * obrozenec
 * odsouzenec
 * odvedenec
 * opeřenec
 * osídlenec
 * oslavenec
 * osvícenec
 * ozbrojenec
 * pojištěnec
 * pověřenec
 * přesídlenec
 * přidělenec
 * přívrženec
 * sourozenec
 * utečenec
 * utopenec
 * zasvěcenec

Five syllables

 * nespokojenec
 * novorozenec
 * těžkooděnec

title: Rhymes:Czech/ɛnɛts


text:
stagehead

Noun

 * 1) The end of the stage floating platform like a wharf where fishermen unload their catch.

title: stagehead


text: stageheads

title: stageheads


text:
rocketsonde

Noun

 * 1) A sounding rocket carrying a radiosonde for atmospheric observations.

title: rocketsonde


text: rocketsondes

title: rocketsondes


text:
mládenec

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) young man, youth

title: mládenec


text: panscans

title: panscans


text: panning and scanning

title: panning and scanning


text: pans and scans

title: pans and scans


text: panned and scanned

title: panned and scanned


text:
處子

Noun

 * 1) unmarried woman
 * 2)  female virgin; maiden

title: 處子


text: 处子

title: 处子


text: chǔzǐ

title: chǔzǐ


text: public limited liability companies

title: public limited liability companies


text:
αποσύνδεση

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) disconnection, log out, log off

title: αποσύνδεση


text:
deaf as a doorknob

Adjective

 * 1)  stone deaf unable to hear at all

title: deaf as a doorknob


text:
two-cylinder

Adjective

 * 1)  having two cylinders

Translations

 * Italian:
 * Spanish: bicilíndrico

title: two-cylinder


text:
microbism

Noun

 * 1) infestation with microbes

Etymology
.

title: microbism


text:
Talk:Polesia

Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *po lěsъ (by the forest)? --2800:810:43F:8122:C8B4:5CA6:7331:7985 16:19, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polesia


text:
mimmation

Noun

 * 1) A form of stammering in which the /m/ sound is given to various letters.

title: mimmation


text:
triyanggulo

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  triangle

Adjective

 * 1) triangular

title: triyanggulo


text:
mogiphonia

Noun

 * 1) Difficulty in speaking, triggered by the effort of singing or speaking loudly.

title: mogiphonia


text:
mollin

Etymology

 * perhaps originally a trade name.

Noun

 * 1)  A soft soap of potassium hydroxide and coconut oil, used as a basis for ointments.

title: mollin


text:
ryse

Verb

 * 1) rise
 * 2) * Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue
 * So hadde I spoken with hem everichon / That I was of hir felaweshipe anon, / And made forward erly for to ryse, / To take oure wey ther as I yow devyse.

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) horrible, bad
 * 2) huge, enormous in magnitude

title: ryse


text:
acordaunt

Adjective

 * 1) accordant; agreeing
 * 2) * Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue
 * Er that I ferther in this tale pace, / Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun / To telle yow al the condicioun / Of ech of hem, so as it semed me, / And whiche they weren, and of what degree

title: acordaunt


text:
šprechtit

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to speak

title: šprechtit


text:
monardin

Noun

 * 1)  A stearopten obtained from monarda oil, isomeric with thymol.

title: monardin


text:
Rhymes:Czech/ɛxcɪt

Rhymes > Czech

Two syllables

 * šlechtit
 * šprechtit

Three syllables

 * vyšlechtit
 * zušlechtit

title: Rhymes:Czech/ɛxcɪt


text:
monorchis

Noun

 * 1) A person with only one testicle.

title: monorchis


text:
Brookesian

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to  (1761–1833), British anatomist and naturalist, or the museum of anatomy that he founded.

title: Brookesian


text: Brookes

title: Brookes


text: morphina

title: morphina


text: morphin

title: morphin


text:
myosinogen

Noun

 * 1)  A globulin, one of the two principal proteins of muscle tissue, from which the myosin formed during rigor mortis is derived.

title: myosinogen


text: myosinogens

title: myosinogens


text:
হকি

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) hockey

title: হকি


text:
Southwerk

Etymology
From, from +.

title: Southwerk


text:
Taps

Etymology
Disputed.

Proper noun

 * 1) A bugle call played by the United States Armed Forces at dusk, during flag ceremonies, and at military funerals.

title: Taps


text: Template:ryu-head

title: Template:ryu-head


text: ramicauls

title: ramicauls


text: multiplicative numeral

title: multiplicative numeral


text: 沖縄人

title: 沖縄人


text: toilet-trains

title: toilet-trains


text: toilet-training

title: toilet-training


text:
toilet-trained

Adjective

 * 1) Able to use a children's potty or a full-sized toilet, having been through toilet training.

Translations

 * Dutch:
 * French:, entraîné à la propreté

title: toilet-trained


text: toilet trainings

title: toilet trainings


text:
heart murmur

Noun

 * 1) A sound produced when blood is pumped across a heart valve, loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope and often (but not necessarily) indicative of a physiological defect in the heart.

Translations

 * French:
 * German: Herzgeräusch
 * Hungarian:
 * Macedonian: шум на срце
 * Swedish: blåsljud

title: heart murmur


text: Template:RQ:James Golden Bowl

title: Template:RQ:James Golden Bowl


text: heart murmurs

title: heart murmurs


text:
хапс

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  prison, confinement, situation of arrest

title: хапс


text: 沖繩ん人

title: 沖繩ん人


text:
aspik

Noun

 * 1) aspic

title: aspik


text:
Template:RQ:James Golden Bowl/documentation

Usage
This template may be used on Wiktionary entry pages to quote 's work  (1st edition, 1904). It can be used to create a link to online versions of the work at the Internet Archive:

 * Volume I (book first, parts first to third, chapters I–XXIV).
 * Volume II (book second, part fourth to sixth, chapters XXV–XLII).

Parameters
The template takes the following parameters:

Examples

 * Wikitext:
 * ; or
 * Result:
 * Result:


text:
うちなーんちゅ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  an Okinawan person

Noun

 * 1)  Okinawan person, Okinawan people

title: うちなーんちゅ


text: uchinānchu

title: uchinānchu


text: Uchinā

title: Uchinā


text: fulness of time

title: fulness of time


text:
látókör

Etymology
, from

Noun

 * 1)  horizon, ken
 * 2)  field/range of vision, perspective, horizon the range or limit of one's knowledge, experience or interest
 * 1)  field/range of vision, perspective, horizon the range or limit of one's knowledge, experience or interest

title: látókör


text: Category:enm:Dice games

title: Category:enm:Dice games


text: Template:Henry James quotation templates


text:
Template:Henry James quotation templates/documentation

Usage
This navigation template may be placed at the ends of the documentation pages of quotation templates relating to 's works.


text: látókörök

title: látókörök


text:
rippleless

Adjective

 * 1) Without ripples.

title: rippleless


text:
aps

Etymology
(via the nominative). Found in the northernmost tip of Gascony.

Noun

 * 1) bee

title: aps


text:
radiouranium

Noun

 * 1) radioactive uranium.

title: radiouranium


text:
látókörű

Adjective

 * 1) -minded

title: látókörű


text:
lätting

Etymology
From with an umlauted vowel. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a lazy person

title: lätting


text:
kiőrlés

Noun

 * 1)  grinding, milling of cereals

title: kiőrlés


text:
radiotechnetium

Noun

 * 1) radioactive technetium.

title: radiotechnetium


text:
kiőrlésű

Adjective

 * 1) of grinding/milling not always translated to English

title: kiőrlésű


text:
نەرسە

Noun

 * 1) thing, object
 * 2) fellow, type

title: نەرسە


text: Template:RQ:Henry Four Million

title: Template:RQ:Henry Four Million


text:
ئىستاكان

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) drinking glass

title: ئىستاكان


title: User:Benwing2/test-rfe


text:
टङ्क्

Root

 * 1) to bind, tie, or fasten
 * 2) to cover
 * 3)  to scrape, scratch, bore out, or pierce through.

title: टङ्क्


text:
Template:RQ:Henry Four Million/documentation

Usage
This template may be used on Wiktionary entry pages to quote 's work  (1st edition, 1906). It can be used to create a link to an online version of the work at the Internet Archive.

Parameters
The template takes the following parameters:

 * 1, chapter, or story – mandatory the name of the "chapter" or story quoted from. If quoting from one of the stories indicated in the second column of the following table, give the parameter the value indicated in the first column:

 * For help with adding further story names to the template, please leave a message on the talk page or at "Grease pit".

 * 2 or page, or pages – mandatory in some cases: the page number(s) quoted from. When quoting a range of pages, note the following:
 * Separate the first and last pages of the range with an en dash, like this: 10–11.
 * You must also use pageref to specify the page number that the template should link to (usually the page on which the Wiktionary entry appears).
 * This parameter must be specified for the template to link to the online version of the work.

 * 3, text, or passage – the passage to be quoted.
 * footer – a comment on the passage quoted.
 * brackets – use on to surround a quotation with brackets. This indicates that the quotation either contains a mere mention of a term (for example, "some people find the word manoeuvre hard to spell") rather than an actual use of it (for example, "we need to manoeuvre carefully to avoid causing upset"), or does not provide an actual instance of a term but provides information about related terms.

Examples

 * Wikitext:
 * ; or
 * Result:
 * Result:


text:
Gran Britanya

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) Great Britain
 * 2) United Kingdom
 * 3)  British Isles
 * 4)  British Empire
 * 1)  British Isles
 * 2)  British Empire

title: Gran Britanya


text:
ساۋاقداش

Etymology
. Cognates with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) classmate, schoolmate

title: ساۋاقداش


text:
Britanya

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Great Britain
 * 2) United Kingdom
 * 3)  British Isles
 * 4)  British Empire
 * 1)  British Isles
 * 2)  British Empire

title: Britanya


text:
Talk:κτάομαι

I'm confused by why there are so many present forms, and they all say uncontracted...can someone make this more clear?
 * It's an error in Module:grc-conj. I'm aware of it but haven't fixed it. Actually, there are two pairs of tables and in each pair the first table is supposed to be uncontracted and the second contracted. — Eru·tuon 21:19, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:κτάομαι


text: 蠅瘡

title: 蠅瘡


text:
تاشلىق

Adjective

 * 1) stoney

title: تاشلىق


text: 蠅瘡ー

title: 蠅瘡ー


text:
ئېگىز

Adjective

 * 1) high, tall

title: ئېگىز


text:
Reyno Unido

Etymology
.

title: Reyno Unido


text:
قېرى

Adjective

 * 1) old, aged
 * 2) senior, old person

title: قېرى


text:
سېرىق

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) yellow

title: سېرىق


text:
tilasitha

Etymology
Possibly from.

Noun

 * 1)  triangle; triangular figure

Adjective

 * 1) triangular

title: tilasitha


text:
wykwintny

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) elegant, refined

title: wykwintny


text: zazdrośni

title: zazdrośni


text: zazdrosna

title: zazdrosna


text: zazdrosną

title: zazdrosną


text:
Antigua at Barbuda

Etymology
.

title: Antigua at Barbuda


text: zazdrosne

title: zazdrosne


text:
يامان

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) bad, evil

title: يامان


text:
Eskosya

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) Scotland

title: Eskosya


text:
rektanggulo

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) rectangular

Noun

 * 1)  rectangle

title: rektanggulo


text: M/C

title: M/C


text:
لېكىن

Etymology
.

Conjunction

 * 1) but, nevertheless, however

title: لېكىن


text:
hard out

Noun

 * 1)  An immovable deadline, at which time someone must leave somewhere, or something must conclude.

Adjective

 * 1)  Impressive; awesome.

title: hard out


text:
brilyante

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) diamond

Adjective

 * 1) brilliant
 * 2) brilliant
 * 1) brilliant

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) diamond
 * 2)  expensive jewels
 * 1)  expensive jewels
 * 1)  expensive jewels

Adjective

 * 1) brilliant; shining; scintillating
 * 2) brilliant of mind; talented

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) diamond

title: brilyante


text:
Talk:anxitie

RFV discussion: August 2019
When was it used? Is it really not just an early spelling of anxiety? DTLHS (talk) 04:07, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. Not in Century 1911 nor in Middle English corpus at Univ of Michigan. DCDuring (talk) 04:21, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Early Modern English (but not Middle English oddly). I found some cites [|here], [|here], and a gloss [|here] Leasnam (talk) 04:35, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Found the plural in more recent usage (India) [|here] Leasnam (talk) 04:37, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

RFV-passed Kiwima (talk) 22:00, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

 * RFV reopened. The 20th century Indian usage is distinct from this RFV and is clearly just an alternative spelling. DTLHS (talk) 22:11, 27 August 2019 (UTC)
 * There is also this, which means this is cited.

title: Talk:anxitie


text:
بولۇۋالماق

Verb

 * 1) to pretend to

title: بولۇۋالماق


text:
Talk:nerehonde

RFV discussion: September–October 2019
GBS results look Middle English, not New English. --Tybete (talk) 16:05, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 17:11, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:nerehonde


text:
Talk:overhele

RFV discussion: September–October 2019
As above. --Tybete (talk) 16:05, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed. Converted to Middle English. Kiwima (talk) 17:15, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:overhele


text:
Talk:myssease

RFV discussion: September–October 2019
As above. --Tybete (talk) 16:05, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 17:16, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:myssease


text:
Talk:slyly

RFV discussion: September–October 2019
--Tybete (talk) 16:05, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 17:19, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:slyly


text:
әмбебап

Adjective

 * 1) comprehensive, universal

Noun

 * 1) station wagon, estate car

title: әмбебап


text: Template:elements/dowork

title: Template:elements/dowork


text:
سېلىشتۇرماق

Verb

 * 1) to compare
 * 2) to proof-read
 * 3) to verify, to check, to revise

title: سېلىشتۇرماق


text:
Φαρμουθί

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) Pharmouthi, the eighth month of the Ancient Egyptian calendar, corresponding roughly to April

title: Φαρμουθί


text:
המשיח

Proper noun

 * 1)  The Messiah or Christ, as a title for Jesus of Nazareth

title: המשיח


text:
قۇرۇلۇش

Noun

 * 1) building, structure
 * 2) construction, composition

title: قۇرۇلۇش


text:
ความทุจริต

Etymology
From.

title: ความทุจริต


text:
чэмыӏо

Noun

 * 1) byre (for cows)

title: чэмыӏо


text:
хьасэтх

Noun

 * 1) borders of a field

title: хьасэтх


text:
чӏыбгъэ

Noun

 * 1) pergola, arbour, arcade, bower

title: чӏыбгъэ


text:
hadtal

Etymology
Borrowed directly from,.

title: hadtal


text:
Talk:Petersonian

LOL. I'm pretty sure I invented this term as applied to Jordan... As a Petersonian Kekistani I was using this years ago!!! OK, OK, maybe I was not the first. :( Maybe... MrN9000 (talk) 19:42, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Doubtful it would pass WT:CFI from the usual "respectable" sources but I can see it all over the Web, so not much point challenging it. Equinox ◑ 19:49, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

Blanking
Blanking the Jordan Peterson section for a few reasons; The push to "own" this term is coming from Jordan Peterson's fan base, as you can see here (not the title): https://www.reddit.com/r/JordanPeterson/comments/sa166k/we_did_it_reddit/

 * Do not "blank". Use the WT:RFV challenge process so it can be determined through research. Equinox ◑ 23:48, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

RFV discussion: January 2022
Sense 2: relating to Jordan Peterson (a rather controversial fellow on the Internet in recent years). Obviously exists, but this word "Petersonian" is being discussed elsewhere on the Internet at present, and people will want to keep deleting or re-adding it; so can we cite it per WT:CFI? Equinox ◑ 23:56, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Added one. Also, any idea who is meant in this one? — Fytcha〈 T | L | C 〉 00:03, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

 * The same guy, Jordan, I believe. The adjacent "Lewisian" is probably C. S. Lewis; they seem to be discussed together. Equinox ◑ 00:09, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Added some to the citations namespace since the entry is uneditable. 70.175.192.217 00:06, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for finding these! I've moved them to the main article. There's btw another attestable Petersonian sense, related to . — Fytcha〈 T | L | C 〉 00:09, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Btw, the Onar Am quotation is preceded by "Since Peterson has received massive critique for his claim on Sam Harris's podcast that facts are not identical to the truth, " (might be valuable to add that for context; sorry for not including it before, I was working based on an incomplete snippet). 70.175.192.217 00:18, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I've added it. I also added a period at the end, I hope that's correct. My uni doesn't allow access to that source unfortunately. — Fytcha〈 T | L | C 〉 00:30, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It is. By the way, there are at least a couple other Scholar uses, if needed, although some may be forthcoming/preprints. I think it's safe to call this cited, since the quotes do span multiple years. 70.175.192.217 00:35, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

RFV-passed. — Fytcha〈 T | L | C 〉 16:45, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petersonian


text: monkey-flower

title: monkey-flower


text: monkey-flowers

title: monkey-flowers


text:
User:MrN9000

Blatant violations

title: User:MrN9000


text:
τηρός

Etymology
Relationship with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 has been assumed, suggesting a derivation from. However, this is unsatisfactory, as Greek shows no trace of the root-final *-i-.

Noun

 * 1) warden, guard

title: τηρός


text:
fallowfinch

Noun

 * 1) A bird, the wheatear or stonechat.

title: fallowfinch


text: fallowfinches

title: fallowfinches


text:
fallowchat

Noun

 * 1) A bird, the wheatear or stonechat.

title: fallowchat


text: fallowchats

title: fallowchats


text: menite

title: menite


text: Austriya

title: Austriya


text: mění

title: mění


text: měníš

title: měníš


text: měním

title: měním


text: měníte

title: měníte


text: měníme

title: měníme


text:
βούγλωσσον

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  tongue depressor
 * 1)  tongue depressor

title: βούγλωσσον


text: měň

title: měň


text: měňte

title: měňte


text: měňme

title: měňme


text: chromophilous

title: chromophilous


text: měně

title: měně


text: měníc

title: měníc


text:
Asiaphilia

Noun

 * 1) A love of Asia.

title: Asiaphilia


text: měníce

title: měníce


text: menice

title: menice


text: měněn

title: měněn


text: měněna

title: měněna


text: phillumenism

title: phillumenism


text: rheophilia

title: rheophilia


text: měnil

title: měnil


text:
λώβηξ

Etymology
Furnée compares the word with, suggesting a root in view of the interchange β/π.

Noun

 * 1) vulture

title: λώβηξ


text:
brohug

Noun

 * 1) A friendly hug between two men, especially one that involves only one arm each with bodies kept relatively distant.

title: brohug


text: brohugs

title: brohugs


text:
Tseko

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) Czech

Noun

 * 1) Czech person
 * 2) Czech language

title: Tseko


text:
آية الكرسي

Proper noun

 * 1)  The 255th verse (ayah) of the sura al-baqara.

title: آية الكرسي


text: tills vidare

title: tills vidare


text:
muscifuge

Etymology
From +, compare medieval Latin muscifugium, a fly fan.

Noun

 * 1)  Something which repels or kills flies, typically a plant; a fly repellent. Also spelled "muscafuge" (1844) by Henry Stephens, who claimed to have coined it.
 * 2) * 1882, anonymous, The Pharmacist and Chemist, Volumes 15-16, C.E. Southard, page 228:
 * Pharmacists who are plagued with flies in hot weather will be glad to learn that, according to the Moniteur des Produits Chimiques, the Ricinus sanguinis, a common ornamental foliage plant and own brother to the, is an effectual muscifuge.

title: muscifuge


text: manhug

title: manhug


text: manhugs

title: manhugs


text:
περιδέραιον

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) necklace
 * 2) collar of a pillory

title: περιδέραιον


text:
omstaan

Verb

 * 1) to stand around

title: omstaan


text:
Republikang Tseko

Etymology
.

title: Republikang Tseko


text: aartsvijanden

title: aartsvijanden


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kȫk

Etymology
Compare,.

Adjective

 * 1) blue
 * 2) green, grue

Noun

 * 1) sky, firmament

Descendants

 * Oghur:

 * Arghu:
 * West Oghuz:
 * East Oghuz:
 * (gög-)
 * Karluk:
 * North Kipchak:
 * West Kipchak:
 * South Kipchak:
 * Caspian:
 * Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
 * Siberian:
 * Yenisei Kyrgyz:
 * North Siberian:
 * South Siberian:
 * Sayan:
 * Yenisei:
 * North Kipchak:
 * West Kipchak:
 * South Kipchak:
 * Caspian:
 * Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
 * Siberian:
 * Yenisei Kyrgyz:
 * North Siberian:
 * South Siberian:
 * Sayan:
 * Yenisei:
 * Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
 * Siberian:
 * Yenisei Kyrgyz:
 * North Siberian:
 * South Siberian:
 * Sayan:
 * Yenisei:
 * North Siberian:
 * South Siberian:
 * Sayan:
 * Yenisei:
 * South Siberian:
 * Sayan:
 * Yenisei:
 * Sayan:
 * Yenisei:
 * Yenisei:
 * Yenisei:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kȫk


text: Category:Middle English terms prefixed with fore-


text:
δοῖδυξ

Etymology
The suffix -ῡκ- is typical of words.

Noun

 * 1) pestle

title: δοῖδυξ


text:
hirasol

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) sunflower

title: hirasol


text:
radioruthenium

Noun

 * 1) radioactive ruthenium.

title: radioruthenium


text: great circle arc

title: great circle arc


text:
great-circle arc

Noun

 * 1)  a segment of a great circle

Translations

 * Danish: storcirkelbue

title: great-circle arc


text:
kusselæbe

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1)  labia

title: kusselæbe


text:
storcirkelbue

Noun

 * 1)  great-circle arc

title: storcirkelbue


text:
storcirkel

Noun

 * 1)  great circle

title: storcirkel


text:
krabbis

Etymology
From +, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  hangover

title: krabbis


text:
Νώνακρις

Proper noun

 * 1) Nonacris, Arcadia, Greece

title: Νώνακρις


text:
hulpverlener

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) aid worker
 * 2) first responder

title: hulpverlener


text:
ensbetydende

Adjective

 * 1) logically equivalent
 * 2) synonymous, same thing as, inseparable from
 * 1) synonymous, same thing as, inseparable from
 * 1) synonymous, same thing as, inseparable from
 * 1) synonymous, same thing as, inseparable from

Adjective

 * 1) logically equivalent

title: ensbetydende


text:
Batikano

Etymology
From,.

Adjective

 * 1) Vatican

Proper noun

 * 1) the Vatican
 * 1) the Vatican

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) Vatican
 * 2)  expert, knowledgeable

Proper noun

 * 1) the Vatican
 * 1) the Vatican

title: Batikano


text:
espiñaca

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) spinach

title: espiñaca


text:
Eslobenya

Etymology
.

title: Eslobenya


text: Islobenya

title: Islobenya


text: bat about

title: bat about


text:
Eslobakya

Etymology
.

title: Eslobakya


text:
持世菩薩

Etymology
Compound of.

Proper noun

 * :, a female Buddhist bodhisattva representing wealth, prosperity, and abundance

title: 持世菩薩


text:
Unggarya

Etymology
Either from an old alternative form of (modern ), or a  influenced by.

title: Unggarya


text:
beldro

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) blite, pigweed, amaranth

title: beldro


text: Serbya

title: Serbya


text:
Bosnya

Etymology
or.

title: Bosnya


text:
물증

Noun

 * 1) material evidence

title: 물증


text: Category:Kikuyu terms prefixed with ũ-

title: Category:Kikuyu terms prefixed with ũ-


text:
beldrogo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) blite, amaranth

title: beldrogo


text: Category:Kyrgyz terms derived from Kipchak


text: Category:Kyrgyz terms derived from Kipchak languages


text:
Bosniya at Ersegobina

Etymology
using the conjunction,, as in.

title: Bosniya at Ersegobina


text: Category:Kyrgyz terms inherited from Kipchak


text: Category:Old Galician-Portuguese semi-learned borrowings


text:
Bosniya

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Bosnia

Etymology
or.

Proper noun

 * 1) Bosnia

title: Bosniya


text:
басқарма

Noun

 * 1) administration, management
 * 2) chairperson

title: басқарма


text:
құбылыс

Noun

 * 1) phenomenon
 * 2) alteration, modification

title: құбылыс


text:
plecki

Etymology
From.

title: plecki


text:
Template:az-latin-noun-decl/documentation

Arguments
Arguments are as follows:
 * 1: " " for a consonant-ending noun, " " (or any other letter) for a vowel-ending noun.
 * 2: the last vowel of the nominative singular form (, ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , or  );
 * stem: the word stem for declension in the singular accusative, dative, and genitive cases of words ending in harmonizing consonants;
 * latent: specific latent final consonant for such irregular nouns as "" (in the case of "", " ");
 * broken-stem: the broken plural in the nominative case;
 * broken-c: the last vowel of a consonant-ending broken plural (, ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , or  );
 * broken-v: the last vowel of a vowel-ending broken plural (,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , or  );
 * sound: if " ", removes sound plural;
 * sing: if " ", removes singular;
 * alt: if " ", removes alternative possessive form.

Examples

 * Nouns with singular and sound plural:, ;
 * Nouns with singular and sound and broken plurals:, ;
 * Nouns without sound plural: ;
 * Nouns without sound plural and alternative possessive form: ;
 * Nouns without singular:.


text: Pinlandya

title: Pinlandya


text:
encelga

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) chard

title: encelga


text:
sea orb

Noun

 * 1) globefish

title: sea orb


text: sea orbs

title: sea orbs


text: osztják

title: osztják


text:
Talk:sea partridge

Chambers 1908 defines it as "the English conner, a labroid fish". Same thing, I suppose? Equinox ◑ 21:30, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:sea partridge


text:
Talk:sea hen

Chambers 1908 glosses this as Scottish and defines it as "the great skua" and "the piper gurnard". Equinox ◑ 21:33, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:sea hen


text:
maiden run

Noun

 * 1)  Its first trip in service, in some cases after a rebuild.

title: maiden run


text:
Talk:sea feather

Chambers 1908 defines it as "a polyp, a sea pen"; same thing as our current def? Equinox ◑ 21:35, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:sea feather


text: sea corns

title: sea corns


text:
арасында

Postposition

 * 1) between, among

title: арасында


text:
sea breach

Noun

 * 1) The breaking of an embankment by the sea.

title: sea breach


text: sea breaches

title: sea breaches


text:
жәрдемдесу

Noun

 * 1) helping each other

Verb

 * 1) to help each other

title: жәрдемдесу


text: shoures

title: shoures


text: yamatunchu

title: yamatunchu


text: maiden runs

title: maiden runs


text:
Tunisya

Etymology
.

title: Tunisya


text:
wî

Pronoun

 * : him, he

title: wî


text:
wê

Pronoun

 * : her, she

title: wê


text:
User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE

Root

 * 1) to press, to distress

Possible descendants

 * [presumably o-grade enlongated by Brugmann's law]
 * [presumably o-grade enlongated by Brugmann's law]
 * [presumably o-grade enlongated by Brugmann's law]

Reason
Inconclusive evidence. Alternative etymologies for possible descendants. Overlapping with 🇨🇬.

-

Root

 * 1) to clump, to gather ?
 * 2) to smash, to break ?

Possible descendants

 * , dial.
 * , dial.
 * , dial.
 * , dial.
 * , dial.
 * , dial.

Reason
Uncertain connection between possible descendants. Some of the proposed descendants may be fossilized ne-inflex of 🇨🇬. The circumflex in Balto-Slavic requires explanation (*banˀgas is only based on the broken tone in dial. Latvian).

Formally, 🇨🇬 resembles this root, however, semantically it is unsound.

Root

 * 1) to beat, to push

Reason
Seems to be an expressive formation. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (> 🇨🇬, ).

🇨🇬 is sometimes compared to.

Root
or

 * 1) to inflate, to bulk?

Possible descendants

 * , dial.
 * , dial.
 * , dial.
 * , dial.

Reason
No semantic basis for reconstructing a single root. The Slavic data is partially onomatopoeic. The Baltic data could be from 🇨🇬. Probably various extensions of 🇨🇬.

Relation to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 is semantically unsound.

Root
~

 * 1) to illuminate

Possible descendants

 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic

Reason
Unexplained metathesis. Evidence for 🇨🇬 also exists: cf. 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to burst, to seethe (in Greek)
 * 2) pale, bleak (only in Germanic and Slavic)

Possible descendants

 * , 1p. blîdu
 * , 1p. blîdu
 * , 1p. blîdu

Reason
Semantically diverse. No e-grade attested. Reminiscent of 🇨🇬 (possibly from the same origin as 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬) and 🇨🇬. Possibly an extension of 🇨🇬 - cf. 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (⇒ )

-

Root

 * 1)  broad

Reason
Limited to Germanic. Alternatively from 🇨🇬 via Verner law (cf. ).

Relation to is superficial. The later is an iterative of.

-

Possibly meanings

 * 1) to pant
 * 2) to breathe

Reason
Limited to Germanic. Compare 🇨🇬 (+ 🇨🇬), 🇨🇬 < *bʰrek(s)-.

-

Root
or

Reason
The Italic data is chaotic (where does -p- in *hēpai come from?). The Balto-Slavic data is not without doubts, either. Derksen sees connection between 🇨🇬 on the one hand and 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 on the other. The later seem to be from 🇨🇬. Derksen also considers relation to 🇨🇬, which would require 🇨🇬?

LIV derives 🇨🇬 < 🇨🇬 from 🇨🇬.

There is no consensus about the coda. De Vaan supposes *-bʰ merely because *b is attested rarely in PIE.

-

Root
or

 * 1) to grab
 * 2) to rake, to row, to dig

Reason
Overlapping, mixture of the meanings. Possibly of expressive origin. Indo-Iranian data could reflect both roots, if presumably *gʰreb- was of "h₂e-present type" =. Relation to possible.

Hittite forms attested but with varying reflexes.

-

Root
or

Possible meaning

 * 1) to arch, to bow, to bend
 * 2) to thrust, to shove
 * 3) to cover, to deck

Possible descendants
Bending, arching:

Shoving, shooting:

Extensions

 * *(s)kewdʰ-

Reason
Undetermined quality of the onset (s)k- vs *(s)ḱ-. There is evidence for laryngeal as coda. Semantically heterogenous... See also 🇨🇬.

Most likely different roots with close meaning.

Possibly meaning

 * 1) to howl (→ to swell?; to wheeze?)
 * 2) appearance
 * 3) pale, fair, light (skin color)

Possible descendants
Appearance:

Howling:

Extensions

 * *ḱweh₁-

Reason
Sparsely attested. The meaning "owl" could be of onomatopoeic nature: cf. 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Possible meaning

 * 1) to carve, to stab
 * 2) sharp

Possible descendants

 * (1p. sg. stîdzu)
 * (1p. sg. stìegu)
 * Nordic
 * (1p. sg. stìegu)
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic
 * Nordic

Reason
Possibly of expressive origin, compare similar 🇨🇬 (+ *-ǵʰ-), 🇨🇬 (+ *-ḱ/ǵ-), 🇨🇬 (+ *-ǵ-). Seems to be also synonymous with 🇨🇬 > 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Tudati-type 0-grade in Germanic, not shared by Sanskrit and Italic. No consensus on the etymology of some forms.

Based on the constructions in Vedic and sporadic forms such as Grk. στίγμα, Germ. *stiklaz, the root (if valid) may be a member of the Caland system.

-


text:
рулёжная дорожка

Noun

 * 1)  taxiway

title: рулёжная дорожка


text:
User talk:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE

Ugh, this page gives me stomach pains. -- 22:33, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't intend to post them. It's just for record keeping. Bezimenen (talk) 09:17, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * 👍 -- 10:16, 21 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
рулёжка

Noun

 * 1) taxiing
 * 2) taxiway

title: рулёжка


text:
рулёжный

Adjective

 * 1)  taxiing

title: рулёжный


text:
asum

Noun

 * 1)  myrtle

Etymology 2

Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  bear

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a district, subdistrict, or part of a city

title: asum


text:
broadline

Adjective

 * 1)  Selling a wide range of groceries.
 * a broadline wholesaler; a broadline distributor
 * 1)  Having a broad line inscribed or drawn.
 * 2)  Involving or relating to lines of broad width in a spectrum.
 * 1)  Involving or relating to lines of broad width in a spectrum.

title: broadline


text: Category:Urdu terms borrowed from Dari

title: Category:Urdu terms borrowed from Dari


text: Category:Terms borrowed from Dari

title: Category:Terms borrowed from Dari


text: Category:Terms derived from Dari

title: Category:Terms derived from Dari


text: Category:Urdu terms derived from Dari

title: Category:Urdu terms derived from Dari


text: Category:Baluchi terms derived from Dari


text: Category:Baluchi terms borrowed from Dari


text:
ครีมนวดผม

Etymology
+ +.

Noun

 * 1) hair conditioner

title: ครีมนวดผม


text:
โบฮีเมีย

Proper noun

 * 1)  Bohemia

title: โบฮีเมีย


text:
Servicewüste

Etymology
,.

Noun

 * 1)  A place lacking acceptable customer service.

title: Servicewüste


text:
تۇغۇلماق

Verb

 * 1) to happen, to crop up
 * 2) to be born

title: تۇغۇلماق


text:
ハシる

Etymology
Specialization of.

Verb

 * 1)  to fail to keep the  and gradually increase  over the course of a performance; to

title: ハシる


text:
قېرىنداشلىق

Noun

 * 1) brotherhood, the fact of sharing the same roots

title: قېرىنداشلىق


text:
ۋىجدان

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) conscience

title: ۋىجدان


text:
Wahlheimat

Noun

 * 1) one's adopted home or country

title: Wahlheimat


text:
ھەممە

Etymology
From, from , from.

Determiner

 * 1) all, every
 * 2) all sorts of, all kinds of
 * 3) everyone

title: ھەممە


text:
แกรด

Etymology
From clipping of.

Verb

 * 1)  to graduate: to leave the group or band; to resign from membership.
 * 2)  to leave, quit, resign from, or relinquish (one's office, position, status, rank, etc).
 * 1)  to leave, quit, resign from, or relinquish (one's office, position, status, rank, etc).
 * 1)  to leave, quit, resign from, or relinquish (one's office, position, status, rank, etc).

Noun

 * 1)  graduation: leaving the group or band; resignation from membership.

title: แกรด


text:
مۇئامىلە

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) treatment, attitude
 * 2) circulation of money or goods
 * 3) dealings, contacts

title: مۇئامىلە


text:
مۇناسىۋەت

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) relations, relationship

title: مۇناسىۋەت


text: Category:xh:Demonyms

title: Category:xh:Demonyms


text:
Talk:ricochetted

So does ricochetted have a silent tt? 00:10, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, most often. I've added a transcription. — Eru·tuon 01:02, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:ricochetted


text:
มอเรเวีย

Proper noun

 * 1)  Moravia

title: มอเรเวีย


text:
約指

Verb

 * 1)  to wrap around the finger; to wear on the finger

Noun

 * 1)  finger ring; ring

title: 約指


text: 约指

title: 约指


text: yuēzhǐ

title: yuēzhǐ


text: gūzi

title: gūzi


text: الفاتيكان

title: الفاتيكان


text:
Module:User:Benwing2/fr-pron

--[=[

Author: Benwing, rewritten from original by Kc kennylau

Generates French IPA from spelling. Implements template ; also used in Module:fr-verb (particularly Module:fr-verb/pron, the submodule handling pronunciation of verbs).

--]=]

local export = {}

local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities") local pron_utilities_module = "Module:User:Benwing2/pron utilities" local table_module = "Module:table"

local str_gsub = string.gsub

local u = m_str_utils.char local rfind = m_str_utils.find local rsubn = m_str_utils.gsub local rmatch = m_str_utils.match local rsplit = m_str_utils.split local ulower = m_str_utils.lower local uupper = m_str_utils.upper local usub = m_str_utils.sub local ulen = m_str_utils.len

local pages_where_redundancy_checking_is_disabled = { ["Appendix:Protologisms/Long words/Titin/French"] = true, }

local TILDE = u(0x0303) -- tilde = ̃

local EXPLICIT_H = u(0xFFF0) local EXPLICIT_X = u(0xFFF1) local EXPLICIT_J = u(0xFFF2)

local explicit_sound_to_substitution = { ["h"] = EXPLICIT_H, ["x"] = EXPLICIT_X, ["j"] = EXPLICIT_J, }

local explicit_substitution_to_sound = {} local explicit_substitution_regex = {} for from, to in pairs(explicit_sound_to_substitution) do	explicit_substitution_to_sound[to] = from table.insert(explicit_substitution_regex, to) end explicit_substitution_regex = "[" .. table.concat(explicit_substitution_regex) .. "]"

-- If enabled, compare this module with new version of module in -- Module:User:Benwing2/fr-pron to make sure all pronunciations are the same. -- To check for differences, go to Tracking/fr-pron/different-pron -- and look at what links to the page. local test_new_fr_pron_module = false

-- version of rsubn that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end

-- apply rsub repeatedly until no change local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar) while true do		local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar) if new_term == term then return term end term = new_term end end

local function ine(x) if x == "" then return nil else return x end end

local function track(page) local m_debug = require("Module:debug").track("fr-pron/" .. page) return true end

-- pairs of consonants where a schwa between them cannot be deleted in VCəCV -- within a word local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally_list = { 'ʁʁ', 'ɲʁ', 'ɲl' } -- generate set local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally = {} for _, x in ipairs(no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally_list) do	no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally[x] = true end

-- pairs of consonants where a schwa between them cannot be deleted in VCəVC -- across a word boundary; primarily, consonants that are the same except -- possibly for voicing local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words_list = { 'kɡ', 'ɡk', 'kk', 'ɡɡ', -- WARNING: IPA ɡ used here 'td', 'dt', 'tt', 'dd', 'bp', 'pb', 'pp', 'bb', 'ʃʒ', 'ʒʃ', 'ʃʃ', 'ʒʒ', 'fv', 'vf', 'ff', 'vv', 'sz', 'zs', 'ss', 'zz', 'jj', 'ww', 'ʁʁ', 'll', 'nn', 'ɲɲ', 'mm' -- FIXME, should be others } -- generate set local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words = {} for _, x in ipairs(no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words_list) do	no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words[x] = true end

local remove_diaeresis_from_vowel = {['ä']='a', ['ë']='e', ['ï']='i', ['ö']='o', ['ü']='u', ['ÿ']='i'}

-- True if C1 and C2 form an allowable onset (in which case we always -- attempt to place them after the syllable break) local function allow_onset_2(c1, c2) -- WARNING: Both IPA and non-IPA g below, and both r and ʁ, because it is -- called both before and after the substitutions of these chars. return (c2 == "l" or c2 == "r" or c2 == "ʁ") and rmatch(c1, "[bkdfgɡpstv]") or		c1 == "d" and c2 == "ʒ" or		c1 ~= "j" and (c2 == "j" or c2 == "w" or c2 == "W" or c2 == "ɥ") end

-- list of vowels, including both input Latin and output IPA; note that -- IPA nasal vowels are two-character sequences with a combining tilde, -- which we include as the last char local oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i = "aeouAEOUéàèùâêôûäëöüăŏŭɑɛɔæœø" local oral_vowel_schwa = "əƏĕė" local oral_vowel_i = "iyIYîŷïÿ" local oral_vowel = oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i .. oral_vowel_schwa .. oral_vowel_i local nasal_vowel = TILDE local non_nasal_c = "[^" .. TILDE .. "]" local vowel_no_schwa = oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i .. oral_vowel_i .. nasal_vowel local vowel = oral_vowel .. nasal_vowel local vowel_c = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local vowel_no_schwa_c = "[" .. vowel_no_schwa .. "]" local vowel_maybe_nasal_r = "[" .. oral_vowel .. "]" .. TILDE .. "?" local non_vowel_c = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local oral_vowel_c = "[" .. oral_vowel .. "]" -- FIXME: Previously vowel_no_i specified the vowels explicitly and didn't include the nasal combining diacritic; -- should we include it? local vowel_no_i = oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i .. oral_vowel_schwa local vowel_no_i_c = "[" .. vowel_no_i .. "]" -- special characters that should be carried through but largely ignored when -- syllabifying; single quote prevents interpretation of sequences, -- ‿ indicates liaison, ⁀ is a word boundary marker, - is a literal hyphen -- (we include word boundary markers because they mark word boundaries with -- words joined by hyphens, but should be ignored for syllabification in -- such a case), parens are used to explicitly indicate an optional sound, esp. -- a schwa local syljoiner_c = "[_'‿⁀%-]" -- don't include syllable marker or space local opt_syljoiners_c = syljoiner_c .. "*" local schwajoiner_c = "[_'‿⁀%-. ]" -- also include. and space but not local opt_schwajoiners_c = schwajoiner_c .. "*" local cons_c = "[^" .. vowel .. ".⁀ %-]" -- includes underscore, quote and liaison marker local cons_no_liaison_c = "[^" .. vowel .. ".⁀‿ %-]" -- includes underscore and quote but not liaison marker local real_cons_c = "[^" .. vowel .. "_'‿.⁀ %-]" -- excludes underscore, quote and liaison marker local cons_or_joiner_c = "[^" .. vowel .. ". ]" -- includes all joiners local front_vowel = "eiîéèêĕėəɛæœyŷ" -- should not include capital E, used in cœur etc. local front_vowel_c = "[" .. front_vowel .. "]" local word_begin = "'‿⁀%-" -- characters indicating the beginning of a word local word_begin_c = "[" .. word_begin .. "]"

local function respelling_to_IPA(data) local prons = export.show(data.respelling, data.args.pos, data.args.noalternatives, data.pagename)

-- Check whether explicitly given pronunciations are redundant. if data.orig_respelling and data.orig_respelling ~= "+" then local full_pagename = mw.title.getCurrentTitle.fullText if not pages_where_redundancy_checking_is_disabled[full_pagename] then local default_prons = export.show(nil, data.args.pos, data.args.noalternatives, data.pagename,				"no test new module") local is_redundant, is_non_redundant for _, pron in ipairs(prons) do				if #default_prons == 1 and default_prons[1] == pron or #default_prons > 1 and require(table_module).contains(default_prons, pron) then is_redundant = true else is_non_redundant = true end end if is_redundant and not is_non_redundant then track("redundant-pron") elseif is_non_redundant and not is_redundant then track("needed-pron") elseif is_redundant and is_non_redundant then track("partly-redundant-pron") end end end

for i, pron in ipairs(prons) do prons[i] = "/" .. pron .. "/"	end return prons end

--[==[ Actual implementation of fr-IPA, compatible in spirit with IPA. ]==] function export.fr_IPA(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent.args

local augment_params = { ["pos"] = {}, ["noalternatives"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["noalt"] = {type = "boolean", alias_of = "noalternatives"}, }

local augment_param_mod_spec = { {param = "qual", alias_of = "q", separate_no_index = false}, -- deprecated {param = "n", alias_of = "ref"}, -- deprecated }

return require(pron_utilities_module).format_prons { lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fr"), respelling_to_IPA = respelling_to_IPA, raw_args = parent_args, augment_params = augment_params, augment_param_mod_spec = augment_param_mod_spec, track_module = "fr-pron", } end

function export.canonicalize_pron(text, pagename) if not text or text == "+" then text = pagename end

text = rsub(text, "%[([hHxXjJ])%]", function(sound)		return explicit_sound_to_substitution[ulower(sound)]	end)

if rfind(text, "^%[.*%]$") then local subs = rsplit(rmatch(text, "^%[(.*)%]$"), ",") text = pagename for _, sub in ipairs(subs) do			local fromto = rsplit(sub, ":") if #fromto ~= 2 then error("Bad substitution spec " .. sub .. " in ") end local from, to = fromto[1], fromto[2] if rfind(from, "^~") then -- formerly, ~ was required to match within a word from = rmatch(from, "^~(.*)$") end local newtext = text if rfind(from, "^%^") then -- whole-word match from = rmatch(from, "^%^(.*)$") newtext = rsub(text, "%f[%a]" .. require("Module:string utilities").pattern_escape(from) .. "%f[%A]", to) else newtext = rsub(text, require("Module:string utilities").pattern_escape(from), to) end if newtext == text then error("Substitution spec " .. sub .. " didn't match respelling '" .. text .. "'") end text = newtext end end

text = ulower(text) return text end

function export.show(text, pos, noalternatives, pagename, no_test_new_module) -- check_new_module=1 can be passed from a bot to compare to the new -- module. In that case, if there's a difference, the return value will -- be a string "OLD_RESULT || NEW_RESULT". --	-- no_test_new_module can be passed from module code to disable the -- new-module check. This is used when checking for redundant pronunciation -- to avoid excess triggering of the Tracking/fr-pron/different-pron -- page. local check_new_module if type(text) == "table" then pos = ine(text.args.pos) noalternatives = ine(text.args.noalternatives) pagename = ine(text.args.pagename) check_new_module = ine(text.args.check_new_module) text = ine(text.args[1]) end

local new_module_result -- Test code to compare existing module to new one. if (test_new_fr_pron_module or check_new_module) and not no_test_new_module then local m_new_fr_pron = require("Module:User:Benwing2/fr-pron") new_module_result = m_new_fr_pron.show(text, pos, noalternatives, pagename) end

pagename = pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename

text = export.canonicalize_pron(text, pagename)

-- track quote-separator if different numbers of quote symbols if ulen(rsub(text, "[^']", "")) ~= ulen(rsub(pagename, "[^']", "")) then track("quote-separator") end

-- To simplify checking for word boundaries and liaison markers, we -- add ⁀ at the beginning and end of all words, and remove it at the end. -- Note that the liaison marker is ‿. text = rsub(text, "%s*,%s*", '⁀⁀ | ⁀⁀') text = rsub(text, "%s+", '⁀ ⁀') text = rsub(text, "%-+", '⁀-⁀') text = '⁀⁀' .. text .. '⁀⁀'

-- various early substitutions text = str_gsub(text, 'ǝ', 'ə') -- replace wrong schwa with same-looking correct one text = str_gsub(text, 'œu', 'Eu') -- capital E so it doesn't trigger c -> s	text = str_gsub(text, 'oeu', 'Eu') text = str_gsub(text, 'œil', 'Euil') text = str_gsub(text, 'œ', 'æ') -- keep as æ, mapping later to è or é

-- Handle soft c, g. Do these near the very beginning before any changes -- that disturb the orthographic front/back vowel distinction (e.g.	-- -ai -> -é when pos == "v" in the next section); but after special -- handling of œu (which should not trigger softening, as in cœur), whereas -- other occurrences of œ do trigger softening (cœliaque). text = rsub(text, "c('?" .. front_vowel_c .. ')', 'ç%1') text = rsub(text, 'ge([aoAOàâôäöăŏɔ])', 'j%1') text = rsub(text, 'g(' .. front_vowel_c .. ')', 'j%1')

if pos == "v" then -- special-case for verbs text = rsub(text, 'ai⁀', 'é⁀') -- portions, retiens as verbs should not have /s/ text = rsub(text, 'ti([oe])ns([⁀‿])', "t_i%1ns%2") -- retienne, retiennent as verbs should not have /s/ text = rsub(text, 't(ienne[⁀‿])', "t_%1") text = rsub(text, 't(iennent[⁀‿])', "t_%1") -- final -ent is silent except in single-syllable words (ment, sent); -- vient, tient, and compounds will have to be special-cased, no easy -- way to distinguish e.g. initient (silent) from retient (not silent). text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. cons_no_liaison_c .. '*' .. ')ent⁀', '%1e⁀') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. cons_no_liaison_c .. '*' .. ')ent‿', '%1ət‿') end

-- various early substitutions #2 text = rsub(text, '[aä]([sz][⁀‿])', 'â%1') -- pas, gaz text = str_gsub(text, 'à', 'a') text = str_gsub(text, 'ù', 'u') text = str_gsub(text, 'î', 'i') text = str_gsub(text, '[Ee]û', 'ø') text = str_gsub(text, 'û', 'u') -- absolute, obstacle, subsumer, obtus, obtenir, etc.; but not toubibs text = str_gsub(text, 'b([st][^⁀‿])', 'p%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'ph', 'f') text = str_gsub(text, 'gn', 'ɲ') text = str_gsub(text, 'compt', 'cont') text = str_gsub(text, 'psych', 'psik') -- -chrom-, -chron-, chrétien, etc.; -chlor-, etc.; -techn-, arachn-, etc.; use 'sh' to get /ʃ/ text = str_gsub(text, 'ch([rln])', 'c%1') -- dinosaure, taure, restaurant, etc.; in unstressed syllables both /ɔ/ and /o/ are usually possible, -- but /ɔ/ is more common/natural; not in -eaur-, which occurs in compounds e.g. Beauregard text = str_gsub(text, '([^e])aur', '%1or') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')désh', '%1déz') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')et([⁀‿])', '%1é%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')es([⁀‿])', '%1ès%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')est([⁀‿])', '%1èt%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')ress', '%1rəss') -- ressortir, etc. should have schwa text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')intrans(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1intranz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')trans(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1tranz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')eu', '%1ø') -- even in euro- text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')neur', '%1nør') -- neuro-, neuralgie, etc. -- hyperactif, etc.; without this we get /i.pʁak.tif/ etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')hyper', '%1hypèr') -- superessif, etc.; without this we get /sy.pʁɛ.sif/ etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')super', '%1supèr') -- adverbial -emment is pronounced -amment text = rsub(text, 'emment([⁀‿])', 'amment%1') text = rsub(text, 'ie(ds?[⁀‿])', 'ié%1') -- pied, assieds, etc.	text = rsub(text, '[eæ]([dgpt]s?[⁀‿])', 'è%1') -- permet text = rsub(text, 'ez([⁀‿])', 'éz%1') -- assez, avez, etc.	text = str_gsub(text, 'er‿', 'èr‿') -- premier étage text = rsub(text, '([⁀‿]' .. cons_c .. '*)er(s?[⁀‿])', '%1èr%2') -- cher, fer, vers text = rsub(text, 'er(s?[⁀‿])', 'ér%1') -- premier(s) text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. cons_c .. '*)e(s[⁀‿])', '%1é%2') -- ses, tes, etc.	text = str_gsub(text, 'oien', 'oyen') -- iroquoien -- bien, européens, païen, moyen; only word finally or before final s	-- (possibly in liaison); doesn't apply to influence, omniscient, réengager, -- etc.; cases where -ien- is [jɛ̃] elsewhere in the word require respelling -- using 'iain' or 'ien-', e.g. 'tient', 'viendra', 'bientôt', 'Vientiane' text = rsub(text, '([iïéy])en(s?[⁀‿])', '%1ɛn%2') -- special-case for words beginning with bien- (bientôt, bienvenu, bienheureux, etc.) text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')bien', '%1biɛn')

--s, c, g, j, q (soft c/g handled above; ç handled below after dropping	-- silent -s; x handled below) text = str_gsub(text, 'cueil', 'keuil') -- accueil, etc.	text = str_gsub(text, 'gueil', 'gueuil') -- orgueil text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')s(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1z%2') text = str_gsub(text, "qu'", "k'") -- qu'on text = rsub(text, 'qu(' .. vowel_c .. ')', 'k%1')

-- gu+vowel -> g+vowel, but gu+vowel+diaeresis -> gu+vowel text = rsub(text, 'gu(' .. vowel_c .. ')', function(vowel)		local undo_diaeresis = remove_diaeresis_from_vowel[vowel]		return undo_diaeresis and 'gu' .. undo_diaeresis or 'g' .. vowel		end) text = str_gsub(text, 'gü', 'gu') -- aiguë might be spelled aigüe -- parking, footing etc.; also -ing_ e.g. swinguer respelled swing_guer, -- Washington respelled Washing'tonne text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ")ing(s?[_'⁀‿])", "%1iŋ%2") text = str_gsub(text, 'ngt', 'nt') -- vingt, longtemps text = str_gsub(text, 'j', 'ʒ') text = str_gsub(text, 's?[cs]h', 'ʃ') text = str_gsub(text, '[cq]', 'k') -- following two must follow s -> z between vowels text = rsub(text, '([^sçx⁀])ti([oeɛ])n', '%1si%2n') -- tion, tien text = rsub(text, '([^sçx⁀])ti([ae])l', '%1si%2l') -- tial, tiel

-- special hack for uï; must follow guï handling and precede ill handling text = str_gsub(text, 'uï', 'ui') -- ouir, etc.

-- special hack for oel, oil, oêl; must follow intervocal s -> z and -- ge + o -> j, and precede -il- handling text = rsub(text, 'o[eê]l', 'wAl') -- moelle, poêle -- poil but don't affect -oill- (otherwise interpreted as /ɔj/) text = str_gsub(text, 'oil([^l])', 'wAl%1')

-- ill, il; must follow j -> ʒ above -- NOTE: In all of the following, we purposely do not check for a vowel -- following -ill-, so that respellings can use it before a consonant -- (e.g. boycotter respelled 'boillcotter') -- (1) special-casing for C+uill (juillet, cuillère, aiguille respelled	--    aiguïlle) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')uill', '%1ɥij') -- (2) -ill- after a vowel; repeat if necessary in case of VillVill --    sequence (ailloille respelling of ayoye) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')ill', '%1j') -- (3) any other ill, except word-initially (illustrer etc.) text = rsub(text, '([^⁀])ill', '%1ij') -- (4) final -il after a vowel; we consider final -Cil to contain a	--    pronounced /l/ (e.g. 'il', 'fil', 'avril', 'exil', 'volatil', 'profil') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')il([⁀‿])', '%1j%2') -- (5) -il- after a vowel, before a consonant (not totally necessary;	--    unlikely to occur normally, respelling can use -ill-) text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')il(' .. cons_c .. ')', '%1j%2')

-- y; include before removing final -e so we can distinguish -ay from -- -aye text = rsub(text, 'ay([⁀‿])', 'ai%1') -- Gamay text = str_gsub(text, 'éy', 'éj') -- used in respellings, eqv. to 'éill' text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_no_i_c .. ')y', '%1iy') text = rsub(text, 'yi([' .. vowel .. '.])', 'y.y%1') text = str_gsub(text, "'y‿", "'j‿") -- il n'y‿a text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')y(' .. cons_c .. ')', '%1i%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')ye?([⁀‿])', '%1i%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')y(' .. cons_c .. ')', '%1i%2') text = str_gsub(text, '⁀y⁀', '⁀i⁀') -- CyV -> CiV; will later be converted back to /j/ in most cases, but -- allows correct handling of embryon, dryade, cryolithe, glyoxylique, etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')y(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1i%2') text = str_gsub(text, 'y', 'j')

-- nasal hacks -- make 'n' before liaison in certain cases both nasal and pronounced text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. '[mts]?on)‿', '%1N‿') --mon, son, ton, on	text = str_gsub(text, "('on)‿", '%1N‿') --qu'on, l'on text = str_gsub(text, '([eɛu]n)‿', '%1N‿') --en, bien, un, chacun etc. -- in bon, certain etc. the preceding vowel isn't nasal text = str_gsub(text, 'n‿', "N‿")

-- other liaison hacks text = str_gsub(text, 'd‿', 't‿') -- grand arbre, pied-à-terre text = str_gsub(text, '[sx]‿', 'z‿') -- vis-a-vis, beaux-arts, premiers enfants, etc. text = str_gsub(text, 'f‿', 'v‿') -- neuf ans, etc.	-- treat liaison consonants that would be dropped as if they are extra-word, -- so that preceding "word-final" letters are still dropped and preceding -- vowels take on word-final qualities text = str_gsub(text, '([bdgkpstxz]‿)', '⁀%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'i‿', 'ij‿') -- y a-t-il, gentil enfant

--silent letters -- do this first so we also drop preceding letters if needed text = str_gsub(text, '[sz]⁀', '⁀') -- final -x silent in prix, chevaux, eux (with eu -> ø above) text = str_gsub(text, '([iuø])x⁀', '%1⁀') -- silence -c and -ct in nc(t), but not otherwise text = str_gsub(text, 'nkt?⁀', 'n⁀') text = str_gsub(text, '([ks])t⁀', '%1T⁀') -- final -kt, -st pronounced text = str_gsub(text, 'ér⁀', 'é⁀') -- premier, converted earlier to premiér -- p in -mp, b in -mb will be dropped, but temporarily convert to capital -- letter so a trace remains below when we handle nasals text = str_gsub(text, 'm([bp])⁀', function(bp)		local capbp = {b='B', p='P'}		return 'm' .. capbp[bp] .. '⁀'	end) -- plomb -- do the following after dropping r so we don't affect -rt text = str_gsub(text, '[dgpt]⁀', '⁀') -- remove final -e in various circumstances; leave primarily when -- preceded by two or more distinct consonants; in V[mn]e and Vmme/Vnne, -- use [MN] so they're pronounced in full text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')n+e([⁀‿])', '%1N%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')m+e([⁀‿])', '%1M%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')%1e([⁀‿])', '%1%2') text = rsub(text, '([mn]' .. cons_c .. ')e([⁀‿])', '%1%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. cons_c .. '?)e([⁀‿])', '%1%2')

-- ç; must follow s -> z between vowels (above); do after dropping final s	-- so that ç can be used in respelling to force a pronounced s	text = str_gsub(text, 'ç', 's')

-- x; (h)ex- at beginning of word (examen, exister, hexane, etc.) and after -- a vowel (coexister, réexaminer) and after in- (inexact, inexorable) is	-- pronounced [egz], x- at beginning of word also pronounced [gz], all- -- other x's pronounced [ks] (including -ex- in lexical, sexy, perplexité,	-- etc.). text = rsub(text, '([' .. word_begin .. vowel .. ']h?)[eæ]x(h?' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1egz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. 'in)[eæ]xh?(h?' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1egz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')x', '%1gz') text = str_gsub(text, 'x', 'ks')

-- double consonants: eCC treated specially, then CC -> C; do after -- x -> ks so we handle exciter correctly text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')e([mn])%2(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1en_%2%3') -- emmener, ennui text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')(h?)[eæ](' .. cons_c .. ')%3', '%1%2é%3') -- effacer, essui, errer, henné text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')dess', '%1déss') -- dessécher, dessein, etc. text = rsub(text, '[eæ](' .. cons_c .. ')%1', 'è%1') -- mett(r)ons, etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')%1', '%1')

--diphthongs --uppercase is used to avoid the output of one change becoming the input --to another; we later lowercase the vowels; î and û converted early; --we do this before i/u/ou before vowel -> glide (for e.g. bleuet), --and before nasal handling because e.g. ou before n is not converted --into a nasal vowel (Bouroundi, Cameroun); au probably too, but there --may not be any such words text = str_gsub(text, 'ou', 'U') text = str_gsub(text, 'e?au', 'O') text = str_gsub(text, '[Ee]u([zt])', 'ø%1') text = rsub(text, '[Ee]uh?([⁀‿])', 'ø%1') -- (s)chleuh has /ø/ text = rsub(text, '[Ee][uŭ]', 'œ') text = str_gsub(text, '[ae]i', 'ɛ')

-- Before implementing nasal vowels, convert nh to n to correctly handle -- inhérent, anhédonie, bonheur, etc. But preserve enh- to handle -- enhardir, enharnacher, enhaché, enhoncher, enhotter, enhucher (all	-- with "aspirate h"). Words with "mute h" need respelling with enn-, e.g. -- enharmonie, enherber. text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')enh', '%1en_h') text = str_gsub(text, 'nh', 'n')

-- Nasalize vowel + n, m	-- Do before syllabification so we syllabify quatre-vingt-un correctly. -- We affect (1) n before non-vowel, (2) m before b/p/f (including B/P,	-- which indicate original b/p that are slated to be deleted in words like	-- plomb, champs; f predominantly from original ph, as in symphonie,	-- emphatiser; perhaps we should distinguish original ph from original f,	-- as in occasional words such as Zemfira), (3) -om (nom, dom, pronom,	-- condom, etc.) and (4) -aim/-eim (faim, Reims etc.), (4). We leave alone -- other m's, including most final m. We do this after diphthongization, -- which arguably simplifies things somewhat; but we need to handle the -- 'oi' diphthong down below so we don't run into problems with the 'noi' -- sequence (otherwise we'd map 'oi' to 'wa' and then nasalize the n	-- because it no longer precedes a vowel). text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(.)(' .. vowel_c .. ')([mn])(' .. non_vowel_c .. ')',		function(v1, v2, mn, c)			if mn == 'n' or rfind(c, '[bpBPf]') or (v2 == 'o' or v2 == 'ɛ') and c == '⁀' then				local nasaltab = {['a']='ɑ̃', ['ä']='ɑ̃', ['e']='ɑ̃', ['ë']='ɑ̃',					['ɛ']='ɛ̃', ['i']='ɛ̃', ['ï'] = 'ɛ̃', ['o']='ɔ̃', ['ö']='ɔ̃',					['ø']='œ̃', ['œ']='œ̃', ['u']='œ̃', ['ü']='œ̃'} -- à jeun				if v1 == 'o' and v2 == 'i' then					return 'wɛ̃' .. c -- coin, point				elseif nasaltab[v2] then					return v1 .. nasaltab[v2] .. c				end			end			return v1 .. v2 .. mn .. c		end) -- special hack for maximum, aquarium, circumlunaire, etc. text = rsub(text, 'um(' .. non_vowel_c .. ')', 'ɔm%1') -- now remove BP that represent original b/p to be deleted, which we've	-- preserved so far so that we know that preceding m can be nasalized in	-- words like plomb, champs text = str_gsub(text, '[BP]', '')

-- do after nasal handling so 'chinois' works correctly text = str_gsub(text, 'oi', 'wA')

-- Remove silent h (but keep as _ after i/u to prevent glide conversion in	-- nihilisme, jihad, etc.; don't do this after original ou, as souhaite is	-- pronounced /swɛt/). -- Do after diphthongs to keep vowels apart as in envahir, but do -- before syllabification so it is ignored in words like hémorrhagie. text = str_gsub(text, '([iu])h', '%1_') text = str_gsub(text, 'h', '')

--syllabify -- (1) break up VCV as V.CV, and VV as V.V; repeat to handle successive --    syllables text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. vowel_maybe_nasal_r .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. "?" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. oral_vowel_c .. ')', '%1.%2')	-- (2) break up other VCCCV as VC.CCV, and VCCV as VC.CV; repeat to handle successive syllables text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. vowel_maybe_nasal_r .. opt_syljoiners_c .. real_cons_c .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. cons_or_joiner_c .. "*" .. oral_vowel_c .. ")", '%1.%2')

local function resyllabify(text) -- (3) resyllabify C.C as .CC for various CC that can form an onset: --    resyllabify C.[lr] as .C[lr] for C = various obstruents; --    resyllabify d.ʒ, C.w, C.ɥ, C.j as .dʒ, .Cw, .Cɥ, .Cj (C.w comes from		--     written Coi; C.ɥ comes from written Cuill; C.j comes e.g. from		--     des‿yeux, although most post-consonantal j generated later); --    don't resyllabify j.j text = rsub(text, "(%(?)(" .. real_cons_c .. ")(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")%.(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")", function(lparen, c1, j1, j2, c2) if allow_onset_2(c1, c2) then return "." .. lparen .. c1 .. j1 .. j2 .. c2				end end)		-- (4) resyllabify .CC as C.C for CC that can't form an onset (opposite of --    the previous step); happens e.g. in ouest-quart		text = rsub(text, "%.(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")(%)?)(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")",			function(j1, c1, rparen, j2, c2)				if not allow_onset_2(c1, c2) and not (c1 == "s" and rfind(c2, "^[ptk]$")) then					return j1 .. c1 .. rparen .. "." .. j2 .. c2				end			end) -- (5) fix up dʒ and tʃ followed by another consonant (management respelled		--    'manadjment' or similar) text = rsub(text, "%.([%(]?[dt]" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. "[ʒʃ])(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")", "%1.%2%3")		return text	end

text = resyllabify(text)

-- (6) eliminate diaeresis (note, uï converted early) text = rsub(text, '[äëïöüÿ]', remove_diaeresis_from_vowel)

--single vowels text = str_gsub(text, 'â', 'ɑ') --don't do this, too many exceptions --text = rsub(text, 'a(%.?)z', 'ɑ%1z') text = str_gsub(text, 'ă', 'a') text = str_gsub(text, 'e%.j', 'ɛ.j') -- réveiller text = rsub_repeatedly(text, 'e%.(' .. cons_no_liaison_c .. '*' .. vowel_c .. ')', 'ə.%1') text = rsub(text, 'e([⁀‿])', 'ə%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'æ%.', 'é.') text = rsub(text, 'æ([⁀‿])', 'é%1') text = rsub(text, '[eèêæ]', 'ɛ') text = str_gsub(text, 'é', 'e') text = rsub(text, 'o([⁀‿])', 'O%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'o(%.?)z', 'O%1z') text = rsub(text, '[oŏ]', 'ɔ') text = str_gsub(text, 'ô', 'o') text = str_gsub(text, 'u', 'y')

--other consonants text = str_gsub(text, 'r', 'ʁ') text = str_gsub(text, 'g', 'ɡ') -- use IPA variant of g

--(mostly) final schwa deletions (FIXME, combine with schwa deletions below) --1. delete all instances of ė text = rsub(text, '%.([^.⁀]+)ė', '%1') --2. delete final schwa, only in the last word, not in single-syllable word --  (⁀. can occur after a hyphen, e.g. in puis-je) text = rsub(text, '([^⁀])%.([^ə.⁀]+)ə⁀⁀', '%1%2⁀') --3. delete final schwa before vowel in the next word, not in a single- --  syllable word (croyez-le ou non); the out-of-position %4 looks weird --  but the effect is that we preserve the initial period when there's a	--   hyphen and period after the schwa (con.tre-.a.tta.quer ->	--   con.tra.tta.quer) but not across a space (con.tre a.tta.quer ->	--   contr a.tta.quer) text = rsub(text, '([^⁀])%.([^ə.⁀]+)ə⁀([⁀ %-]*)(%.?)(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1%4%2⁀%3%5')	--4. delete final schwa before vowel in liaison, not in a single-syllable --  word text = rsub(text, '([^⁀]%.[^ə.⁀]+)ə‿%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1‿%2')	--5. delete schwa after any vowel (agréerons, soierie) text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ').ə', '%1') --6. make final schwa optional after two consonants except obstruent + approximant --  and [lmn] + ʁ text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')(' .. '%.?' .. ')(' .. cons_c .. ')ə⁀',		function(a, dot, b)			return a .. dot .. b .. ( rfind(a, '[bdfɡkpstvzʃʒ]') and rfind(b, '[mnlʁwj]') and 'ə' or rfind(a, '[lmn]') and b == 'ʁ' and 'ə' or '(ə)') .. '⁀'		end)

--i/u/ou -> glide before vowel -- -- do from right to left to handle continuions and étudiions --   correctly -- -- do repeatedly until no more subs (required due to right-to-left	--   action) -- -- convert to capital J and W as	a signal that we can convert them --   back to /i/ and /u/ later on if they end up preceding a schwa or	--    following two consonants in the same syllable, whereas we don't	--    do this to j from other sources (y or ill) and w from other --   sources (w or oi); will be lowercased later; not necessary to do 	--    something similar to ɥ, which can always be converted back to /y/ --   because it always originates from /y/. while true do local new_text = rsub(text, '^(.*)i%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1J%2') new_text = rsub(new_text, '^(.*)y%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1ɥ%2') new_text = rsub(new_text, '^(.*)U%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1W%2') if new_text == text then break end text = new_text end

--hack for agréions, pronounced with /j.j/	text = str_gsub(text, 'e%.J', 'ej%.J')

--glides -> full vowels after two consonants in the same syllable --(e.g. fl, tr, etc.), but only glides from original i/u/ou (see above) --and not in the sequence 'ui' (e.g. bruit), and only when the second --consonant is l or r (not in abstiennent) text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. '[lʁ])J(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1i.j%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. '[lʁ])W(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1u.%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. '[lʁ])ɥ(' .. vowel_no_i_c .. ')', '%1y.%2') -- remove _ that prevents interpretation of letter sequences; do this -- before deleting internal schwas text = str_gsub(text, "_", "")

-- internal schwa -- 1. delete schwa in VCəCV sequence word-internally when neither V is	--   schwa, except in a few sequences such as ʁəʁ (déchirerez), ɲəʁ --   (indignerez), ɲəl (agnelet); use uppercase schwa when not deleting it, --   see below; FIXME, we might want to prevent schwa deletion with other --   consonant sequences text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. vowel_no_schwa_c .. ')%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')ə%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')(' .. vowel_no_schwa_c .. ')',		function(v1, c1, c2, v2)			if no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally[c1 .. c2] then				return v1 .. '.' .. c1 .. 'Ə.' .. c2 .. v2			else				return v1 .. c1 .. '.' .. c2 .. v2			end		end) -- 2. delete schwa in VCə.Cʁə, VCə.Clə sequence word-internally --   (palefrenier, vilebrequin). text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_no_schwa_c .. ')%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')ə%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')([lʁ]ə)', '%1%2.%3%4') -- 3. make optional internal schwa in remaining VCəCV sequences, including -- across words, except between certain pairs of consonants (FIXME, needs	-- to be smarter); needs to happen after /e/ -> /ɛ/ before schwa in next -- syllable and after removing ' and _ (or we need to take them into account); -- include .* so we go right-to-left, convert to uppercase schwa so	-- we can handle sequences of schwas and not get stuck if we want to -- leave a schwa alone. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(.*' .. vowel_c .. opt_schwajoiners_c .. ')(' .. real_cons_c .. ')(' .. opt_schwajoiners_c.. ')ə(' .. opt_schwajoiners_c .. ')(' .. real_cons_c .. ')(' ..		opt_schwajoiners_c .. vowel_c .. ')',		function(v1, c1, sep1, sep2, c2, v2)			if no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words[c1 .. c2] then				return v1 .. c1 .. sep1 .. 'Ə' .. sep2 .. c2 .. v2			else				return v1 .. c1 .. sep1 .. '(Ə)' .. sep2 .. c2 .. v2			end		end)

-- lowercase any uppercase letters (AOUMNJW etc.); they were there to	-- prevent certain later rules from firing text = ulower(text)

--ĕ forces a pronounced schwa text = str_gsub(text, 'ĕ', 'ə')

-- need to resyllabify again in cases like 'saladerie', where deleting the -- schwa above caused a 'd.r' boundary that needs to become '.dr'. text = resyllabify(text)

-- rewrite apostrophes as liaison markers text = str_gsub(text, "'", "‿")

-- convert explicit-notation characters to their final result text = rsub(text, explicit_substitution_regex, explicit_substitution_to_sound)

-- remove hyphens text = rsub(text, '%-', '')

local function flatmap_result(items, fun) local new = {} for _, item in ipairs(items) do			local results = fun(item) for _, result in ipairs(results) do				table.insert(new, result) end end return new end

local result = {text} if not noalternatives then -- Include alternative with harmonized é/è if rfind(text, "ɛ%.") or rfind(text, "e" .. real_cons_c .. "+%.") then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {item, rsub(rsub(item, "ɛ%.", "e."), "e(" .. real_cons_c .. "+%.)", "ɛ%1")}			end) end if rfind(text, "ism[⁀‿]") then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {item, rsub(item, "ism([⁀‿])", "izm%1")}			end) end if rfind(text, "is%.mə[⁀‿]") then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {item, rsub(item, "is%.mə([⁀‿])", "iz.mə%1")}			end) end if rfind(text, "ɑ" .. non_nasal_c) then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {rsub_repeatedly(item, "ɑ(" .. non_nasal_c .. ")", "a%1"), item}			end) end end

--remove word-boundary markers for i, item in ipairs(result) do		result[i] = rsub(item, '⁀', '') end

-- Handle test_new_fr_pron_module/check_new_module if specified. if new_module_result then if test_new_fr_pron_module then if not require("Module:table").deepEquals(new_module_result, result) then --error(table.concat(result, ",") .. " || " .. table.concat(new_module_result, ",")) track("different-pron") else track("same-pron") end end if check_new_module then if not require("Module:table").deepEquals(new_module_result, result) then result = table.concat(result, ",") .. " || " .. table.concat(new_module_result, ",") end end end

return result end

return export

title: Module:User:Benwing2/fr-pron


text: Category:German politics

title: Category:German politics


text: 红黑名单

title: 红黑名单


text:
నిషిద్ధము

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) prohibited, forbidden.

title: నిషిద్ధము


text:
紅黑名單

Noun

 * 1) blacklist and whitelist

title: 紅黑名單