text:
Talk:know better

if I din't know any better, I'd say
“While I was a-ridin' down the street, the Kid jumped in back with her, and if I din't know any better, I'd say he give her a screw right thar in the backseat.”

I cannot derive the meaning of this sentence from the definition of the entry; is it the same meaning? --Backinstadiums (talk) 12:39, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes: "to recognize that a statement or belief is false". If I didn't actually know they had no sex, I would assume they did have sex. Equinox ◑ 12:45, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:know better


text:
พารามีเซียม

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) paramecium.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: พารามีเซียม


text: ἐχάζετο

title: ἐχάζετο


text:
handstyle

Noun

 * 1) The distinctive handwriting of a graffiti artist, used in tags etc.

title: handstyle


text: handstyles

title: handstyles


text:
kløne

Etymology
From the noun, from , from , from , from , from.

The noun is derived directly from the verb.

Verb

 * 1)  to scratch
 * 2)  to work clumsily
 * 1)  to work clumsily
 * 1)  to work clumsily
 * 1)  to work clumsily

Noun

 * 1) a klutz

title: kløne


text:
verstuiten

Etymology
From. Perhaps originated as a misconstruction of.

Verb

 * 1)  to sprain

title: verstuiten


text:
Talk:lingering

drawn-out
long and drawn-out, especially with pain Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 12:54, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:lingering


text:
dorten

Etymology
16th century variant of. Compare 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1)  there

title: dorten


text:
mean to say

Verb

 * 1) To imply or intend to convey with one's words;.

title: mean to say


text:
leewärts

Adverb

 * 1) leeward

title: leewärts


text:
Moll Kelly

Proper noun

 * 1)  A fictional person used in swearing oaths, especially "By the powers of Moll Kelly", often in caricatures of the speech of uneducated Irish people.
 * 2) * 1795 "Planxty Ne-Boch-Lech" The New Lyric Repository (London: J. Osborne) pp.102–103:
 * Hubbuboo! by my soul, it is all true that I tell ye,
 * I stood it myself, till the heart in my belly
 * Flew up to my mouth, by the soul of Moll Kelly!
 * And the thing sav'd my life was the drop of a dram.
 * 1) * 1821 "A Real Paddy" [Pierce Egan] Real Life in Ireland p.41:
 * 'An Irish cat run away!' sneered Grammachree, 'no; never! by the powers of Moll Kelly! they eat one another up!'
 * 1) * 1834 William Carleton "Irish Swearing" Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry (Second series, vol.1 p.345):
 * In fact, Paddy has oaths rising gradually from the lying ludicrous to the superstitious solemn, each of which finely illustrates the nature of the subject to which it is applied. When he swears "By the contints o' Moll Kelly's Primer," or "By the piper that played afore Moses," you are, perhaps, as strongly inclined to believe him as when he draws upon a more serious oath; that is, you almost regret the thing is not the gospel that Paddy asserts it to be.
 * 1) * 1861 F. C. Armstrong The Frigate and the Lugger vol.I p.122 (London: T. Cautley Newby):
 * Be the piper of Moll Kelly, you're a broth of a boy with the fair sex; go on and prosper; faith, I think you might turn Turk with advantage.
 * 1) * 1899 December 15 "New Cure for 'Pindycutis. And Other Medical Lore Imparted by Mr. Rafferty to His Friend Mr. Madden." Monthly Retrospect of Medicine & Pharmacy (Philadeplphia) Vol.V No.8 p.875:
 * 'By the hairs o' Moll Kelley's cat,' says he, 'there's the mikerobes of rheumatiz,' says he.
 * 1) * 1899 December 15 "New Cure for 'Pindycutis. And Other Medical Lore Imparted by Mr. Rafferty to His Friend Mr. Madden." Monthly Retrospect of Medicine & Pharmacy (Philadeplphia) Vol.V No.8 p.875:
 * 'By the hairs o' Moll Kelley's cat,' says he, 'there's the mikerobes of rheumatiz,' says he.

title: Moll Kelly


text: ἐχέμεν

title: ἐχέμεν


text:
krotekake

Noun

 * 1) Norwegian large, lefse-like cake decorated with shapes or patterns

Noun

 * 1) Norwegian large, lefse-like cake decorated with shapes or patterns

title: krotekake


text: Category:ary:Myrtle family plants

title: Category:ary:Myrtle family plants


text:
balansmaker

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  One who produces balances scales.

title: balansmaker


text: balansmakers

title: balansmakers


text:
legyünk

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
From the stem of the noun.

title: legyünk


text:
legyetek

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
From the stem of the noun.

title: legyetek


text: εὔχετ'

title: εὔχετ'


text:
karsk

Alternative forms

 * kask

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) A Swedish and Norwegian cocktail (from the Trøndelag region) containing coffee together with moonshine.

Translations

 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: karsk, kaffedokter
 * Swedish:

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

The noun is derived from the adjective.

Adjective

 * 1) healthy, vigorous
 * 2) mentally and spiritually healthy, of sound mind
 * 3)  slightly rude; harsh, bold
 * 4)  horny, frisky
 * 1) mentally and spiritually healthy, of sound mind
 * 2)  slightly rude; harsh, bold
 * 3)  horny, frisky
 * 1) mentally and spiritually healthy, of sound mind
 * 2)  slightly rude; harsh, bold
 * 3)  horny, frisky
 * 1) mentally and spiritually healthy, of sound mind
 * 2)  slightly rude; harsh, bold
 * 3)  horny, frisky
 * 1) mentally and spiritually healthy, of sound mind
 * 2)  slightly rude; harsh, bold
 * 3)  horny, frisky
 * 1)  horny, frisky
 * 1)  horny, frisky
 * 1)  horny, frisky
 * 1)  horny, frisky

Noun

 * 1)  the moonshine added to a
 * 1)  the moonshine added to a
 * 1)  the moonshine added to a
 * 1)  the moonshine added to a
 * 1)  the moonshine added to a
 * 1)  the moonshine added to a
 * 1)  the moonshine added to a

Alternative forms

 * (pronunciation spelling or a back-formation)

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * , a Swedish and Trøndelag-Norwegian cocktail containing coffee together with moonshine (and usually sugar).

Adjective

 * 1) healthy, vigorous

title: karsk


text:
forthin

Adverb

 * 1) from then on
 * 2) * 1912, Martin Luther, Lutherbibel von 1912, 1 Samuel 30:25 (with KJV translation)
 * "de"

- Das ist seit der Zeit und forthin in Israel Sitte und Recht geworden bis auf diesen Tag.

title: forthin


text:
briefloon

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) postage for a letter, the charge for the delivery of a letter

title: briefloon


text:
Talk:apart

(adverb) into difficulty
into a bad or difficult condition It ripped the peace process apart Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 13:34, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

 * IMO a poor definition. The word implies separation or breakup, not merely "badness". Equinox ◑ 13:37, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

adjective: separated and not living or being together
[be + ~ (+ from) They hated being apart] from each other. --Backinstadiums (talk) 08:35, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:apart


text:
ghost corridor

Noun

 * 1) A secondary means of egress connecting low-security laboratories through connecting doors, in addition to the main corridor.

title: ghost corridor


text: ghost corridors

title: ghost corridors


text: Category:Swedish terms prefixed with forst-


text:
postzak

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) A mailbag large bag for transporting mail in large quantities.

title: postzak


text: postzakken

title: postzakken


text: Template:ary-categoryTOC

title: Template:ary-categoryTOC


text: Category:Moksha terms borrowed from Indo-European languages


text:
droit comme un i

Etymology
lit. 'straight as a i'.

Adjective

 * 1)  bolt upright, ramrod straight, straight as a ramrod, straight as an arrow
 * 2)  self-assured, sure of oneself
 * 1)  self-assured, sure of oneself
 * 1)  self-assured, sure of oneself

title: droit comme un i


text:
citroenvla

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) lemon vla, a custard or maizena-based dessert made with lemon juice and lemon peels

title: citroenvla


text:
User talk:125.26.163.92

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wiktionary! We notice that you're making changes anonymously. Although this is perfectly all right, we'd like to encourage you to take the time to create an account and sign in to it when editing – it's free and easy. A number of good reasons to do so are listed at Why create an account?.

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Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Wiktionary Tutorial
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 * Sandbox (our test area)
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Questionable entries will be listed for verification, and, if they fail that process, will be deleted. Also, keep in mind our copyright policies: don't copy material from copyrighted sources here. Such additions will be deleted on sight. Submissions from IP addresses unfortunately are looked at more closely, so please take a minute to create an account.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question in the appropriate discussion room or ask me on my talk page.

Enjoy your stay at Wiktionary! Inner Focus (talk) 13:54, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:125.26.163.92


text:
broederloos

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) brotherless

title: broederloos


text:
Orde

Noun

 * 1) order
 * 2) message

title: Orde


text:
archiwistyka

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) archival science

title: archiwistyka


text:
achterschip

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) The aft, the back portion of a ship.

title: achterschip


text: achterschepen

title: achterschepen


text: шәһла

title: шәһла


text:
blauwzucht

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) cyanosis

title: blauwzucht


text:
légyen

Etymology 1
From the noun.

Etymology 2
From the shared stem of and.

Usage notes
Although this form variant is archaic, it still occurs in a concessive (subjunctive) sense (“whether he/she/it be”), especially in the past tense, mainly in the phrase (occasionally also applied to the present) and rarely combined with other verbs (examples).

title: légyen


text: Tisbury

title: Tisbury


text: शहला

title: शहला


text:
дәүләт гимны

Noun

 * 1) national anthem

title: дәүләт гимны


text: 劝降

title: 劝降


text: archiwistyki

title: archiwistyki


text:
blaasspeeltuig

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  wind instrument

title: blaasspeeltuig


text: blaasspeeltuigen

title: blaasspeeltuigen


text:
ఆమోదముద్ర

Noun

 * 1) (official) consent or approval.

title: ఆమోదముద్ర


text: archiwistyką

title: archiwistyką


text:
勸降

Verb

 * 1) to induce (the enemy) to capitulate

title: 勸降


text:
speeltuig

Etymology
Compound of. Cf. 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) playground equipment
 * 2)  toy
 * 3)  musical instrument

title: speeltuig


text: speeltuigen

title: speeltuigen


text: speeltuigje

title: speeltuigje


text:
啼飢號寒

Idiom

 * 1) to cry out in hunger and cold; to be poverty-stricken

title: 啼飢號寒


text: 啼饥号寒

title: 啼饥号寒


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Nuristani/čúri

Etymology
From earlier *čúriya < *kšúryas, from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) sickle

Descendants

 * Northern Nuristani:
 * Southern Nuristani:
 * Southern Nuristani:
 * Southern Nuristani:
 * Southern Nuristani:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Nuristani/čúri


text: 號寒啼飢

title: 號寒啼飢


text: 号寒啼饥

title: 号寒啼饥


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/divizna

Etymology
The form for this plant seems secondary by relation to the suffix, somewhat interchangeable with ,  literally meaning any animal or plant product of wild  origin; a contamination with  is also evident, looking at the Slovak form. A derivation from is uncertain, though tempting. The word is recorded in  as, a borrowing from which has been considered; it is also attested, however, in 🇨🇬, , still meaning the same plant, but reconstructions for  are too daring because of the limited distribution of the plant name.

Noun

 * 1)  mullein (Verbascum spp.)

Descendants

 * all have been checked and have the meaning Verbascum

 * East Slavic:
 * , dialectally also ,
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * , dialectally
 * , displaced by now standard
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * , dialectally
 * , displaced by now standard
 * Sorbian:
 * , dialectally
 * , displaced by now standard
 * Sorbian:
 * , displaced by now standard
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/divizna


text:
ยูกลีนา

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) euglena.

title: ยูกลีนา


text:
أشمن

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1)  which?

title: أشمن


text:
Huxtable

Etymology
Habitational surname typical of Devon, from +.

Proper noun

 * , now most associated with the upper middle class black family on.
 * 1) * 2006 Oct. 1,, "", , 00:36:47:
 * Pearson: Fuckin' Huxtables an' shit, man.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Huxtable is the 33941st most common surname in the United States, belonging to 670 individuals. Huxtable is most common among White (90.0%) individuals.

title: Huxtable


text: 闯世界

title: 闯世界


text:
แฟลเจลลัม

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) flagellum.

title: แฟลเจลลัม


text:
ముద్రణము

Noun

 * 1) sealing, stamping, printing.

title: ముద్రణము


text:
علاش

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1)  why?
 * 2)  about what?
 * 1)  about what?

title: علاش


text:
หนอนตัวแบน

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) flatworm.

title: หนอนตัวแบน


text:
ముద్రించు

Verb

 * 1) to seal, to stamp

title: ముద్రించు


text:
مناش

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1)  from what?

title: مناش


text: archiwistyk

title: archiwistyk


text:
strafbaarstelling

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) criminalisation

title: strafbaarstelling


text: archiwistyce

title: archiwistyce


text: 无政资

title: 无政资


text: strafbaarstellingen

title: strafbaarstellingen


text: archiwistykę

title: archiwistykę


text: archiwistyko

title: archiwistyko


text: archiwistykom

title: archiwistykom


text: archiwistykami

title: archiwistykami


text:
無政資

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  ancap; anarcho-capitalism

title: 無政資


text: archiwistykach

title: archiwistykach


text:
無政府資本主義

Noun

 * 1)  anarcho-capitalism

title: 無政府資本主義


text: 无政府资本主义

title: 无政府资本主义


text:
dierenpark

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) A zoo.
 * 2) A wildlife park.
 * 1) A wildlife park.

title: dierenpark


text: dierenparken

title: dierenparken


text: Category:Moroccan Arabic prepositions

title: Category:Moroccan Arabic prepositions


text:
Eurocommissaris

Etymology
From nl.

title: Eurocommissaris


text: Eurocommissarissen

title: Eurocommissarissen


text:
闖世界

Verb

 * 1) to lead a vagrant life

title: 闖世界


text:
闖勁

Noun

 * 1) spirit of a pathbreaker; pioneering spirit

title: 闖勁


text: 闯劲

title: 闯劲


text:
archiwistyczny

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  archival science

title: archiwistyczny


text: 闯劲儿

title: 闯劲儿


text: 闖勁兒

title: 闖勁兒


text:
archiwistycznie

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) according to or in terms of archival science

title: archiwistycznie


text:
io̧kio̧kwe

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to greet
 * 2) to bid farewell to

title: io̧kio̧kwe


text:
بحال

Etymology
Inherited from common Maghrebi, eventually from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1) similar to, like, as

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) reinstated, restored

title: بحال


text:
chijlmaking

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  chyle production

title: chijlmaking


text:
Cranbrook

Proper noun

 * , named after the town in Kent.
 * , named after the town in Kent.
 * , named after the town in Kent.
 * , named after the town in Kent.
 * , named after the town in Kent.
 * , named after the town in Kent.
 * , named after the town in Kent.

title: Cranbrook


text:
ᄋᆢᄃᆞᆸ

Etymology
From, see more at 🇨🇬.

Numeral

 * 1)  eight

title: ᄋᆢᄃᆞᆸ


text:
dobbelspel

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) A die game game played with dice, often a gambling game.

title: dobbelspel


text: dobbelspelen

title: dobbelspelen


text:
iakiakwe

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to greet
 * 2) to bid farewell to

title: iakiakwe


text:
yokyokwe

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to greet
 * 2) to bid farewell to

title: yokyokwe


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zelьje

Etymology
Collective noun from an earlier i-stem adjective, continuing , ultimately from. Baltic languages reflect almost the same lemma, however, with o-grade: 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Further cognate with 🇨🇬, from 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  vegetation, herbs (usually fresh)
 * 2)   cabbage

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zelьje


text:
Talk:mashed potatoes

Golf catchphrase?
Also "a catchphrase shouted by spectators during men's golf tournament games", apparently. Equinox ◑ 15:30, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:mashed potatoes


text: Category:zh:Information theory

title: Category:zh:Information theory


text: Category:Czech terms calqued from Russian


text: Category:Requests for pronunciation in Northern Thai entries


text: Category:South Slavey inherited terms

title: Category:South Slavey inherited terms


text: Category:mg:Tools

title: Category:mg:Tools


text: Category:sla-pro:Spore plants

title: Category:sla-pro:Spore plants


text: Category:Arabic terms belonging to the root م ق ت


text: Category:Bulgarian terms with unknown etymologies


text: Category:Bulgarian terms suffixed with -ея


text: Category:Central Tagbanwa terms derived from Indo-European languages


text: Category:Central Tagbanwa terms derived from Romance languages


text: Category:Chichewa surnames from Bantoid-Cross languages


text: Category:Chut terms derived from other languages


text: Category:Czech terms borrowed from Austrian German


text: Category:Czech terms borrowed from Bavarian


text: Category:Czech terms derived from Austrian German


text: Category:English female given names from Bantoid-Cross languages


text: Category:English given names from Bantoid-Cross languages


text: Category:English male given names from Bantoid-Cross languages


text: Category:English surnames from Bantoid-Cross languages


text: Category:English terms borrowed from Pangasinan


text: Category:English terms derived from Pangasinan


text: Category:English terms suffixed with -hydry


text: Category:Estonian terms with homophones

title: Category:Estonian terms with homophones


text: Category:German terms borrowed from Old Polish


text: Category:Gulf Arabic terms with unknown etymologies


text: Category:Hebrew terms belonging to the root שׁ־א־ה


text: Category:Indonesian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sek-


text: Category:Indonesian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂-


text: Category:Japanese kanji read as あっ

title: Category:Japanese kanji read as あっ


text: Category:Japanese kanji read as しが

title: Category:Japanese kanji read as しが


text: Category:Japanese kanji read as つぶら

title: Category:Japanese kanji read as つぶら


text: Category:Japanese kanji read as なめり

title: Category:Japanese kanji read as なめり


text: Category:Japanese kanji read as らき

title: Category:Japanese kanji read as らき


text: Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading つばくら


text: Category:Japanese kanji with kun reading ゆるやかで


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading あきつぐ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading あきのり


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading いわお


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading うさ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading うらし


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading うれし


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading おか


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading きゅ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading けな


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading こうしょう


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading こうじ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading こうそう


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading さつき


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading たく


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading たくじ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading ちさき


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading つい


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading つく


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading づき


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading で


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading ともこ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading とり


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading なわ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading はい


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading ふう


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading ぶん


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading ぺ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading よしみ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading りずむ


text: Category:Japanese kanji with nanori reading りつじ


text: Category:Kazakh terms suffixed with -қой


text: Category:Ladino given names from Hebrew

title: Category:Ladino given names from Hebrew


text:
subglauque

Adjective

 * 1) subglaucous

title: subglauque


text: Category:Lushootseed borrowed terms

title: Category:Lushootseed borrowed terms


text: Category:Macedonian terms calqued from Russian


text: Category:Maithili terms by orthographic property


text: Category:Middle Vietnamese terms by orthographic property


text: Category:Northern Altai terms derived from Balto-Slavic languages


text: Category:Northern Altai terms derived from Indo-Iranian languages


text: Rhymes:French/ok

title: Rhymes:French/ok


text: Category:Northern Altai terms derived from Iranian languages


text: Category:Northern Ndebele intransitive verbs


text: Category:Northern Ndebele transitive verbs


text: Category:Northern Thai terms by orthographic property


text: Category:Northern Thai terms derived from Southwestern Tai languages


text: Category:Norwegian Bokmål terms borrowed from Old Norse


text: Category:Norwegian terms derived from Norwegian Bokmål


text: Category:Okinawan kanji read as う

title: Category:Okinawan kanji read as う


text: Category:Okinawan kanji with on reading みち


text: Category:Proto-Slavic terms borrowed from Byzantine Greek


text: Category:Proto-Slavic terms derived from Byzantine Greek


text: Category:Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-


text: Category:Requests concerning Akkala Sami


text: Category:Requests for cleanup in Kazakh entries


text: Category:Requests for definitions in Manchu entries


text: Category:Requests for definitions in Ottoman Turkish entries


text: Category:Romanian terms suffixed with -og


text: Category:Salar terms derived from other languages


text: Category:Slovak terms prefixed with vz-

title: Category:Slovak terms prefixed with vz-


text: Category:South Slavey terms derived from Athabaskan languages


text: Category:South Slavey terms derived from Na-Dene languages


text: Category:Southern Altai terms derived from Balto-Slavic languages


text: Category:Southern Altai terms with usage examples


text: Category:Swedish terms derived from Tatar


text: Category:Swedish terms suffixed with -hövdad


text: Category:Tashelhit borrowed terms

title: Category:Tashelhit borrowed terms


text: Category:Telugu terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *yeh₁-


text: Category:Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pro-


text: Category:Champenois terms inherited from Old French


text: Category:Champenois terms inherited from Vulgar Latin


text: Category:ar:Ancient Egypt

title: Category:ar:Ancient Egypt


text: Category:ary:Cutlery

title: Category:ary:Cutlery


text: Category:ary:Islam

title: Category:ary:Islam


text: Category:ary:Myrtales order plants

title: Category:ary:Myrtales order plants


text: Category:ary:Places of worship

title: Category:ary:Places of worship


text: Category:ary:Trees

title: Category:ary:Trees


text: Category:gem-pro:Asparagales order plants


text: Category:id:Celery family plants

title: Category:id:Celery family plants


text: Category:jje:Criminal law

title: Category:jje:Criminal law


text: Category:jje:Public administration

title: Category:jje:Public administration


text: Category:jje:Security

title: Category:jje:Security


text: Category:la:Stone fruits

title: Category:la:Stone fruits


text: Category:mg:Sound

title: Category:mg:Sound


text: Category:ms:Celery family plants

title: Category:ms:Celery family plants


text: Category:mt:Countries in South America

title: Category:mt:Countries in South America


text: Category:my:Ericales order plants

title: Category:my:Ericales order plants


text:
зеле

Etymology
From, originally a collective sg. tantum with meaning cluster of greenery, leaves. Morphologically equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) cabbage plant of varieties of species

title: зеле


text:
горчивка

Etymology
Formed as.

Noun

 * 1) bitter substance
 * 2)   bitterling (fish of genus )
 * 3)   felwort (flower of genus )

title: горчивка


text:
abergofiant

Etymology
From.

title: abergofiant


text: Template:RQ:Bulwer-Lytton Zanoni

title: Template:RQ:Bulwer-Lytton Zanoni


text:
Rhymes:English/æɡət

Pronunciation
,

title: Rhymes:English/æɡət


text:
Template:RQ:Bulwer-Lytton Zanoni/documentation

Usage
This template may be used in Wiktionary entries to format quotations from 's work  (1st edition, 1842, 3 volumes). It can be used to create a link to online versions of the work at the Internet Archive:

 * Volume I (1st–3rd books).
 * Volume II (3rd book (continued) – 5th book).
 * Volume III (5th book (continued) – 7th book).

Parameters
The template takes the following parameters:

 * 1 or volume – mandatory: the volume number quoted from in uppercase Roman numerals, either I, II, or III.
 * 2 or chapter – the chapter number quoted from in uppercase Roman numerals. The chapter number starts from I in each book.
 * 3 or page, or pages – mandatory in some cases: the page number(s) quoted from. When quoting a range of pages, note the following:
 * Separate the first and last pages of the range with an en dash, like this: 10–11.
 * You must also use pageref to specify the page number that the template should link to (usually the page on which the Wiktionary entry appears).
 * You must specify this information to have the template determine the book number (1st–7th) quoted from, and to link to an online version of the work.

 * 4, text, or passage – a passage to be quoted from the work.
 * footer – a comment on the passage quoted.
 * brackets – use on to surround a quotation with brackets. This indicates that the quotation either contains a mere mention of a term (for example, "some people find the word manoeuvre hard to spell") rather than an actual use of it (for example, "we need to manoeuvre carefully to avoid causing upset"), or does not provide an actual instance of a term but provides information about related terms.

Examples

 * Wikitext:
 * ; or
 * Result:
 * Result:

 * Wikitext:
 * Result:


text:
Tutuilan

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to the island of Tutuila.

Noun

 * 1) A native or inhabitant of Tutuila.

title: Tutuilan


text: Tutuilans

title: Tutuilans


text:
Versicherungsbetrüger

Noun

 * 1) insurance swindler, insurance fraudster

title: Versicherungsbetrüger


text:
Talk:bum steer

etymology
What are the meanings of bum and steer here? --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:43, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
 * We are saying it means to lead someone astray. See steer. In other words, it's not a dated expression referring to farm animals as is so often assumed. I've read this somewhere else, too, but I'd like to find where it was before I add the information to our etymology section, just in case it turns out we are mistaken. — Soap — 06:49, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:bum steer


text:
irooj

Noun

 * 1) a chief
 * 2) a king

title: irooj


text:
irwōj

Noun

 * 1) a chief
 * 2) a king

title: irwōj


text:
kiin̄

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) a king

title: kiin̄


text:
lerooj

Noun

 * 1) a daughter of a queen
 * 2) a high chieftess
 * 3) a queen

title: lerooj


text:
kwiin

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) a queen

title: kwiin


text:
n̄e

Preposition

 * 1) if

Preposition

 * 1) when

Noun

 * 1) a reef separate from main reef

title: n̄e


text: Category:Marshallese prepositions

title: Category:Marshallese prepositions


text: Reparieren

title: Reparieren


text: USCC

title: USCC


text: Category:Tajik terms with quotations

title: Category:Tajik terms with quotations


text:
Reparierer

Etymology
From.

title: Reparierer


text: Category:Requests for definitions in Tajik entries


text:
Network Rail

Proper noun

 * 1)  The government-owned company that owns and manages the infrastructure on the railway network in Britain used by TOCs (train operating companies).

title: Network Rail


text: User talk:Killarnee

title: User talk:Killarnee


text:
Nutel

Noun

 * 1) noodle, pasta

title: Nutel


text: amnestics

title: amnestics


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zamъkъ

Etymology
From, action noun of 🇨🇬.

In most modern languages, the descendant of this lemma conveys the meaning castle, which is a late calque of, itself a calque of.

Noun

 * 1) lock
 * 2) snare, knot (that locks)
 * 1) snare, knot (that locks)

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * Bohemian :
 * Bohemian :

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zamъkъ


text: hinné

title: hinné


text: hinnék

title: hinnék


text: hinném

title: hinném


text: hinnéd

title: hinnéd


text:
الا

Etymology 1
.

Adjective

 * 1)  greyish-blue; azure; hazel

Etymology 2
.

Conjunction

 * 1) except
 * 2) unless

Etymology 1
.

Conjunction

 * 1) except, save
 * 2) without

Preposition

 * 1) except, save
 * 2) unless
 * 3) without
 * 1) without

Interjection

 * 1) is [he/she/it] not?
 * 2) behold
 * 3) beware

title: الا


text: hinnél

title: hinnél


text: hinnénk

title: hinnénk


text: hinnétek

title: hinnétek


text: hinnének

title: hinnének


text:
sgurr

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A rocky peak in Scotland.

title: sgurr


text: sgurrs

title: sgurrs


text: ribans

title: ribans


text: Blackhall Colliery

title: Blackhall Colliery


text:
enkel maskin

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) simple machine

title: enkel maskin


text: 屁を放る

title: 屁を放る


text:
entamenar

Verb

 * 1) to begin, to start

title: entamenar


text: Category:Latin terms spelled with Ĩ

title: Category:Latin terms spelled with Ĩ


text: Category:Latin terms spelled with ꝶ

title: Category:Latin terms spelled with ꝶ


text: socialas

title: socialas


text:
آلة بسيطة

Noun

 * 1) simple machine

title: آلة بسيطة


text: paraulotes

title: paraulotes


text:
temeritat

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) recklessness, temerity
 * 2) a reckless action

title: temeritat


text: temeritats

title: temeritats


text:
flettverk

Noun

 * 1) something which is braided
 * 2) solid and large mesh

title: flettverk


text: colt's-foot

title: colt's-foot


text: colt's-foots

title: colt's-foots


text: colt's-feet

title: colt's-feet


text: colt's foot

title: colt's foot


text: colt's foots

title: colt's foots


text: colt's feet

title: colt's feet


text: へをひる

title: へをひる


text: he o hiru

title: he o hiru


text: hittél

title: hittél


text: hittünk

title: hittünk


text: hittük

title: hittük


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zaduxъ

Etymology
From, ultimately from , an s-extension of.

Noun

 * 1) respiratory spasm, shortness of breath
 * 2) stench, frowst, haze

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zaduxъ


text: hittetek

title: hittetek


text: hittétek

title: hittétek


text: hittek

title: hittek


text: hitték

title: hitték


text: hiszed

title: hiszed


text:
User:Amire80/common.js

// And one for you!

title: User:Amire80/common.js


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/lapt-

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) turnip, rape

Descendants

 * East Semitic:
 * West Semitic:
 * Central Semitic:
 * Northwest Semitic:
 * : and  /  and  /, absolute state
 * and, absolute state
 * Canaanite:
 * : and  /  and  /, absolute state
 * and, absolute state
 * Canaanite:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/lapt-


text: hiszünk

title: hiszünk


text: hisszük

title: hisszük


text:
shtaki

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to accuse
 * 2) to charge

title: shtaki


text: hiszitek

title: hiszitek


text:
Talk:चित्

Wrong automatic translation ?
Hi, your converter translate like this /t͡ɕit̪/ I belive it's /t͡ʃit̪/.
 * Ca च (Indic)

title: Talk:चित्


text:
lærbrynje

Etymology
From, first part fom , from , from , from. Last part from, from , possibly from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) a leather armour for the upper body, sometimes combined with flexible metal armour

title: lærbrynje


text: hisztek

title: hisztek


text: hisznek

title: hisznek


text: hiszik

title: hiszik


text: kushtaki

title: kushtaki


text:
shtakiwa

Verb

 * : to be accused

title: shtakiwa


text: kushtakiwa

title: kushtakiwa


text: Template:RQ:Ovid Sandys Metamorphosis

title: Template:RQ:Ovid Sandys Metamorphosis


text: hiszi

title: hiszi


text: higgyek

title: higgyek


text: higgyem

title: higgyem


text: higgyed

title: higgyed


text: higgyél

title: higgyél


text: higgy

title: higgy


text: higgyen

title: higgyen


text: higgye

title: higgye


text: higgyük

title: higgyük


text: higgyünk

title: higgyünk


text:
Carstairs

Etymology
From +, a river name.

title: Carstairs


text: higgyetek

title: higgyetek


text: higgyétek

title: higgyétek


text: higgyék

title: higgyék


text:
Template:RQ:Ovid Sandys Metamorphosis/documentation

Usage
This template may be used in Wiktionary entries to format quotations from the version of 's work  translated by entitled Ovid's Metamorphosis Englished by G. S. (1st complete edition, 1626). It can be used to create a link to an online version of the work at Google Books (archived at the Internet Archive).

Parameters
The template takes the following parameters:

 * chapter – if quoting from one of the chapters indicated in the second column of the following table, give the parameter the value indicated in the first column:

 * If quoting from one of the chapters above marked with an asterisk (*), as they are unpaginated, use 1 or page to specify the "page number" assigned by Google Books to the URL of the webpage to be linked to. For example, if the URL is, specify 13.

 * 1 or page, or pages – mandatory: the page number(s) quoted from. When quoting a range of pages, note the following:
 * Separate the first and last pages of the range with an en dash, like this: 10–11.
 * You must also use pageref to specify the page number that the template should link to (usually the page on which the Wiktionary entry appears).
 * You must specify this information to have the template determine the book number (I–XV) in the main part of the work quoted from, and to link to the online version of the work.

 * 2, text, or passage – the passage to be quoted.
 * footer – a comment on the passage quoted.
 * brackets – use on to surround a quotation with brackets. This indicates that the quotation either contains a mere mention of a term (for example, "some people find the word manoeuvre hard to spell") rather than an actual use of it (for example, "we need to manoeuvre carefully to avoid causing upset"), or does not provide an actual instance of a term but provides information about related terms.

Examples

 * Wikitext:
 * ; or
 * Result:
 * Result:

 * Wikitext:
 * Result:


text:
Versicherungsschwindler

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) insurance swindler

title: Versicherungsschwindler


text: Category:sh:Spore plants

title: Category:sh:Spore plants


text: vinniük

title: vinniük


text: vinnie

title: vinnie


text: vinnem

title: vinnem


text: hinnem

title: hinnem


text: vinned

title: vinned


text: hinned

title: hinned


text: hinnie

title: hinnie


text: hinnünk

title: hinnünk


text: vinnünk

title: vinnünk


text: Carstairs Junction

title: Carstairs Junction


text: hinnetek

title: hinnetek


text: vinnetek

title: vinnetek


text: hinniük

title: hinniük


text:
lennem

Etymology
.

title: lennem


text:
lenned

Etymology
.

title: lenned


text:
lennie

Etymology
.

title: lennie


text:
lennünk

Etymology
.

title: lennünk


text:
lennetek

Etymology
.

title: lennetek


text:
lenniük

Etymology
.

title: lenniük


text:
User talk:Myrhonon

Maps
There is no good reason to remove borders from the existing maps, so stop editing entries by replacing maps with borderless versions. — surjection ⟨?⟩ 19:32, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Borders are irrelevant. Myrhonon (talk) 19:35, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Why did you change your account? Regardless, the borders are useful in maps, because they help users with a sense of scale and to see whether an area is within a country or not. You've already gotten into edit wars on Wikipedia before, so do not bring that attitude here. — surjection ⟨?⟩ 19:36, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Myrhonon


text:
MTM

Noun

 * 1)  ; a medium in which the native language of the population is used, such as in education or in writing.

title: MTM


text: User talk:Lioita

title: User talk:Lioita


text:
rire comme un bossu

Etymology
lit. 'to laugh like a hunchback'.

Verb

 * 1)  to laugh out loud; to laugh one's head off; to laugh like a drain

title: rire comme un bossu


text:
pamagat

Etymology
According to (1991), it could be from  /  /  as found in the, or possibly from 🇨🇬. Alternatively, possibly conjugated through or. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. See also.

Noun

 * 1) title
 * 2)  honorific prepended or post-nominal appended to a person's name to signify either veneration, official position or a professional or academic qualification
 * 3)  cognomen; nickname
 * 1)  honorific prepended or post-nominal appended to a person's name to signify either veneration, official position or a professional or academic qualification
 * 2)  cognomen; nickname
 * 1)  cognomen; nickname

title: pamagat


text:
سن اليأس

Etymology
Literally: “age of despair”. Perhaps after Quran 65:4, where it says:.

Noun

 * 1) menopause

title: سن اليأس


text:
limited-stop

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to a public transport service that serves a limited number of places or stations along its route.

title: limited-stop


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/napitъkъ

Etymology
Product noun of, from an earlier u-stem 🇨🇬, extended with. Possibly traces back to, based on the comparison with 🇨🇬. The Lithuanian lemma differs slightly in meaning (and moreover exhibits mobile AP 4), which makes the relation to the Slavic lemma questionable.

Comparison with other languages points towards possible descend from (see, ). This root has lost its laryngeal already in pre-Balto-Slavic times due to Pinault's rule, hence, there is no trace of acute in Balto-Slavic. Probably also cognate with 🇨🇬 (see there for further discussion). It is possible that 🇨🇬 relates to the mentioned roots via Schwebeablaut.

Noun

 * 1) drink, beverage
 * 2) potion
 * 1) potion

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/napitъkъ


text:
پہلوان

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) wrestler
 * 2) champion

title: پہلوان


text:
enchapopotar

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to pave

title: enchapopotar


text:
พลูโต

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1)  (ดาว~) Pluto.
 * 2)  (เทพ~) Pluto.

title: พลูโต


text: User:Lioita

title: User:Lioita


text:
Classical Tagalog

Proper noun

 * 1) The older form of Tagalog spoken and written in the Philippines from about 1565  to 1897, before soon developing into Modern Tagalog (Filipino) by the time of the  and subsequent  to present. It developed from Old Tagalog after Christianization in the , with heavy influence from Spanish ( and , including influence from  (Aztec) and ), Chinese (especially Hokkien), and Japanese. This was also when it first started being written in the Latin script and later the  script becoming sparsely rarely written.

Coordinate terms

 * (Ancient / Early Tagalog)
 * Modern Tagalog
 * (Ancient / Early Tagalog)
 * Modern Tagalog
 * Modern Tagalog

Translations

 * Tagalog: Klasikong Tagalog

title: Classical Tagalog


text:
lick someone's boots

Verb

 * 1)  To try hard to please someone.

Translations

 * French:

title: lick someone's boots


text:
แถบดาวเคราะห์น้อย

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Proper noun

 * 1) asteroid belt.

title: แถบดาวเคราะห์น้อย


text:
lécher les bottes

Verb

 * 1)  to lick someone's boots, to bow and scrape, to brownnose, to suck up

title: lécher les bottes


text:
lécher le cul

Verb

 * 1)  to lick someone's ass, to kiss ass, to brownnose, to suck up

title: lécher le cul


text: はうぶつせん

title: はうぶつせん


text: hōbutsusen

title: hōbutsusen


text:
Old Tagalog

Proper noun

 * 1) The ancient or older medieval language of Tagalog mostly spoken and sparsely written using the  in the Philippines from around its split off from other  to around 1565, when it soon developed into Classical Tagalog after Christianization by the Spanish arrival. It developed from , under , under , with influence from , , , , , , and either  or.

Related terms

 * Proto-Austronesian
 * Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
 * Proto-Philippine
 * Classical Tagalog (Middle Tagalog)
 * Modern Tagalog (Filipino)

Translations

 * Tagalog: Lumang Tagalog (Baybayin: ᜎᜓᜋᜅ᜔ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔, Pre-Kudlit:ᜎᜓᜋᜆᜄᜎᜓ)

title: Old Tagalog


text:
чесать языком

Verb

 * 1)  to chat, to shoot the breeze

title: чесать языком


text:
ebargofiant

Etymology
.

title: ebargofiant


text:
anghofrwydd

Etymology
.

title: anghofrwydd


text:
angof

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) * William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog):
 * Pwy all beidio â chofio amdano? / Pwy all beidio â thraethu’i glod? / Dyma gariad nad â’n angof / Tra fo nefoedd wen yn bod.
 * Who can but remember him? / Who can but declare his praise? / Here is love that shall not be forgotten / While glorious heavens shall last.
 * 1) * William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog):
 * Pwy all beidio â chofio amdano? / Pwy all beidio â thraethu’i glod? / Dyma gariad nad â’n angof / Tra fo nefoedd wen yn bod.
 * Who can but remember him? / Who can but declare his praise? / Here is love that shall not be forgotten / While glorious heavens shall last.
 * Who can but remember him? / Who can but declare his praise? / Here is love that shall not be forgotten / While glorious heavens shall last.

title: angof


text:
anghofuster

Etymology
.

title: anghofuster


text:
anghofus

Adjective

 * 1) forgetful
 * 2) oblivious

title: anghofus


text:
kultainen häkki

Noun

 * 1)  gilded cage

title: kultainen häkki


text:
dyskalkuli

Etymology
Borrowed from, or , from both , from , from , from  + and from , present active infinitive of , from  (with the suffix , from , possibly from ), from  (with the suffix (, from , from earlier , from , from ), from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  dyscalculia

title: dyskalkuli


text:
crucifixor

Noun

 * 1)  crucifier

title: crucifixor


text:
mother-spot

Noun

 * 1) A naevus.

title: mother-spot


text: mother-spots

title: mother-spots


text: naevous

title: naevous


text:
Talk:crotchbulge

RFV discussion: October–November 2019
"Very rare" label, but the results I am seeing in books and regular Google search are not promising. - TheDaveRoss  12:40, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I created a citations page. There are two cites for, and two for . (On the latter, the 2015 quote is at a line break, so it could conceivably been meant as one word without a hyphen.) Kiwima (talk) 00:52, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed. This spelling, with no space, seems unique to James Jones (and one other author who attributes the term to him). Kiwima (talk) 21:08, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:crotchbulge


text:
Talk:hushed culture

RFV discussion: November 2019
DTLHS (talk) 22:19, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

 * cited, but I am not entirely convinced this is anything more than SOP. Kiwima (talk) 23:13, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I've nominated it for deletion. Canonicalization (talk) 16:00, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

RFV-passed Kiwima (talk) 21:13, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

RFD discussion: November 2019–March 2020
SOP. Canonicalization (talk) 15:09, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Is it the culture that is being hushed (like an oppressed or subdued culture), or is it a culture in which some taboo topic is hushed, so that a more appropriate term would have been hushing culture (like an oppressive culture)? In the former case, the definition is not quite right. In the latter case, I don’t think this is a clear SOP. --Lambiam 14:43, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't believe I would have correctly guessed what this meant without the definition. I might have thought it was about e.g. censorship rather than taboos. Equinox ◑ 01:02, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Keep per above, provided verified. Non-obvious from parts. Mihia (talk) 00:08, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. It looks obvious to me in the context of contemporary social science writing. DCDuring (talk) 23:00, 12 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Should we assume that Wiktionary users are so familiar with contemporary social science writing? Mihia (talk) 00:56, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I myself am not, but I'm sure if you read that in context (and I mean completely in context, without having Wiktionary in mind), you wouldn't bat an eyelid, and wouldn't ever think of checking it in a dictionary.
 * It doesn't even seem to be a state-of-the-art term (there's exactly one Google books hit for "'hushed' culture"). Where the author got his definition, I don't know. It seems to me we're making it sound like more than it is, and that this 'term' is simply not all it's cracked up to be.
 * Also, sorry to indulge in ad hominem, but I advise you to check his other contributions, for example here or here.
 * All of this is making me very queasy. . Canonicalization (talk) 16:12, 3 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The passage from that one GBS hit is as follows:
 * “From an Aboriginal perspective, the library appears to be almost a ‘whitefella sacred site’. When people go inside it is as if they are going into a church. There is a ‘hushed’ culture, where everyone is very quiet. It has a spiritual atmosphere, a place of meditative contemplation. There are a lot of ‘secrets’ which some people know about (the catalogue systems, the ways of placing books, how people take notes), and others from outside have great difficulty understanding and entering this sacred cosmology.”
 * This has virtually nothing to do with the definition of the entry. It just means a cultural convention that is in force in a place where, by that convention, one doesn’t speak with a loud voice. So the situation is that we have not even a single book hit. From the quotations on the page I cannot distill a clear meaning. In the first one, I interpret “hushed culture” much like “oppressed culture’ – a culture that is forced to remain hidden. In the second and third there are taboo topics, but in the last one I think the taboo topic is not “sexual violence” but a “culture of sexual violence”, which is both complicated and hushed, so then this does not fit the definition either. I am not at all convinced that the term is commonly used and understood in certain circles to mean what we are told it means; the uses we see seem to be the result of somewhat accidental juxtapositions of the terms and  in a variety of meanings.  --Lambiam 17:56, 3 December 2019 (UTC)
 * When I say keep "provided verified", I mean keep if it is verified that this is a known phrase with the defined meaning, not merely (per Lambiam) an ad hoc juxtaposition of words that one makes sense of as best one can within a context. Mihia (talk) 00:57, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, we can send it back to RFV (and likely get a scolding from User:Kiwima). Canonicalization (talk) 10:01, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't scold, do I? The three cites in the entry were chosen because they support the definition. Yes, there is a variety of other meanings as well. That is not definitive one way or the other - lots of idiomatic phrases include other, literal uses. All that aside, I am abstaining from this discussion, as I don't have strong feelings either way. Kiwima (talk) 18:36, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Weak keep per above. It's meaning doesn't seem immediately clear to me. Andrew Sheedy (talk) 02:32, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Changed to delete per more recent edits. Andrew Sheedy (talk) 22:50, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

 * The citation given by Lambiam says ‘hushed’ culture (note the quote marks), suggesting the author feels he/she is coining a phrase rather than using an established one. Equinox ◑ 01:19, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete, no fixed established meaning. --Lambiam 01:05, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

 * RFD-deleted. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 23:42, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:hushed culture


text:
Talk:garlion

RFV discussion: November 2019
DTLHS (talk) 22:45, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * cited Kiwima (talk) 23:29, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I independently found 2 of the 3 cites that Kiwima had earlier added to the Citations page. I also found a 1983 cite. Does that mean the 'obsolete' tag should be removed? DCDuring (talk) 04:03, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't think it's obsolete so much as historic - a hybrid that never really caught on. Looks like someone's trying to reintroduce it. Kiwima (talk) 04:53, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

RFV-passed Kiwima (talk) 21:12, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:garlion


text:
volnék

Etymology
From the stem of.

Usage notes
See at.

title: volnék


text:
volnál

Etymology
From the stem of.

Usage notes
See at.

title: volnál


text:
Jāmo̧

Proper noun

 * 1) Jemo island

title: Jāmo̧


text: ωφελούμε

title: ωφελούμε


text:
volnánk

Etymology
From the stem of.

Usage notes
See at.

title: volnánk


text:
volnátok

Etymology
From the stem of.

Usage notes
See at.

title: volnátok


text:
volnának

Etymology
From the stem of.

Usage notes
See at.

title: volnának


text:
Weitspringer

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) long jumper

title: Weitspringer


text:
sabular

Verb

 * 1)  to reveal something indiscreetly

title: sabular


text: Citations:patruel

title: Citations:patruel


text:
rukia

Noun

 * 1) Any bird of the genus, native to Micronesia.

Verb

 * : to jump at, to jump on

title: rukia


text: kurukia

title: kurukia


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lopěnъ

Noun

 * 1) great leaf,
 * 2) any plant with wide and flabby leaves, particularly
 * 3)  burdock (Arctium spp.)
 * 4)  mullein (Verbascum spp.)

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lopěnъ


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lepěnъ

Etymology
Ablaut to.

Noun

 * 1) great leaf
 * 2) any plant with wide and flabby leaves, particularly
 * 3)   spp.
 * 4)  mullein (Verbascum spp.)
 * 5)  water lily (Nymphaea spp.)

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lepěnъ


text:
лопен

Etymology
, equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  mullein flower of genus

title: лопен


text: Ebbsfleet

title: Ebbsfleet


text: 金雞湖

title: 金雞湖


text: 金鸡湖

title: 金鸡湖


text: Kingskerswell

title: Kingskerswell


text: Heiratsschwindlers

title: Heiratsschwindlers


text: Versicherungsschwindlers

title: Versicherungsschwindlers


text: Citations:revocationism

title: Citations:revocationism


text: nuevo sols

title: nuevo sols


text: Citations:convocationism

title: Citations:convocationism


text: Versicherungsbetrügers

title: Versicherungsbetrügers


text:
User talk:Enix150

Rhymes pages
Rhymes always include the accented syllable, so cytochrome doesn't rhyme with Thunderdome, and neither belongs on Rhymes:English/əʊm. You'd have to find something else that ends with /ˈ-aɪtəkɹəʊm/ or /ˈ-ʌndɚˌdəʊm/, respectively, before you could have either on a rhymes page. The rhymes you added to Rhymes:English/iːni are okay, though, because they're accented on the correct syllable (Rhymes:English/i or Rhymes:English/iː would be wrong) Chuck Entz (talk) 00:31, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

sedge
What part of the reference you added claims that the word is a blend? — surjection ⟨??⟩ 10:29, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Let me spell it out: the words saw and edge are both English, but dictionary.com says sedge is from (it has cognates in Low German and Dutch, so it has to go further back than that). Barring time travel or extreme incompetence by the people at dictionary.com, there's no way to read that as saying that sedge is a blend of saw and edge. The mere presence of "2" twice on a page isn't the same as "2 + 2 = 4". Chuck Entz (talk) 13:35, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Surjection, the part that says "presumably so named from its sawlike edges" to me implied that it was a blend, and that's also what I had been told in field bio. What distinguishes sedges from other graminoids (grasses and rushes) is that the leaves have serrated edges. If I am in error, then please correct it, but I felt the revert was retaliatory because HalJor has a vendetta from Wikipedia and unfortunately they will likely continue to stalk and undo my edits here now too. Enix150 (talk) 14:06, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * It's not implying that it's a blend, but explaining why the ultimate root of would be related to that of . — surjection ⟨??⟩ 14:10, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I recommend you simply stop editing with regard to blend etymologies, since you clearly do not have the competence required to do so and keep leaving messes behind for other people to fix. Neither of the sources you added for the etymology of state that the word was formed in the way you state it was. — surjection ⟨??⟩ 09:55, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Raubtier
Stop moving articles if you have no idea what you are doing. German nouns are capitalized. And while I'm here, not every word is a blend, such as. — surjection ⟨??⟩ 12:10, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Enix150


text: Deedra

title: Deedra


text:
twelve-speed

Adjective

 * 1)  Having twelve gears.

Noun

 * 1) A bicycle having twelve gears.

title: twelve-speed


text: twelve-speeds

title: twelve-speeds


text:
Atreide

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) Atreid

title: Atreide


text: RTUs

title: RTUs


text: dawn choir

title: dawn choir


text: dawn choirs

title: dawn choirs


text: Galgate

title: Galgate


text: RWAs

title: RWAs


text:
tapisha

Verb

 * : to cause vomiting

title: tapisha


text: kutapisha

title: kutapisha


text:
empfahen

Etymology
From, from , from. .

Verb

 * 1)  to receive

title: empfahen


text:
paranoidness

Noun

 * 1) The quality or condition of being paranoid.

title: paranoidness


text:
alertable

Adjective

 * 1)  Capable of receiving and responding to notifications from other threads of execution.
 * 2)  Requiring the partner of the person making a bid to alert the opponents that the bid's meaning involves a partnership understanding that is not readily understood.
 * 3) Able to respond constructively to being alerted.
 * 1)  Requiring the partner of the person making a bid to alert the opponents that the bid's meaning involves a partnership understanding that is not readily understood.
 * 2) Able to respond constructively to being alerted.
 * 1) Able to respond constructively to being alerted.
 * 1) Able to respond constructively to being alerted.
 * 1) Able to respond constructively to being alerted.
 * 1) Able to respond constructively to being alerted.

title: alertable


text:
tvångssvenska

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  mandatory teaching of the Swedish language as a subject in Finnish schools

title: tvångssvenska


text: ἄγλιθος

title: ἄγλιθος


text: ἄγλιθες

title: ἄγλιθες


text: γέλγιθες

title: γέλγιθες


text:
stiele

Etymology
From, derived from.

Noun

 * 1) steel

title: stiele


text:
ילוד

Noun

 * 1) newborn

title: ילוד


text:
schicklich

Adjective

 * 1)  appropriate, proper

title: schicklich


text:
limit bid

Noun

 * 1) An offer to buy in an auction for any value up to a specified maximum.
 * 2)  A bid that describes the bidders hand fairly precisely (indicating a small range of high card points and some indication of shape.)
 * 1)  A bid that describes the bidders hand fairly precisely (indicating a small range of high card points and some indication of shape.)
 * 1)  A bid that describes the bidders hand fairly precisely (indicating a small range of high card points and some indication of shape.)
 * 1)  A bid that describes the bidders hand fairly precisely (indicating a small range of high card points and some indication of shape.)

title: limit bid


text:
light-headedly

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) In a light-headed manner; with a light head.

title: light-headedly


text: limit bids

title: limit bids


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rōbijā

Etymology
Presumably from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  beet
 * 2)  turnip


text: ⲗⲱⲓϩⲓ

title: ⲗⲱⲓϩⲓ


text: ⲗⲟⲓϩⲉ

title: ⲗⲟⲓϩⲉ


text:
User:Inqvisitor/Proto-Indo-European/h₁rep-

Root

 * 1) to lay hold of or grab something, snatch, seize
 * 2) to rip out, carry off, snatch up, seize upon, usurp
 * 3) to heap, gather up, collect, harvest

Derived terms

 * *serp-, *sarp-, *sr̥p-


text:
mystery shop

Verb

 * 1) To work as a mystery shopper; to pose as a customer or client in order to evaluate a business.

Noun

 * 1) An instance of mystery shopping; a visit to a business as a mystery shopper.

title: mystery shop


text: mystery shops

title: mystery shops


text:
mystery shopping

Noun

 * 1) The practice of using mystery shoppers to evaluate a business.

title: mystery shopping


text: mystery shopped

title: mystery shopped


text: mystery shoppings

title: mystery shoppings


text:
allzumal

Adverb

 * 1)  all, one and all, all together
 * 2) * 1912, Martin Luther, Lutherbibel von 1912, Galatians 3:28 (with KJV translation)
 * "de"
 * "de"

- Hier ist kein Jude noch Grieche, hier ist kein Knecht noch Freier, hier ist kein Mann noch Weib; denn ihr seid allzumal einer in Christo Jesu.

 * 1) * 1793, Homer, Ilias. German translation by J.H.Voß: 1. Gesang, 240 (English translation)
 * "de"

- Wahrlich vermisst wird Achilleus hinfort von den Söhnen Achaias Allzumal; dann suchst du umsonst, wie sehr du dich härmest, Rettung, wenn sie in Scharen, vom männermordenden Hector Niedergestürzt, hinsterben.

 * 1) * 1860, A. v. Winterfeld, Wenn ros'ger Mai mit Blumen naht. A loose translation, into German, of the song "The gard'ner wi' his paidle", written by Robert Burns.
 * "de"

- Liebhaber sind die Vöglein all', Die Blumen grüßen allzumal,   Den Gärtner mit der Hacke. Und wenn der Morgensonne Strahl, Das Häschen stört bei'm frühen Mahl,

 * 1) * 1979, Folksong, Zu Straßburg auf der Schanz ("Der Schweizer")., (English translation "At Strasbourg on the ramparts")
 * "de"

- Ihr Brüder allzumal, Heut' seht ihr mich zum letztenmal; Der Hirtenbub ist nur Schuld daran, Das Alphorn hat mir solches angetan, Das klag ich an.

 * 1) in any case
 * 2) particularly, in particular
 * 1) particularly, in particular

title: allzumal


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Japonic/nisu

Wrong derivation -- this isn't an adjective, it's a verb stem
I'm reworking the entry adding (not sure how best to rework). As reflected in modern JA, is the noun stem of verb  from earlier 下二段 verb, transitive / causative counterpart to intransitive and 上一段 verb.

上一段 is a defective verb paradigm that suggests prehistoric (i.e. before writing) form nu, which is postulated by Frellesvig and others as an ancient copula. If we postulate this relationship, then niru would possibly be derivable as to be like something, and nisu would be to make something be like something else, as mediopassive and causative derivations of root form nu meaning to be .

Speculation aside, this is definitely a verb stem and not an adjective. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 01:12, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Updated above to just "adding rfc".
 * By way of reference, 🇨🇬 is reflected by RYU verb nishun, and 🇨🇬 is reflected by RYU noun nishī. No adjectives in evidence.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 01:24, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

 * In addition, 🇨🇬 as a kinda-sorta adjective (more like a verb-derived compounding element) isn't attested until 1430, quite late for anything inherited from Proto-Japonic. Underlying verb nisu (terminal / predicative), nise- (verb stem for other conjugating forms) is attested from 720.
 * Considering current research about the derivation of lower bigrade verbs, this reconstruction as nisay is problematic. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 23:34, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Proto-Japonic/nisu


text:
the family that prays together stays together

Proverb

 * 1) Shared religious observance strengthens family stability.


text:
評述

Verb

 * 1) to write a review; to write a commentary

Noun

 * 1) review; commentary

title: 評述


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwirbilaz

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) circle, ring, whirl

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwirbilaz


text: 评述

title: 评述


text: píngshù

title: píngshù


text:
the family that sleeps together keeps together

Etymology
Parody of. Originally coined by in the 1960s to refer to the way sexual intimacy creates bonds between a married couple, the phrase was adopted by others who reinterpreted it to refer to incest.


text:
turriane

Etymology
Derived from a word in an Australian Aboriginal language for, named by DD Ridley, E Ritchie and WC Taylor in 1970

Noun

 * 1)  A (14-p,0-o)cyclophane derived from the gum from the wood of the plant, consisting of biphenyl joined in a ring by a chain of fourteen carbon atoms.

title: turriane


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwirbilōną

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to whirl


text: turrianes

title: turrianes


text:
شهلة

Noun

 * 1) The color of anything  or.

Adjective

 * 1)  middle-aged, intelligent; old

title: شهلة


text:
ش ه ل

Root

 * 1) Related to the color.

Derived terms

 * Verbs

 * Nouns

 * Adjectives

 * Proper nouns

title: ش ه ل


title: User:Benwing2/ang-IPA


text:
User:Benwing2/test-ang-IPA

Released version:

title: User:Benwing2/test-ang-IPA


text: Heraclydus

title: Heraclydus


text:
아수라

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  asura

title: 아수라


text:
cotrimerization

Noun

 * 1)  The formation of a trimer from more than one kind of monomer.

title: cotrimerization


text:
Module:ang-pron

--[=[

Implementation of pronunciation-generation module from spelling for Old English.

Author: Benwing

Generally, the user should supply the spelling, properly marked up with macrons for long vowels, and ċ ġ ċġ sċ for soft versions of these consonants. In addition, the following symbols can be used:

-- acute accent on a vowel to override the position of primary stress --  (in a diphthong, put it over the first vowel) -- grave accent to add secondary stress -- circumflex to force no stress on the word or prefix (e.g. in a compound) -- . (period) to force a syllable boundary -- - (hyphen) to force a prefix/word or word/word boundary in a compound word; --  the result will be displayed as a single word but the consonants on --   either side treated as if they occurred at the beginning/end of the word -- + (plus) is the opposite of -; it forces a prefix/word or word/word boundary --  to *NOT* occur when it otherwise would -- _ (underscore) to force the letters on either side to be interpreted --  independently, when the combination of the two would normally have a --   special meaning

FIXME:

1. Implement which works like - but don't trigger secondary stress (< after a prefix, > before a suffix) (DONE) 2. Recognize -lēas and -l[iī][cċ] as suffixes. (DONE) 2b. Recognize -fæst, -ful, -full as suffixes (so no voicing of initial   fricative). (DONE) 3. If explicit syllable boundary in cluster after prefix, don't recognize as  prefix (hence ġeddung could be written ġed.dung, bedreda bed.reda) (DONE) 4. Two bugs in swīþfèrhþ: missing initial stress, front h should be back (DONE) 5. Check Urszag's code changes for /h/. (DONE) 6. Bug in wasċan; probably sċ between vowels should be ʃʃ (DONE) 7. Bug in ġeddung, doesn't have allowed onset with ġe-ddung (DONE) 8. āxiġendlīc -- x is not an allowed onset (DONE) 9. Handle prefixes/suffixes denoted with initial/final hyphen -- shouldn't  trigger automatic stress when multisyllabic. (DONE) 10. Don't remove user-specified accents on monosyllabic words. (DONE) 11. Final -þu/-þo after a consonant should always be voiceless (but should be   overridable). (DONE; OVERRIDABLE THROUGH "EXPLICIT ALLOPHONE" NOTATION) 12. Fricative voiced between voiced sounds even across prefix/compound boundary when before (but not after) the boundary. (DONE) 13. Fricative between unstressed vowels should be voiceless (e.g. adesa); maybe only after the stress? (DONE) 14. Resonant after fricative/stop in a given syllable should be rendered as syllabic (e.g. ādl [ˈɑːdl̩], botm [botm̥], bōsm, bēacn [ˈbæːɑ̯kn̩];	also -mn e.g stemn /ˈstemn̩/. (DONE, BUT REVERSED) 15. Add aġēn- and onġēan- prefixes with secondary stress for verbs.   (WILL NOT DO) 16. and- (and maybe all others) should be unstressed as verbal prefix.    andswarian is an exception. (DONE) 17. Support multiple pronunciations as separate numbered params. (DONE) 17b. Additional specifiers should follow each pronun as PRONUN.    This includes the current pos=. 18. Double hh should be pronounced as [xː]. (DONE) 19. Add -bǣre as a suffix with secondary stress. (DONE) 20. Add -līċ(e), lī[cċ]nes(s) as suffixes with secondary stress. -lī[cċ]nes(s)    should behave like -līċ(e) in that what's before is checked to determine	the pos. (DONE) 21. -lēasnes should be a recognized suffix with secondary stress. (DONE) 22. Fix handling of crinċġan, dynċġe, should behave as if ċ isn't there. (DONE) 23. Rewrite to use Module:ang-common. (DONE) 24. Ignore final period/question mark/exclamation point. (DONE) 25. Implement pos=verbal for handling un-. (DONE) 26. Simplify geminate consonants within a single syllable. (DONE) 27. Implement "explicit allophone" notation, e.g. [s] [z]. (DONE) 28. -sian should be voiceless in verbs. (DONE) 29. -rian should have /j/ after short vowels in verbs. (DONE) 30. BUG: Secondary stress not getting applied in -lēas (see aldorleas).

QUESTIONS:

1. Should /an/, /on/ be pronounced [ɒn]? Same for /am/, /om/. [NO] 2. Should final /ɣ/ be rendered as [x]? [NO] 3. Should word-final double consonants be simplified in phonetic representation? Maybe also syllable-final except obstruents before [lr]? [YES] 4. Should we use /x/ instead of /h/? [YES] 5. Should we recognize from- along with fram-? [NO] 6. Should we recognize bi- along with be-? (danger of false positives) [NO] 7. Should fricative be voiced before voicd sound across word boundary? (dæġes ēage [ˈdæːjez ˈæːɑ̯ɣe]?) [NO] 8. Ask about pronunciation of bræġn, is the n syllabic? It's given as  /ˈbræjn̩/. Similarly, seġl given as /ˈsejl̩/. [NO; HUNDWINE AND URSZAG DISAGREE] 9. Ask about pronunciation of ġeond-, can it be either [eo] or [o]? [UNCLEAR] 10. Is final -ol pronounced [ul] e.g regol [ˈreɣul]? Hundwine has created entries this way. What about final -oc etc.? [NO] 11. Is final -ian pronounced [jan] or [ian]? Cf. sċyldigian given as   . What about spyrian given as /ˈspyr.jɑn/? [-ian in weak II verbs, -jan in weak I verbs] 12. seht given as /seçt/ but sehtlian given as /ˈsextliɑn/. Which one is   correct? [ç] 13. Final -liċ or -līċ, with or without secondary stress? 14. Should we special-case -sian [sian]? Then we need support for [z] notation to override phonetics. ]=]

local strutils = require("Module:string utilities") local m_table = require("Module:table") local m_IPA = require("Module:IPA") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("ang") local com = require("Module:ang-common")

local u = require("Module:string/char") local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsplit = mw.text.split local rgsplit = mw.text.gsplit local ulen = mw.ustring.len local ulower = mw.ustring.lower

-- version of rsubn that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar, n)	local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar, n)	return retval end

-- like str:gsub but discards all but the first return value local function gsub(term, foo, bar, n)	local retval = term:gsub(foo, bar, n)	return retval end

local export = {}

-- When auto-generating primary and secondary stress accents, we use these -- special characters, and later convert to normal IPA accent marks, so -- we can distinguish auto-generated stress from user-specified stress. local AUTOACUTE = u(0xFFF0) local AUTOGRAVE = u(0xFFF1)

-- When the user uses the "explicit allophone" notation such as [z] or [ç] to -- force a particular allophone, we internally convert that notation into a -- single special character. local EXPLICIT_TH = u(0xFFF2) local EXPLICIT_DH = u(0xFFF3) local EXPLICIT_S = u(0xFFF4) local EXPLICIT_Z = u(0xFFF5) local EXPLICIT_F = u(0xFFF6) local EXPLICIT_V = u(0xFFF7) local EXPLICIT_G = u(0xFFF8) local EXPLICIT_GH = u(0xFFF9) local EXPLICIT_H = u(0xFFFA) local EXPLICIT_X = u(0xFFFB) local EXPLICIT_C = u(0xFFFC) local EXPLICIT_I = u(0xFFFD)

local explicit_cons = EXPLICIT_TH .. EXPLICIT_DH .. EXPLICIT_S .. EXPLICIT_Z .. EXPLICIT_F .. EXPLICIT_V .. EXPLICIT_G .. EXPLICIT_GH .. EXPLICIT_H .. EXPLICIT_X .. EXPLICIT_C

-- Map "explicit allophone" notation into special char. See above. local char_to_explicit_char = { ["þ"] = EXPLICIT_TH, ["ð"] = EXPLICIT_DH, ["s"] = EXPLICIT_S, ["z"] = EXPLICIT_Z, ["f"] = EXPLICIT_F, ["v"] = EXPLICIT_V, ["g"] = EXPLICIT_G, ["ɣ"] = EXPLICIT_GH, ["h"] = EXPLICIT_H, ["x"] = EXPLICIT_X, ["ç"] = EXPLICIT_C, ["i"] = EXPLICIT_I, }

-- Map "explicit allophone" notation into normal spelling, for supporting ann=. local char_to_spelling = { ["þ"] = "þ", ["ð"] = "þ", ["s"] = "s", ["z"] = "s", ["f"] = "f", ["v"] = "f", ["g"] = "g", ["ɣ"] = "g", ["h"] = "h", ["x"] = "h", ["ç"] = "h", ["i"] = "i", }

-- Map "explicit allophone" notation into phonemes, for phonemic output. local explicit_char_to_phonemic = { [EXPLICIT_TH] = "θ", [EXPLICIT_DH] = "θ", [EXPLICIT_S] = "s", [EXPLICIT_Z] = "s", [EXPLICIT_F] = "f", [EXPLICIT_V] = "f", [EXPLICIT_G] = "ɡ", -- IPA ɡ! [EXPLICIT_GH] = "ɡ", -- IPA ɡ! [EXPLICIT_H] = "x", [EXPLICIT_X] = "x", [EXPLICIT_C] = "x", [EXPLICIT_I] = "i", }

-- Map "explicit allophone" notation into IPA phones, for phonetic output. local explicit_char_to_phonetic = { [EXPLICIT_TH] = "θ", [EXPLICIT_DH] = "ð", [EXPLICIT_S] = "s", [EXPLICIT_Z] = "z", [EXPLICIT_F] = "f", [EXPLICIT_V] = "v", [EXPLICIT_G] = "ɡ", -- IPA ɡ! [EXPLICIT_GH] = "ɣ", [EXPLICIT_H] = "h", [EXPLICIT_X] = "x", [EXPLICIT_C] = "ç", [EXPLICIT_I] = "i", }

local accent = com.MACRON .. com.ACUTE .. com.GRAVE .. com.CFLEX .. AUTOACUTE .. AUTOGRAVE local accent_c = "[" .. accent .. "]" local stress_accent = com.ACUTE .. com.GRAVE .. com.CFLEX .. AUTOACUTE .. AUTOGRAVE local stress_accent_c = "[" .. stress_accent .. "]" local back_vowel = "aɑou" local front_vowel = "eiyæœø" .. EXPLICIT_I local vowel = back_vowel .. front_vowel local vowel_or_accent = vowel .. accent local vowel_c = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local vowel_or_accent_c = "[" .. vowel_or_accent .. "]" local non_vowel_c = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local front_vowel_c = "[" .. front_vowel .. "]" -- The following include both IPA symbols and letters (including regular g and IPA ɡ) -- so it can be used at any step of the process. local obstruent = "bcċçdfgɡɣhkpqstvxzþðθʃʒ" .. explicit_cons local resonant = "lmnŋrɫ" local glide = "ġjwƿ" local cons = obstruent .. resonant .. glide local cons_c = "[" .. cons .. "]" local voiced_sound = vowel .. "lrmnwjbdɡ" -- WARNING, IPA ɡ used here

-- These rules operate in order, and apply to the actual spelling, -- after (1) macron decomposition, (2) syllable and prefix splitting, -- (3) placement of primary and secondary stresses at the beginning -- of the syllable. Each syllable will be separated either by ˈ -- (if the following syllable is stressed), by ˌ (if the following -- syllable has secondary stress), or by. (otherwise). In addition, -- morpheme boundaries where the consonants on either side should be -- treated as at the beginning/end of word (i.e. between prefix and -- word, or between words in a compound word) will be marked with ⁀ -- before the syllable separator, and the beginning and end of text -- will be marked by ⁀⁀. The output of this is fed into phonetic_rules, -- and then is used to generate the displayed phonemic pronunciation -- by removing ⁀ symbols. local phonemic_rules = { {com.MACRON, "ː"}, {"eoː", "oː"}, -- e.g. ġeōmor {"eaː", "aː"}, {"[ei]ː?[aeo]", { -- Alternative notation for short diphthongs: iu̯, eo̯, æɑ̯ -- Alternative notation for long diphthongs: iːu̯, eːo̯, æːɑ̯ ["ea"] = "æ͜ɑ", ["eːa"] = "æ͜ɑː", ["eo"] = "e͜o", ["eːo"] = "e͜oː", ["io"] = "i͜u", ["iːo"] = "i͜uː", ["ie"] = "i͜y", ["iːe"] = "i͜yː", }},	-- sċ between vowels when at the beginning of a syllable should be ʃ.ʃ {"(" .. vowel_c .. "ː?)([.ˈˌ]?)sċ(" .. vowel_c .. ")", "%1ʃ%2ʃ%3"}, -- other sċ should be ʃ; note that sċ divided between syllables becomes s.t͡ʃ {"sċ", "ʃ"}, -- x between vowels when at the beginning of a syllable should be k.s;	-- remaining x handled below {"(" .. vowel_c .. "ː?)([.ˈˌ]?)x(" .. vowel_c .. ")", "%1k%2s%3"}, -- z between vowels when at the beginning of a syllable should be t.s;	-- remaining z handled below {"(" .. vowel_c .. "ː?)([.ˈˌ]?)z(" .. vowel_c .. ")", "%1t%2s%3"}, -- short front vowel + -rian, -riend, -rienne, -riende in verb or verbal is	-- rendered with /j/; we need to carefully change the syllable structure -- when doing this {"(" .. front_vowel_c .. ")%.ri%.(an⁀)", "%1r.ġ%2", {"verb"}}, {"(" .. front_vowel_c .. ")%.ri%.(end⁀)", "%1r.ġ%2", {"verb", "verbal"}}, {"(" .. front_vowel_c .. ")%.ri%.(en%.[nd]e⁀)", "%1r.ġ%2", {"verb", "verbal"}}, {"nċ([.ˈˌ]?)ġ", "n%1j"}, {"ċ([.ˈˌ]?)ġ", "j%1j"}, {"c([.ˈˌ]?)g", "g%1g"}, {"ċ([.ˈˌ]?)ċ", "t%1t͡ʃ"}, {".", {		["ċ"] = "t͡ʃ", ["c"] = "k", ["ġ"] = "j", ["h"] = "x", ["þ"] = "θ", ["ð"] = "θ", ["ƿ"] = "w", ["x"] = "ks", ["z"] = "ts", ["g"] = "ɡ", -- map to IPA ɡ ["a"] = "ɑ", ["œ"] = "ø", }}, }

local fricative_to_voiced = { ["f"] = "v", ["s"] = "z", ["θ"] = "ð", }

local fricative_to_unvoiced = { ["v"] = "f", ["z"] = "s", ["ð"] = "θ", }

-- These rules operate in order, on the output of phonemic_rules. -- The output of this is used to generate the displayed phonemic -- pronunciation by removing ⁀ symbols. local phonetic_rules = { -- Fricative voicing between voiced sounds. Note, the following operates -- across a ⁀ boundary for a fricative before the boundary but not after. {"([" .. voiced_sound .. "][ː.ˈˌ]*)([fsθ])([ː.ˈˌ⁀]*[" .. voiced_sound .. "])", function(s1, c, s2) return s1 .. fricative_to_voiced[c] .. s2		end },	-- Fricative between unstressed vowels should be devoiced. -- Note that unstressed syllables are preceded by. while stressed -- syllables are preceded by a stress mark. {"(%.[^.⁀][" .. vowel .. com.DOUBLE_BREVE_BELOW .. "ː]*%.)([vzð])", function(s1, c) return s1 .. fricative_to_unvoiced[c] end },	-- Final -sian, -siend, -sienne, -siende (and variants such as -siġan,	-- -siġend, etc.) in verb or verbal is rendered with [s]; clǣnsian will -- have to be special-cased with [z] {"(" .. cons_c .. "ː?" .. "%.)z(i%.j?ɑn⁀)", "%1s%2", {"verb"}}, {"(" .. cons_c .. "ː?" .. "%.)z(i%.j?end⁀)", "%1s%2", {"verb", "verbal"}}, {"(" .. cons_c .. "ː?" .. "%.)z(i%.j?en%.[nd]e⁀)", "%1s%2", {"verb", "verbal"}}, -- Final unstressed -þu/-þo after a consonant should be devoiced. {"(" .. cons_c .. "ː?" .. "%.)ð([uo]⁀)", function(s1, s2) return s1 .. "θ" .. s2		end },	{"x[wnlr]", { ["xw"] = "ʍ", ["xl"] = "l̥", ["xn"] = "n̥", ["xr"] = "r̥", }},	-- Note, the following will not operate across a ⁀ boundary. {"n([.ˈˌ]?[ɡk])", "ŋ%1"}, -- WARNING, IPA ɡ used here {"n([.ˈˌ]?)j", "n%1d͡ʒ"}, {"j([.ˈˌ]?)j", "d%1d͡ʒ"}, {"([^x][⁀.ˈˌ])x", "%1h"},     -- [h] occurs as a syllable-initial allophone {"(" .. front_vowel_c .. ")x", "%1ç"}, -- [ç] occurs after front vowels -- An IPA ɡ after a word/prefix boundary, after another ɡ or after n	-- (previously converted to ŋ in this circumstance) should remain as ɡ, -- while all other ɡ's should be converted to ɣ except that word-final ɡ -- becomes x. We do this by converting the ɡ's that should remain to regular -- g (which should never occur otherwise), convert the remaining IPA ɡ's to ɣ -- or x, and then convert the regular g's back to IPA ɡ. {"ɡ([.ˈˌ]?)ɡ", "g%1g"}, -- WARNING, IPA ɡ on the left, regular g on the right {"([ŋ⁀])([.ˈˌ]?)ɡ", "%1%2g"}, -- WARNING, IPA ɡ on the left, regular g on the right {"ɡ", "ɣ"}, {"g", "ɡ"}, -- WARNING, regular g on the left, IPA ɡ on the right {"l([.ˈˌ]?)l", "ɫ%1ɫ"}, {"r([.ˈˌ]?)r", "rˠ%1rˠ"}, {"l([.ˈˌ]?" .. cons_c .. ")", "ɫ%1"}, {"r([.ˈˌ]?" .. cons_c .. ")", "rˠ%1"}, -- Geminate consonants within a single syllable are pronounced singly. -- Does not apply e.g. to ǣttren, which will be divided as ǣt.tren. {"(" .. cons_c .. ")%1", "%1"}, {"rˠrˠ", "rˠ"}, -- [In the sequence vowel + obstruent + resonant in a single syllable, -- the resonant should become syllabic, e.g. ādl [ˈɑːdl̩], blōstm [bloːstm̩], -- fæþm [fæðm̩], bēacn [ˈbæːɑ̯kn̩]. We allow anything but a syllable or word -- boundary betweent the vowel and the obstruent.] [BASED ON INPUT FROM -- User:Urszag, I'VE DECIDE AGAINST THIS] -- {"(" .. vowel_c .. "[^.ˈˌ⁀]*[" .. obstruent .. "]ː?[" .. resonant .. "])", "%1" .. com.SYLLABIC}, -- also -mn e.g stemn /ˈstemn̩/; same for m + other resonants except m	-- {"(" .. vowel_c .. "[^.ˈˌ⁀]*mː?[lnŋrɫ])", "%1" .. com.SYLLABIC}, {".", explicit_char_to_phonetic}, }

local function apply_rules(word, rules, pos) for _, rule in ipairs(rules) do		local allowed_pos = rule[3] if not allowed_pos or m_table.contains(allowed_pos, pos) then word = rsub(word, rule[1], rule[2]) end end return word end

local function lookup_stress_spec(stress_spec, pos) return stress_spec[pos] or (pos == "verbal" and stress_spec["verb"]) or nil end

local function split_on_word_boundaries(word, pos) local retparts = {} local parts = strutils.split(word, "([<>%-])") local i = 1 local saw_primary_stress = false while i <= #parts do		local split_part = false local insert_position = #retparts + 1 if parts[i + 1] ~= "<" and parts[i - 1] ~= ">" then -- Split off any prefixes. while true do				local broke_prefix = false for _, prefixspec in ipairs(com.prefixes) do					local prefix_pattern = prefixspec[1] local stress_spec = prefixspec[2] local pos_stress = lookup_stress_spec(stress_spec, pos) local prefix, rest = rmatch(parts[i], "^(" .. prefix_pattern .. ")(.*)$")					if prefix then if not pos_stress then -- prefix not recognized for this POS, don't split here elseif stress_spec.restriction and not rfind(rest, stress_spec.restriction) then -- restriction not met, don't split here elseif rfind(rest, "^%+") then -- explicit non-boundary here, so don't split here elseif not rfind(rest, vowel_c) then -- no vowels, don't split here elseif rfind(rest, "^..?$") then -- only two letters, unlikely to be a word, probably an ending, so don't split -- here else local initial_cluster, after_cluster = rmatch(rest, "^(" .. non_vowel_c .. "*)(.-)$")							if rfind(initial_cluster, "..") and (								not (com.onsets_2[initial_cluster] or com.secondary_onsets_2[initial_cluster] or									com.onsets_3[initial_cluster])) then -- initial cluster isn't a possible onset, don't split here elseif rfind(initial_cluster, "^x") then -- initial cluster isn't a possible onset, don't split here elseif rfind(after_cluster, "^" .. vowel_c .. "$") then -- remainder is a cluster + short vowel, -- unlikely to be a word so don't split here else -- break the word in two; next iteration we process -- the rest, which may need breaking again parts[i] = rest if pos_stress == "unstressed" then -- don't do anything elseif pos_stress == "secstressed" or (saw_primary_stress and pos_stress == "stressed") then prefix = rsub(prefix, "(" .. vowel_c .. ")", "%1" .. AUTOGRAVE, 1) elseif pos_stress == "stressed" then prefix = rsub(prefix, "(" .. vowel_c .. ")", "%1" .. AUTOACUTE, 1) saw_primary_stress = true else error("Unrecognized stress spec for pos=" .. pos .. ", prefix=" .. prefix .. ": " .. pos_stress) end table.insert(retparts, insert_position, prefix) insert_position = insert_position + 1 broke_prefix = true break end end end end if not broke_prefix then break end end

-- Now do the same for suffixes. while true do				local broke_suffix = false for _, suffixspec in ipairs(com.suffixes) do					local suffix_pattern = suffixspec[1] local stress_spec = suffixspec[2] local pos_stress = lookup_stress_spec(stress_spec, pos) local rest, suffix = rmatch(parts[i], "^(.-)(" .. suffix_pattern .. ")$")					if suffix then if not pos_stress then -- suffix not recognized for this POS, don't split here elseif stress_spec.restriction and not rfind(rest, stress_spec.restriction) then -- restriction not met, don't split here elseif rfind(rest, "%+$") then -- explicit non-boundary here, so don't split here elseif not rfind(rest, vowel_c) then -- no vowels, don't split here else local before_cluster, final_cluster = rmatch(rest, "^(.-)(" .. non_vowel_c .. "*)$")							if rfind(final_cluster, "%..") then -- syllable division within or before final -- cluster, don't split here else -- break the word in two; next iteration we process -- the rest, which may need breaking again parts[i] = rest if pos_stress == "unstressed" then -- don't do anything elseif pos_stress == "secstressed" then suffix = rsub(suffix, "(" .. vowel_c .. ")", "%1" .. AUTOGRAVE, 1) elseif pos_stress == "stressed" then error("Primary stress not allowed for suffixes (suffix=" .. suffix .. ")")								else error("Unrecognized stress spec for pos=" .. pos .. ", suffix=" .. suffix .. ": " .. pos_stress) end table.insert(retparts, insert_position, suffix) broke_suffix = true break end end end end if not broke_suffix then break end end end

local acc = rfind(parts[i], "(" .. stress_accent_c .. ")")		if acc == com.CFLEX then -- remove circumflex but don't accent parts[i] = gsub(parts[i], com.CFLEX, "") elseif acc == com.ACUTE or acc == AUTOACUTE then saw_primary_stress = true elseif not acc and parts[i + 1] ~= "<" and parts[i - 1] ~= ">" then -- Add primary or secondary stress on the part; primary stress if no primary -- stress yet, otherwise secondary stress. acc = saw_primary_stress and AUTOGRAVE or AUTOACUTE saw_primary_stress = true parts[i] = rsub(parts[i], "(" .. vowel_c .. ")", "%1" .. acc, 1) end table.insert(retparts, insert_position, parts[i]) i = i + 2 end

-- remove any +, which has served its purpose for i, part in ipairs(retparts) do		retparts[i] = gsub(part, "%+", "") end return retparts end

local function break_vowels(vowelseq) local function check_empty(char) if char ~= "" then error("Something wrong, non-vowel '" .. char .. "' seen in vowel sequence '" .. vowelseq .. "'") end end

local vowels = {} local chars = strutils.split(vowelseq, "(" .. vowel_c .. accent_c .. "*)")	local i = 1 while i <= #chars do		if i % 2 == 1 then check_empty(chars[i]) i = i + 1 else if i < #chars - 1 and com.diphthongs[ rsub(chars[i], stress_accent_c, "") .. rsub(chars[i + 2], stress_accent_c, "") ] then check_empty(chars[i + 1]) table.insert(vowels, chars[i] .. chars[i + 2]) i = i + 3 else table.insert(vowels, chars[i]) i = i + 1 end end end return vowels end

-- Break a word into alternating C and V components where a C component is a run -- of zero or more consonants and a V component in a single vowel or dipthong. -- There will always be an odd number of components, where all odd-numbered -- components (starting from 1) are C components and all even-numbered components -- are V components. local function break_into_c_and_v_components(word) local cons_vowel = strutils.split(word, "(" .. vowel_or_accent_c .. "+)")	local components = {} for i = 1, #cons_vowel do		if i % 2 == 1 then table.insert(components, cons_vowel[i]) else local vowels = break_vowels(cons_vowel[i]) for j = 1, #vowels do				if j == 1 then table.insert(components, vowels[j]) else table.insert(components, "") table.insert(components, vowels[j]) end end end end return components end

local function split_into_syllables(word) local cons_vowel = break_into_c_and_v_components(word) if #cons_vowel == 1 then return cons_vowel end for i = 1, #cons_vowel do		if i % 2 == 1 then -- consonant local cluster = cons_vowel[i] local len = ulen(cluster) if i == 1 then cons_vowel[i + 1] = cluster .. cons_vowel[i + 1] elseif i == #cons_vowel then cons_vowel[i - 1] = cons_vowel[i - 1] .. cluster elseif rfind(cluster, "%.") then local before_break, after_break = rmatch(cluster, "^(.-)%.(.*)$") cons_vowel[i - 1] = cons_vowel[i - 1] .. before_break cons_vowel[i + 1] = after_break .. cons_vowel[i + 1] elseif len == 0 then -- do nothing elseif len == 1 then cons_vowel[i + 1] = cluster .. cons_vowel[i + 1] elseif len == 2 then local c1, c2 = rmatch(cluster, "^(.)(.)$") if c1 == "s" and c2 == "ċ" then cons_vowel[i + 1] = "sċ" .. cons_vowel[i + 1] else cons_vowel[i - 1] = cons_vowel[i - 1] .. c1 cons_vowel[i + 1] = c2 .. cons_vowel[i + 1] end else -- check for onset_3 preceded by consonant(s). local first, last3 = rmatch(cluster, "^(.-)(...)$") if #first > 0 and com.onsets_3[last3] then cons_vowel[i - 1] = cons_vowel[i - 1] .. first cons_vowel[i + 1] = last3 .. cons_vowel[i + 1] else local first, last2 = rmatch(cluster, "^(.-)(..)$") if com.onsets_2[last2] or (com.secondary_onsets_2[last2] and not first:find("[lr]$")) then cons_vowel[i - 1] = cons_vowel[i - 1] .. first cons_vowel[i + 1] = last2 .. cons_vowel[i + 1] else local first, last = rmatch(cluster, "^(.-)(.)$") cons_vowel[i - 1] = cons_vowel[i - 1] .. first cons_vowel[i + 1] = last .. cons_vowel[i + 1] end end end end end

local retval = {} for i = 1, #cons_vowel do		if i % 2 == 0 then -- remove any stray periods. table.insert(retval, rsub(cons_vowel[i], "%.", "")) end end return retval end

-- Combine syllables into a word, moving stress markers (acute/grave) to the -- beginning of the syllable. local function combine_syllables_moving_stress(syllables, no_auto_stress) local modified_syls = {} for i, syl in ipairs(syllables) do		if syl:find(com.ACUTE) or syl:find(AUTOACUTE) and not no_auto_stress then syl = "ˈ" .. syl elseif syl:find(com.GRAVE) or syl:find(AUTOGRAVE) and not no_auto_stress then syl = "ˌ" .. syl elseif i > 1 then syl = "." .. syl end syl = rsub(syl, stress_accent_c, "") table.insert(modified_syls, syl) end return table.concat(modified_syls) end

-- Combine word parts (split-off prefixes, suffixes or parts of a compound word) -- into a single word. Separate parts with ⁀ and the put ⁀⁀ at word boundaries. local function combine_parts(parts) local text = {} for i, part in ipairs(parts) do		if i > 1 and not rfind(part, "^[ˈˌ]") then -- Need a syllable boundary if there isn't a stress marker. table.insert(text, "." .. part) else table.insert(text, part) end end return "⁀⁀" .. table.concat(text, "⁀") .. "⁀⁀" end

local function transform_word(word, pos, no_auto_stress) word = com.decompose(word) local parts = split_on_word_boundaries(word, pos) for i, part in ipairs(parts) do		local syllables = split_into_syllables(part) parts[i] = combine_syllables_moving_stress(syllables,			no_auto_stress or (#parts == 1 and #syllables == 1)) end return combine_parts(parts) end

local function default_pos(word, pos) if not pos then -- verbs in -an/-ōn/-ēon, inflected infinitives in -enne if rfind(word, "[aāō]n$") or rfind(word, "ēon$") or rfind(word, "enne$") then pos = "verb" else -- adjectives in -līċ, adverbs in -līċe and nouns in -nes can follow -- nouns or participles (which are "verbal"); truncate the ending -- and check what precedes word = rsub(word, "^(.*" .. vowel_c .. ".*)l[iī][cċ]e?$", "%1") word = rsub(word, "^(.*" .. vowel_c .. ".*)n[eiy]ss?$", "%1") -- participles in -end(e)/-en/-ed/-od, verbal nouns in -ing/-ung if rfind(word, "ende?$") or rfind(word, "[eo]d$") or rfind(word, "en$") or rfind(word, "[iu]ng$") then pos = "verbal" else pos = "noun" end end elseif pos == "adj" or pos == "adjective" then pos = "noun" elseif pos ~= "noun" and pos ~= "verb" and pos ~= "verbal" then error("Unrecognized part of speech: " .. pos) end return pos end

local function generate_phonemic_word(word, pos) word = gsub(word, "[.!?]$", "") word = rsub(word, "%[(.)%]", char_to_explicit_char) pos = default_pos(word, pos) local is_prefix_suffix if word:find("^%-") or word:find("%-$") then is_prefix_suffix = true word = gsub(word, "^%-?(.-)%-?$", "%1") end word = transform_word(word, pos, is_prefix_suffix) word = apply_rules(word, phonemic_rules, pos) return word, pos end

function export.phonemic(text, pos) if type(text) == "table" then pos = text.args["pos"] text = text[1] end local result = {} text = ulower(text) for word in rgsplit(text, " ") do		local phonemic, respos = generate_phonemic_word(word, pos) table.insert(result, phonemic) end result = table.concat(result, " ") result = rsub(result, ".", explicit_char_to_phonemic) return gsub(result, "⁀", "") end

function export.phonetic(text, pos) if type(text) == "table" then pos = text.args["pos"] text = text[1] end local result = {} text = ulower(text) for word in rgsplit(text, " ") do		local phonemic, respos = generate_phonemic_word(word, pos) word = apply_rules(phonemic, phonetic_rules, respos) table.insert(result, word) end return gsub(table.concat(result, " "), "⁀", "") end

function export.show(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent.args local params = { [1] = { required = true, default = "hlǣf-dīġe", list = true }, ["pos"] = {}, ["ann"] = {}, }	local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parent_args, params)

local IPA_args = {} for _, arg in ipairs(args[1]) do		local phonemic = export.phonemic(arg, args.pos) local phonetic = export.phonetic(arg, args.pos) table.insert(IPA_args, {pron = '/' .. phonemic .. '/'}) if phonemic ~= phonetic then table.insert(IPA_args, {pron = '[' .. phonetic .. ']'}) end end

local anntext if args.ann == "1" then anntext = {} for _, arg in ipairs(args[1]) do			-- remove all spelling markup except ġ/ċ and macrons arg = rsub(com.decompose(arg), "[%-+._<>" .. com.ACUTE .. com.GRAVE .. com.CFLEX .. "]", "") arg = rsub(arg, "%[(.)%]", char_to_spelling) m_table.insertIfNot(anntext, "" .. arg .. "") end anntext = table.concat(anntext, ", ") .. ": "	elseif args.ann then anntext = "'''" .. args.ann .. "''': "	else anntext = "" end

return anntext .. m_IPA.format_IPA_full { lang = lang, items = IPA_args } end

return export

title: Module:ang-pron


text: acetylinic

title: acetylinic


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)rā́ps

Etymology

 * possibly a Wanderwort, borrowed from a language perhaps compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Alternatively from.

Noun

 * 1)  turnip, rape, cabbage

Derived terms

 * *(s)rāp-éh₂, *(s)rēp-éh₂
 * Albanian:

 * *(s)rāp-ó-m

 * *(s)rāp-yéh₂

 * *(s)rábʰ-eh₂
 * ~ *(s)rabʰaćás
 * ~ *(h)rabacáh
 * ~ *(s)rabʰaćás
 * ~ *(h)rabacáh
 * ~ *(s)rabʰaćás
 * ~ *(h)rabacáh

 * *(s)rábʰ-u-s

 * *(s)r̥bʰ-iHnó-s


text: Template:ang-IPA

title: Template:ang-IPA