text:
Module:ang-verb

local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities") local strutils = require("Module:string utilities") local m_table = require("Module:table")

local com = require("Module:ang-common") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("ang")

local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsplit = mw.text.split local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub

-- version of rsubn that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar, n)	local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar, n)	return retval end

-- like str:gsub but discards all but the first return value local function gsub(term, foo, bar, n)	local retval = term:gsub(foo, bar, n)	return retval end

local function track(page) require("Module:debug").track("ang-verb/" .. page) return true end

local export = {}

local long_vowel = "āēīōūȳǣ" .. com.MACRON -- No precomposed œ + macron local short_vowel = "aeiouyæœ" local short_vowel_c = "[" .. short_vowel .. "]" local vowel = long_vowel .. short_vowel local vowel_c = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local long_vowel_c = "[" .. long_vowel .. "]" local non_vowel_c = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local always_unvoiced_cons = "cċkptxz" local always_unvoiced_cons_c = "[" .. always_unvoiced_cons .. "]" local unvoiced_cons = always_unvoiced_cons .. "fsþð" local unvoiced_cons_c = "[" .. unvoiced_cons .. "]" local single_cons = "bcċdfgġhklmnprstwþðƿ" local single_cons_c = "[" .. single_cons .. "]" local cons = single_cons .. "xz" local cons_c = "[" .. cons .. "]"

local slots_and_accel = { ["infinitive"] = "inf", ["infinitive2"] = "inflected|inf", ["1sg_pres_indc"] = "1|s|pres|indc", ["2sg_pres_indc"] = "2|s|pres|indc", ["3sg_pres_indc"] = "3|s|pres|indc", ["pl_pres_indc"] = "p|pres|indc", ["sg_pres_subj"] = "s|pres|subj", ["pl_pres_subj"] = "p|pres|subj", ["1sg_past_indc"] = "1|s|pret|indc", ["2sg_past_indc"] = "2|s|pret|indc", ["3sg_past_indc"] = "3|s|pret|indc", ["pl_past_indc"] = "p|pret|indc", ["sg_past_subj"] = "s|pret|subj", ["pl_past_subj"] = "p|pret|subj", ["sg_impr"] = "s|impr", ["pl_impr"] = "p|impr", ["pres_ptc"] = "pres|part", ["past_ptc"] = "past|part", }

local function ends_in_long_vowel(word) if rfind(word, long_vowel_c .. "$") then return true elseif rfind(word, "ē[ao]$") then return true elseif rfind(word, "ī[eo]$") then return true else return false end end

local function begins_with_verbal_prefix(word) word = com.decompose(word) for _, prefixspec in ipairs(com.prefixes) do		local prefix = prefixspec[1] local specs = prefixspec[2] if specs.verb then local main = rmatch(word, "^" .. prefix .. "(.-)$") if main and (not specs.restriction or rfind(main, specs.restriction)) then return true end end end

return false end

local function make_table(forms) local title = forms.title local accel_lemma = m_links.remove_links(forms.infinitive[1] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle.text) local function typetext local typ = forms["type"] local class = forms["class"] if typ == "strong" then return "strong" .. (class and " class " .. class or "") .. "" elseif typ == "weak" then return "weak" .. (class and " class " .. class or "") .. "" elseif typ == "pretpres" then return "preterite-present" elseif typ == "irreg" or typ == "anomalous" then return "irregular" else error("Unrecognized verb type: " .. typ) end end if not title then title = "Conjugation of " .. m_links.full_link({lang = lang, alt = accel_lemma}, "term") if forms["type"] then title = title .. " (" .. typetext .. ")" end end local table_args = { title = title, style = forms.style == "right" and "float:right; clear:right;" or "", width = forms.width or "30", }	for slot, accel_form in pairs(slots_and_accel) do		local table_arg = {} local slotforms = forms[slot] and #forms[slot] > 0 and forms[slot] or {"—"} for _, form in ipairs(slotforms) do			table.insert(table_arg, form == "—" and form or m_links.full_link{				lang = lang, term = form, accel = {					form = accel_form ~= "" and accel_form or nil,					lemma = accel_lemma,				}			}) table_args[slot] = table.concat(table_arg, ", ") end end local table = [=[  {title} {\op}| style="background:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;width:{width}em" class="inflection-table" ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | infinitive ! style="font-size:80%;" | indicative mood ! style="font-size:80%; background-color:#EFEFFF" | present tense ! style="font-size:80%; background-color:#EFEFFF" | past tense ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | first person singular ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | second person singular ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | third person singular ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | plural ! style="font-size:80%;" | subjunctive ! style="font-size:80%; background-color:#EFEFFF" | present tense ! style="font-size:80%; background-color:#EFEFFF" | past tense ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | singular ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | plural ! style="font-size:80%;" | imperative ! style="font-size:80%; background-color:#EFEFFF" colspan="2" | ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | singular ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | plural ! style="font-size:80%;" | participle ! style="font-size:80%; background-color:#EFEFFF" | present ! style="font-size:80%; background-color:#EFEFFF" | past ! style="font-size:90%; background-color:#FFFFE0; text-align: left" | return strutils.format(table, table_args) end
 * {infinitive}
 * {infinitive2}
 * {1sg_pres_indc}
 * {1sg_past_indc}
 * {2sg_pres_indc}
 * {2sg_past_indc}
 * {3sg_pres_indc}
 * {3sg_past_indc}
 * {pl_pres_indc}
 * {pl_past_indc}
 * {sg_pres_subj}
 * {sg_past_subj}
 * {pl_pres_subj}
 * {pl_past_subj}
 * colspan="2" | {sg_impr}
 * colspan="2" | {pl_impr}
 * {pres_ptc}
 * {past_ptc}
 * {\cl} ]=]

function export.make_table(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent.args local params = { ["title"] = {default = "—"}, ["type"] = {}, ["width"] = {}, ["style"] = {}, }	for slot, _ in pairs(slots_and_accel) do		params[slot] = {} end local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parent_args, params) return make_table(args) end

local function vernerize_cons(suf, verner) if not verner then return suf end local first_cons, cons = rmatch(suf, "^(.*)([sþðh])$") if not first_cons then return suf end if cons == "s" then cons = "r" elseif cons == "þ" or cons == "ð" then cons = "d" elseif cons == "h" then cons = "g" else error("Internal error in vernerize_cons: Unexpected suffix " .. suf) end return first_cons .. cons end

local function depalatalize_final_cons_before_cons(word) if word:find("sċ$") then return word elseif word:find("nċġ$") then -- crinċġan etc.		return gsub(word, "nċġ$", "ng") else return rsub(word, "([nċġ]?[ċġ])$", {			["ċ"] = "c",			["nċ"] = "nc",			["ċċ"] = "cc",			["ġċ"] = "ġc",			["nġ"] = "ng",			["ċġ"] = "cg",			-- ġ and ġġ stay as-is		}) end end

local function depalatalize_final_cons_before_back_vowel(word) local word = depalatalize_final_cons_before_cons(word) return gsub(word, "ġ$", "g") end

local function palatalize_final_cons(word) return rsub(word, "([cg]?[cg])$", {		["c"] = "ċ",		["cc"] = "ċċ",		["cg"] = "ċġ",		["g"] = "ġ",		["gc"] = "gċ", -- ??		["gg"] = "ċġ",	}) end

-- Add an ending that begins with a consonant onto a stem, making adjustments -- as necessary when two consonants come together. Currently recognizes only -- the three endings "st", "þ" and "d". local function construct_cons_stem_ending(stem, ending) -- If the stem ends in a geminate, reduce to single consonant -- (e.g. fyll-, sett-). local origstem = stem local base, final_geminated = rmatch(stem, "^(.-)(" .. non_vowel_c .. ")%2$")	if base then stem = base .. final_geminated end stem = depalatalize_final_cons_before_cons(stem) if ending == "st" then -- For 2sg: -- cyssan + -st -> cyst, tǣsan + -st -> tǣst -- settan + -st -> setst, myntan + -st -> myn(t)st (?), restan + -st -> restst/rest (?) -- bǣdan + -st -> bǣtst, sendan + -st -> sen(t)st -- cȳþan + -st -> cȳst, cwiþ- + -st -> cwist -- wiex- + -st -> wiext -- drenċan + -st -> drencst -- senġan + -st -> sengst if stem:find("s$") then return stem .. "t" elseif stem:find("[dt]$") then if rfind(stem, vowel_c .. "[dt]$") then return gsub(stem, "[dt]$", "tst") elseif rfind(stem, "s[dt]$") then return gsub(stem, "s[dt]$", "st") else return {gsub(stem, "[dt]$", "st"), gsub(stem, "[dt]$", "tst")} end elseif rfind(stem, "[þð]$") then return rsub(stem, "[þð]$", "st") elseif stem:find("x$") then return stem .. "t" else return stem .. "st" end elseif ending == "þ" then -- For 3sg: -- cyssan + -þ -> cyst, tǣsan + -þ -> tǣst -- settan + -þ -> set(t), myntan + -þ -> mynt, restan + -þ -> rest -- bǣdan + -þ -> bǣt(t), sendan + -þ -> sent -- cȳþan + -þ -> cȳþ(þ), cwiþ- + -þ -> cwiþ(þ) -- wiex- + -þ -> wiext -- drenċan + -þ -> drencþ -- senġan + -þ -> sengþ if rfind(stem, vowel_c .. "[dt]$") then return {gsub(stem, "[dt]$", "tt"), gsub(stem, "[dt]$", "t")} elseif stem:find("[dt]$") then return gsub(stem, "[dt]$", "t") elseif stem:find("[sx]$") then return stem .. "t" elseif rfind(stem, "[þð]$") then return {rsub(stem, "[þð]$", "þþ"), stem} else return stem .. "þ" end elseif ending == "d" then -- For past: -- cyssan + -de -> cyste, tǣsan + -de -> tǣsde -- settan + -de -> sette, myntan + -de -> mynte, restan + -de -> reste, mētan + -de -> mētte -- bǣdan + -de -> bǣdde, sendan + -de -> sende, hreddan + -de -> hredde -- cȳþan + -de -> cȳþde (later cȳdde), ġeorwirþan + -de -> ġeorwirþde, sċeþþan + -de -> sċeþte --  (? Bosworth-Toller has only sċeþede, and has pæþde for *pæþte from pæþþan) -- līexan + -de -> līexte -- pyffan + -de -> pyfte, ġelīefan + -de -> ġelīefde -- drenċan + -de -> drencte -- senġan + -de -> sengde -- cīepan + -de -> cīepte, clyppan + -de -> clypte -- spillan + -de -> spilde, cierran + -de -> cierde, wemman + -de -> wemde, etc. if rfind(stem, vowel_c .. "t$") then return stem .. "t" elseif rfind(stem, vowel_c .. "d$") then return stem .. "d" elseif stem:find("[dt]$") then return stem elseif rfind(stem, always_unvoiced_cons_c .. "$") or rfind(origstem, unvoiced_cons_c .. "[sfþð]$") then return stem .. "t" else return stem .. "d" end else error("Unrecognized ending: '" .. ending .. "'") end end

-- Default function for combining a stem and an ending. This makes no adjustments -- to the result other than returning an optional variant ending in -h if the result -- ends in -g. Example: stīgan preterite stāg or stāh. (Does not apply to a form -- ending in -ġ.) If adjustments are necessary at the stem/ending boundary, use e.g. -- construct_cons_stem_ending. local function default_construct_stem_ending(stem, ending) local form = stem .. ending if form:find("g$") and not form:find("[ncg]g$") then return {form, gsub(form, "g$", "h")} else return form end end

local function add_form_to_slot(args, slot, form) if not args[slot] then args[slot] = {} end if type(form) == "string" then m_table.insertIfNot(args[slot], form) else for _, f in ipairs(form) do			m_table.insertIfNot(args[slot], f)		end end end

local function add_ending_with_prefix(args, slot, pref, stems, ending, construct_stem_ending) construct_stem_ending = construct_stem_ending or default_construct_stem_ending if type(stems) ~= "table" then stems = {stems} end for _, stem in ipairs(stems) do local form = construct_stem_ending(pref and pref .. stem or stem, ending) add_form_to_slot(args, slot, form) end end

local function add_ending(args, slot, stems, ending, construct_stem_ending) add_ending_with_prefix(args, slot, nil, stems, ending, construct_stem_ending) end

local function construct_optional_ge_stem_ending(stem, ending) return "(ġe)" .. stem .. ending .. "" end

local function make_non_past(args, presa, presefin, presenfin, pres23, impsg, pp, with_ge) add_ending(args, "infinitive", presa, "n") add_ending(args, "infinitive2", presenfin, "nne") add_ending(args, "1sg_pres_indc", presefin, "") add_ending(args, "2sg_pres_indc", pres23, "st", construct_cons_stem_ending) add_ending(args, "3sg_pres_indc", pres23, "þ", construct_cons_stem_ending) add_ending(args, "pl_pres_indc", presa, "þ") add_ending(args, "sg_pres_subj", presefin, "") add_ending(args, "pl_pres_subj", presefin, "n") add_ending(args, "sg_impr", impsg, "") add_ending(args, "pl_impr", presa, "þ") add_ending(args, "pres_ptc", presenfin, "nde") if with_ge then add_ending(args, "past_ptc", pp, "", construct_optional_ge_stem_ending) else add_ending(args, "past_ptc", pp, "") end end

local function make_strong_past(args, pref, pastsg, pastpl) add_ending_with_prefix(args, "1sg_past_indc", pref, pastsg, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "2sg_past_indc", pref, pastpl, "e") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "3sg_past_indc", pref, pastsg, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pl_past_indc", pref, pastpl, "on") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "sg_past_subj", pref, pastpl, "e") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pl_past_subj", pref, pastpl, "en") end

local function make_strong(presa, prese, pres23, impsg, pastsg, pastpl, pp, with_ge) local args = {} make_non_past(args, presa, prese, prese, pres23, impsg, pp, with_ge) make_strong_past(args, nil, pastsg, pastpl) return args end

local function make_weak_past(args, pref, past) add_ending_with_prefix(args, "1sg_past_indc", pref, past, "e") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "2sg_past_indc", pref, past, "est") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "3sg_past_indc", pref, past, "e") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pl_past_indc", pref, past, "on") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "sg_past_subj", pref, past, "e") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pl_past_subj", pref, past, "en") end

local function make_weak(presa, presefin, presenfin, pres23, impsg, past, pp, with_ge) local args = {} make_non_past(args, presa, presefin, presenfin, pres23, impsg, pp, with_ge) make_weak_past(args, nil, past) return args end

local strong_verbs = {}

strong_verbs["1"] = function(data) local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ī(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- bīdan "await", ācwīnan "dwindle away", sċīnan "shine", spīwan "spew, spit", etc.; -- stīgan "ascend" (þū stīġst, stāg/stāh [handled by default_construct_stem_ending],		-- stigon, stiġen); blīcan "shine" (þū blīcst/blīċest) data.pres23 = pref .. "ī" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) if suf == "g" then data.impsg = pref .. "īġ" else data.impsg = pref .. "ī" .. suf end -- ġīnan "yawn" (gān, ġinon, ġinen) data.pastsg = depalatalize_final_cons_before_back_vowel(pref) .. "ā" .. suf -- snīþan "cut" -> snidon; sċrīþan "go, proceed" -> sċridon -- (but not mīþan "avoid", wrīþan "twist") local pastsuf = vernerize_cons(suf, data.verner) data.pastpl = pref .. "i" .. pastsuf if pastsuf == "g" then data.pp = pref .. "iġen" else data.pp = data.pastpl .. "en" end return end pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)[ēī]on$") if pref then -- tēon/tīon "accuse" < *tīhanan, similarly lēon "lend" < *līhwanan, -- sēon "strain" < *sīhwanan, þēon "thrive" < *þinhanan (originally strong 3), -- wrēon < *wrīhanan. Beware of homonyms e.g. tēon "pull, draw" (strong 2) < *teuhanan, -- tēon "make, create" (weak) ?< *tīhanan (strong); -- þēon/þēowan/þȳ(g)(a)n "press" (weak) < *þunhijanan; -- sēon "see" (strong 5) < *sehwanan data.pres23 = pref .. "īeh" data.impsg = gsub(data.inf, "n$", "h") data.pastsg = pref .. "āh" if rfind(pref, "[þð]$") then -- þēon "thrive", has remnant strong 3 parts data.pastpl = {pref .. "ig", pref .. "ung"} data.pp = {pref .. "iġen", pref .. "ungen"} else data.pastpl = pref .. "ig" if pref:find("s$") then -- sēon "strain" alt past part siwen data.pp = {pref .. "iġen", pref .. "iwen"} else data.pp = pref .. "iġen" end end return end end

strong_verbs["2"] = function(data) local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ēo(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- bēodan "command", crēopan "creep"; rēocan "smoke, reek" (þū rīecst/rīeċest); -- drēogan "endure" (þū drīeġst, drēag/drēah [handled by default_construct_stem_ending],		-- drugon, drogen) data.pres23 = pref .. "īe" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "ēo" .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "ēa" .. suf -- ġēotan "pour" (ġēat, guton, goten); ċēosan "choose" (ċēas, curon, coren) local pastpref = depalatalize_final_cons_before_back_vowel(pref) -- ċēosan "choose" -> curon; forlēosan "lose" -> forluron; sēoþan "boil" -> sudon -- (but not ābrēoþan "perish, ruin") local pastsuf = vernerize_cons(suf, data.verner) data.pastpl = pastpref .. "u" .. pastsuf data.pp = pastpref .. "o" .. pastsuf .. "en" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ū(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- sċūfan "shove"; brūcan "use" (þū brīecst/brīeċest); -- būgan "bend" (þū bīeġst, bēag/bēah [handled by default_construct_stem_ending],		-- bugon, bogen) data.pres23 = pref .. "ȳ" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "ū" .. suf -- could have palatalization here, but no known examples data.pastsg = pref .. "ēa" .. suf -- no known examples of Vernerization, but just in case local pastsuf = vernerize_cons(suf, data.verner) data.pastpl = pref .. "u" .. pastsuf data.pp = pref .. "o" .. pastsuf .. "en" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ēon$") if pref then -- tēon "pull, draw" < *teuhanan, flēon "flee" -- Beware of homonyms, e.g. tēon/tīon "accuse" (strong 1) < *tīhanan, -- tēon "make, create" (weak) ?< *tīhan (strong) data.pres23 = pref .. "īeh" data.impsg = gsub(data.inf, "n$", "h") data.pastsg = pref .. "ēah" -- no examples where depalatalization is needed data.pastpl = pref .. "ug" data.pp = pref .. "ogen" return end end

strong_verbs["3"] = function(data) local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)i([mn]" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- bindan "bind", climban "climb", ġelimpan "happen", winnan "win", -- swimman "swim", etc.; ācwincan "vanish" (þū ācwincst/ācwinċest); -- cringan (þū cringst/crinġest), variant crinċġan (þū cringst/crinċġest) data.pres23 = pref .. "i" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "i" .. suf -- onġinnan "begin" (ongann, ongunnon, ongunnen), ċimban "join" local pastpref = depalatalize_final_cons_before_back_vowel(pref) -- no Verner alternation here; expected #fīþan, #fōþ, #fundon < -- *finþanan, *fanþ, *fundund regularized into findan, fand, fundon; -- but depalatalize to handle crin(ċ)ġan past crang/crungon/crungen -- and (maybe?) variant crinċan past cranc/cruncon/cruncen local pastsuf = depalatalize_final_cons_before_cons(suf) data.pastsg = pastpref .. "a" .. pastsuf data.pastpl = pastpref .. "u" .. pastsuf data.pp = pastpref .. "u" .. pastsuf .. "en" return end local pref, vowel, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(ie)(l" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if not pref then -- ġeldan/ġildan/ġyldan variants of ġieldan; helpan/bellan/delfan etc. pref, vowel, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)([eiy])(l" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") end if not pref then pref, vowel, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(eo)(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") end if pref then -- helpan "help" (þū hilpst), bellan "bellow", beteldan "cover", delfan "dig", -- sweltan "die", etc.; belgan "swell with anger" (þū bielġst, bealg/bealh		-- [handled by default_construct_stem_ending]) --		-- ġieldan "yield, pay" (þū ġiel(t)st, hē ġieldeþ/ġielt, ġeald, guldon, golden), -- ġiellan "yell", ġielpan "boast" --		-- weorpan "throw" (þū wierpst), feohtan "fight", sċeorfan "gnaw"; -- āseolcan "languish" (þū āsielcst/āsielċest), beorgan "protect" -- (þū bierġst, bearg/bearh [handled by default_construct_stem_ending]) data.pres23 = pref .. (vowel == "e" and "i" or vowel == "eo" and "ie" or vowel) .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. vowel .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "ea" .. suf -- ġieldan etc. (see above) local pastpref = depalatalize_final_cons_before_back_vowel(pref) -- weorþan -> wurdon local pastsuf = vernerize_cons(suf, data.verner) data.pastpl = pastpref .. "u" .. pastsuf data.pp = pastpref .. "o" .. pastsuf .. "en" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)eġdan$") if pref then -- breġdan "brandish" (þū breġdest, hē breġdeþ, bræġd/brǣd, brugdon, brogden) -- streġdan "strew" (like breġdan) data.pres23 = pref .. "eġde" data.impsg = pref .. "eġd" data.pastsg = {pref .. "æġd", pref .. "ǣd"} data.pastpl = pref .. "ugd" data.pp = pref .. "ogden" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(ie?rn)an$") if not pref then pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(yrn)an$") end if pref then -- biernan/birnan/byrnan "burn" < *brinnanan (þū biernst, barn/born/bearn, burnon, burnen) -- iernan/irnan/yrnan "run" < *rinnan (like biernan) data.pres23 = pref .. suf data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = {pref .. "arn", pref .. "orn", pref .. "earn"} data.pastpl = pref .. "urn" data.pp = pref .. "urnen" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)([ou])rnan$") if pref then -- murnan "mourn" (þū myrnst, mearn, murnon, — but BT documents mornen) -- spurnan/spornan "spurn" (þū spyrnst, spearn, spurnon, spornen) data.pres23 = pref .. "yrn" data.impsg = pref .. vowel .. "rn" data.pastsg = pref .. "earn" data.pastpl = pref .. "urn" data.pp = pref .. "ornen" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)e(r" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- berstan "burst" < *brestanan (þū birst, hē birsteþ/birst, bærst, burston, borsten) -- þersċan "thrash, thresh" < *þreskanan (þū þirsċst, hē þirsċeþ, þærsċ, þursċon, þorsċen) data.pres23 = pref .. "i" .. suf data.impsg = pref .. "e" .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "æ" .. suf data.pastpl = pref .. "u" .. suf data.pp = pref .. "o" .. suf .. "en" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)fr([ei])ġnan$") if pref then -- friġnan "ask", variant freġnan data.pres23 = {pref .. "friġne", pref .. "friġn"} data.impsg = pref .. "fr" .. vowel .. "ġn" data.pastsg = pref .. "fræġn" data.pastpl = pref .. "frugn" data.pp = pref .. "frugnen" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)frīnan$") if pref then -- frīnan "ask" variant of friġnan data.pres23 = {pref .. "frīne", pref .. "frīn"} data.impsg = pref .. "frīn" data.pastsg = pref .. "frān" data.pastpl = pref .. "frūn" data.pp = pref .. "frūnen" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)fēolan$") if pref then -- fēolan "enter, penetrate" data.pres23 = {pref .. "fielh", pref .. "filh"} data.impsg = pref .. "feolh" data.pastsg = pref .. "fealh" data.pastpl = {pref .. "fǣl", pref .. "fulg", pref .. "fūl"} data.pp = {pref .. "folgen", pref .. "fōlen"} return end end

strong_verbs["4"] = function(data) local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ie(" .. cons_c .. ")an$") if pref then -- sċieran "shear" data.pres23 = {pref .. "ie" .. suf .. "e", pref .. "ie" .. suf} data.impsg = pref .. "ie" .. suf -- no Verner alternation or depalatalization here data.pastsg = pref .. "ea" .. suf data.pastpl = pref .. "ēa" .. suf data.pp = pref .. "o" .. suf .. "en" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)e(" .. cons_c .. ")an$") if pref then -- beran "bear, carry", cwelan "die", brecan "break" (þū bricst/briċest), etc.		if suf == "r" or suf == "l" then data.pres23 = {pref .. "i" .. suf .. "e", pref .. "i" .. suf} else data.pres23 = pref .. "i" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) end data.impsg = pref .. "e" .. suf -- no Verner alternation or depalatalization here data.pastsg = pref .. "æ" .. suf data.pastpl = pref .. "ǣ" .. suf data.pp = pref .. "o" .. suf .. "en" return end -- Next two are irregular but occur with so many prefixes that we special-case them here. local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)cuman$") if pref then -- cuman "come" data.pres23 = {pref .. "cyme", pref .. "cym"} data.impsg = pref .. "cum" data.pastsg = {pref .. "cōm", pref .. "cwōm"} data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "cumen", pref .. "cymen"} return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)niman$") if pref then -- niman "take" data.pres23 = {pref .. "nime", pref .. "nim"} data.impsg = pref .. "nim" data.pastsg = pref .. "nōm" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "numen" return end end

strong_verbs["5"] = function(data) local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ie(" .. cons_c .. ")an$") if not pref then pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-ġ)[eiy](" .. cons_c .. ")an$") end if pref then -- ġiefan "give", forġietan "forget" data.pres23 = pref .. "ie" .. suf data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = pref .. "ea" .. suf data.pastpl = pref .. "ēa" .. suf data.pp = pref .. "e" .. suf .. "en" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)e(" .. cons_c .. ")an$") if suf == "g" then -- wegan "carry"; special-case data.pres23 = pref .. "iġ" data.impsg = pref .. "eġ" data.pastsg = pref .. "æġ" data.pastpl = {pref .. "ǣg", pref .. "āg"} data.pp = pref .. "eġen" return elseif pref then -- metan "measure", sprecan "speak", cnedan "knead", wefan "weave", etc. data.pres23 = pref .. "i" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "e" .. suf if suf == "t" and not pref:find("m$") and not pref:find("ġ$") then -- etan "eat", fretan "devour", compounds; exclude metan "measure", -- ġetan (potential variant of ġietan) data.pastsg = pref .. "ǣ" .. suf else data.pastsg = pref .. "æ" .. suf end -- cweþan "say" -> cwǣdon, wesan "be" -> wǣron -- (but not ġenesan "be saved", lesan "collect, gather") local pastsuf = vernerize_cons(suf, data.verner) data.pastpl = pref .. "ǣ" .. pastsuf if data.inf:find("drepan$") then -- Special-case drepan "strike, slay"; Wright lists brecan here with -- pp only brocen, but that just makes it a strong-4 verb and that's			-- where it's normally listed in dictionaries data.pp = {pref .. "epen", pref .. "open"} else data.pp = pref .. "e" .. pastsuf .. "en" end return end local pref, last_cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)i([dt])%2an$") if pref then -- biddan "pray", sittan "sit" data.pres23 = pref .. "i" .. last_cons data.impsg = data.pres23 .. "e" data.pastsg = pref .. "æ" .. last_cons data.pastpl = pref .. "ǣ" .. last_cons data.pp = pref .. "e" .. last_cons .. "en" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)iċġe?an$") if pref then -- liċġan "lie down", þiċġan "receive", friċġan "ask, inquire" data.pres23 = pref .. "iġ" data.impsg = data.pres23 .. "e" if rfind(data.inf, "[þð]iċġe?an$") then data.pastsg = {pref .. "eah", pref .. "ah"} else data.pastsg = pref .. "æġ" end data.pastpl = {pref .. "ǣg", pref .. "āg"} if data.inf:find("friċġe?an$") then data.pp = {pref .. "iġen", pref .. "ugen"} else data.pp = pref .. "eġen" end return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ēon$") if pref then -- sēon "see" < *sehwanan, ġefēon "rejoice" < *gafehanan, plēon "risk" < *plehanan data.pres23 = pref .. "ieh" data.impsg = pref .. "eoh" data.pastsg = pref .. "eah" if pref:find("s$") then -- sēon "see" data.pastpl = pref .. "āw" data.pp = pref .. "ewen" else data.pastpl = pref .. "ǣg" data.pp = pref .. "eġen" end return end end

strong_verbs["6"] = function(data) local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ea(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- sċ(e)acan "shake", sċ(e)afan "shave, scrape" data.pres23 = pref .. "ea" .. suf data.impsg = {pref .. "a" .. suf, data.pres23} data.pastsg = {pref .. "ō" .. suf, pref .. "eō" .. suf} data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "a" .. suf .. "en", pref .. "ea" .. suf .. "en"} return end local pref, vowel, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(a)(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if not pref then -- stondan variant of standan, sponan variant of spanan pref, vowel, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(o)(n" .. cons_c .. "*)an$") end if not pref then -- wæsċan/wasċean/wæsċean variant of wasċan pref, vowel, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)([aæ])(sċ" .. cons_c .. "*)e?an$") end if suf == "g" then -- gnagan "gnaw", dragan "draw" data.pres23 = pref .. "æġ" data.impsg = pref .. "ag" data.pastsg = pref .. "ōg" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "æġen", pref .. "agen"} return elseif suf == "nd" and pref:find("st$") then -- standan/stondan "stand" data.pres23 = pref .. "end" data.impsg = pref .. vowel .. "nd" data.pastsg = pref .. "ōd" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. vowel .. "nden" return elseif suf == "n" and pref:find("sp$") then -- spanon/sponan "allure" data.pres23 = {pref .. "ene", pref .. "en"} data.impsg = pref .. vowel .. "n" data.pastsg = {pref .. "ōn", pref .. "ēon"} -- has alt class VII past data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. vowel .. "nen" return elseif pref then -- faran "go", alan "grow", bacan "bake", hladan "lade", wasċan "wash", etc.		if suf == "r" or suf == "l" or suf == "sċ" then data.pres23 = {pref .. "æ" .. suf .. "e", pref .. "æ" .. suf} else data.pres23 = pref .. "æ" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) end data.impsg = pref .. "a" .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "ō" .. suf -- Apparently no Verner variation here data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "æ" .. suf .. "en", pref .. "a" .. suf .. "en"} return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ēan$") if pref then -- slēan "strike", flēan "flay", lēan "blame", þwēan "wash" data.pres23 = pref .. "ieh" data.impsg = pref .. "eah" data.pastsg = pref .. "ōg" -- also slōh etc., which will get automatically added data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "æġen", pref .. "agen", pref .. "eġen"} return end local pref, last_cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)i([dt])%2an$") -- All the j-present verbs have to be handled individually as each has -- idiosyncrasies. local pref, last_cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)hebban$") if pref then -- hebban "raise" data.pres23 = pref .. "hefe" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = pref .. "hōf" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "hæfen", pref .. "hafen", pref .. "hefen"} return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)hl([iy]?e?)hhan$") if pref then -- hliehhan "laugh" data.pres23 = pref .. "hl" .. vowel .. "h" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = pref .. "hlōg" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "hlæġen" return end local pref, cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)sċe([þð])%2an$") if pref then -- sċeþþan "injure" (for some reason, expected #sċieþþan doesn't occur) data.pres23 = pref .. "sċe" .. cons .. "e" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = "sċōd" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = "sċeaþen" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)sċ([iy]?e?)ppan$") if pref then -- sċieppan "create" data.pres23 = pref .. "sċ" .. vowel .. "pe" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = {pref .. "sċōp", pref .. "sċeōp"} data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "sċeapen", pref .. "sċapen"} return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)st([æe])ppan$") if pref then -- stæppan "step, go" data.pres23 = pref .. "st" .. vowel .. "pe" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = pref .. "stōp" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "stæpen", pref .. "stapen"} return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-s[wƿ])erian$") if pref then -- swerian "swear" data.pres23 = pref .. "ere" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.pastsg = pref .. "ōr" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "oren" -- on the analogy of class IV verbs like beran return end end

strong_verbs["7"] = function(data) -- Type (7a) verbs local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)hātan$") if pref then -- hātan "call" data.pres23 = pref .. "hǣt" data.impsg = pref .. "hāt" data.pastsg = {pref .. "hēt", pref .. "hēht"} -- FIXME, indicate latter as poetic data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "hāten" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)lācan$") if pref then -- lācan "play" data.pres23 = pref .. "lǣċ" data.impsg = pref .. "lāc" data.pastsg = {pref .. "lēc", pref .. "leolc"} -- FIXME, indicate latter as poetic data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "lācen" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)sċ(e?ā)dan$") if not pref then pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)sċ(ēa)dan$") end if pref then -- sċ(e)ādan or sċēadan "separate" data.pres23 = pref .. "sċēad" data.impsg = pref .. "sċ" .. vowel .. "d" data.pastsg = {pref .. "sċēd", pref .. "sċēad"} data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "sċ" .. vowel .. "den" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)lǣtan$") if pref then -- lǣtan "let, allow" data.pres23 = pref .. "lǣt" data.impsg = pref .. "lǣt" data.pastsg = {pref .. "lēt", pref .. "leort"} -- FIXME, indicate latter as poetic data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "lǣten" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ondrǣdan$") if pref then -- ondrǣdan "dread, fear" data.pres23 = pref .. "ondrǣd" data.impsg = pref .. "ondrǣd" data.pastsg = {pref .. "ondrēd", pref .. "ondreord"} -- FIXME, indicate latter as poetic data.pastpl = data.pastsg make_weak_past(data.extraforms, pref, "ondrǣdd") data.pp = pref .. "ondrǣden" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)rǣdan$") if pref then -- rǣdan "advise" data.pres23 = pref .. "rǣd" data.impsg = pref .. "rǣd" -- NOTE: Also (mostly) has weak past rǣdde and pp (ġe)rǣdd; can be handled -- by declaring the verb as both weak 1b and strong 7. data.pastsg = {pref .. "rēd", pref .. "reord"} -- FIXME, indicate latter as poetic data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "rǣden" return end local pref, vowel = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)slǣpan$") if pref then -- slǣpan "sleep" data.pres23 = pref .. "slǣp" data.impsg = pref .. "slǣp" data.pastsg = pref .. "slēp" data.pastpl = data.pastsg make_weak_past(data.extraforms, pref, "slǣpt") data.pp = pref .. "slǣpen" return end local pref, main = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(gr[ǣē]t)an$") if pref then -- grǣtan "wail" data.pres23 = pref .. main data.impsg = pref .. main data.pastsg = pref .. "grēt" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. main .. "en" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)blandan$") if pref then -- blandan "mix" data.pres23 = pref .. "blend" data.impsg = pref .. "bland" data.pastsg = pref .. "blēnd" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "blanden" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ōn$") if pref then -- fōn "seize", hōn "hang" data.pres23 = pref .. "ēh" data.impsg = pref .. "ōh" data.pastsg = pref .. "ēng" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = {pref .. "angen"} return end -- Type (7b) verbs local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)annan$") if pref then -- bannan "summon", spannan "join, clasp" data.pres23 = pref .. "enn" data.impsg = pref .. "ann" data.pastsg = {pref .. "ēonn", pref .. "ēon"} data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "annen" return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)gangan$") if pref then -- gangan "go" data.pres23 = pref .. "geng" data.impsg = pref .. "gang" data.pastsg = {pref .. "ġēng", pref .. "ġīeng"} data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "gangen" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ea(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- fealdan "fold", feallan "fall", healdan "hold", stealdan "possess", -- wealcan "roll", wealdan "rule", weallan "boil", weaxan "grow" data.pres23 = pref .. "ie" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "ea" .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "ēo" .. suf data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "ea" .. suf .. "en" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ā(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- blāwan "blow", cnāwan "know", crāwan "crow", māwan "mow", sāwan "sow", -- swāpan "sweep", þrāwan "turn, twist", wāwan "blow" data.pres23 = pref .. "ǣ" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "ā" .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "ēo" .. suf data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "ā" .. suf .. "en" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ēa(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then -- bēatan "beat", āhnēapan "pluck off", hēawan "hew", hlēapan "leap" data.pres23 = pref .. "īe" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "ēa" .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "ēo" .. suf data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "ēa" .. suf .. "en" return end local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ō(" .. cons_c .. "+)an$") if pref then if suf == "g" and pref:find("sw$") then -- swōgan "sound" data.pres23 = pref .. "ēġ" data.impsg = pref .. "ōg" data.pastsg = {} -- no preterite data.pastpl = {} data.pp = pref .. "ōgen" return end if suf == "c" and pref:find("fl$") or suf == "t" and rfind(pref, "[wƿ]r$") then -- flōcan "clap, strike", wrōtan "root up" data.pres23 = pref .. "ē" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "ō" .. suf data.pastsg = {} -- no preterite data.pastpl = {} data.pp = pref .. "ō" .. suf .. "en" return end -- blōtan "sacrifice", blōwan "bloom, blossom", hrōpan "shout", -- hwōpan "threaten", flōwan "flow", grōwan "grow", hlōwan "low, bellow", -- spōwan "succeed"; also rōwan "row", which has alt pret pl rēon data.pres23 = pref .. "ē" .. palatalize_final_cons(suf) data.impsg = pref .. "ō" .. suf data.pastsg = pref .. "ēo" .. suf data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "ō" .. suf .. "en" if (suf == "w" or suf == "ƿ") and pref:find("r$") and not pref:find("gr$") then -- rōwan "row" data.extraforms["pl_past_indc"] = {pref .. "ēon"} end return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-[wƿ])ēpan$") if pref then -- wēpan "weep"; j-present data.pres23 = pref .. "ēp" data.impsg = pref .. "ēp" data.pastsg = pref .. "ēop" data.pastpl = data.pastsg data.pp = pref .. "ōpen" return end end

local weak_verbs = {}

weak_verbs["1a"] = function(data) local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ian$") if pref then data.pres23 = pref .. "e" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.past = data.pres23 .. "d" data.pp = data.past return end local pref, last_cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)([dt])%2an$") if pref then data.pres23 = pref .. last_cons data.impsg = data.pres23 .. "e" data.past = data.pres23 .. last_cons data.pp = {data.pres23 .. "ed", data.past, data.pres23} return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ċġe?an$") if pref then data.pres23 = pref .. "ġ" data.impsg = data.pres23 .. "e" data.past = data.pres23 .. "d" data.pp = {data.pres23 .. "ed", data.past} return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)bban$") if pref then -- swebban etc. data.pres23 = pref .. "fe" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.past = data.pres23 .. "d" data.pp = data.past return end local pref, last_cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(.)%2an$") if not pref then pref, last_cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(ċ)ċean$") end if pref then data.pres23 = pref .. last_cons .. "e" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.past = data.pres23 .. "d" data.pp = data.past return end end

weak_verbs["1b"] = function(data) local pref, cons = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-[rl])([wƿ])an$") if pref then -- ġierwan, hierwan, nierwan, sierwan, smierwan, wielwan (?) data.pres23 = pref .. "e" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.past = data.pres23 .. "d" data.pp = {pref .. cons .. "ed", pref .. "ed"} return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-" .. cons_c .. "[rlmnwƿ])an$") if pref and not pref:find("[rl][mn]$") and not pref:find("rl$") and not rfind(pref, "(" .. cons_c .. ")%1$") then -- hyngran, dīeglan, bīecnan, þrysman, etc. data.pres23 = pref .. "e" data.impsg = data.pres23 local vowel = rmatch(pref, "^.-(" .. vowel_c .. "+)" .. single_cons_c .. "[rlmnwƿ]$") if vowel and not ends_in_long_vowel(vowel) then -- efnan, bytlan, eġlan, ræfnan, seġlan, þrysman; form without -ed is older data.past = {pref .. "d", pref .. "ed"} else -- dīeglan, forglendran, wrixlan, frēfran, timbran, symblan, etc. data.past = pref .. "ed" end data.pp = pref .. "ed" return end if data.inf:find("ēan$") or rfind(data.inf, vowel_c .. "n$") and not data.inf:find("an$") then -- contracted verb, e.g. hēan, þēon, tȳn, rȳn, þȳn -- FIXME, verify in Campbell that all of the following are correct data.pres23 = data.presa data.impsg = data.presa data.past = data.presa .. "d" data.pp = data.past return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)an$") if pref then data.pres23 = {pref .. "e", pref} data.impsg = pref data.past = construct_cons_stem_ending(pref, "d") data.pp = pref .. "ed" return end end

weak_verbs["1"] = function(data) local weaktype if data.inf:find("ian$") then weaktype = "1a" elseif rfind(data.inf, "(" .. cons_c .. ")%1an$") or data.inf:find("ċċean$") or data.inf:find("cgan$") or data.inf:find("ċġan$") then local prev = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)....$") if rfind(prev, vowel_c .. "$") and not ends_in_long_vowel(prev) then weaktype = "1a" else weaktype = "1b" end else weaktype = "1b" end weak_verbs[weaktype](data) end

weak_verbs["2"] = function(data) -- lufian local pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)(ian)$") if not pref then -- lufiġan, lufeġan, lufiġean, lufeġean (alternative spellings) pref, suf = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)([ei]ġe?an)$") end if pref then data.pres23 = pref .. "a" data.presenfin = data.prese data.presefin = suf == "ian" and pref .. "iġe" or data.presenfin data.impsg = data.pres23 data.past = pref .. "od" data.pp = data.past return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)ġe?an$") if pref then -- twēoġan, smēaġ(e)an data.pres23 = pref data.impsg = data.pres23 data.past = data.pres23 .. "d" data.pp = data.past return end end

weak_verbs["3"] = function(data) local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)abban$") if pref then data.prese = pref .. "æbbe" data.pres23 = pref .. "æf" data.impsg = pref .. "afa" data.past = pref .. "æfd" data.pp = data.past return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)libban$") if pref then -- libban, compounds data.pres23 = pref .. "leofa" data.impsg = data.pres23 data.past = pref .. "lifd" data.pp = data.past return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)seċġe?an$") if pref then -- seċġan, compounds data.pres23 = pref .. "sæġ" data.impsg = pref .. "sæġe" data.past = pref .. "sæġd" data.pp = data.past return end local pref = rmatch(data.inf, "^(.-)hyċġe?an$") if pref then -- hyċġan, compounds data.pres23 = pref .. "hyġ" data.impsg = pref .. "hyġe" data.past = pref .. "hogd" data.pp = data.past return end end

local function make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, pres1, pres2, pres3, prespl,	presp, subj, impsg, imppl, pp, with_ge) add_ending(args, "infinitive", inf, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "infinitive2", pref, presp, "ne") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "1sg_pres_indc", pref, pres1, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "2sg_pres_indc", pref, pres2, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "3sg_pres_indc", pref, pres3, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pl_pres_indc", pref, prespl, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "sg_pres_subj", pref, subj, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pl_pres_subj", pref, subj, "n") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "sg_impr", pref, impsg, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pl_impr", pref, imppl, "") add_ending_with_prefix(args, "pres_ptc", pref, presp, "de") if with_ge then add_ending_with_prefix(args, "past_ptc", pref, pp, "", construct_optional_ge_stem_ending) else add_ending_with_prefix(args, "past_ptc", pref, pp, "") end end

-- Construct all preterite-present forms. Each of the arguments can be a single string or list. -- If a given argument is missing, supply an empty list {}. -- Arguments: -- INF: Infinitive. -- PREF: Prefix to add to all forms other than the infinitive. -- PRES13: 1st/3rd singular present form. -- PRES2: 2nd singular present form. -- PRESPL: Plural present form. -- PRESP: Present participle stem (up through -en, missing final -de; also used to construct --       second infinitive by adding -ne) -- SUBJ: Singular present subjunctive form (also used to construct plural subjunctive by adding -n) -- IMPSG: 2nd singular imperative form. -- IMPPL: 2nd plural imperative form. -- PAST: Stem of past tense. -- PP: Past participle. local function make_preterite_present_forms(inf, pref, pres13, pres2, prespl,	presp, subj, impsg, imppl, past, pp, with_ge) local args = {} make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, pres13, pres2, pres13, prespl, presp, subj,		impsg, imppl, pp, with_ge) make_weak_past(args, pref, past) return args end

local function make_preterite_present(inf, with_ge) local pref, vowel = rmatch(inf, "^(.-[wƿn])([iy])[oe]?tan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "āt", "āst", vowel .. "ton", vowel .. "ten",			vowel .. "te", vowel .. "te", vowel .. "taþ", {vowel .. "ss", vowel .. "st"},			vowel .. "ten", with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)dugan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "dēag", "dēaht", "dugon", "dugen", "dyġe", "dyġe", "dugaþ", "doht", {}, with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)cunnan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "cann", "canst", "cunnon", "cunnen", "cunne",			"cunne", "cunnaþ", "cūþ", "cunnen", with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)unnan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "ann", "anst", "unnon", "unnen", "unne", "unne", "unnaþ", "ūþ", "unnen", with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-[þð])urfan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "earf", "earft", "urfon", "earfen", "yrfe", "yrfe", "urfaþ", "orft", {}, with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)durran$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "dearr", "dearst", "durron", {}, "dyrre", "dyrre", "durfaþ",			"dorst", {}, with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)sċulan$") if not pref then pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)sċeolan$") end if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "sċeal", "sċealt", "sċulon", {}, "sċyle",			{}, {}, "sċold", {}, with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)munan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "man", "manst", "munon", "munen", "myne",			{"mun", "myne"}, "munaþ", "mund", "munen", with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)magan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "mæġ", "meaht", "magon", "magen", "mæġe", {}, {},			{"meaht", "meht"}, {}, with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)nugan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "neah", {}, "nugon", {}, "nuge", {}, {}, "noht", {}, with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)mōtan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "mōt", "mōst", "mōton", {}, "mōte", {}, {}, "mōst", {}, with_ge) end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)āgan$") if pref then return make_preterite_present_forms(			inf, pref, "āh", "āhst", "āgon", "āgen", "āge", "āge", "āgaþ", "āht", "āgen", with_ge) end error("Unrecognized preterite-present verb: " .. inf) end

local function make_irregular(inf, with_ge) local args = {} local pref, cons = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)([wƿ])esan$") if pref then make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, "eom", "eart", "is", {"sind", "sindon"},			cons .. "esen", "sīe", cons .. "es", cons .. "esaþ", {}, with_ge) make_strong_past(args, pref, cons .. "æs", cons .. "ǣr") return args end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)nesan$") if pref then make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, "neom", "neart", "nis", {"ne sind", "ne sindon"},			"nesen", "ne sīe", "nes", "nesaþ", {}, with_ge) make_strong_past(args, pref, "næs", "nǣr") return args end local pref, vowel = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)b([īē]o)n$") if pref then make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, "b" .. vowel, "bist", "biþ", "b" .. vowel .. "þ",			"b" .. vowel .. "n", "b" .. vowel, "b" .. vowel, "b" .. vowel .. "þ", "b" .. vowel .. "n", with_ge) return args end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)dōn$") if pref then make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, "dō", "dēst", "dēþ", "dōþ", "dōn",			"dō", "dō", "dōþ", "dōn", with_ge) make_weak_past(args, pref, "dyd") return args end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)gān$") if pref then make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, "gā", "gǣst", "gǣþ", "gāþ", "gān",			"gā", "gā", "gāþ", "gān", with_ge) make_weak_past(args, pref, "ēod") return args end local pref = rmatch(inf, "^(.-[wƿ])illan$") if pref then make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, "ille", "ilt", "ile", "illaþ", "illen",			"ille", {}, {}, {}, with_ge) make_weak_past(args, pref, "old") return args end local pref, vowel = rmatch(inf, "^(.-)n([eiy])llan$") if pref then make_irregular_non_past(args, inf, pref, "n" .. vowel .. "lle", "n" .. vowel .. "lt",			"n" .. vowel .. "le", "n" .. vowel .. "llaþ",			"n" .. vowel .. "llen", "n" .. vowel .. "lle",			{}, {}, {}, with_ge) make_weak_past(args, pref, "nold") return args end error("Unrecognized irregular verb: " .. inf) end

local function set_categories(typ, class) local cats = {} local classtext = class and "class " .. class .. " " or "" if typ == "strong" then table.insert(cats, "Old English " .. classtext .. "strong verbs") elseif typ == "weak" then table.insert(cats, "Old English " .. classtext .. "weak verbs") elseif typ == "pretpres" then table.insert(cats, "Old English preterite-present verbs") elseif typ == "irreg" or typ == "anomalous" then table.insert(cats, "Old English irregular verbs") elseif typ then error("Unrecognized verb type: " .. typ) end return cats end

function export.show(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent.args local params = { [1] = {required = true, list = true, default = "beran"}, }	for slot, _ in pairs(slots_and_accel) do		params[slot] = {} end local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parent_args, params) local allforms local allcats = {} if #args[1] > 1 then table.insert(allcats, "Old English verbs with multiple conjugations") end for _, infspec in ipairs(args[1]) do		local inf, spec = rmatch(infspec, "^(.-)<(.*)>$") if not inf then error("Verb spec should look like e.g. 'beran' or 'dēman': " .. infspec) end local specs = rsplit(spec, "/") local class = specs[1] local verner = rfind(class, "v") class = gsub(class, "v", "") local presa = gsub(inf, "n$", "") data = { inf = inf, presa = presa, prese = presa:find("ēa$") and presa or gsub(presa, "e?a$", "e"), verner = verner, with_ge = not begins_with_verbal_prefix(inf), extraforms = {}, }		local typ if class:find("^s") then typ = "strong" class = gsub(class, "^s", "") if strong_verbs[class] then strong_verbs[class](data) else error("Unrecognized strong class: " .. class) end elseif class:find("^w") then typ = "weak" class = gsub(class, "^w", "") if weak_verbs[class] then weak_verbs[class](data) data.presenfin = data.presenfin or data.prese data.presefin = data.presefin or data.prese else error("Unrecognized weak class: " .. class) end elseif class == "pp" then typ = "pretpres" elseif class == "i" then typ = "irreg" else error("Unrecognized verb class: " .. class) end

local overrides = {} for i, spec in ipairs(specs) do			if i > 1 then local parts = rsplit(spec, ":") if #parts ~= 2 then error("Verb modified spec must be of the form 'KEY:VALUE': " .. spec) end local k = parts[1] local v = parts[2] local splitv = rsplit(v, ", *") local unrecognized = false if slots_and_accel[k] then overrides[k] = splitv elseif k == "ge" then data.with_ge = require("Module:yesno")(v) elseif k == "impers" then data.impers = require("Module:yesno")(v) elseif typ == "weak" or typ == "strong" then if k == "pres" then data.presa = splitv data.prese = splitv data.presefin = splitv data.presenfin = splitv data.pres23 = splitv data.impsg = splitv elseif k == "pres1456" then data.presa = splitv data.prese = splitv data.presefin = splitv data.presenfin = splitv elseif k == "pres23" then data.pres23 = splitv elseif k == "presa" then data.presa = splitv elseif k == "prese" then data.prese = splitv data.presefin = splitv data.presenfin = splitv elseif typ == "weak" and k == "presefin" then data.presefin = splitv elseif typ == "weak" and k == "presenfin" then data.presenfin = splitv elseif k == "past" then data.past = splitv data.pastsg = splitv data.pastpl = splitv elseif typ == "strong" and k == "pastsg" then data.pastsg = splitv elseif typ == "strong" and k == "pastpl" then data.pastpl = splitv elseif k == "impsg" then data.impsg = splitv elseif k == "pp" then data.pp = splitv elseif typ == "weak" and k == "papp" then data.past = splitv data.pp = splitv else unrecognized = true end else unrecognized = true end if unrecognized then error("Unrecognized spec key '" .. k .. "' (value '" .. v .. "')")				end end end

if typ == "weak" or typ == "strong" then local missing_fields = {} local fields_to_check = typ == "weak" and {"presa", "presefin", "presenfin", "pres23", "impsg", "past", "pp"} or				{"presa", "prese", "pres23", "impsg", "pastsg", "pastpl", "pp"} for _, field in ipairs(fields_to_check) do				if not data[field] then table.insert(missing_fields, field) end end if #missing_fields > 0 then error("Required spec(s) " .. table.concat(missing_fields, ",") ..					" missing, i.e. the form of the infinitive '" .. inf ..					"' was not recognized as a " .. typ .. " class-" .. class .. " verb and the " ..					"overriding specs weren't (all) supplied") end end local forms if typ == "strong" then forms = make_strong(data.presa, data.prese, data.pres23, data.impsg, data.pastsg,				data.pastpl, data.pp, data.with_ge) elseif typ == "weak" then forms = make_weak(data.presa, data.presefin, data.presenfin,				data.pres23, data.impsg, data.past, data.pp, data.with_ge) elseif typ == "pretpres" then forms = make_preterite_present(inf, data.with_ge) elseif typ == "irreg" then forms = make_irregular(inf, data.with_ge) else error("Internal error: Unrecognized verb type: " .. typ) end for k, v in pairs(data.extraforms) do			add_form_to_slot(forms, k, v)		end for k, v in pairs(overrides) do			forms[k] = v		end if data.impers then -- e.g. mǣtan; clear personal non-3sg forms forms["1sg_pres_indc"] = {} forms["2sg_pres_indc"] = {} forms["pl_pres_indc"] = {} forms["pl_pres_subj"] = {} forms["1sg_past_indc"] = {} forms["2sg_past_indc"] = {} forms["pl_past_indc"] = {} forms["pl_past_subj"] = {} forms["sg_impr"] = {} forms["pl_impr"] = {} end

class = rsub(class, "[a-z]", "") if class == "" then class = nil end if not allforms then allforms = forms allforms["type"] = typ allforms["class"] = class else for k, v in pairs(forms) do				for _, form in ipairs(v) do					m_table.insertIfNot(allforms[k], form) end end end local cats = set_categories(typ, class) for _, cat in ipairs(cats) do			m_table.insertIfNot(allcats, cat) end end local table = make_table(allforms) return table .. m_utilities.format_categories(allcats, lang) end

return export

title: Module:ang-verb


text:
òdinatè

Etymology
Borrowed from.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: òdinatè


text: Citations:netherworldization

title: Citations:netherworldization


text:
الكتاب

Proper noun

 * 1) the Quran
 * 2) the Bible
 * 3)  Sibawayh's book

title: الكتاب


text:
Caïro

Etymology
From, from.

title: Caïro


text:
Mamma

Noun

 * 1) mama

title: Mamma


text:
elite overproduction

Noun

 * 1) A situation in which there are more wealthy, well-educated, and ambitious elite individuals than can be absorbed by the existing positions of power, authority, and prestige.

title: elite overproduction


text:
𑀫𑀭𑀇

Etymology
, (compare ). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to die

title: 𑀫𑀭𑀇


text:
شبعان

Adjective

 * 1) full, satiated

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) full, satiated

Etymology
From. .

Adjective

 * 1) full, sated, satisfied

title: شبعان


text:
𑀫𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇

Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * : to kill

Descendants

 * Hindustani: mārnā

title: 𑀫𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇


text:
شبع

Verb

 * 1)  to be full, satiated
 * 2)  to be fed up, to have had it

Etymology 2
of.

Noun

 * 1) fullness, satiety

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to become full, sated, satisfied
 * 2) to get fed up, to get sick of

title: شبع


text:
မှန်ဖြူ

Noun

 * 1)  (syn.  ), a small tree species of

title: မှန်ဖြူ


text:
Rosinenpickerei

Etymology
or

Noun

 * 1)  cherry picking
 * 2) * 2016, June 28th, Christina Hebel with material provided by dpa and Reuters: Cameron beim Brexit-Gipfel: EU-Partner zeigen Härte, in Spiegel Online (URL; retrieved June 28, 2016):
 * "de"
 * 1) * 2016, June 28th, Christina Hebel with material provided by dpa and Reuters: Cameron beim Brexit-Gipfel: EU-Partner zeigen Härte, in Spiegel Online (URL; retrieved June 28, 2016):
 * "de"
 * 1) * 2016, June 28th, Christina Hebel with material provided by dpa and Reuters: Cameron beim Brexit-Gipfel: EU-Partner zeigen Härte, in Spiegel Online (URL; retrieved June 28, 2016):
 * "de"

- Merkel warnte Cameron: „Die Verhandlungen werden nicht nach dem Prinzip der Rosinenpickerei geführt.“

title: Rosinenpickerei


text:
học lực

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  capacity to learn and achieve good marks

title: học lực


text:
𑀧𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇

Etymology
, from, from , from the root. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to fell, drop

title: 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇


text:
Talk:palter

Preliminary notes on Mandarin Chinese translation
"通過"說實話"來進行誤導在日常生活中如此普遍，以至於最近形成了一個新的詞匯來形容它："paltering"（敷衍搪塞）. 敷衍搪塞在現在社會是如此廣泛，它能使我們更深入了解真相與謊言之間的灰色地帶，甚至可能解釋我們到底是為什麼要說謊. " --Geographyinitiative (talk) 04:40, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:palter


text: DePaulo

title: DePaulo


text:
Thesaurus talk:嘲笑

potential addition 哂笑
哂笑 --Geographyinitiative (talk) 05:08, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Needs splitting
This needs splitting up for sure. 嘲笑 is "to laugh at" (transitive), which is different from 開玩笑 "to joke" (intransitive). — justin(r)leung { (t...) 16:38, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Thesaurus talk:嘲笑


text:
maale

Verb

 * 1) to paint

Verb

 * 1) to grind, to mill

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) neighborhood, district

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to mill
 * 2)  to grind

Usage notes
The preterite form is used in Krefeld, while  is used in Eupen. Note that both of these forms are archaic and is more common in both dialects.

title: maale


text:
敷衍搪塞

Idiom

 * 1) to palter; to prevaricate

title: 敷衍搪塞


text:
Bocher

Etymology
The word was borrowed via  which in Western Yiddish applied the senses of “,, ”,  “Talmud student”, especially “Talmud student who gave lessons to Jewish children in exchange for board and lodge”, “teacher of religious education”, “Jewish teacher”, “assistant schoolmaster”, from. Sense 2 is attested since the 18th century. Sense 4 is also attested since the 18th century and developed as an extension of the Yiddish sense “the one who is studious in the teachings of the Talmud; student of a rabbi”. Senses 8 and 9, also extensions of the aforementioned Yiddish sense, are attested since 1862 and were borrowed from Rotwelsch.

Noun

 * 1) young man who has not yet reached adulthood; youngling, youngster, youth
 * 2)  Jewish young man who has not yet reached adulthood; Jewish youngling, Jewish youngster, Jewish youth, young Jew
 * 3) rabbinical student
 * 4)  student
 * 5)  poor Jewish student
 * 6)  Jewish (male) teacher
 * 7)  rabbi of the village
 * 8)  experienced police officer
 * 9)  police officer who is well versed in thieves and their “Gaunersprache” (≈ thieves' argot)
 * 10)  Jewish bridegroom
 * 11)  clumsy, inept, simple-minded person
 * 1)  poor Jewish student
 * 2)  Jewish (male) teacher
 * 3)  rabbi of the village
 * 4)  experienced police officer
 * 5)  police officer who is well versed in thieves and their “Gaunersprache” (≈ thieves' argot)
 * 6)  Jewish bridegroom
 * 7)  clumsy, inept, simple-minded person
 * 1)  police officer who is well versed in thieves and their “Gaunersprache” (≈ thieves' argot)
 * 2)  Jewish bridegroom
 * 3)  clumsy, inept, simple-minded person

title: Bocher


text:
pobretão

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)   a very poor person

title: pobretão


text:
sekip

Etymology
From, , from , from , from , from. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

title: sekip


text:
Maai

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) May

title: Maai


text:
alat vital

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  or.

title: alat vital


text:
aplus

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) gluttony
 * 2) greed
 * 1) greed

Etymology 1
From, 1st person singular subordinate present form of.

Verb

 * 1)  to.

title: aplus


text:
bhidlika

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1) to collapse

title: bhidlika


text:
bhidliza

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1) to demolish

title: bhidliza


text:
dazuka

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1)  to split

title: dazuka


text:
dazula

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1)  to split

title: dazula


text:
qhumbuza

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1) to puncture

title: qhumbuza


text:
phoqoka

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1)  to snap

title: phoqoka


text:
phoqoza

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1)  to snap

title: phoqoza


text:
phucuza

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1) to polish

title: phucuza


text:
ανερχόμενος

Etymology
, a verb in the passive voice, also substantivised.

Participle

 * 1) rising to success, up-and-coming

title: ανερχόμενος


text:
taħt

Etymology 1
From.

Preposition

 * 1) under
 * 2) during the time of (someone)
 * 1) during the time of (someone)
 * 1) during the time of (someone)

Etymology 2
From.

Adverb

 * 1) below; down (there)

title: taħt


text:
άνετα

Adverb

 * 1) comfortably, leisurely
 * 2) naturally

title: άνετα


text:
khumuka

Etymology
Derived from the ideophone.

Verb

 * 1) to come off, to come out

title: khumuka


text:
ανευρίσκω

Verb

 * 1) to discover, find something which was lost

title: ανευρίσκω


text:
ανήρ

Noun

 * 1)  man

Declension

 * Declension as in, except the nominative singular: ανήρ. It corresponds to the ancient.

title: ανήρ


text:
bejibun

Etymology
From, from. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

title: bejibun


text:
-hom

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * : their; them

Usage notes

 * When the suffix follows one of the diphthongs -aj, -ej, -aw, -ew, there are two possible pronunciations. The vowelised -h- may either be represented as a glide, , or it may lengthen the onset of the diphthong. Hence  may be pronounced  or . The latter is more common.
 * When the suffix is added to a verb in -a that disallows imala, the sequence is contracted to :  (“he attacked”, ) →  (“he attacked them”, ). There is, however, a fairly common nonstandard pronunciation that treats  by analogy with  (as in  above). This yields pronunciations such as.

title: -hom


text:
ανεκδοτικός

Adjective

 * 1) anecdotal

title: ανεκδοτικός


text: ανεχτικός

title: ανεχτικός


text: ανεχτίμητος

title: ανεχτίμητος


text: ανεχτός

title: ανεχτός


text:
ανέλεγκτος

Adjective

 * 1) uncontrolled, unchecked, unrestricted

title: ανέλεγκτος


text: öcuxajme

title: öcuxajme


text: öcuxajte

title: öcuxajte


text:
ömantiecatl

Etymology
Cf. 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  healer

title: ömantiecatl


text:
ανελλήνιστος

Adjective

 * 1) non-Hellenic, un-Hellenic

title: ανελλήνιστος


text:
non-Hellenic

Adjective

 * 1) not Hellenic

Translations

 * Greek:

title: non-Hellenic


text:
𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺

Etymology
. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to listen, hear

Descendants

 * Hindustani: sunnā
 * Hindustani: sunnā
 * Hindustani: sunnā

title: 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺


text:
un-Hellenic

Adjective

 * 1) not Hellenic

title: un-Hellenic


text: ustume

title: ustume


text:
𑀰𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺

Etymology
. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to listen, hear

title: 𑀰𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺


text: trösnojte

title: trösnojte


text:
qui̱cuconiejchi̱jchihua

Etymology
. Cf. 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  make an  of

title: qui̱cuconiejchi̱jchihua


text:
cuconietl

Etymology
Cf. 🇨🇬.

title: cuconietl


text:
əsrimək

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to boil up, to become very excited; to rage, to rave, to storm
 * 2)  to seethe, to boil up

title: əsrimək


text:
sisi̱huantu

Etymology
Cf. 🇨🇬.

title: sisi̱huantu


text: si̱huantotu

title: si̱huantotu


text:
abquatschen

Verb

 * 1)  to persuade someone to give something away or to give something up

title: abquatschen


text:
sentöo

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: sentöo


text: Category:nhg:Currency

title: Category:nhg:Currency


text: Category:nhg:Money

title: Category:nhg:Money


text: Category:nhg:Business

title: Category:nhg:Business


text: Category:nhg:Economics

title: Category:nhg:Economics


text: Category:nhg:Social sciences

title: Category:nhg:Social sciences


text:
mustiphini

Etymology
Variant of.

Noun

 * 1) * 1833 Frederic William Naylor Bayley Four Years' Residence in the West Indies p. 493
 * a mulatto is the offspring of a white man by a negress; a quadroon is the offspring of a white man and a mulatto mother; the child of a quadroon by a white man is a mustee the child of a white man by a mustee woman is a mustiphini; the child of a mustiphini by a white father is a quintroon
 * 1) * 1833 Frederic William Naylor Bayley Four Years' Residence in the West Indies p. 493
 * a mulatto is the offspring of a white man by a negress; a quadroon is the offspring of a white man and a mulatto mother; the child of a quadroon by a white man is a mustee the child of a white man by a mustee woman is a mustiphini; the child of a mustiphini by a white father is a quintroon

title: mustiphini


text:
schateiland

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) treasure island

title: schateiland


text: schateilanden

title: schateilanden


text:
schatzoeker

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) A treasure hunter.

title: schatzoeker


text:
samboe

Noun

 * 1) * 1833 Frederic William Naylor Bayley Four Years' Residence in the West Indies p. 493
 * "A samboe," says he, "is the nearest remove from black, being the child of a mulatto father and a negro woman, or vice versa; a mulatto is the offspring of a white man by a negress;" .. Among all these names, hard to pronounce and harder to remember, the samboe or mongrel, as it is oftener called, the mulatto and the mustee, are the only distinctions between the black and white that really pass current, though more have been defined;
 * "A samboe," says he, "is the nearest remove from black, being the child of a mulatto father and a negro woman, or vice versa; a mulatto is the offspring of a white man by a negress;" .. Among all these names, hard to pronounce and harder to remember, the samboe or mongrel, as it is oftener called, the mulatto and the mustee, are the only distinctions between the black and white that really pass current, though more have been defined;

Coordinate terms

 * see list in

title: samboe


text: schatzoekers

title: schatzoekers


text: Category:Tetelcingo Nahuatl terms with usage examples


text:
quintoon

Coordinate terms

 * see list in

title: quintoon


text:
烏拉爾語系

Proper noun

 * 1) Uralic languages

title: 烏拉爾語系


text:
Talk:wiery

Etymology
According to Newne's Comprehensive dictionary the final sense is from. Sorry; but the entry etymology edit for this meaning here is simply nonsense. However, my previous edit as from was absolute nonsense too, because that Anglo-Saxon form was a mistake for "mōr" (moor). Andrew (talk) Andrew H. Gray 08:31, 26 November 2019 (UTC).

title: Talk:wiery


text: 乌拉尔语系

title: 乌拉尔语系


text: scharrelkippen

title: scharrelkippen


text: scharreleieren

title: scharreleieren


text: scharreleitje

title: scharreleitje


text: scharreleitjes

title: scharreleitjes


text: plofkippen

title: plofkippen


text:
kippenvoer

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) chicken feed food for chickens and similar poultry

title: kippenvoer


text:
kippenvoeder

Etymology
Compound of.

title: kippenvoeder


text:
kippengaas

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) chicken wire relatively fine and flexible gauze with hexagonal holes

title: kippengaas


text: Wiktionary:Word of the day/2020/January 3


text:
દેવળ

Etymology
, ultimately from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a non-domed temple dedicated to a goddess or Shiva
 * 2)  church

title: દેવળ


text:
kippenboer

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) A chicken farmer.

title: kippenboer


text: kippenboeren

title: kippenboeren


text:
kippenren

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) A chicken run.

title: kippenren


text: kippenrennen

title: kippenrennen


text: Category:goh:Armor

title: Category:goh:Armor


text: Category:Old High German wa-stem nouns

title: Category:Old High German wa-stem nouns


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-West Germanic/Audaburg

RFD discussion: November 2019
One descedant, which is 🇨🇬,. 𐌷𐌻𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (talk) 11:35, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, delete. I'll talk to the creator, who seems to be a new editor, and refer them to this discussion as well. — Mnemosientje (t · c) 12:23, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Ah, sorry. I had found an Old Saxon and Old Dutch descendant as well, but I forgot to copy them over into the entry. WhistlingCanines (talk) 17:11, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Ok that clears up the situation, RFD retracted. 𐌷𐌻𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (talk) 17:21, 14 November 2019 (UTC)


text: Category:mg:Geology

title: Category:mg:Geology


text:
冬大過年

Idiom

 * 1)  winter solstice is more important than Chinese New Year

title: 冬大過年


text:
heilimöiminen

Noun

 * 1) flowering of rye
 * 1) flowering of rye

title: heilimöiminen


text: heilimöitseminen

title: heilimöitseminen


text:
heiluttaminen

Noun

 * 1) waving, swaying, wagging causing something to wave, sway or wag
 * 1) waving, swaying, wagging causing something to wave, sway or wag

title: heiluttaminen


text:
heippalaputtaminen

Noun

 * 1)  leaving a  an informal public notice or a note to someone, usually a complaint
 * 1)  leaving a  an informal public notice or a note to someone, usually a complaint

title: heippalaputtaminen


text:
heivaaminen

Noun

 * 1)  throwing, heaving
 * 1)  throwing, heaving

title: heivaaminen


text:
hekottaminen

Noun

 * 1) guffawing, chuckling
 * 1) guffawing, chuckling

title: hekottaminen


text:
heliseminen

Noun

 * 1) jingling, tingling, clinking
 * 1) jingling, tingling, clinking

title: heliseminen


text:
helkyttäminen

Noun

 * 1) tinkling causing to tinkle
 * 1) tinkling causing to tinkle

title: helkyttäminen


text:
helmestäminen

Noun

 * 1) pearling, hunting for pearls
 * 1) pearling, hunting for pearls

title: helmestäminen


text:
heloittaminen

Noun

 * 1) furnishing with fittings or fixtures
 * 1) furnishing with fittings or fixtures

title: heloittaminen


text:
helottaminen

Noun

 * 1) shining emitting light
 * 1) shining emitting light

title: helottaminen


text:
helpottuminen

Noun

 * 1) becoming easier, easing
 * 1) becoming easier, easing

title: helpottuminen


text:
helskyttäminen

Noun

 * 1) tinkling, jingling causing to make such sound
 * 1) tinkling, jingling causing to make such sound

title: helskyttäminen


text: 冬大过年

title: 冬大过年


text:
heltiäminen

Noun

 * 1) making it or arriving in time
 * 2) coming loose, coming free
 * 3) consenting to give
 * 1) consenting to give

title: heltiäminen


text:
helähtäminen

Noun

 * 1) tinging, clanging once
 * 1) tinging, clanging once

title: helähtäminen


text:
hengaaminen

Noun

 * 1)  hanging about, hanging out
 * 1)  hanging about, hanging out

title: hengaaminen


text:
hengittäminen

Noun

 * 1) breathing
 * 1) breathing

title: hengittäminen


text:
hengähtäminen

Noun

 * 1) taking a breather
 * 1) taking a breather

title: hengähtäminen


text:
henkiminen

Noun

 * 1) exuding, radiating, overflowing with, oozing
 * 1) exuding, radiating, overflowing with, oozing

title: henkiminen


text:
hennominen

Noun

 * 1) daring having enough emotional courage to do something
 * 1) daring having enough emotional courage to do something

title: hennominen


text:
heristäminen

Noun

 * 1) shaking, brandishing
 * 1) shaking, brandishing

title: heristäminen


text:
herjaaminen

Noun

 * 1) reviling, abusing
 * 2) slandering, libeling
 * 3) blaspheming
 * 1) blaspheming

title: herjaaminen


text:
herkeäminen

Noun

 * 1) ceasing, stopping, quitting to do something
 * 2)  starting to do something
 * 1)  starting to do something

title: herkeäminen


text:
herkistyminen

Noun

 * 1) becoming sensitized
 * 1) becoming sensitized

title: herkistyminen


text:
herkutteleminen

Noun

 * 1) feasting, relishing
 * 1) feasting, relishing

title: herkutteleminen


text:
nargis

Etymology
.

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) narcissus

title: nargis


text: Category:uz:Flowers

title: Category:uz:Flowers


text:
rimlagirðing

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) picket fence

title: rimlagirðing


text:
𠇑

Glyph origin
.

title: 𠇑


text: Wiktionary:Word of the day/2020/January 7


text: haringen

title: haringen


text:
stakket

Etymology
From, derived from the adjective (cf. 🇨🇬 and.

Adjective

 * 1) brief, short-lived

Etymology
From, borrowed from or stakit, borrowed from , derived from , a Germanic borrowing cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 from  from.

Noun

 * 1) fence
 * 2) picket fence

Etymology
From, derived from the adjective (cf. 🇨🇬 and.

Adjective

 * 1) brief, short-lived

title: stakket


text:
Litter

Noun

 * 1) liter

title: Litter


text: Category:Icelandic terms derived from Middle French


text:
蓬頭垢面

Idiom

 * 1) messy hair and dirty face

title: 蓬頭垢面


text: 蓬头垢面

title: 蓬头垢面


text:
Talk:evensong

2. vespers
vespers (archaic) Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:21, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:evensong


text: Template:str len

title: Template:str len


text: Template:az-decl-noun

title: Template:az-decl-noun


text:
subrayador

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) highlighter

title: subrayador


text: subrayadores

title: subrayadores


text: Rhymes:Italian/ubro

title: Rhymes:Italian/ubro


text: Template:str left

title: Template:str left


text: Template:str right

title: Template:str right


text:
ихтыяр

Etymology
Borrowed from , from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Noun

 * 1) the freedom to make one's own decisions; the freedom to act; will
 * 2) one's faculty of choice; the freedom to make one's own choices; desire, will
 * 1) one's faculty of choice; the freedom to make one's own choices; desire, will
 * 1) one's faculty of choice; the freedom to make one's own choices; desire, will

title: ихтыяр


text:
Talk:distinct

as distinct from
Just as we have as opposed to, as distinct from must be added. --Backinstadiums (talk) 11:17, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

great in degree
Very great in degree, e.g. as an honor felt or experienced a distinct privilege --Backinstadiums (talk) 12:33, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:distinct


text: Template:az-latin-note

title: Template:az-latin-note


text: szeretnél

title: szeretnél


text:
搭會

Verb

 * 1) to organize or participate in a society/association

title: 搭會


text: 搭会

title: 搭会


text: szeretnétek

title: szeretnétek


text: szeretnének

title: szeretnének


text:
Talk:vagrant

wayward
wayward or capricious in nature Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 11:27, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:vagrant


text:
заткулисен

Adjective

 * 1) behind the scenes, hidden, concealed, undisclosed

title: заткулисен


text: Category:Azerbaijani nouns ending with a double consonant


text:
uqbel

Adverb

 * 1) before

title: uqbel


text:
fənn

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) subject, topic

title: fənn


text:
rədd

Etymology
From, from. parallels 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. parallels 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) refusal

title: rədd


text:
zənn

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) supposition

title: zənn


text:
xətt

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) line
 * 2) path through two or more points
 * 3) connected series of public conveyances, as a roadbed or railway track
 * 4) handwriting, hand (style of penmanship)
 * 1) connected series of public conveyances, as a roadbed or railway track
 * 2) handwriting, hand (style of penmanship)

title: xətt


text: COPPA

title: COPPA


text:
hemläxa

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) homework

title: hemläxa


text:
Laboya

Etymology
From, from the de-prenasalization of earlier.

Proper noun

 * 1) An Austronesian language spoken in the Sumba island in eastern Indonesia.

Translations

 * Indonesian: Lamboya

Noun

 * 1) The speakers of the Laboya language.

title: Laboya


text:
Landover

Etymology
Named after in Wales.

title: Landover


text: Category:Azerbaijani nouns which lose their last vowel


text: turnez

title: turnez


text: turnor

title: turnor


text:
有庳

Proper noun

 * 1) an ancient place in present-day north of, Hunan Province, which  raised his half brother Xiang to be the prince of

title: 有庳


text:
moorkop

Etymology
Compound of. Perhaps from 🇨🇬, a somewhat similar pastry. Compare.

Noun

 * 1)  A large profiterole filled with cream, glazed with chocolate and topped with whipped cream.
 * 2)  A black-headed horse.

title: moorkop


text: moorkoppen

title: moorkoppen


text: бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз

title: бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз


text:
𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a deed; a (completed) act of making, rendering

Usage notes
In its only attested context, it is referring to the rendering-as-son (i.e. adoption) of mankind [by Christ].

title: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃


text: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌹

title: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌹


text: gadeþs

title: gadeþs


text: dunyolar

title: dunyolar


text: jahonlar

title: jahonlar


text: cihanlar

title: cihanlar


text: dünýäler

title: dünýäler


text: κάτθεσαν

title: κάτθεσαν


text: dünýäni

title: dünýäni


text: δώσειν

title: δώσειν


text:
랍

Etymology
Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

Usage notes
In South Korea, the hanja above are read as when used as a single word or as the first syllable of a Sino-Korean compound. However, the reading is retained when the hanja is not part of the first syllable of a Sino-Korean compound. This is known as.

title: 랍


text:
-лар

Suffix

 * 1) Cyrillic spelling of -lar (suffix used to form plurals or nouns, show respect for the noun attached, and, when attached to numbers, about, around, approximately)

title: -лар


text:
ostud

Noun

 * 1) shopping

title: ostud


text:
limonadesiroop

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) cordial concentrated noncarbonated soft drink diluted with water before drinking

title: limonadesiroop


text: limonadesiropen

title: limonadesiropen


text:
Template:az-decl-noun/documentation

This template creates a declension table for Azerbaijani nouns. Note that compounds should use, and noun-type initialisms should use .

title: Template:az-decl-noun/documentation


text:
vlaflip

Etymology
Compound of. Introduced in 1963 by a marketing campaign of a dairy industry organisation (Voorlichtingsraad Melkvoorziening).

Noun

 * 1)  A dessert made from vla, yogurt and cordial, mainly eaten by children.

title: vlaflip


text: vlaflips

title: vlaflips


text:
Template:az-decl-initialism

Declension of  Possessive forms of

title: Template:az-decl-initialism


text:
nebelvinster

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  pitch-dark
 * 2) * c. 1100–1125, Ezzolied (Vorauer version), line 116:
 * "gmh"

- diu nebeluinster naht

title: nebelvinster


text: Category:Middle High German poetic terms


text: Category:Middle High German literary terms


text:
Template:az-decl-initialism/documentation

Arguments
(meant to be the same as )


text:
тлака

Etymology
Archaic word for voluntary work,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  voluntary work, assistance (for friends, relatives)
 * 2)  working brigade assisting in the harvest (in pre-Industrial times)

title: тлака


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/loťika

Etymology
Borrowed in the 7th–8th century from the version of. Borrowed into 🇨🇬 only by horticulturalists in late Medieval times as 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  salad plant from the Cichorieae tribe of the Asteraceae
 * 2) lettuce (Lactuca spp.)
 * 3) nipplewort (Lapsana spp.)

Descendants

 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/loťika


text: DNT

title: DNT


text:
forneiro

Etymology
Attested since the 13th century. From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) baker

title: forneiro


text:
dezoksiribonuklein turşusu

Noun

 * 1) deoxyribonucleic acid

title: dezoksiribonuklein turşusu


text:
confituur

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * , congealed sweet mixture of conserved fruits
 * 1)  sugar-preserved confitted fruits

title: confituur


text: confituren

title: confituren


text:
μενεπτόλεμος

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  steadfast in battle

title: μενεπτόλεμος


text: Category:Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *men- (stay)


text: ἄελλαι

title: ἄελλαι


title: Template:r:lmy:verdizade19b


text:
алқызыл

Adjective

 * 1) crimson

title: алқызыл


text:
hyvä yritys

Interjection

 * 1) nice try

title: hyvä yritys


text:
unaxled

Adjective

 * 1) Without axles.

title: unaxled


text:
unaxiomatized

Adjective

 * 1) Not axiomatized.

title: unaxiomatized


text:
unbabied

Adjective

 * 1)  Without a baby; childless.

title: unbabied


text:
Thompsonville

Etymology
From.

title: Thompsonville


text:
jury of half-tongue

Noun

 * 1)  A jury for the trial of a foreigner, composed equally of citizens and aliens.

title: jury of half-tongue


text:
mata laɗɗo

Noun

 * 1) sun

title: mata laɗɗo


text:
laɗɗo

Noun

 * 1) day

title: laɗɗo


text:
fuldgyldig

Adjective

 * 1) fully valid

title: fuldgyldig


text:
skriftform

Noun

 * 1) writing system, script (system of symbols used to encode natural language)

title: skriftform


text:
ἀγκυλομήτης

Adjective

 * 1)  having crooked counsel

title: ἀγκυλομήτης


text:
faire les gros titres

Verb

 * 1) to hit the headlines to appear on the front page of a publication

title: faire les gros titres


text: ἀγκυλομήτεω

title: ἀγκυλομήτεω


text:
lydskrift

Noun

 * 1) a system of symbols used to encode the pronunciation of natural language (either phonetically or phonemically)

title: lydskrift


text:
serpentesco

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  snaky, sly, deceitful

title: serpentesco


text: Template:az-latin-note/documentation

title: Template:az-latin-note/documentation


text: serpentesca

title: serpentesca


text: serpentesche

title: serpentesche


text: serpenteschi

title: serpenteschi


text:
馝馞

Adjective

 * 1)  bursting with fragrance

title: 馝馞


text: 苾勃

title: 苾勃


text:
箅庳

Adjective

 * 1)  low; low-lying

title: 箅庳


text: λείβων

title: λείβων


text:
jernalder

Noun

 * 1) Iron Age

title: jernalder


text:
opslagsform

Noun

 * 1) the word by which an entry is positioned in a reference work, e.g. the lemma in a dictionary, or, in a lexicon, surname followed by personal name

title: opslagsform


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/niittädäk

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Verb

 * 1) to mow, to cut down (grass or crops)

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/niittädäk


text:
ɣer

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to read
 * 2) to study
 * 3) to call
 * 1) to call
 * 1) to call

Usage notes

 * The intensive aorist is also found with the stem -ɣɣar- instead of -qqar-, especially when used to mean "call".
 * The intensive aorist of this verb can be suppleted into the paradigm of.
 * The verb, when used as an introduction to a person's name, is inflected in the third-person plural masculine, and the person being named incurs the corresponding indirect object affix on the verb.

title: ɣer


text: αἰγίδα

title: αἰγίδα


text: TEP

title: TEP


text: TEPs

title: TEPs


text:
pering

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

title: pering


text:
金角灣

Proper noun

 * 1) Golden Horn

title: 金角灣


text: 金角湾

title: 金角湾


text:
Thread:User talk:Rua/Change in a notation/reply (2)

In Wiktionary, add. Why is this a marginal theory? At least the Moscow accentological school put forward excellent hypotheses, among others.


text:
𐤒𐤓𐤀

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to call

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to call
 * 2) to read

title: 𐤒𐤓𐤀


text: Category:Punic verbs

title: Category:Punic verbs


title: Template:az-noun1/documentation


text: herätkää

title: herätkää


text:
bekles

Etymology
From.

title: bekles


text:
xulxin

Etymology
Among the variants attested in early sources are and. Hence probably from underlying or, equivalent to.

Pronoun

 * 1) each other; one another

Usage notes

 * Like, this pronoun usually takes the preposition (or in this case, particle) when used as a direct object.

title: xulxin


text:
inserpentire

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to become furious, to fly into a rage

title: inserpentire


text:
inserpentirsi

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to become furious, to fly into a rage

title: inserpentirsi


text:
carro de combate principal

Noun

 * 1)  main battle tank

title: carro de combate principal


text:
ὑπερφιάλως

Adverb

 * 1) exceedingly, excessively

title: ὑπερφιάλως


text:
ανεμική

Noun

 * 1)  gale, storm

Related terms
and

title: ανεμική


text: ανεμικής

title: ανεμικής


text: ανεμικές

title: ανεμικές


text:
איכבוד

Etymology
From 🇰🇲, literally "(there is) no honor".

title: איכבוד


text:
porselin

Etymology
From.

title: porselin


text: ανεμομάζεμα

title: ανεμομάζεμα


text: ανεμομεζώματος

title: ανεμομεζώματος


text: ανεμομεζωμάτων

title: ανεμομεζωμάτων


text: ανεμομεζώματα

title: ανεμομεζώματα


text:
beol

Noun

 * 1) elecampane

Etymology
From or.

Verb

 * 1)  to.
 * 2)  to, to tell falsehood, to tell shit.

title: beol


text:
unudulmaz

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) unforgettable

title: unudulmaz


text:
berkat

Etymology
From, , from , from. .

Verb

 * 1)  to, to invoke divine favor upon.

title: berkat


text:
paranimf

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  paranymph
 * 2)  auditorium

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)   Anyone accompanying a bride or groom at their wedding, sometimes also taking the responsibility for its organisation.
 * 2)  An assistant to a central figure at an important ceremony.
 * 3)   An assistant to a doctoral candidate at the latter's dissertation defense ceremony.
 * 1)   An assistant to a doctoral candidate at the latter's dissertation defense ceremony.

title: paranimf


text: Category:nl:Universities

title: Category:nl:Universities


text:
nonprobationary

Adjective

 * 1) Not probationary.

title: nonprobationary


text: probationary periods

title: probationary periods


text: probationaries

title: probationaries


text: متوازي سطوح

title: متوازي سطوح


text:
binary chop

Noun

 * 1) The use of binary search to eliminate a subset of values from a possible set.

title: binary chop


text: binary chops

title: binary chops


text: Mystic

title: Mystic


text:
sutradara

Etymology
From.

title: sutradara


text:
par erreur

Adverb

 * 1) by mistake, in error, erroneously, mistakenly

title: par erreur


text:
Leinenhemd

Noun

 * 1) linen shirt

title: Leinenhemd


text: Template:az-verb-stem

title: Template:az-verb-stem


text: Template:az-verb-stem-last

title: Template:az-verb-stem-last


text:
Template:az-latin-conj

Conjugation of

title: Template:az-latin-conj


text: Westerly

title: Westerly


text: Category:Hungarian rhymes/aː-

title: Category:Hungarian rhymes/aː-


text: Rhymes:Hungarian/aː-

title: Rhymes:Hungarian/aː-


text:
deväťsil

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) butterbur ( gen. et spp.)

title: deväťsil


text: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːr

title: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːr


text:
divozel

Etymology
Earlier also, from , but confused with forms of ,.

Noun

 * 1) mullein ( spp.)

title: divozel


text: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/blěknǫti

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/blěknǫti


text:
Appendix:Kazakh verbs

The verbal system of Kazakh language contains complex inflection for agreement in both person and number. Kazakh language does not display agreement for noun-class or canonical grammatical gender. Kazakh also has a system of tense and aspect, exhibiting multiple present, past, and future tenses that are differentiating forms based on evidentiality, durative/iterative aspect, and volitionality.

Kazakh infinitives
Usually, the infinitive of Kazakh verbs features a suffix of ‘у’ which is pronunced either [ʊw] or [ʉw] depending on the phonetic characteristics of the vowel in the verbal root. Specially, the suffix of infinitive is changed to ‘ю’ when the last letter of the verbal root was ‘й’. Most Kazakh infinitives can also act as nouns, which is similar to the gerunds in English.

Examples of compound Kazakh verbal infinitives
In addition to simple verbs composed of a verbal root, Kazakh also has many compound verbs that are formed in combination with a noun or an adjective. Noun or adjectival compliments to a compound verb are usually tied semantically to the verb.

Voices of verbs
The voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). There are five voices in Kazakh language: active, passive, reflexive, causative and reciprocal voice.

Active voice
There is no specific affix for active voice.

Passive voice
The passive voice is employed in a clause whose subject expresses the theme or patient of the verb. Verbs in passive voice often feature affixes of either ‘-л-/-ыл-/іл-’ or ‘-лын-/-лін-’.

Reciprocal voice
The causative voice indicates each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to the other.Verbs in reciprocal voice often feature affixes of ‘-с-/-ыс-/-іс-’.

Reflexive voice
The reflexive voice is used when the semantic agent and patient are identical. In some cases it is translated into passive or mediopassive voice in English. Verbs in passive voice feature affixes of ‘-н-/-ын-/-ін-’.

Causative voice
The causative voice indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else to do or be something or causes a change in state of a non-volitional event. Verbs in causative voice often feature affixes of ‘-т-’ or ‘-дыр-/-дір-/-тыр-/-тір-’ or ‘-ғыз-/-гіз-/-қыз-/-кіз-’.

The causative affix can be combined with passive, reflexive and reciprocal affixes.

 * (active) ——— (passive) ———  (reflexive) ———  (reflexive + causative) ———  (reflexive + causative + passive)

title: Appendix:Kazakh verbs


text:
keltneskur

Adjective

 * 1) Celtic

title: keltneskur


text: Windsor Locks

title: Windsor Locks


text: keltnesk

title: keltnesk


text: keltneskt

title: keltneskt


text: keltnesku

title: keltnesku


text:
divizma

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  mullein ( gen. et spp.)

title: divizma


text:
дивизма

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)   mullein ( gen. et spp.)

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  mullein ( gen. et spp.)

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  mullein ( gen. et spp.)

title: дивизма


text: Englandi

title: Englandi


text:
rómverskur

Adjective

 * 1) Roman

title: rómverskur


text: rómverska

title: rómverska


text:
devětsil

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  butterbur ( gen. et spp.)

title: devětsil


text: Old Saybrook

title: Old Saybrook


text:
Trennlinie

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) divide, dividing line, parting line, separating line

title: Trennlinie


text:
Tiende

Etymology
From, from , akin to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) prong, tine

title: Tiende


text:
Baker-Miller pink

Etymology
Named after the directors at the prison at which the hostility-suppressing qualities were first tested.

Noun

 * 1) A shade of pink thought to reduce hostile, violent and aggressive behaviour.

title: Baker-Miller pink


text:
Template:az-latin-conj/documentation

Arguments
Arguments are as follows:

Examples

 * o: ;
 * u; 1: ;
 * u: ;
 * ö: ;
 * ü; 1: ;
 * ü: ;
 * a: ;
 * ı; 1: ;
 * a: ;
 * e: ;
 * e; 1: ;
 * e: ;
 * a; d:.

title: Template:az-latin-conj/documentation


text:
bussick

Adjective

 * 1) Suffering from sickness, nausea or dizziness due to the motion of a bus.

title: bussick


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bľukati

Etymology
Probably from, ultimately from. The Serbo-Croation and Ukrainian forms may reflect an ancient telic s-extension or may be of expressive origin. Akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Trubachev proposes instead origin from an earlier, which is incompatible with the iterative form > dial. 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to gush, to spout
 * 2)  to defecate (for animals)
 * 1)  to defecate (for animals)

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * , dial.
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bľukati


text:
Talk:coward

2. bully 3. anonymous enemy
2. somebody who harms or attacks people who are weaker or unable to defend themselves 3. somebody who anonymously harms those who cannot defend themselves Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 19:12, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:coward


text: szeretnéd

title: szeretnéd


text:
cadet grey

Etymology
From the colour of military uniform; first used as a colour term around 1912.

Noun

 * 1) A bluish shade of grey, similar to cadet blue.

title: cadet grey


text: szeress

title: szeress


text: szeresd

title: szeresd


text: cadet gray

title: cadet gray


text: szeressed

title: szeressed


text:
multicubicle

Adjective

 * 1) Having or relating to more than one cubicle.

title: multicubicle


text: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːb

title: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːb


text: szeressél

title: szeressél


text: szeressek

title: szeressek


text: szeressem

title: szeressem


text: szeresse

title: szeresse


text:
User:Gazamp/PageNo

Number of pages created:

title: User:Gazamp/PageNo


text: szeressen

title: szeressen


text:
ipszilon

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

title: ipszilon


text: szeressünk

title: szeressünk


text: szeressük

title: szeressük


text: szeressetek

title: szeressetek


text: szeressétek

title: szeressétek


text: szeressék

title: szeressék


text:
Talk:who's

Misspelling of whose
I do not think so, because one can find the possessive whosoever's meaning whosesoever --Backinstadiums (talk) 19:37, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Entry is correct. Equinox ◑ 20:32, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

who (whom) does
Yet there's no entry for whom's --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:16, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Well, have you ever heard anyone use whom's? Equinox ◑ 18:33, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:who's


text: szeressenek

title: szeressenek


text: szeretnek

title: szeretnek


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bľuti

Etymology
Root thematic present from, from , reanalyzed later in most daughter languages.

Descendants

 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bľuti


text: szeretik

title: szeretik


text: szeretitek

title: szeretitek


text:
szerettek

Etymology
and

title: szerettek


text: Princeton Junction

title: Princeton Junction


text: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːt͡s

title: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːt͡s


text: szerették

title: szerették


text:
Thread:User talk:Rua/Change in a notation/reply (3)

Ask the linguists not associated with the Moscow school why they don't accept those hypotheses, I suppose. All Wiktionary does is follow the general consensus on the topic, so linguists have to find a consensus among themselves. As of right now, AP d is not yet part of the linguistic consensus.


text: szerettétek

title: szerettétek


text: szerettetek

title: szerettetek


text: szerettünk

title: szerettünk


text: szerettük

title: szerettük


text: szeretted

title: szeretted


text:
norðurlega

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) northerly

title: norðurlega


text: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːt͡ʃ

title: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːt͡ʃ


text: szerettél

title: szerettél


text:
szerette

Participle

 * : beloved
 * 1) * 1835,, Magyar praktikus termesztő [“Hungarian Practical Farmer”], 2nd ed., p. 292:
 * "hu"
 * "hu"

- Ez a’ mód tapasztalásom szerint a’ Szú szerette fákat is tartósokká teszi.

Noun

 * 1)  his/her loved one(s)
 * 2)  his/her/its love the act of loving

Declension

 * The singular forms are not used except and  in the second noun sense.
 * The possessive-suffixed singular forms are relatively rare.

title: szerette


text: szeretünk

title: szeretünk


text:
çaqqal

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) jackal

title: çaqqal


text: szeretned

title: szeretned


text:
Verderber

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) spoiler, corrupter, destroyer one who spoils something
 * 1) spoiler, corrupter, destroyer one who spoils something

title: Verderber


text:
မှန်တော့

Noun

 * , gamboge tree ; fruit yellow, sour but edible.

title: မှန်တော့


text: szeretnie

title: szeretnie


text: szeretnünk

title: szeretnünk


text:
itdirsəyi

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) stye

title: itdirsəyi


text:
side-effecting

Adjective

 * 1) Causing side effects.

title: side-effecting


text: szeretnetek

title: szeretnetek


text: side-effected

title: side-effected


text:
maalikuningas

Noun

 * 1) top goalscorer

title: maalikuningas


text: viðburðir

title: viðburðir


text: CCAs

title: CCAs


text: szeretniük

title: szeretniük


text:
rasional ədəd

Noun

 * 1) rational number

title: rasional ədəd


text:
kompleks ədəd

Noun

 * 1) complex number

title: kompleks ədəd


text:
həqiqi ədəd

Noun

 * 1) real number

title: həqiqi ədəd


text: frægustu

title: frægustu


text: szerethet

title: szerethet


text: borgarinnar

title: borgarinnar


text:
overhopped

Adjective

 * 1) Of beer: excessively hoppy.

title: overhopped


text:
underhopped

Adjective

 * 1) Of beer: not hoppy enough.

title: underhopped


text: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːd

title: Rhymes:Hungarian/aːd


text:
vinabær

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sister city

title: vinabær


text: vinabæir

title: vinabæir


text: bæir

title: bæir


text: Þýskalandi

title: Þýskalandi


text: Frakklandi

title: Frakklandi


text: lifetelling

title: lifetelling


text: lifetellings

title: lifetellings


text: leikkonan

title: leikkonan


text:
бълвам

Etymology
From, iterative or punctual counterpart to dialectal ,.

Verb

 * 1)  to vomit, to puke; to belch, to burp
 * 2)  to gush, to erupt, to spout
 * 3)  to lash, to barb insults or curses [towards someone]
 * 1)  to lash, to barb insults or curses [towards someone]

title: бълвам


text:
Verderberin

Noun

 * 1) spoiler, corrupter (female)

title: Verderberin


text:
flatarmál

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  area

title: flatarmál


text:
Konrád

Etymology
, from, from.

title: Konrád


text:
life-telling

Noun

 * 1) The telling of someone's personal experience; biographical or autobiographical communication.

title: life-telling


text: life-tellings

title: life-tellings


text:
Spielverderberin

Etymology
, or rather from

Noun

 * 1) female spoilsport, killjoy

title: Spielverderberin


text: くわんおん

title: くわんおん


text:
steam wagon

Noun

 * 1)  An early steam-powered road vehicle for carrying freight.

title: steam wagon


text: steam wagons

title: steam wagons


text:
undertype

Noun

 * 1)  A kind of steam wagon having the engine below the cab.
 * 2)  The type of coin used as a blank in the creation of a new coin.
 * 1)  The type of coin used as a blank in the creation of a new coin.

title: undertype


text: undertypes

title: undertypes


text:
টমটম

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a one-horse open carriage with a pair of wheels
 * 2)  an electric rickshaw

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a one-horse open carriage with a pair of wheels
 * 2)  an electric rickshaw
 * 1)  an electric rickshaw

title: টমটম


text:
hebofilia

Noun

 * 1) hebephilia

title: hebofilia


text:
je vois

Interjection

 * 1) I see, right

title: je vois


text:
electric rickshaw

Noun

 * 1) A three-wheeled rickshaw pulled by an electric motor and running on battery.

Translations

 * Assamese: টমটম, টুমটুম
 * Bengali: ,
 * Hindi: ई-रिक्शा

title: electric rickshaw


text: electric rickshaws

title: electric rickshaws


text: Category:Proto-Celtic enclitics

title: Category:Proto-Celtic enclitics


text: Category:Proto-Indo-European enclitics

title: Category:Proto-Indo-European enclitics


text: Category:Proto-Celtic clitics

title: Category:Proto-Celtic clitics


text: Category:Proto-Indo-European clitics

title: Category:Proto-Indo-European clitics


text: billits

title: billits


text: myndunum

title: myndunum


text: həqiqi ədədlər

title: həqiqi ədədlər


text: nefndur

title: nefndur


text: gladiatoring

title: gladiatoring


text: gladiatored

title: gladiatored


text: ἀσκόν

title: ἀσκόν


text: bô-liâu

title: bô-liâu


text:
lengjast

Verb

 * 1) become longer

title: lengjast


text:
tilvera

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) existence

title: tilvera


text: tilveru

title: tilveru


text:
烏矸仔貯豆油

Idiom

 * 1)  to be a hidden talent

title: 烏矸仔貯豆油


text: 乌矸仔贮豆油

title: 乌矸仔贮豆油