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Wiktionary talk:About Ainu

Wiktionary:Ainu Project/grammar
About pages have been deleted that had more text, and of the presented three pages here the former two have absolutely no content and the third abuses Wiktionary as a data warehouse for work had to do on his own disk, while for what he has left I see no use. We can of course make great translation appendices for grammar terms but this is very far from it, and I do not know what purpose it would serve were it completed that could justify its presence. Palaestrator verborum sis loquier 🗣 00:04, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 00:59, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Don't forget that you have to tag the pages first with, and only from there should you create a section here (by using the + sign of that template). --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 01:24, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, I consider using the template on the pages, but the links on the templates were incorrect, because I collect all in one title, for they are supposed to be covered jointly, or is such never the case? So maybe I am supposed to use L3 for all? Then also, sometimes nobody cares and we have these templates for two years on the pages which makes Wiktionary look bad. By itself, the use of the template is minute. Sometimes it prevents people from making too many vain contributions to a thing, but this won’t happen here. Palaestrator verborum sis loquier 🗣 10:57, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Given how the template linking works, I don't think it's possible to cover several rfd in a single header, so yes, you have to create L3 headers.
 * Btw, I appreciate your efforts to clean up other pages (Wiktionary:About..., etc.) and streamlining it all. --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 13:14, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 17:33, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

About scripts
Ainu languages has two main writing systems used now. Katakana is especially used of educational purpose for Japanese people and Latin is often used in academic context. It's really hard to decide which script to use mainly. Currently English Wiktionary has most of its pages in Katakana as entry name, but Japanese Wiktionary uses Latin mainly.

Some discussions in Japanese can be seen here (アイヌ語版Wikipediaに関する議論) -- Mkpoli (talk) 07:54, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposal
Following on 's comment above, I propose that we locate the lemma (i.e. main) entries at the Latin alphabet spellings, and only have katakana entries as soft-redirects. We could leverage some of the infrastructure currently in place for Japanese entries, such as. As an example of that setup, have a look at 🇨🇬, a soft-redirect to 桜. For Ainu entries, we could create and use used on the 🇨🇬 page to redirect readers to the main entry at kuru.

, does this fit with your description on the About page, where you wrote, "prioritising Latin entries when possible"?

Also pinging, and inviting anyone else editing Ainu entries. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 19:08, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
 * When a word's Katakana spelling is well attested (such as toponyms or well-known Ainu words) it would be wise to create a separate Katakana entry, if only just for the searcher's convenience. There are also potential quotation sources where only the kana spelling is present, such as pre-war yukar recorded by the Japanese. However, as mentioned by user Mkpoli, nowadays the kana system is mostly only used in Japanese-language materials to teach native Japanese learners how to start to read in Ainu. An expected result, as it proves to be an incredibly cumbersome spelling system to use in a language that has things like closed syllables and semi-vowels, neither of which Japanese has. All in all, Latin should be used when possible, but still we shouldn't close the doors to the possibility of still having non-redirect Katakana entries.
 * As for translation pages, I believe they should indeed be done exclusively in Latin. Adding translations in both Katakana and Latin would just be double the work for no gain. Alves9 (talk) 20:19, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with Alves9. --YukaSylvie (talk) 23:21, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you both!
 * I am fully supportive of having katakana entries. I view this as vital for usability -- we don't know which spelling a user might look up first, katakana or alphabetical, so I think it's important that users are able to find terms via either route.
 * I am somewhat concerned about the idea that the lemma form for some entries would live at the alphabetical spelling, and for others at the katakana spelling. How would editors determine which spelling would be the main address for a given word, when creating and maintaining entries?  I imagine that such an inconsistency might present problems for readers as well.
 * Can we come up with clear criteria for how to make this determination? ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 00:32, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * First, thanks everyone for concerning about this issue.
 * To speak of extremes, even if there is no Katakana entries at all, although not as convenient, user can still search for Katakana and most likely is able to find what they want, as long as we use auto-conversion templates in every entry (it will be as easy as ).
 * I would like to have all Katakana entries redirect (if no need for other languages, e.g. Japanese Katakana entries), or only link to corresponding entries in Latin without any real content, so that it is easier to maintain.
 * As for quotation, it is not very difficult to create a template and module that auto-converts sentences and list them both, based on what we have in Japanese Wiktionary (or here I'm not very sure) that is able to convert on word-level. However, I doubt if it is really necessary. -- Mkpoli (talk) 09:33, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , I am opposed to using hard-redirects: these can be very confusing and frustrating to the user, who may not understand why they land on a different page from the one they expected. If we use an Ainu version of  to create soft-redirect entries instead, users are presented with a summary of the main entry that includes the POS labels and definitions -- often the main content that readers want -- and also a clear indication that they should click through to the main entry for further detail if they want it.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 19:10, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol confirmed.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] Agreed. -- Mkpoli (talk) 14:12, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the direction should towards to that it is not necessary, but allowed, while not actively encouraging, for Ainu entries in Katakana and Cyrillic. -- Mkpoli (talk) 14:12, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Let me preface this by saying that I am fairly ignorant of contemporary Ainu, and know it mainly through older texts, especially Batchelor.
 * For what it's worth, I like the idea of using something similar to ja-see, which gives partial transclusion of the content that is at the main lemma page. I would favor consistency (that is, putting all main lemmas at their Latin spelling, for instance) because it tends to make life easier for dictionary users as well as Wiktionary editors. I do take Alves9's point that some texts are attested in Katakana rather than Latin, and that some words are common in Katakana, but I long for consistency nonetheless. Note that some ja-see pages also include ja-kanjitab (e.g. 相合い傘); maybe something parallel to that (maybe something like seemoreCites?) could make Katakana usage examples appear on both pages? Cnilep (talk) 01:40, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

Also only to be noticed, there is some entry that even is in Cyrillic, such as айну and хурэ. Since Kuril and Sakhalin Ainu varieties has died very early, it is certainly not actively used, but there are some old materials especially published in Russia that use Cyrillic. -- Mkpoli (talk) 10:05, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Comments about the three scripts can be found here: Category talk:Ainu language -- Mkpoli (talk) 14:34, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

One more addition, currently ain-verb and ain-noun links to Katakana entries even if they are not created by default, which may cause a mass production of red links, we should change the behavior to either link only when exists or not link at all. -- Mkpoli (talk) 14:21, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Another legacy discussion here: Talk:コッ, which will possibly be irrelevant soon due to our move. -- Mkpoli (talk) 05:32, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

Stative verbs
I'd like to take the opportunity to bring up the stative verb issue. As we all know, Ainu has somewhat unconventional grammar where the Indo-European concept of adjectives is absent, with stative verbs realising their function instead. Fortunately, this also happens to be the case with Chinese grammar, and so we at least have somewhere to reference to when dealing with this issue. Coincidentally, Chinese editors' current policy is to give stative verbs with functions identical to adjectives the "adjective" header, presumably for convenience. However, when I proposed a similar arrangement for Ainu, I was met with opposition, being warned that Ainu needs to have its own considerations. Thus, there are two options: Pinging to discuss the issue. Alves9 (talk) 13:39, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep stative verbs on the "verb" header, which may be possibly confusing to readers not familiar with Ainu grammar (see Mkpoli's recently added entry for the Ainu equivalent of the adjective "white")
 * Start using the "adjective" header for stative verbs that function identically to adjectives, which is much more convenient but may sacrifice some grammatical accuracy
 * As far as I know, the situation here is a little different from Chinese grammar. In established studies of Chinese, adjectives are widely approved PoS, and it's possible to distinguish adjectives and verbs to some extent. For example, I have a textbook on Chinese grammar: 陆俭明 (2013) “现代汉语语法研究教程” 第四版 (4th Edition), in which it states that although it is a difficult problem, they have a consensus on it. The book lists quite a lot of divisions of PoS by researchers from old time to modern time, and almost all of them has Adjectives. It shows that to distinguish verbs and adjectives, one can see if it can be used with 很～, with objects, in Verb-Complement structure (打破了 “Hit so that it breaks” Verb-Complement-Particle), etc.
 * Another similar language is Korean, where the conjugations of verbs and adjectives are almost the same, only with a little difference such as ~ㄴ다 and imperative forms.
 * 행복하다→행복한다 (happy as a verb)
 * 빠르다→*빠른다 (fast as an adjective) (ref: )
 * In Ainu language and the researches on it, as stated by Анна Бугаева (アンナ・ブガエワ, translated by 児島康宏、長崎郁) in 北海道南部のアイヌ語: 「形態的に区別されるような形容詞のクラスは存在しない. = There is no class of adjectives that are morphologically distinguished.」(早稲田大学高等研究所紀要), adjectives are not recognized in Ainu at all.
 * In my opinion, I don't think it is good to make the distinguish by us, because it may be unclear and without standards. We should describe it rather than prescribe it. Although one can be confused by how it ends up like no adjective at first, it will be quite clear after they are familiar with the language. What we should do is to describe the truth and let readers decide how they accept it. So I'm against using “adjective” headers, and I think we should keep using “verb” headers.　-- Mkpoli (talk) 16:07, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * In addition, there is a table describing the transitions of PoS division in researching from 1931~1999 in this paper: 井筒 勝信 (2006) “アイヌ語の品詞分類再考：いわゆる人称代名詞をめぐって” (	Ainu Parts of Speech Revisited: with Special Reference to So-called Personal Pronouns) . It shows that at first there is the division of adjectives but it is soon merged into verbs by researchers. -- Mkpoli (talk) 16:13, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting argument. However, the claim that adjectives are not recognised "at all" in Ainu is demonstrably false. According to Refsing (1986):
 * Both Kindaichi and Chiri make a distinction between verbs and adjectives, although they both note that such a distinction is not required from a functional point of view. Kindaichi says that [Ainu] adjectives (...) are similar to the category of adjectives in Japanese. [Likewise], Chiri says [that] "The difference between verbs and adjectives in Ainu is very slight, semantically the former express acts, while the latter express properties, and functionally the latter have no imperative form -- that is all. There is no morphological difference whatsoever.
 * Indeed, there is no concrete morphological difference, and there is no formal "class of adjectives" in Ainu, but to say that verbs and adjectives are not distinguished is incorrect.
 * If one were to, however, nonetheless insist that only the "verb" header should be used for these near-adjectives, I can see how some problems could arise from a dictionary's practical standpoint. Would the entry for, a demonstrative, be thus renamed from "this" to "to be this(?)"? It seems to be an awful lot of headache for no gain.
 * Besides, it is quite naive to think that the average reader will ever come to study the Ainu language enough to understand this strange classification. And even if they do, wouldn't be easier to have those functionally identical stative verbs already under the "adjective" header? This argument seems to be based more on grammatical pedantry than any concern for actual practicality. Once again, I will repeat that my concern is not whether Ainu actually has a formal class of "adjectives" as in Indo-European languages, I am simply asking for one of those concessions that are necessary when doing comparative studies on any language. I sincerely do not think keeping these words under the "verb" header will be of any profit. Alves9 (talk) 22:31, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmm, hmm, interesting discussion.
 * I find myself leaning more towards Alves9's point of view -- our readership can only safely be assumed to be familiar with English, and not necessarily with the finer points of academic grammarians. Given that, functionally and morphologically, Ainu adjectives do not seem to inflect all that much (as, indeed, Ainu words in general don't -- it seems to be a very ), there is little value in calling them "verbs".  The primary distinction appears to be the question of whether they can be used predicatively, which at least some grammarians appear to use as a marker of "verb-ness".  I don't think this is a distinction that will mean anything useful to our readers.
 * By way of comparison, Japanese -i adjectives function as a kind of stative verb, complete with a past tense. However, I have only very seldom encountered materials that class these words as "verbs", outside of obscure and (in my opinion) overly pedantic academic contexts.
 * Instead of using  for these terms, I think we should use the   header for Ainu terms that describe the properties of a thing, and explain the finer points of the grammatical details on the About Ainu page.  Calling them "verbs" is much more likely to confuse our audience, and indeed it might require inelegant contortions like adding "to be ..." in all the definition lines.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 00:17, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree that Japanese adjectives are very like a verb, but there is a big distinction in conjugation and forms both morphologically and syntactically, all the way from Old Japanese to Modern Japanese. Japanese adjectives can also match Europeans' well, and on the other direction with adjectival nouns, too. Japanese adjectives are also established well in researches just as in Chinese, or even better. It is no way similar to Ainu.
 * It is not that because they are similar to verbs, so that we should make them verbs, rather, those verbs have no morphological distinction in them and those verbs are used in a similar manner as well. Those semantically adjectival verbs, and other verbs can be used in modifier position and predicate position in the same manner. -- Mkpoli (talk) 14:02, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Surely, that statement of mine was too extreme, so I kind of corrected by linking to a table which shows they are only distinguished originally. But it is still the fact that modern researchers agree that there are no adjectives. Even though Kindaichi and Chiri at that time provides distinction by imperatives, I doubt that those are more of a semantical reason and as long as they have no morphological distinction, we cannot distinguish them out.
 * Yes, adding "to be" is quite tedious, but we could omit it either way, considering its usage of modifier.
 * Is it a really necessity to make it adjectives in comparative studies? I don't think so. If someone wants to compare adjectives in languages, the fact that there is no such thing as adjectives, is itself more important.
 * I don't think it's appropriate to call following what researches have consensus “grammatical pedantry”. Also, it is very western-centric to ignore the difference in a specific language.
 * As for the word, this is a bad example because it is nether verb, nor adjective, it is a adnominal word and used directly before a noun to modify it. Adnominal is a translation for Japanese "連体詞 (connect-substantive-word)", as stated in Анна Бугаева (2014) “北海道南部のアイヌ語”:

「連体詞」は語のクラスというよりはむしろ統語構造におけるある種の位置を指す術語である. ヨーロッパの伝統では、このような語は一般に「限定詞 determiners」と呼ばれる.
 * Abdominals are not really a class of words rather it is a kind of position in syntax structure. From the traditional of European grammar, it is generally called “determiners”.

 * Also, it seems like those adnominals, or determiners cannot be used in predicate position.
 * What I think differently is that to have them under “verb” or “adjective”, both have their advantages and disadvantages. Let's try to analyze what we will get and what we will lose.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" | Use as header ! colspan="2" | As an editor ! colspan="2" | As a reader |- ! Pros || Cons || Pros || Cons |- ! “Verb” | based on existing researches, no need for original research || needs to explain the difference between Ainu and other languages || can notice how Ainu is different immediately || confusion at first |- ! “Adjective” | can define a word in an adjective manner (no “to be”s) || needs to determine whether a word is “adjective” or “verb”, and to explain the difference between grammar instruction and dictionary || easier to understand at first (intuitive) || confusion at long run |}
 * I still doubt should we make the distinction only by ourselves, just because of similarity in meanings and translations to other languages. -- Mkpoli (talk) 14:02, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Comments about adjectives can be found here: Category_talk:Ainu_adjectives, where is also kind of against using adjectives. -- Mkpoli (talk) 14:37, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

 * If all Ainu terms that describe qualities of state, such as, also all have a "become " (describing not just a state, but more specifically a change in state), then these words all function as both adjectives -- which by definition describe qualities of state -- and as intransitive "to become" verbs.  I do not think we can explain these usefully to an English-reading audience by calling both senses either "adjective" or "verb".  Given the absence of imperatives for Ainu "adjectives", it seems a morphological distinction exists.  In addition, if I have not misunderstood, it appears that adverbs using the  suffix are created only from these stative Ainu "adjectives".  Even if there were no morphological distinction between Ainu "adjectives" and Ainu "verbs", there is a functional distinction between these senses that would be obscured.
 * I must emphasize that this Wiktionary is targeting a non-academic English-language readership. We must consider that most of our audience would fall into the "short-term reader" category with regard to the table above.
 * For editors, Wiktionary is a dictionary, not a grammar book. While we have some grammar content, that is (or at least, should be) kept to the respective   pages.  We have no obligation "to explain the difference between grammar instruction and dictionary [entries]" in depth, and indeed we mostly refer readers to the respective Wikipedia pages for any detailed explanation that goes beyond the specifics of how we annotate entries here.
 * With regard to definitions, general practice here in any language's entries is to give definitions in a way that conforms to the POS header. Thus, any   definition lines must be worded as verbal phrases.  Defining a verb as an adjective is frowned upon, and vice versa.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 19:03, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your explanation. We should definitely explain those facts and our considerations on it in About Ainu, but another thing that I'm concerning about is that as a reader myself, I had never been to those Wiktionary:About pages, and from the contents, it seems like that it is more of a guide on editing. Maybe we can use some templates to explain it in the entries as a note? -- Mkpoli (talk) 05:02, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , may I ask you what you think about using the "adjective" header for words that can semantically function as Ainu counterparts of English adjectives, while still using the "verb" header to describe their predicative use? For example, the word could have an adjective and a verb header, one that says "good" and another one that says "to be good", or "to become good". That way no information is left out and Wiktionary still realises its function of being a 1:1 dictionary. That, to be honest, was what I was planning to do the entire time, but it seems like I got carried away in the heat of the "adjective vs verb" discussion and forgot to make it clear. Indeed, it doesn't have to be "either or". What I'm arguing for is the use of the "adjective" header itself, which I think is harmless. Alves9 (talk) 00:48, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Although I still feel something not quite right, I think if we do them both, then it will not be unacceptable for me. Also, maybe we could automate this? May not be good to use templates because it's difficult to add extra information. -- Mkpoli (talk) 05:02, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

For me, it feels right now that there are two different things discussed here: 1) does Ainu have adjectives or not, 2) what is the best way to categorise words in the point of view of an average monolingual English speaking Wiktionary user. What comes to the first point, Ainu researchers and experts are at this point of time quite unanimous about Ainu not having adjectives. As far as I am aware, none of the discussants here are acknowledged Ainu experts, so we are not the best people to make any judgements on that point and we should rather turn to the latest research instead (which says Ainu does not have adjectives). Also, making comparisons to Japanese or any other language is not very fruitful because Ainu verbs are very different from the Japanese so-called i-adjectives, which originally got their tense inflection by assimilating with a succeeding verb (eg. 赤かった ＜ 赤く＋あった). None of the Ainu verbs, on the other hand, have any inflection at all. The basic function of the so-called adjectives in Ainu is exactly the same as any intransitive verb: you can use them as predicates and modifiers as well as they are. (Ainu verbs do not have tenses so the meaning is understood in the context.) Of course there are some differences based for example on the lexical aspect of the verbs, which in turn has an effect on how the verb can be used. For example, Ainu has two progressive tenses, kor an/oka and wa an/oka. The former indicates that the action is ongoing (very much like English progressive), and the latter indicates that there has been a change and this is the result of the action/change (cf. Japanese 結婚している, does not mean that ‘someone is getting married right now’, but rather that ‘someone is married’). Some verbs can be used in kor an/oka structure only, some verbs with wa an/oka structure only, and some with both. Well, you could argue that all the verbs that are used with kor an/oka are verbs (eg. ku-ipe kor ku-an ‘I am having a meal’, ek kor an ‘s/he is going’) as can be understood with English as a baseline, and the verbs used with wa an/oka are adjectives (eg. e-teyne wa e-an ‘you are wet’, iwanke wa an ‘s/he is healthy’). But then, there are verbs like siknu ‘to live’, ray ‘to die’, a/rok ‘to sit’ that are not used with kor an/oka but wa an/oka. Are they adjectives then? Furthermore, there are some verbs that can appear in both of the constructions, for instance eramuan ‘to understand, to know’, nukar ‘to see, to look at’, nu ‘to hear, to listen’. How should we categorise these? For the usage of no, Tamura (1996) gives some examples how it can be used with verbs: ci ‘to ripen, to mature’ – cino ‘sufficiently ripen’, imi ‘to wear clothes’ – imino ‘wearing nice clothes’. however, this seems to be somewhat different usage than when used with ‘stative verbs’. What comes to the imperative form, there actually shouldn’t be any morphological restriction to use the ‘stative verbs’ as imperatives, but rather semantic. How often do you command others to ‘become black!’ or ‘be big!’? Not very often, indeed. As for the second point, I personally feel forcing grammatical categories of one language to another is a very peculiar way of thinking, by which I mean here that because English has adjectives, Ainu must have adjectives, too, and the decision of the categorization is based on the English translation of those words. This seems to be a question of grammatical functionality vs. (translated) meaning. I do not personally see any problem with adding ‘be’ in front of each ‘stative verb’ entry if that is necessary by the Wiktionary rules. There are already examples of this, eg. Japanese 優れる, 劣る that are verbs in Japanese point of view, but have a meaning of adjective in English point of view. They are categorised as Verbs (as they should) but have English translations of ‘be ADJ’ (as they should). Also, I wouldn’t like to underestimate the average reader’s ability to understand that not all languages are the same as English. My guess is that most of the users that actually go especially to see any Ainu entry are actually interested in the language, they just do not randomly pop in. To be honest, if the reader knows English only, I believe the confusion cannot be avoided anyway. Let’s say we have the word retar ‘white’, that in the current system should be categorised as an adjective. So, the average user goes to the entry, and sees ‘retar, adjective, white’. But then, there is an example sentence, such as I just gave above, and it says cikappo retar and has ‘the bird is white’ as English translation. At this point, the average reader probably thinks that there is a mistake, because the ‘be’ verb is missing in the Ainu sentence, they only see the Ainu words ‘bird white’. On the other hand, if the word is categorised as ‘retar, verb, be white’ and there is the same example sentence provided, the reader (probably) understands that the word retar has the meaning of ‘to be’ incorporated and that is why there is no separate ‘to be’ in the Ainu sentence. In my books, the latter confusion is more acceptable and that is why I think the Ainu words should be classified from Ainu point of view, that is, no adjectives but verbs only. Siljami (talk) 07:58, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
 * cikappo retar ‘the bird is/was white/becomes white’
 * cikappo hopuni ‘the bird flies/flew/will fly’
 * retar cikappo ‘a/the white bird’ (‘a/the bird that is/was/becomes white)
 * hopuni cikappo ‘a/the flying bird’ (a/the bird that flies/flew/will fly)
 * Whether Ainu has adjectives or not was probably never an element in the discussion, which is the reason why there's no section for adjectives in the About page. But your argument has reason; there are better ways to depict the relation between Ainu stative verbs and English adjectives than creating a different header. Regardless, on the argument about Japanese i-adjectives: clearly their relationship with Ainu stative verbs is not one-to-one, but their circumstances are quite similar nonetheless. The reason why Japanese i-adjectives are said to be stative verbs is because of their peculiar usage. Even if in modern Japanese, as you have mentioned, Japanese i-adjectives are often modified by using their adverbial form along with the verb ある, which would certainly explain away their similarity to verbs in the absence of any other conditions, they also have other characteristically verb-like usage, especially in the classical language. For example, the classic form of the verb you used the example, 赤い, would be 赤し. Just like verbs, it has a specific attributive form, 赤き (which would be strange if it were really a pure adjective, as, as indicated by the nomenclature, they are inherently made to be attributed to nouns). To say "the apple is red", you would say 林檎赤し (lexically APPLE RED), with no copula, as it would be ungrammatical. However, Japanese is not a zero-copula language; so the lack of a copula, if we were take this as a pure example of an adjective, would make it seem, as you have mentioned, like there is a "mistake" somewhere. Therefore, we can only assume that all i-adjectives are, in essence, stative verbs. This is almost the same situation that Ainu stative verbs are in, except for certain differences in grammar (Ainu stative verbs can be used for both the state of being and becoming, while i-adjectives require the construction ～くなる for changes in state.) The label of "adjective", in this case, is mostly a question of convenience, which is somewhat aided by the fact that Japanese i-adjectives have a different ending from other verbs, which facilitates such a distinction. Whether this is a good example to follow or not, I am not sure, but surely it proves that there is a precedent to the question of labeling stative verbs as adjectives or not. Alves9 (talk) 16:36, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

Automated Pronunciation and Transliteration
I upgraded and migrated some of the templates and lua modules so that now we can fully automate the process of phonetic transcription and orthographical transliteration. Here is an example:  Although we definitely could modify, , etc. to make the syntax simpler.-- Mkpoli (talk) 14:19, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Using this now. Very useful, saves a lot of time from not having to alternate keyboards. Alves9 (talk) 11:24, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Adnominals vs. Determiners
The term “adnominal” is quite unclear. Adnominals in Ainu should mean adnominal, which is still not very accurate. I think we should use “Determiners” instead. Some materials and comments on this can be found here.-- Mkpoli (talk) 14:31, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

About Vr(V)
For word with the syllable structure Vr, such as /. In very old materials, they were written as pirika and kuru, but researches shows that those vowels after "r" is not phonemic, rather phonetic. So what I propose, is to use the form without those vowels as lemma, and only note them if necessary. -- Mkpoli (talk) 05:22, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I was looking into that myself earlier today, actually. :)
 * Batchelor's dictionary seems to include forms mainly with the following vowel. Consider his entries for pirika (bottom of second column on left-hand page) and kara (top of first column on right-hand page), for instance.
 * Meanwhile, modern materials for both the Chitose and Bihoro dialects render these terms as pirka (page 96 for Chitose, page 95 for Bihoro) and kar instead (page 91 in both PDFs).
 * Although extinct, materials for Sakhalin Ainu include a wordlist that includes pirika and kara.
 * The introductory text has one instance of pirika and none of pirka, and only kara, no instances of kar.
 * The beginning text has both pirika and pirka, and mainly kara with one instance of kar in sentence-final position.
 * The intermediate text seems to have roughly even numbers of pirika vs. pirka, and only kara, no instances of kar.
 * My impression is that the language has shifted somewhat in the 100+ years since Batchelor's work, resulting in the elision of unstressed vowels in certain positions. Sakhalin Ainu seems to have exhibited this trend less than the two Hokkaido dialects in Chitose and Bihoro.
 * In light of these findings, I'd suggest that we indeed use the elided form as the lemma, and (where attested) use the vowel-included form for an "alternative form" entry, indicating which dialect(s) use that form. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 09:31, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * What my impression on this, mostly from Japanese researches, is that there is no shift on pronunciation from pirika to pirka, rather early writings didn't realize the fact that they're not phonemic. And I remembered from a overview on Ainu history, one of Yukie Chiri's (author of Ainu Shinyōshū) achievement on Ainu linguistic is that she corrected what Kyōsuke Kindaichi thought about this issue, and changed the spelling of pirika to pirka.
 * Instead, the change is from pirka to pirika, as a copy of the nuclear vowel has been made, potentially because of the influence from Japanese language (which has almost no closed syllables).
 * My impression can be supported by this statement from Анна Бугаева (2014) “北海道南部のアイヌ語”:

この「母音のコピー」は、開音節言語の日本語との接触によって生じたものであるかもしれない. 「母音のコピー」は、最後の世代のアイヌ語話者の発音にとくに顕著である.
 * This “vowel copying” may have resulted from contact with open-syllabic Japanese language. The “vowel copying” is particularly evident in the pronunciation of the last generation of Ainu speakers. -- Mkpoli (talk) 10:36, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd like to weigh in a bit. From what I've seen, vowel deletion seems to be mainly a Saru phenomenon, not being nearly as present in other dialects. The reason why Bachelor's material prioritises forms like pirika over pirka is not necessarily because there was a shift in the Ainu language (which would be hard to be attest in the first place, as the Saru dialect seems to have overshadowed all the other Ainu dialects), but because most of his studies were done in the Sapporo area, where they mainly spoke local dialects, and not Saru. This is also part of the reason why he puts such an emphasis on voicing of consonants, which barely occurs in Saru. Thus, the modern preference of pirka over pirika can be seen simply as Saru dialect bias.
 * As for the other claim that the reason why certain words have optional vowels between consonants is because of Japanese influence, it is hard to prove. If that were the case, not just words like pirika, but also other words like cikap and nispa should be represented with an intrusive vowel. But it seems like this is just a very common phenomenon, which also coincidentally happens in Japanese: of deletion of vowels between consonants, and also before other vowels, in casual speech. At least, it didn't seem to startle Mr. Batchelor, which briefly mentioned it in his grammar. Another good thing to mention is that Batchelor did his studies in an era where Ainu had very little contact with the Japanese language; he was often the one teaching the Ainu Japanese. It's very unlikely for his subjects to have had a Japanese accent.
 * Now, I wouldn't be opposed to adding those forms if it were proven that it isn't simply Saru innovation, or a peculiarity of rapid speech. My thought is that adding them without deeper consideration could lead to some loss in etymological value. If we were to add those, we would also likely have to consider adding things like for kuani, which, as far as I see it, is unmistakably a Saru quirk. Alves9 (talk) 14:22, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * , I agree with Alves9 here. The existence of the post-"r" vowels in Sakhalin materials is another big indicator -- Sakhalin is that much further away from the influence of Japanese language and culture, and thus much less likely to exhibit any vowel-adding caused by contact with Japanese phonetics.
 * , Chitose is almost equidistant between Sapporo and Saru. Would Chitose dialect reflect Saru more than Sapporo?  I also note that Bihoro is quite far from Saru, yet there too we see the same terms missing the vowels after "r".  Would Bihoro be influenced by Saru speech patterns?  My knowledge of Ainu history is quite limited, so I have trouble evaluating what I'm seeing here: parallel patterns, or directly influenced patterns.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 18:01, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * For most of recordable Ainu history, the Ainu population has been mostly concentrated around the Saru River. That doesn't mean necessarily that the Chitose and Bihoro dialects were influenced by it, but it seems rather likely.
 * According to Batchelor (page 62 on the grammar), this is how the migration of Ainu took place: Sakhalin → Tokachi → Saru River → Mount Usu/Ishikari River. This likely reflects more recent history, as there is no mention of a southern migration from Honshu, which has some historical basis. Does this mean that the Sakhalin dialect is the most conservative known form of the Ainu language? I'm not sure. But certainly this does to a certain extent prove that Saru may have some influence on the other Southern Dialects, including on some of their use of contractions, and that the Sakhalin dialect, which does not use those contractions, likely preceded it.
 * Unfortunately, I haven't ever been able to have a look at the eastern Tokachi dialect. It likely died out before ever being studied in length. But, from Batchelor's description (also page 62), it seems like it indeed did not have the habit of deleting vowels. Once again, this is unlikely to be due to Japanese influence, as Tokachi was spoken on the isolated northern part of Hokkaido. In my opinion, this all seems like an innovation, as both Tokachi and Sakhalin (unless influenced by some other Paleo-Siberian language) are very unlikely to have reinserted those vowels after having taken them out.
 * Now, let me go back to the etymological question for a minute. As I said before, if we take all interconsonantal vowels as non-phonemic, it could lead to some easy misunderstandings. I thought of a particular hilarious example: the basic word could be interpreted to mean "I was forced to kill myself" if taken at face value . However, once we understand that it derives from the simple deletion of an "i" from the full word iyayiraykere, it stops being a line that could be spoken by a ghost in a horror novel and starts being an expression of gratitude, thus: "I am compelled to thank (you)". Alves9 (talk) 19:06, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

About -p(e) and -kur
-p(e) and -kur, meaning “thing (man)” and “man” respectively, is a suffix, or bound morpheme that is able turn a verb or a determiner or any other adnominals into a noun. For example tan-pe means “that (thing)” and tan-kur means “that man”, where tan means “that”. Both of those words cannot use alone without any adnominals.

In current ainu writing, -p(e) is often written without space like tanpe or sinep, and those forms are treated as the substantive form of a word. On the other hand, kur is often written as tan kur. The problem is, it is with no doubt we can have -p and -pe as entries, but what should we use, kur or -kur?

There are also other bound nouns like utar (“people”), uske(he) (“place; time”), hike (“side, direction”), and (h)i (“place; time”). -- Mkpoli (talk) 10:53, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * That's simple. If it is idiomatic, add it. If it isn't, don't add it. I don't think the space really makes a difference. "Tanpe" is the Ainu equivalent of "this (noun)", "tan kuru" is the Ainu equivalent of "this person". One is idiomatic, the other is sum of parts. Alves9 (talk) 14:28, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:About Ainu


text:
Reconstruction talk:Latin/urulo

RFD discussion: January 2018–April 2019
This is just one dissimilation away from the Classical. We can do without it. --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 12:53, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

Yes, on PIE pages we also list variant roots and extensions. Delete. Palaestrator verborum sis loquier 🗣 15:23, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 16:58, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Reconstruction talk:Latin/urulo


text:
Reconstruction talk:Latin/paraulo

RFD discussion: November 2017–April 2019
Redundant to. —Rua (mew) 15:51, 12 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Probably delete, but is currently labelled as Medieval Latin only; is it attested earlier than that? --Barytonesis (talk) 09:31, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 16:41, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Latin/paraulo


text:
Reconstruction talk:Latin/agurium

Reconstruction:Latin/asculto
and are attested, and the loss of u in that context is apparently a regular phenomenon (see also *agustus from ), so there's no good reason to have these. --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 21:24, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Delete. Palaestrator verborum sis loquier 🗣 22:06, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 16:53, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Latin/agurium


text:
Wiktionary talk:Ainu Project

RFD discussion: January 2018–April 2019

 * See Wiktionary talk:About Ainu.

title: Wiktionary talk:Ainu Project


text:
Wiktionary talk:Ainu Project/grammar

RFD discussion: January 2018–April 2019

 * See Wiktionary talk:About Ainu.

title: Wiktionary talk:Ainu Project/grammar


text:
Reconstruction talk:Latin/asculto

RFD discussion: January 2018–April 2019

 * See Reconstruction talk:Latin/agurium.

title: Reconstruction talk:Latin/asculto


text:
Template talk:iso2country

RFD discussion: August 2018–April 2019
Unused, and it is hard to see why we would ever want it. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 22:26, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 17:42, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Template talk:iso2country


text:
Appendix talk:Greek articles

RFD discussion: January 2018–April 2019
Entirely dispensable. --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 23:34, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 17:36, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Appendix talk:Greek articles


text:
Template talk:blank

RFD discussion: August 2018–April 2019
Seemingly unused. See Template talk:empty template. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 22:36, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 17:43, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Template talk:blank


text:
Category talk:Serbo-Croatian concrete verbs

RFD discussion: April 2018–April 2019
The distinction doesn’t seem to make sense for the language. Guldrelokk (talk) 15:10, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
 * --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 17:00, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
 * If it helps, here is an explanation of what these mean with example pairs below. Guldrelokk (talk) 18:11, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this is not a thing in Serbo-Croatian. Crom daba (talk) 20:03, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
 * +1 to what Crom Daba says. It would be good to know if the same holds for other Slavic languages with these categories. (I don’t think any South Slavic language other than OCS makes this distinction.) — Vorziblix (talk · contribs) 23:47, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Before we delete them, are we absolutely sure that there is no such distinction between the pairs e.g. /  and  / ? Maybe the name for this phenomenon is different in Serbo-Croatian or it's much less prominent than in East Slavic languages? --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 00:08, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * This sort of meaning is expressed by verbs with durative/habitual aktionsart, but it's basically aspectual which I understand is not the case with Russian?
 * It's certainly not a part of our native grammar tradition, and I have never heard of using it in a SCr context.
 * hoditi is perhaps best described as poetic or archaic or something like that. The difference between hodati and hoditi is pragmatical rather than grammatical in any case.
 * nesti only means to bear eggs according to HJP and it's not even a part of my idiolect (maybe it's only used in Croatian?), I would say nositi, when I saw the word I expected a Kajkavism. Crom daba (talk) 02:01, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * : Thanks. The difference between and ( or ) is certainly not aspectual, they are both imperfective. I don't know about the non-grammatical, such as poetic but your use of "durative/habitual aktionsart" tells me that there is something about the abstract/concrete concept. It IS grammatical, even though it is about the senses/usage of these pairs. Can you describe me the usage difference between "ja idem" and "ja hodim", please? --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 02:23, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * By "aspectual" I mean aktionsart rather than the binary categorization. Instead of "durative" I should have said "iterative", but I can't think of any movement verb pairs which aren't diminutives trčkarati/trčati, skakutati/skakati or suppletive hodati/šetati.
 * "Ja idem" is "I'm going", "Ja hodam" is "I'm walking" and "Ja hodim" would only be said (where I come from) as a quote from the Bible or a song or otherwise in affectation. Crom daba (talk) 02:44, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * : Thanks. Someone else in this discussion says that there is no such distinction in South Slavic languages: WR: East and West Slavic languages - verbs of motion. There are some Russian and Czech examples in the topic. (Iterative is not the same as abstract). --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 03:08, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * There is in Slovene and Bulgarian (ходя на училище and отивам на училище seem to have the expected meaning), but both хожу в школу and иду в школу are truly idem u školu in BCMS, CMIIW. Guldrelokk (talk) 06:16, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I found this (in Russian). There is a single relic in Bulgarian, none in Macedonian, and its usage doesn’t seem to be very consistent. I don’t think there is a point in having two categories each for one verb. Guldrelokk (talk) 06:30, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * : Thanks, and as per my previous link to WR forum, Slovene examples:
 * Hodim v šolo. = I go to school (regularly). - abstract
 * Grem v šolo. = I'm going to school (at the moment). - concrete
 * I had trouble finding sufficient examples of abstract/concrete for Serbo-Croatian (ie. BCMS) and Macedonian, so these (sh and mk) don't have this concept in modern languages? --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 06:37, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * They don’t. Bulgarian seems to have one pair, so I don’t think there is a need for categories too. Slovene alone preserves most pairs intact, compare this and this. Guldrelokk (talk) 06:51, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I somehow managed to pass over the Slovene pairs; sorry. Some more Slovene examples are on the first page here. — Vorziblix (talk · contribs) 07:05, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete, as two native speakers agree that it's not a relevant distinction in Serbo-Croatian., another opinion? Per utramque cavernam 19:46, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Why aren’t they deleted already as empty categories? (Because there are 4,000 empty categories and nobody goes through them …) Fay Freak (talk) 19:49, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

I've stricken them as they seem to have been deleted already. —Rua (mew) 17:40, 30 April 2019 (UTC)


text:
Category talk:Serbo-Croatian abstract verbs

RFD discussion: April 2018–April 2019

 * See Category talk:Serbo-Croatian concrete verbs.


text:
Template talk:Country-flags

RFD discussion: November 2018–April 2019
Probs not used --XY3999 (talk) 00:16, 22 November 2018 (UTC)--XY3999 (talk) 00:16, 22 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't seem to be used and using language codes for country flags seems a horrendous idea. ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  10:12, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 17:44, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Country-flags


text:
Template talk:af-adv

RFD discussion: November 2018–April 2019
This actually has less functionality than, because it doesn't support. I was going to add that in when I realised, why have this template at all? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 06:04, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned and Deleted. —Rua (mew) 17:46, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Template talk:af-adv


text:
Reconstruction talk:Latin/sun

RFD discussion: January–April 2019
Redundant to. —Rua (mew) 11:52, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Per utramque cavernam 19:31, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Delete. —Mahāgaja · talk 11:10, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Man, these Vulgar Latin reconstructions for attested terms are annoying. Fay Freak (talk) 12:11, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Deleted. —Rua (mew) 20:54, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Latin/sun


text:
Reconstruction talk:Latin/ovicla

RFD discussion: January–April 2019
Redundant to attested. See Category talk:Vulgar Latin. Per utramque cavernam 19:28, 25 January 2019 (UTC) Comment - If there are credible sources for it, it should be included; whether on a separate page or as listed variant(s). Lx 121 (talk) 13:58, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. —Mahāgaja · talk 11:10, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fay Freak (talk) 12:11, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * What do sources have to do with it? That doesn't change the deletion rationale at all. —Rua (mew) 14:14, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
 * ...IF there are credible sources for it, THEN the information should be included; whichever page you put it on. Lx 121 (talk) 15:35, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Not if there is consensus to delete them, obviously. —Rua (mew) 16:10, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 16:28, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

An undeletion discussion is needed to recreate an entry deleted by RFD. J3133 (talk) 00:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I hadn't even seen this discussion page. Alright then. Nicodene (talk) 07:05, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Latin/ovicla


text:
Reconstruction talk:Latin/sculto

RFD discussion: January–April 2019
Redundant to attested. See Category talk:Vulgar Latin, and especially Requests_for_deletion/Others. Per utramque cavernam 19:30, 25 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. —Mahāgaja · talk 11:10, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fay Freak (talk) 12:11, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Deleted —Rua (mew) 16:52, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Latin/sculto


text:
Category talk:English third-person singular forms

RFD discussion: October 2018–April 2019
...and others. What is so special about these that people would have a need to look them all up? We don't categorise verb forms for other languages, why English? —Rua (mew) 12:13, 21 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete. Per utramque cavernam 19:42, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Mnemosientje (t · c) 12:28, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

I've now deleted Category:English third-person singular forms, Category:English present participles and Category:English past participles. Category:English verb simple past forms still has some archaic forms in it that I want to migrate into another category before deleting it. We may want the categories for archaic forms gone too, but that goes beyond the scope of this RFD. —Rua (mew) 21:30, 24 April 2019 (UTC)


text:
Category talk:English past participles

RFD discussion: October 2018–April 2019

 * See Category talk:English third-person singular forms.

title: Category talk:English past participles


text:
limonka

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; lime

title: limonka


text:
Category talk:English present participles

RFD discussion: October 2018–April 2019

 * See Category talk:English third-person singular forms.


text: drammar

title: drammar


text: drammane

title: drammane


text:
апаҭырџьан

Etymology
From, ultimately from. .

Noun

 * 1) tomato

title: апаҭырџьан


text:
Tageslosung

Noun

 * 1) a daily motto, resolution
 * 2)  daily cash receipts

title: Tageslosung


text:
Transdanubien

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Transdanubia
 * 2)  The part of Vienna that lies to the northeast of the Danube:  and, collectively.

title: Transdanubien


text: Category:English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)


text: Template:table:German suits/sh

title: Template:table:German suits/sh


text:
φλόκι

Etymology
From. Sense 2 from.

Noun

 * 1) flock, shag coarse tufts of wool or cotton used in bedding
 * 2)  cum, spunk, jism, jizz semen

title: φλόκι


text: Category:English terms suffixed with -s (patronymic)


text:
Kaliarda

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) A cant used by the homosexual community in Greece, similar to Polari in Britain, in use since the 1940s. It uses a large amount of borrowings from French, Italian and Turkish. Once a secret language to evade the hostile community, it is now widely known thanks to television and thus not used much nowadays.

Translations

 * Greek:

title: Kaliarda


text: Category:English terms suffixed with -s (adverbial)


text: Thesaurus:pacifier

title: Thesaurus:pacifier


text: akpeteshi

title: akpeteshi


text: Category:Greek terms derived from Kaliarda


text:
semifascist

Etymology
. Attested since the 20th century.

title: semifascist


text: φλοκιού

title: φλοκιού


text: φλοκιών

title: φλοκιών


text: φλόκια

title: φλόκια


text:
Bauchfleck

Noun

 * 1)  bellyflop
 * 2)  failure, misfiring
 * 3)  A characteristic spot or fleck on the belly (of an animal).
 * 1)  A characteristic spot or fleck on the belly (of an animal).

title: Bauchfleck


text:
fartsome

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Characterised or marked by farting; like a fart

title: fartsome


text: Lupercaliorum

title: Lupercaliorum


text:
para-fascist

Etymology
en

Adjective

 * 1) Of or pertaining to para-fascism.

Noun

 * 1) Somebody who supports para-fascism.

title: para-fascist


text:
Universitätsdozent

Noun

 * 1) lecturer, instructor (at a university)
 * 2)  privatdozent

title: Universitätsdozent


text:
φλόκος

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) flock, shag coarse tufts of wool or cotton used in bedding
 * 2)  jib triangular staysail set forward of the foremast

title: φλόκος


text: φλόκου

title: φλόκου


text: φλόκο

title: φλόκο


text: φλόκε

title: φλόκε


text: φλόκων

title: φλόκων


text: φλόκους

title: φλόκους


text: φλόκοι

title: φλόκοι


text: cneise

title: cneise


text: cnise

title: cnise


text:
Behebung

Noun

 * 1) remedy, correction
 * 2)  withdrawal, pickup

title: Behebung


text:
Vorraum

Noun

 * 1) entrance hall, anteroom
 * 2)  hallway, hall

title: Vorraum


text:
Beischluss

Noun

 * 1)  inclusion, attachment, annex

title: Beischluss


text:
cara cnis

Noun

 * 1) bosom friend

title: cara cnis


text:
Weihnachtstag

Noun

 * 1) one of the Twelve Days of Christmas
 * 2)  Christmas Day

title: Weihnachtstag


text:
Klobuchar

Etymology
From, from , from + , from , from a  language, akin to 🇨🇬 (cf. 🇨🇬).

title: Klobuchar


text:
wegweisen

Verb

 * 1) to send away, show out

title: wegweisen


text: uniões civis

title: uniões civis


text:
O'Rourke

Etymology
Anglicized form of, a Gaelicized form of the personal name.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, O'Rourke is the 2213th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 16457 individuals. O'Rourke is most common among White (94.11%) individuals.

title: O'Rourke


text:
satailít aimsire

Noun

 * 1)  weather satellite

title: satailít aimsire


text:
Talk:avonym

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
"(anthroponymy) The name of one's grandfather.", initial search results were sparse if the term is actually used. Nobody else seems to have it. - TheDaveRoss  12:53, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:04, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:avonym


text:
Talk:plinus

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
Any takers? --Robbie SWE (talk) 18:29, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:09, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:plinus


text:
Talk:fâché

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
Only one hit that’s actually English. 72.10.127.162 17:32, 29 March 2019 (UTC)
 * And that one puts the word in italics. Kiwima (talk) 04:58, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:06, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:fâché


text:
Talk:road haul

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
Any takers? SemperBlotto (talk) 06:10, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * In Google Books: zero hits for "road-hauled him"; a few for "was road-hauled", but all referring to road transportation of goods. There are a very few uses with the desired sense in a Google Web search, but all seem to refer to an episode of the TV series Supernatural: is it unique to that? Equinox ◑ 02:13, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:10, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:road haul


text:
Talk:endo

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
Rfv-sense: "a labor contracting system where workers are hired by employment agencies to work within a specific period of time before being replaced and barred from being re-hired". Philippine English neologism that need cites from any news sources from around 2016 (when the term surfaced). Google Books does give one result providing its usage, but is too sparse.--TagaSanPedroAko (talk) 09:10, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:12, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Sense: "labor contracting system"
I have reverted your edit last May on the sense of "(Philiplabor contracting system" for having failed verification, since I'm able to find one news source that uses that sense. Maybe next time you should read carefully any verification request just before you say it fails so; a little research for news articles that mention it should have helped than just saying "RFV-failed" because you (or anybody monitoring the RFV page) don't have time to find any useful cites for the word in question. Thanks. --TagaSanPedroAko (talk) 23:06, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * RFV is a process, and a month is given for people to provide supporting citations. Providing one is not sufficient. You still need two more. If you provide those two more, I will happily reinstate the definition. Kiwima (talk) 23:19, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I see, and to add up to the first one I found, here is another article of the same topic that mentions the term . --TagaSanPedroAko (talk) 23:30, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
 * And I found a third to finish the verification process. I already reinstated the sense since I found the second quote.--TagaSanPedroAko (talk) 23:48, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:endo


text:
Talk:fück

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
Any takers? The surname seems to exist, but we don't have it yet. SemperBlotto (talk) 11:20, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Most of what I find is on non-durably archived sources, which is not surprising, since this type of spelling is used primarily to defeat automated tools for detecting obscenities. I did manage to find one use in a durably archived source. Kiwima (talk) 22:32, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:03, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:fück


text:
Talk:astro-cartomancy

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
DTLHS (talk) 17:44, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:14, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:astro-cartomancy


text:
Talk:chitosanylation

RFV discussion: April–May 2019
DTLHS (talk) 17:48, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 23:16, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:chitosanylation


text:
Talk:younghead

RFV discussion: March–May 2019
Two slang senses: "1. A young person; a teenager. 2. A person, regardless of age." When searching, beware scannos for "young head" (which may be used along the lines of "older heads were needed to solve the problem", to refer to a person thinking). Equinox ◑ 20:41, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The sense of a young person is cited. The sense that does not specify age is not. Kiwima (talk) 01:05, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

RFV-resolved The sense of a young person passes, the sense that does not specify age fails. Kiwima (talk) 23:15, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:younghead


text: parcerias civis

title: parcerias civis


text:
Talk:tenericute

RFV discussion: April–May 2019
I believe this to be a misconstruction. DTLHS (talk) 17:16, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

 * There's either a noun-that-gets-used-attributively or an adjective with this spelling and capitalization: Citations:tenericute. (Capitalized Tenericute also seems to occur but may indeed be a mistake for the form with s.) - -sche (discuss) 17:37, 17 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Those seem nominal enough for me. DTLHS (talk) 17:42, 17 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, thinking about it some more, it seems easier to consider them nouns. Comparably, firmicute exists for any member of Firmicutes. - -sche (discuss) 17:43, 17 April 2019 (UTC)
 * So, cited. - -sche (discuss) 07:38, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

RFV-passed Kiwima (talk) 23:18, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:tenericute


text: Template:table:German suits/de

title: Template:table:German suits/de


text:
patxaran

Etymology
From. See 🇨🇬 for further connections.

Noun

 * 1) A reddish-brown sloe liqueur popular in parts of Spain.

Noun

 * 1) patxaran

title: patxaran


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/tarvas

Etymology
From earlier, with metathesis of -wr- to -rv-; from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  ? aurochs

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/tarvas


text:
דיקטטור

Etymology
, ultimately from.

Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 etc.

Noun

 * 1) dictator

title: דיקטטור


text:
查票員

Noun

 * 1) ticket inspector

title: 查票員


text: 車管所

title: 車管所


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2019/May 11


text:
γιατάκι

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  bunk, bunk bed, berth
 * 2)  cabin interior of a boat, enclosed to create a small room
 * 1)  cabin interior of a boat, enclosed to create a small room

title: γιατάκι


text: γιατάκια

title: γιατάκια


text:
Citations:transromantic

romantically attracted to trans people

 * 2014 KS Toole, Differences in Personality Beliefs of Emerging Adults in Two Distinct Online Asexual Communities (thesis):
 * Transromantic romantically attracted to transsexuals or those of ambiguous sex
 * That survey found that out of 124 asexual participants 60.4%of asexuals identified as romantic (heteroromantic=31.4%, homoromantic=6.5%, biromantic=17.5%, poly/pan/transromantic=5%) with 17.5% identifying as aromantic and 22.1% indicating that they were unsure.
 * 2016, SM Steelman, KM Hertlein, Underexplored identities: Attending to asexuality in therapeutic contexts, in the Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 2016:
 * There are also romantic identities that exist outside of the gender binary and consist of: androromantic (attracted to male-identified persons), gyneromantic/gynoromantic (attracted to female-identified persons), and transromantic (attracted toward [...])

?

 * 1962, Divione:
 * How transromantic must be life on the Saturn with its ring of moons! Nature does not create by dogmas and nature does not create by stern law, nature creates only for the sake of spheric harmony and spheric cooperation and discards rapidly ...

title: Citations:transromantic


text:
Gwatemalczyk

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Guatemalan

title: Gwatemalczyk


text: eingetragener Partnerschaft

title: eingetragener Partnerschaft


text:
Gwatemalka

Etymology
From.

title: Gwatemalka


text:
deliberació

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) deliberation

title: deliberació


text: deliberacions

title: deliberacions


text:
zeitgerecht

Adjective

 * 1) timely appropriate for the time; at the right time
 * 2)  punctual

title: zeitgerecht


text: eingetragene

title: eingetragene


text:
gwatemalczyk

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) inhabitant of Guatemala City

title: gwatemalczyk


text:
Ziehvater

Noun

 * 1)  foster father
 * 2) mentor

title: Ziehvater


text:
gwatemalka

Etymology
From.

title: gwatemalka


text:
insolència

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) insolence

title: insolència


text: eingetragener

title: eingetragener


text:
insolentment

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) insolently

title: insolentment


text: eingetragenen

title: eingetragenen


text: eingetragenem

title: eingetragenem


text:
User talk:YumaDuplícito

Community Insights Survey
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Sincerely, RMaung (WMF) 14:32, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

Reminder: Community Insights Survey
Share your experience in this survey

Hi ,

A couple of weeks ago, we invited you to take the Community Insights Survey. It is the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual survey of our global communities. We want to learn how well we support your work on wiki. We are 10% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! Your voice matters to us.

Please take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages.

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Sincerely, RMaung (WMF) 19:13, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Reminder: Community Insights Survey
Share your experience in this survey

Hi ,

There are only a few weeks left to take the Community Insights Survey! We are 30% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! With this poll, the Wikimedia Foundation gathers feedback on how well we support your work on wiki. It only takes 15-25 minutes to complete, and it has a direct impact on the support we provide.

Please take 15 to 25 minutes to give your feedback through this survey. It is available in various languages.

This survey is hosted by a third-party and governed by this privacy statement (in English).

Find more information about this project. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey.

Sincerely, RMaung (WMF) 17:03, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:YumaDuplícito


text: eingetragenes

title: eingetragenes


text:
صائم

Noun

 * 1)  jejunum

Adjective

 * 1) thirsty
 * 1) thirsty
 * 1) thirsty

title: صائم


text:
briathar cúntach

Noun

 * 1)  modal verb

title: briathar cúntach


text:
deformitat

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) deformity

title: deformitat


text: deformitats

title: deformitats


text: راكع

title: راكع


text:
antimicrobià

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) antimicrobial

Noun

 * 1) antimicrobial

title: antimicrobià


text: antimicrobians

title: antimicrobians


text: antimicrobianes

title: antimicrobianes


text:
microbià

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) microbial

title: microbià


text: microbians

title: microbians


text: microbianes

title: microbianes


text: 恆數

title: 恆數


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Celtic/bāus

Osthoff's law
The etymology mentions Osthoff's law. So why did it not apply to the nominative? —Rua (mew) 22:08, 10 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Osthoff's law only applies before sonorants, not before s. —Mahāgaja · talk 07:06, 11 May 2019 (UTC)
 * But u is a sonorant. —Rua (mew) 10:19, 11 May 2019 (UTC)
 * True. And indeed Matasović doesn't mention Osthoff shortening at all; he just says the nominative is and the accusative is re-formed  rather than the  that would have been inherited from . —Mahāgaja · talk 16:30, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Proto-Celtic/bāus


text: 機學

title: 機學


text: 機學量子

title: 機學量子


text:
死死地氣

Adverb

 * 1)  begrudgingly, reluctantly

title: 死死地氣


text: Bielsku

title: Bielsku


text:
Talk:orga

Demoscene slang
An orga is an organizer, one of the people who helps to arrange and maintain a demoparty. Probably won't meet CFI today but maybe some day. Equinox ◑ 22:25, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:orga


text: Bielskiem

title: Bielskiem


text:
arterialmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) arterially

title: arterialmente


text:
assexualmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) asexually

title: assexualmente


text: Citations:delectably

title: Citations:delectably


text:
envergonhadamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) ashamedly

title: envergonhadamente


text:
пашто

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) Pashto; one of the official languages of Afghanistan

title: пашто


text:
duvidosamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) dubiously

title: duvidosamente


text: Category:Russian terms borrowed from Pashto


text: Category:Russian terms derived from Pashto


text:
impecavelmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) impeccably, flawlessly

title: impecavelmente


text:
mecanicamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) mechanically

title: mecanicamente


text:
ridiculamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) ridiculously

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) ridiculously

title: ridiculamente


text:
vergonhosamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) shamefully

title: vergonhosamente


text:
insuportavelmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) unbearably, insufferably

title: insuportavelmente


text:
erkanema

Noun

 * 1)  diastasis

title: erkanema


text:
insuportablement

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) unbearably, insufferably

title: insuportablement


text:
insuportable

Adjective

 * 1) unbearable, insufferable

title: insuportable


text: insuportables

title: insuportables


text:
intolerablement

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) intolerably, unbearably

title: intolerablement


text:
intoleravelmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) intolerably, unbearably

title: intoleravelmente


text:
mellű

Adjective

 * 1) -breasted, -chested having a specific kind of breast[s] or chest

title: mellű


text:
metòdicament

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) methodically

title: metòdicament


text:
metòdic

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) methodical

title: metòdic


text: metòdica

title: metòdica


text: metòdics

title: metòdics


text: metòdiques

title: metòdiques


text:
kobiecy

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 2)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 3)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 4)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 5)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 6)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 1)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 2)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 3)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 4)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 1)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 2)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 1)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 2)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 1)  feminine, woman's, womanly
 * 1)  feminine, woman's, womanly

title: kobiecy


text:
баглаа

Noun

 * 1) packet; bunch

title: баглаа


text: kobieca

title: kobieca


text: kobiecą

title: kobiecą


text: mrówcza

title: mrówcza


text: mrówczą

title: mrówczą


text: ślimacza

title: ślimacza


text: ślimaczą

title: ślimaczą


text:
хадаас

Noun

 * 1) nail ; spike

title: хадаас


text: wielbłądzia

title: wielbłądzia


text: wielbłądzią

title: wielbłądzią


text: łasicza

title: łasicza


text: łasiczą

title: łasiczą


text:
Talk:lation

Trans-Lation
Msybe some use lation in this context? Like: cislation can refer to text in original language. הראש (talk) 23:26, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:lation


text:
иллэг

Noun

 * 1) massage

title: иллэг


text: Template:table:Spanish suits/sh

title: Template:table:Spanish suits/sh


text: 北竿

title: 北竿


text:
ច្របាច់

Verb

 * 1) to press; to squeeze; to massage

title: ច្របាច់


text:
គក់ច្របាច់

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Verb

 * 1) to massage

title: គក់ច្របាច់


text:
birdiness

Noun

 * 1) Birdy or bird-like qualities.

title: birdiness


text: 東引

title: 東引


text: bird-like

title: bird-like


text:
ការគក់ច្របាច់

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * : massage

title: ការគក់ច្របាច់


text: 东引

title: 东引


text: 南竿

title: 南竿


text:
Zipf

Etymology
surname, from the noun.

Etymology 1
From, ultimately from , , a diminutive of.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Also compare and.

Noun

 * 1)  tip, peak, corner
 * 2)  bore boring person

Noun

 * 1)  pip respiratory disease of birds

title: Zipf


text:
莒光

Noun

 * 1) the spirit of recovering a lost country following the example of  when he recovered the state of Qi from the small base area of Ju; the spirit of building a hardworking, thrifty military to carry forward the mission of the recovery of lost territory
 * 2)  second fastest class of non-high-speed intercity trains

title: 莒光


text:
đấm bóp

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Verb

 * 1) to massage (body)

title: đấm bóp


text:
xoa bóp

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Verb

 * 1) to massage (body)

title: xoa bóp


text:
zinsfrei

Adjective

 * 1)  interest-free
 * 2)  rent-free
 * 1)  rent-free

title: zinsfrei


text: Category:Sanskrit terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pewH-


text:
老廣

Noun

 * 1)  person from Guangzhou

title: 老廣


text:
pisah

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to separate.
 * 2) to divorce.

Adjective

 * 1) separated.
 * 2) divorced.

Verb

 * 1) to separate.
 * 2) to divorce.

Adjective

 * 1) separated.
 * 2) divorced.

title: pisah


text: Category:Proto-Italic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pewH-


text:
Anschüttung

Noun

 * 1) backfill
 * 2) backfilled site
 * 3)  defamation, slander

title: Anschüttung


text: Category:Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pewH-


text:
periodicucho

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) rag (low-quality newspaper)

title: periodicucho


text:
bašton

Etymology
(🇨🇬), from,.

Noun

 * 1) clubs in Spanish playing cards

title: bašton


text:
баштон

Etymology
(🇨🇬), from,.

Noun

 * 1) clubs in Spanish playing cards

title: баштон


text:
Lianjiang

Etymology 1
From the romanization of the  Chinese pronunciation for.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Hokkien: 連江
 * Mandarin:
 * Japanese:

Etymology 2
From the romanization of the  Chinese pronunciation for.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Japanese:

title: Lianjiang


text: baštun

title: baštun


text: баштун

title: баштун


text:
Nam Triều Tiên

Etymology
, from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  South Korea

Adjective

 * 1)  South Korean

title: Nam Triều Tiên


text:
แผนภูมิ

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) chart.

title: แผนภูมิ


text:
wargal

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  merchant, trader

title: wargal


text:
Bockerl

Noun

 * 1)  pinecone
 * 2)  jack jumper ski with a small seat bolted on
 * 3)  turkey
 * 1)  turkey

title: Bockerl


text: sierpniu

title: sierpniu


text: sierpnie

title: sierpnie


text: sierpniem

title: sierpniem


text:
зеље

Etymology

 * akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) cabbage
 * 2)  leaves in German playing cards

title: зеље


text: sierpniowi

title: sierpniowi


text: sierpniom

title: sierpniom


text: sierpniami

title: sierpniami


text: sierpniach

title: sierpniach


text: sierpni

title: sierpni


text: sierpniów

title: sierpniów


text:
Gasterei

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) banquet, feast, where many guests come to be served food

title: Gasterei


text: Gastereien

title: Gastereien


text: Eckern

title: Eckern


text: ਖਾਲਸਤਾਨ

title: ਖਾਲਸਤਾਨ


text:
lecture bottle

Noun

 * 1)  A type of cylinder used to store compressed gas.

title: lecture bottle


text:
Doktorat

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) doctorate
 * 2) doctoral exam
 * 3)  doctoral graduation

title: Doktorat


text:
Talk:Gasterei

 * The IPA appears to be wrong, and the use of is ambiguous at best. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 00:50, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gasterei


text:
ਵਰਤ

Etymology
, from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) fast (abstinence from food)

title: ਵਰਤ


text: Category:de:Academic degrees

title: Category:de:Academic degrees


text:
ورت

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) inheritance

Etymology
, from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) fast (abstinence from food)

title: ورت


text: عليه

title: عليه


text: Gästerei

title: Gästerei


text: Gästereien

title: Gästereien


text:
Agioteur

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  stock exchange speculator

title: Agioteur


text:
Talk:dotfile

Sense 1
Could we use this as a quote for it:

"I've noticed I have some dotfiles that end with, for example I have a  , but I'm not sure where that came from. It seems like they are created when I use Vim in the Terminal. What are these files? Can have [sic] them remove themselves when I close the file I'm editing?"

From: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15660669/what-is-a-un-file-or-or-why-does-vim-in-the-terminal-make-the-un-file

Forums that have a significant chance of dying in the future aren't to be used for quotes, but I don't think that stackoverflow.com is going to die anytime soon; therefore, it should be OK, right? --User123o987name (talk) 01:03, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks, but no; StackOverflow is not archived to our standards at present. Equinox ◑ 02:07, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:dotfile


text:
ਫ਼ਾਕਾ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fast (abstinence from food)

title: ਫ਼ਾਕਾ


text:
فاقہ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fast

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) starvation, starvation
 * 2)  sawm, fasting
 * 3) poverty, penury

title: فاقہ


text:
Ehrenschutz

Noun

 * 1)  protection of honor
 * 2)  patronage, auspices

title: Ehrenschutz


text:
Daus

Etymology
From, from , from. Applied on a person possibly the same word, being most frequent in the interjection “Ei der Daus!”, stemming from the deuce, the highest card, being played, and hence having an ambiguous sense depending on the angle of view; however descendants of or  might be in the game.

Noun

 * 1) deuce, the number two in German games

Noun

 * 1) deuce, hunk, splendid bloke, a devil of a fellow

title: Daus


text: Däuser

title: Däuser


text: Dauses

title: Dauses


text: Dause

title: Dause


text:
Talk:莒

“Depending on the font installed, this character may appear to be either 莒 or 莒.“
Except I can still see no difference between 莒 and 莒 --Geographyinitiative (talk) 01:14, 11 May 2019 (UTC)
 * http://stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw/characterQueryResult.do?word=莒

title: Talk:莒


text:
ਰੋਜ਼ਾ

Etymology
. First attested as. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) fast abstinence from food
 * 2)  the fast during the month of Ramadan
 * 1)  the fast during the month of Ramadan

title: ਰੋਜ਼ਾ


text:
neumodig

Etymology
From.

title: neumodig


text:
Fourgon

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  supply truck, baggage car
 * 2)  military truck
 * 3)  hearse

title: Fourgon


text:
ਰਮਜ਼ਾਨ

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  Ramadan

title: ਰਮਜ਼ਾਨ


text: Category:Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *streyg-


text:
ਰਮਦਾਨ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  Ramadan

title: ਰਮਦਾਨ


text: Category:Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *streyg-


text: ਰਮਾਦਾਨ

title: ਰਮਾਦਾਨ


text: Wothen

title: Wothen


text:
Gasconha

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Gascony

title: Gasconha


text: Category:English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *streyg-


text:
Gaskonsko

Proper noun

 * 1) Gascony

title: Gaskonsko


text: Category:English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eHs-


text:
be awake

Verb

 * 1) To not sleep, to stay awake.

Antonyms

 * sleep

Translations

 * Arabic: يَقِظَ, يَقُظَ
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: olla hereillä,
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian: ébren van
 * Japanese:
 * Polish: obudzony
 * Romanian: a fi treaz
 * Russian: ,
 * Vietnamese:

title: be awake


text: Thesaurus:恩德

title: Thesaurus:恩德


text: 嗣后

title: 嗣后


text:
嗣後

Adverb

 * 1)  henceforth; subsequently; afterwards

title: 嗣後


text: érsūn

title: érsūn


text: Thesaurus:後嗣

title: Thesaurus:後嗣


text: kāndēng

title: kāndēng


text: línchǎnggǎn

title: línchǎnggǎn


text: línchánggǎn

title: línchánggǎn


text:
보살피다

Verb

 * 1) to look after; to take care of

title: 보살피다


text:
дбать

Etymology
From and/or, from , possibly from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to care; to look after

title: дбать


text:
асық

Noun

 * 1) talus bone of a goat or sheep (collected and used for traditional games and fortune-telling throughout Central Asia)

title: асық


text: Suchora

title: Suchora


text:
상관하다

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to care; to mind

title: 상관하다


text:
жауырын

Etymology
From.

Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  scapula, shoulder bone

title: жауырын


text:
僧戒

Noun

 * 1) precepts which monks observe

title: 僧戒


text:
Cłapa

Etymology
From.

title: Cłapa


text:
желім

Etymology
From.

Cognate with 🇨🇬; 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Noun

 * 1) glue, adhesive

title: желім


text:
ұлпа

Adjective

 * 1) fluffy, downy

Noun

 * 1)  tissue

title: ұлпа


text:
cłapać

Etymology
.

title: cłapać


text:
Anlo

Noun

 * 1) A subgroup of the Ewe people of approximately 6 million people, inhabiting southern Togo, southern Benin, southwest Nigeria, and south-eastern parts of the Volta Region of Ghana.

title: Anlo


text:
Goscherl

Noun

 * 1)  mouth

title: Goscherl


text:
малороссийский

Adjective

 * 1)  Little Russia, Little Russian

title: малороссийский


text: Goscherls

title: Goscherls


text: Goscherln

title: Goscherln


text: ryje

title: ryje


text: ryję

title: ryję


text: ryjesz

title: ryjesz


text: ryjemy

title: ryjemy


text: ryjecie

title: ryjecie


text: ryją

title: ryją


text: Gosch

title: Gosch


text: ryja

title: ryja


text:
peat-reek

Etymology
The smoke was thought to be infused in the drink by drying the malted barley over a peat fire.

Noun

 * 1) The pungent smoke of a peat fire.
 * 2) Illicitly produced whisky from Scotland; moonshine.

title: peat-reek


text: tángshānrén

title: tángshānrén


text:
Goschen

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to data collected by Forebears in 2014, Goschen is the 261849th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 70 individuals.

Noun

 * 1) * Von Deß Esels Adel Vnd Der Saw Triumph. Ein sehr Artige Lustige vnd Liebliche beschreibung Attabalippę deß Peruanischen Esels Adel:vnd der Saw von Corfu [...], 1617, p. 30:
 * "de"
 * "de"

- Wann es sich begibet, daß er sich in einem Stall, nahe andern Thieren, bey einer Krippen befindet, vnnd eins deroselben seine Goschen, in seine außgeführte Krippen hengt vnd mit frißt, da ist er solcher bescheydenheit, daß er selbiges nicht hinweg treibet, oder sich vber es erzürnet.

title: Goschen


text: ryjów

title: ryjów


text: ryjom

title: ryjom


text: ryjami

title: ryjami


text: ryjach

title: ryjach


text: ryju

title: ryju


text: ryjem

title: ryjem


text:
Gosche

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  mouth

title: Gosche


text: ryjowi

title: ryjowi


text: ryły

title: ryły


text:
User:Benwing2/ostrica

Noun

 * 1) pinworm
 * 2) something inanimate

Noun

 * 1) pinworm
 * 2) something inanimate

title: User:Benwing2/ostrica


text:
Talk:asistencia

, suggests that we are missing a sense, possibly used in English as well. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 03:26, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:asistencia


text: Gusche

title: Gusche


text:
ryło

Etymology 1
, from, from. , an inherited form.

Noun

 * 1)  mug

title: ryło


text:
User:AdrianWikiEditor

Psst...

title: User:AdrianWikiEditor


text: Guschen

title: Guschen


text: ryła

title: ryła


text: rył

title: rył


text:
Citations:ratum

Noun

 * 1651: Nicolaus ab Amama, Dissertationum marinarum decas: in qua, praeter marina problemata, varia passim fundamentalia, e solidioris Philosophiae Principiis deducta, Dogmata discutiuntur. page 232:
 * Interim tamen ante Noe tempora navium vel ratum ullum exstitisse usum non constat.
 * However before Noah's time it is not certain that any use of boats or rafts existed.
 * 2012: Mark Walker (translator), Hobbitus Ille, Chapter 14 "Ignis et Aqua"
 * nec lintrum nec ratum satis habuit ad copiam portandam, quae pedibus lentius ire coacta est; sed magnam copiam bonorum secunda aqua praemisit.
 * He had not boats or rafts enough for his host, and they were forced to go the slower way by foot; but great store of goods he sent ahead by water. ― J. R. R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, Chapter 14 "Fire and Water"

title: Citations:ratum


text:
нәруыз

Noun

 * 1) albumen
 * 2) protein

title: нәруыз


text: ratium

title: ratium


text:
Froschgoscherl

Noun

 * 1) snapdragon
 * 2) The ruched neckline border of a dirndl bodice.

title: Froschgoscherl


text: mass shootings

title: mass shootings


text:
πολύγονον

Etymology
From, or neuter of , from.

Noun

 * 1) Either of two plants:
 * 2) πολύγονον ἄρρεν, knotweed,
 * 3) πολύγονον θῆλυ,
 * 1) πολύγονον θῆλυ,

title: πολύγονον


text: żarłu

title: żarłu


text: żarłem

title: żarłem


text: żarle

title: żarle


text: ránshāo de jīngjí

title: ránshāo de jīngjí


text:
Citations:ratium

 * c61 CE, Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, De Bello Civili Liber III, linea 579
 * fractarum subita ratium periere ruina.

 * c61 CE, Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, De Bello Civili Liber III, linea 706
 * hi super hostiles iecerunt bracchia remos / et ratium tenuere fugam.

title: Citations:ratium


text:
Hauseinfahrt

Noun

 * 1) driveway to a house
 * 2)  entrance to a house, entrance hall

title: Hauseinfahrt


text: żarłeś

title: żarłeś


text: żarłam

title: żarłam


text: żarłaś

title: żarłaś


text:
Ansuchen

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  request, application

title: Ansuchen


text:
былай

Adverb

 * 1) so
 * 2) in that direction

title: былай


text:
Instruktor

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1)  teacher, educator, especially of the elite
 * 2)  instructor

title: Instruktor


text:
Instrukteur

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) instructor

title: Instrukteur


text:
Intabulation

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  inscription on a tablet
 * 2)  entry in a land registry

title: Intabulation


text:
Jungmann

Noun

 * 1) young man
 * 2)  recruit without a rank

title: Jungmann


text: trzesz

title: trzesz


text: trzemy

title: trzemy


text: ryłem

title: ryłem


text: ryłeś

title: ryłeś


text: ryłam

title: ryłam


text: ryłaś

title: ryłaś


text:
Karbonade

Etymology
, itself borrowed from or, both ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1)  cutlet, roasted ribs
 * 2)  meatball

title: Karbonade


text: Ryles

title: Ryles


text:
Karenz

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  waiting period, grace period
 * 2)  abstinence
 * 3)  parental leave

title: Karenz


text: rogalami

title: rogalami


text: Category:de:Insurance

title: Category:de:Insurance


text: rogalach

title: rogalach


text: rogalom

title: rogalom


text: rogale

title: rogale


text:
Kerkerstrafe

Noun

 * 1) a punishment during imprisonment
 * 2)  imprisonment

title: Kerkerstrafe


text: rogali

title: rogali


text: Category:de:Prison

title: Category:de:Prison


text: rogalów

title: rogalów


text: rogalu

title: rogalu


text: rogalem

title: rogalem


text: rogalowi

title: rogalowi


text: deuncium

title: deuncium


text:
Konfident

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  confidant, trusted friend
 * 2)  informer, police informer

title: Konfident


text: rogala

title: rogala


text: quincuncium

title: quincuncium


text:
Konsultent

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  legal advisor
 * 2)  consultant for a firm

title: Konsultent


text: rogom

title: rogom


text: rogów

title: rogów


text: rogami

title: rogami


text: rogach

title: rogach


text:
saute pan

Etymology
+

Noun

 * 1) A piece of cookware that has straight sides and a large surface area, both of which are ideal for tasks like searing meat or reducing a pan sauce.

Translations

 * Finnish:

title: saute pan


text: rogiem

title: rogiem


text:
septunx

Pronunciation

Because of Osthoff's Law, the length of the vowel in the second syllable is uncertain; see the note at.

Noun

 * 1) seven twelfths
 * 2) seven ounces

title: septunx


text: rogowi

title: rogowi


text: septuncium

title: septuncium


text: saute pans

title: saute pans


text: septuncis

title: septuncis


text: septunces

title: septunces


text: sauté pan

title: sauté pan


text: rogow

title: rogow


text:
χαλαρωτικός

Adjective

 * 1) relaxing helping to relax

title: χαλαρωτικός


text:
Module:TNT

-- -- INTRO:  (!!! DO NOT RENAME THIS PAGE !!!) --   This module allows any template or module to be copy/pasted between --   wikis without any translation changes. All translation text is stored --   in the global  Data:*.tab  pages on Commons, and used everywhere. -- -- SEE:  https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Multilingual_Templates_and_Modules -- -- ATTENTION: --   Please do NOT rename this module - it has to be identical on all wikis. --   This code is maintained at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Module:TNT --   Please do not modify it anywhere else, as it may get copied and override your changes. --   Suggestions can be made at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Module_talk:TNT -- -- DESCRIPTION: --   The "msg" function uses a Commons dataset to translate a message --   with a given key (e.g. source-table), plus optional arguments --   to the wiki markup in the current content language. --   Use lang=xx to set language. Example: -- --                    -- -- --    The "doc" function will generate the parameter documentation for templates. --   This way all template parameters can be stored and localized in a single Commons dataset. --   NOTE: "doc" assumes that all documentation is located in Data:Templatedata/* on Commons. -- --   --        uses https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Templatedata/Graph:Lines.tab --       if the current page is Template:Graph:Lines/doc --

local p = {} local i18nDataset = 'I18n/Module:TNT.tab'

-- Forward declaration of the local functions local sanitizeDataset, loadData, link, formatMessage

function p.msg(frame) local dataset, id	local params = {} local lang = nil for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do		if k == 1 then dataset = mw.text.trim(v) elseif k == 2 then id = mw.text.trim(v) elseif type(k) == 'number' then params[k - 2] = mw.text.trim(v) elseif k == 'lang' and v ~= '_' then lang = mw.text.trim(v) end end return formatMessage(dataset, id, params, lang) end

-- Identical to p.msg above, but used from other lua modules -- Parameters: name of dataset, message key, optional arguments -- Example with 2 params: format('I18n/Module:TNT', 'error_bad_msgkey', 'my-key', 'my-dataset') function p.format(dataset, key, ...) local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType checkType('format', 1, dataset, 'string') checkType('format', 2, key, 'string') return formatMessage(dataset, key, {...}) end

-- Identical to p.msg above, but used from other lua modules with the language param -- Parameters: language code, name of dataset, message key, optional arguments -- Example with 2 params: formatInLanguage('es', I18n/Module:TNT', 'error_bad_msgkey', 'my-key', 'my-dataset') function p.formatInLanguage(lang, dataset, key, ...) local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType checkType('formatInLanguage', 1, lang, 'string') checkType('formatInLanguage', 2, dataset, 'string') checkType('formatInLanguage', 3, key, 'string') return formatMessage(dataset, key, {...}, lang) end

-- Obsolete function that adds a 'c:' prefix to the first param. -- "Sandbox/Sample.tab" -> 'c:Data:Sandbox/Sample.tab' function p.link(frame) return link(frame.args[1]) end

function p.doc(frame) local dataset = 'Templatedata/' .. sanitizeDataset(frame.args[1]) return frame:extensionTag('templatedata', p.getTemplateData(dataset)) .. formatMessage(i18nDataset, 'edit_doc', {link(dataset)}) end

function p.getTemplateData(dataset) -- TODO: add '_' parameter once lua starts reindexing properly for "all" languages local data = loadData(dataset) local names = {} for _, field in ipairs(data.schema.fields) do		table.insert(names, field.name) end

local numOnly = true local params = {} local paramOrder = {} for _, row in ipairs(data.data) do		local newVal = {} local name = nil for pos, columnName in ipairs(names) do			if columnName == 'name' then name = row[pos] else newVal[columnName] = row[pos] end end if name then if (				(type(name) ~= "number")				and ( (type(name) ~= "string") or not string.match(name, "^%d+$") )			) then numOnly = false end params[name] = newVal table.insert(paramOrder, name) end end

-- Work around json encoding treating {"1":{...}} as an [{...}] if numOnly then params['zzz123']='' end

local json = mw.text.jsonEncode({		params=params,		paramOrder=paramOrder,		description=data.description,	})

if numOnly then json = string.gsub(json,'"zzz123":"",?', "") end

return json end

-- Local functions

sanitizeDataset = function(dataset) if not dataset then return nil end dataset = mw.text.trim(dataset) if dataset == '' then return nil elseif string.sub(dataset,-4) ~= '.tab' then return dataset .. '.tab' else return dataset end end

loadData = function(dataset, lang) dataset = sanitizeDataset(dataset) if not dataset then error(formatMessage(i18nDataset, 'error_no_dataset', {})) end

-- Give helpful error to thirdparties who try and copy this module. if not mw.ext or not mw.ext.data or not mw.ext.data.get then error(string.format('''Missing JsonConfig extension, or not properly configured; Cannot load https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:%s. See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:JsonConfig, dataset)) end

local data = mw.ext.data.get(dataset, lang)

if data == false then if dataset == i18nDataset then -- Prevent cyclical calls error('Missing Commons dataset ' .. i18nDataset) else error(formatMessage(i18nDataset, 'error_bad_dataset', {link(dataset)})) end end return data end

-- Given a dataset name, convert it to a title with the 'commons:data:' prefix link = function(dataset) return 'c:Data:' .. mw.text.trim(dataset or '') end

formatMessage = function(dataset, key, params, lang) for _, row in pairs(loadData(dataset, lang).data) do		local id, msg = unpack(row) if id == key then local result = mw.message.newRawMessage(msg, unpack(params or {})) return result:plain end end if dataset == i18nDataset then -- Prevent cyclical calls error('Invalid message key "' .. key .. '"') else error(formatMessage(i18nDataset, 'error_bad_msgkey', {key, link(dataset)})) end end

return p

title: Module:TNT


text: septuncibus

title: septuncibus


text: septuncem

title: septuncem


text: septunci

title: septunci


text: septunce

title: septunce


text: piastom

title: piastom


text: piastami

title: piastami


text: piastach

title: piastach


text:
χαλαρότητα

Noun

 * 1) laxity state of not being strict

title: χαλαρότητα


text: piasto

title: piasto


text: piaście

title: piaście


text:
χαλαρότητας

Noun

 * Older form:
 * Older form:

title: χαλαρότητας


text: χαλαροτήτων

title: χαλαροτήτων


text: piastą

title: piastą


text: χαλαρότητες

title: χαλαρότητες


text: naboi

title: naboi


text: nabojów

title: nabojów


text:
僧階

Noun

 * 1) rank of a monk

title: 僧階


text: naboje

title: naboje


text:
挿鞋

Noun

 * 1) formal footwear made of wood and embroidery, worn by the emperor at court

title: 挿鞋


text: octaatomic

title: octaatomic


text: nabojom

title: nabojom


text: nabojami

title: nabojami


text: nabojach

title: nabojach


text: naboju

title: naboju


text: nabojem

title: nabojem


text: nabojowi

title: nabojowi


text:
oligomannan

Noun

 * 1)  An oligomeric form of mannan

title: oligomannan


text: oligonucleosides

title: oligonucleosides


text:
ܓܘܣܢܐ

Etymology
From, from the root , related to taking refuge + the ending.

Noun

 * 1) refugee, fugitive
 * 2) wanderer, vagabond, gypsy

title: ܓܘܣܢܐ


text:
実券

Noun

 * 1) a ticket (such as exchange ticket) that can be actually used

title: 実券


text:
opsismodysplasia

Noun

 * 1)  A skeletal dysplasia involving delayed bone maturation

title: opsismodysplasia


text: optophysiologic

title: optophysiologic


text:
orthonormalizing

Adjective

 * 1) That orthonormalizes

title: orthonormalizing


text: uwago

title: uwago


text: uwadze

title: uwadze


text: uwagą

title: uwagą


text: uwagom

title: uwagom


text: uwagach

title: uwagach


text: uwagami

title: uwagami


text:
osteoanabolism

Noun

 * 1) anabolism of bone tissue

Related terms

 * osteoanabolic

title: osteoanabolism


text: wadze

title: wadze


text:
分賜

Noun

 * 1) distribution; handing out

Verb

 * 1) to distribute; to hand out

title: 分賜


text:
ܓܘܣܐ

Etymology
From the root, related to taking refuge.

Noun

 * 1) refuge, asylum

title: ܓܘܣܐ


text: wagę

title: wagę


text:
గురువుకు తగ్గ శిష్యుడు

Proverb

 * 1) A disciple worthy of his Guru.

title: గురువుకు తగ్గ శిష్యుడు


text: wagą

title: wagą


text:
分け与える

Verb

 * 1) to distribute; to hand out

title: 分け与える


text:
osteochondroplasty

Noun

 * 1)   to reshape bone and cartilage.

title: osteochondroplasty


text: wagom

title: wagom


text:
διηγούμαι

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to narrate, relate

title: διηγούμαι


text: wagami

title: wagami


text: διηγήθηκα

title: διηγήθηκα


text: wagach

title: wagach


text:
osteochondroplastic

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to osteochondroplasty

title: osteochondroplastic


text:
గురికి జానెడు యెచ్చు తక్కువగా కాల్చేవాడు

Proverb

 * 1) A man who misses the mark by a span.


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/waʀi

Noun

 * 1) day
 * 2) sun

Verb

 * 1) to dry (in the sun)

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/waʀi


text:
分祠

Noun

 * : movement of a deity from one shrine to another

Verb

 * : move a deity from one shrine to another

title: 分祠


text:
paleostudy

Noun

 * 1) A paleological study

title: paleostudy


text: paleostudies

title: paleostudies


text:
Παγασές

Etymology
From, Παγασ(αί) + modern ending  for feminine plurals.

Proper noun

 * 1) Pagasae, ancient city-state of Thessaly, a contemporary suburb and former name of the municipality of.

title: Παγασές


text:
供犠

Noun

 * 1) sacrifice; sacrificial animal

Noun

 * : sacrifice; sacrificial animal

title: 供犠


text:
panaxytriol

Noun

 * 1)  An acetylenic aliphatic triol (3R,9S,10S)-heptadec-1-en-4,6-diyne-3,9,10-triol present in ginseng

title: panaxytriol


text:
piest

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) piston

title: piest


text:
経木

Noun

 * 1) extremely thin sheet of wood
 * 2) thin sheet about 25 centimeters thick on which scriptures were written, used in the end of Kamakura period

title: 経木


text:
pancardiac

Adjective

 * 1) That affects all (or most) regions of the heart

title: pancardiac


text:
ξεχωριστός

Adjective

 * 1) separate, distinct,
 * 2) exceptional, distinctive

title: ξεχωριστός


text:
kjua’a

Etymology
From, from , from.

title: kjua’a


text:
panhematopoietic

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to all (or most) hematopoietic precursors

title: panhematopoietic


text:
parabigeminal

Adjective

 * 1)  Relating to, or connecting a pair of organs

Derived terms

 * parabigeminal nucleus

title: parabigeminal


text:
paracarcinoma

Noun

 * 1) paracancerous tissue

title: paracarcinoma


text: Template:R:Newman & Weitlaner 1950a

title: Template:R:Newman & Weitlaner 1950a


text: Category:Proto-Otomi reference templates


text: Category:Proto-Otomi templates

title: Category:Proto-Otomi templates


text: Thesaurus:煩躁

title: Thesaurus:煩躁


text: paranthesis

title: paranthesis


text:
κουμαριά

Etymology
From, from , from via [o>u], from  (whence also 🇨🇬) transformed to neutral gender under the semantic influence of other fruit names. See for further etymology, perhaps ultimately.

Noun

 * 1) strawberry tree,

title: κουμαριά


text: κουμαριάς

title: κουμαριάς


text: Template:R:Newman & Weitlaner 1950b

title: Template:R:Newman & Weitlaner 1950b


text: Category:Proto-Otomian reference templates


text: κουμαριών

title: κουμαριών


text: Thesaurus:複雜

title: Thesaurus:複雜